Fourth Annual Initiative for Global Environmental Leadership (IGEL) Conference-Workshop World Water Day March 22, 2011

The Initiative for Global Environmental Leadership (IGEL) at the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School sponsored a conference entitled Valuing Water: Business Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation. The conference was held on World Water Day (March 22, 2011). An outgrowth of the 1992 United Nations world sustainability conference in Brazil, World Water Day has been celebrated every year since 1993. For 2011, its theme is Water for Cities: Responding to the Urban Challenge, and that focus, especially as presented by the worlds growing megacities, was very much front and center at the Wharton/IGEL water conference. Vincent Price, the University of Pennsylvania provost, in his welcoming remarks reminded attendees that the schools founder, Ben Franklin, was nicknamed the Water American by his colleagues (who preferred to drink beer) at an English print shop. He also called attention to the universitys new 24-acre Penn Park, designed with a state-of-the-art water conservation system, including an underground cistern and man-made swales, that preserved some 26,000 cubic feet of water during a recent rain event. To open the conference, Eric Orts, IGELs director and a Penn law and management professor, summed up the problem of valuing water by saying, Whats often missing in the business discussion is the price of water. Water is often free or next to free, which is why its difficult to make an argument that companies should pay for it. But the people who understand the importance of water tend to use water differently and think about it differently.

Panel #1: Business Challenges for Water Management, Strategy and Policy Panel #1 consisted of Robert Giegengack (Penn); Will Sarni (Deloitte), Joe Rozza (Coca-Cola Company), Jeffrey Fulgham (GE Power & Water), Carol Collier (Delaware River Basin Commission) and Christopher Crockett (Philadelphia Water Department). It was moderated by Eric Orts (Wharton). Robert Giegengack, a Penn geology professor, was the first speaker at the morning session. He pointed out that Franklins well was six feet away from his outhouse, a practiceanathema todaythat demonstrates forward progress in water sanitation.

Water allocation is to some degree a population issue, said Giegengack, who noted that the world counts 6.8 billion people in 2011, and is likely to grow to just under 10 billion by the end of the century. The amount of fresh water available for human use is a tiny percentage of all the water on earth (oceans are 97.41 percent of the total, for instance), he said. But, he added, all water is recycled and fresh water supplies are adequate for human needsthe annual precipitation over the state of Pennsylvania alone is 10 times the worlds consumption requirement, estimated at four liters per person per day. However, growth in human per capita demand is higher than the population, as people eat higher on the food chain, Giegengack said. Water is also heavily used in industrial processes and in agriculture. Energy production is also water intensive (a subject covered in IGELs Valuing Water report, issued in conjunction with the conference), and human energy use per capita is also growing faster than the population. These factors mean that despite water conservation efforts, were actually moving rapidly away from sustainable management of this precious resource. Giegengack cited several examples, including very limited per capita water availability in north Africa and shrinking resources in the Colorado River Basin. He described the Colorado as 23 percent of the available water resources on the west coast, but under incredible stress (from outof-basin transfers to agriculture, industry and cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix and Las Vegas) almost from the day the Colorado River Compact was enacted in 1922. Because of such transfers, increasing over time, the 1922 water commitment to Mexico is rarely met. Other river basins under stress, according to Giegengack, include the Jordan, Nile, TigrisEuphrates, Yangtze and Mekong. Overdrafts from the 10,000-square-mile Ogallala Aquifer, which extends through eight states and is the principal water source for the High Plains U.S., brings it down a meter annually. As solutions to human water overdrafts, Giegengack proposed a variety of conservation methods (including efforts to reduce evaporation and leakage), inter-basin transfers, technological improvements to irrigation practices, stepped-up desalination, and reduced industrial consumptionwhich can involve replacing drinking-quality water with reclaimed grey water. People can also eat lower on the food chain, and improve food crops to make them less waterintensive. The water crisis is more threatening to human welfare than climate change and more immediate than the energy crisis, Giegengack said. Some 884 million people dont have access to clean water, but world water withdrawals are increasing and 47 percent of the worlds population will face some degree of water shortage by 2030, said Will Sarni. He is a Deloitte Consulting director who leads Enterprise Water Strategy for the companys sustainability services, and author of the forthcoming book Corporate Water Strategies (Earthscan). Water availability will be an increasing concern for corporations, Sarni said, and the issue is beginning to have an impact in board rooms. The public expects industry to have a role, though full disclosure of water use is still an issue, Sarni said. Water scarcity issues are easier for the

public to understand than carbon, he said, adding, Water is where carbon was five or six years ago. Were moving toward tiered pricing for water, but were not sure yet what it ideally looks like. Investors, too, are putting pressure on corporations. Sarni pointed out that the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), launched in 2000 and representing 137 investors with $16 trillion in assets, branched out into water disclosure in 2010. Its questionnaire on the issue went to 302 large companies, with 122 responding publicly. More than 50 percent said they expect to be exposed to water risk within the next five years, and 39 percent said theyre currently experiencing such impacts (from drought, flooding, reduced water quality, or legal pollution-related entanglement). And corporate leaders themselves are recognizing that future success is going to depend increasingly on access to water. The water risk to industry is decidedly non-trivial, said Sarni. He quotes a GlobeScan/Circle of Blue report, which concludes that competition for fresh water will be so acute that virtually every industry in the world will require sweeping, systemic transformation over the next decade. Corporations are evolving water stewardship strategies, Sarni said, with the challenge of incorporating water concerns into corporate governance in a way that engages stakeholders. He said getting to that point demands a multi-prong strategy that includes: Measuring the corporate water footprint. Determining regulatory risks and challenges to brand reputation. Sustainability is driving brand-name value across all sectors, Sarni said. He cites a Circle of Blue survey that concludes 80 percent of the public believes that significant help is needed from business to solve drinking water problems. Aligning water risk programs with climate risk strategy. Increasing stakeholder engagement and developing a reporting plan.

