Wang, S.K
.
and Lavan, Z.
“
Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
”
Mechanical Engineering Handbook
Ed.
Frank Kreith
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,
199
9
c
1999 by CRC Press LLC
9
-1
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Air-Conditioning andRefrigeration
Air-conditioning • Air-Conditioning Systems • Air-Conditioning Project Development and System Design
Moist Air • Humidity and Enthalpy • Moist Volume, Density,Specific Heat, and Dew Point • Thermodynamic Wet BulbTemperature and Wet Bulb Temperature • Psychometric Charts
Air-Conditioning Processes • Space Conditioning, SensibleCooling, and Sensible Heating Processes • Humidifying andCooling and Dehumidifying Processes • Air-ConditioningCycles and Operating Modes
Refrigeration and Refrigeration Systems • Refrigerants,Cooling Mediums, and Absorbents • Classification of Refrigerants • Required Properties of Refrigerants • IdealSingle-Stage Vapor Compression Cycle • Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration Cycle • Subcooling andSuperheating • Refrigeration Cycle of Two-Stage CompoundSystems with a Flash Cooler • Cascade System Characteristics
9.5 Outdoor Design Conditions and IndoorDesign Criteria...............................................................9-48
Outdoor Design Conditions • Indoor Design Criteria andThermal Comfort • Indoor Temperature, Relative Humidity,and Air Velocity • Indoor Air Quality and Outdoor VentilationAir Requirements
Space Loads • Moisture Transfer in Building Envelope •Cooling Load Calculation Methodology • Conduction HeatGains • Internal Heat Gains • Conversion of Heat Gains intoCooling Load by TFM • Heating Load
Terminals and Air Handling Units • Packaged Units • Coils •Air Filters • Humidifiers
9.8 Refrigeration Components andEvaporative Coolers.......................................................9-76
Refrigeration Compressors • Refrigeration Condensers •Evaporators and Refrigerant Flow Control Devices •Evaporative Coolers
Shan K. Wang
Individual Consultant
Zalman Lavan
Professor Emeritus, IllinoisInstitute of Technology
9
-2
Section 9
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Types of Water Systems • Basics • Water Piping • Plant-Building Loop • Plant-Distribution-Building Loop
Types of Heating Systems
Classifications of Refrigeration Systems
Thermal Storage Systems and Off-Peak Air-ConditioningSystems • Ice-Storage Systems • Chilled-Water StorageSystems
Fan-Duct Systems • System Effect • Modulation of Air Systems• Fan Combinations in Air-Handling Units and Packaged Units• Fan Energy Use • Year-Round Operation and Economizers •Outdoor Ventilation Air Supply
Double-Effect Direct-Fired Absorption Chillers • AbsorptionCycles, Parallel-, Series-, and Reverse-Parallel Flow
Basics in Classification • Individual Systems • PackagedSystems • Central Systems • Air-Conditioning SystemSelection • Comparison of Various Systems • Subsystems •Energy Conservation Recommendations
9.16Desiccant Dehumidification andAir-Conditioning..........................................................9-152
Introduction • Sorbents and Desiccants • Dehumidification •Liquid Spray Tower • Solid Packed Tower • Rotary DesiccantDehumidifiers • Hybrid Cycles • Solid Desiccant Air-Conditioning • Conclusions
9.1Introduction
Air-Conditioning
Air-conditioning
is a process that simultaneously conditions air; distributes it combined with the outdoorair to the conditioned space; and at the same time controls and maintains the required space’s temperature,humidity, air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential within predeterminedlimits for the health and comfort of the occupants, for product processing, or both.The acronym HVAC&R stands for heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigerating. The com-bination of these processes is equivalent to the functions performed by air-conditioning.Because I-P units are widely used in the HVAC&R industry in the U.S., I-P units are used in thischapter. A table for converting I-P units to SI units is available in Appendix X of this handbook.
Air-Conditioning Systems
An
air-conditioning
or
HVAC&R system
consists of components and equipment arranged in sequentialorder to heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, attenuate objectionable equipment noise,transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the conditioned space, and control and maintainan indoor or enclosed environment at optimum energy use.The types of buildings which the air-conditioning system serves can be classified as:•Institutional buildings, such as hospitals and nursing homes•Commercial buildings, such as offices, stores, and shopping centers
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9.15Air-Conditioning Systems and Selection for Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. Mechanical Engineering Handbook
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