Chip maker Intel, which has factories in water-stressed regions such as New Mexico and has invested $100 million in water conservation since 1998, provides a corporate success story, Sarni said. The company has saved 36 billion gallons of water through its conservation programs, enough to supply 335,000 U.S. homes for a year. Currently, Intel uses up to eight billion gallons of water annually in making chips, but has a goal of reducing use to below 2007 levels by 2012. When an international corporation uses water as a major ingredient of its product line, its concern is amplified. The Coca-Cola Company is acutely aware of its water challenges, said Joe Rozza, Cokes global water resource sustainability manager. The company, which operates in 200 countries with more than 300 franchise bottlers and 900 manufacturing plants, uses 76 billion gallons of water annually. Water security is an increasing important issue for CocaCola, said Rozza. Our goal is to fully implement our water strategy, and replenish 100 percent of the water we use, by 2020.

Rozza said Cokes approach stops short of putting wastewater in the bottles. But Coke is currently sourcing 90 percent of its water from municipal systems. Im a diplomatic agent of change, Rozza said, leveraging case studies. But what we do has to relate to mainline business strategies, and it has to be diplomatic. Talking to the supply chain guys gives us a line of sight to whether we can achieve our growth targets or not. In 2007, Coca-Cola entered into a global partnership with WWF to conserve fresh water resources in both bottling and the companys agricultural supply chain, Rozza said. Coke aims for a 20 percent water efficiency improvement by 2012 (over a 2004 baseline), and it intends to return to communities and nature water equivalent to that used in its beverages and their production. According to Rozza, Coca-Colas priority areas include: Revising corporate standards to reflect water conservation priorities and communicating them company-wide. Developing water reporting and tracking strategies for all its plants. Ensuring local resource sustainability, and improving water efficiency (through the use of treated wastewater, among other strategies) in manufacturing operations. Coca-Cola has 320 community water projects in 89 countries. Decreasing energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. Better managing water use in agricultural productionbeginning with sugar cultivation.

Jeff Fulgham, GEs chief sustainability officer, said that 2008 may end up as the year of peak waterthe point where demand exceeded supply. By 2020, that inequality could reach 500 trillion gallons. The global resource is stressed, as the world continues to demand more water, he said. General Electric is addressing water challenges with three buckets, Fulgham said, including working with industrial partners on water use optimization; locating wastewater and other compromises sources that can be purified; and improving the quality of discharge water so it doesnt cause downstream pollution. We have to see the advantages of capturing the energy in waste, Fulgham said. Its incredibly difficult to decouple water and energy, but we need to drive to net zero waste. And Fulgham agreed with Rozza that the GEs water-efficiency improvements have to make financial sense. Theres zero interest if it doesnt help make the quarter. To paraphrase Jerry Maquire, we have to show the money on the balance sheet. GEs technology generates 25 percent of the worlds electricity, and its Power & Water division produces a full range of water treatment optionsincluding membrane technologies (reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration and micro-filtration) that remove contaminants that achieve 70 to 85 percent recovery.

Fulgham identified world leaders in water reuse, including Israel (which reclaims 85 percent of its water today, and aims for 90 percent by 2016); the Canadian province of Alberta, which has set a goal of 70 to 90 percent water reuse by 2012; Singapore, which operates a GE-sourced tertiary wastewater processing and reclamation process to create Newater with a variety of uses; and the city of Beijing, China, which wants to reuse 100 percent of its water by 2015. Both Spain and Saudi Arabia reuse only 11 percent of their water now, but Spain is aiming for 40 percent by 2015 and Saudi Arabia 65 percent by 2016. Singapore and Israel are technology leaders, driven by innovative holistic approaches, Fulgham said. Israel in particular is the one to watchits been tremendous as an exporter of new water technology. Albertas tar sands oil production is heavily water-intensive, which is one of several criticisms from environmentalists. One of Albertas more successful water reclaiming projects was undertaken by the City of Edmontons Gold Bar waste water filtration plant and Canadas largest oil refinery, Petro-Canada, which processes 133,000 barrels of crude daily. The citys Gold Bar plant installed GEs tertiary membrane technology and a pipeline, enabling it to supply recycled and purified municipal water to Petro-Canada and greatly reduce the refinerys water withdrawals from the North Saskatchewan River. In many third world communities, water is not necessarily supply constrained, but existing sources are contaminated. To create safe drinking water in Pakistan, where two thirds of the population lives in rural areas and up to 40 percent of hospital beds are occupied by patients with water-related ailments, GE teamed with the Pakistani government in 2008. The nationwide clean water initiative is targeted to install ultra-filtration systems at more than 1,000 sites around the country and reach a million people. Resource extraction is both a heavy energy and water user, said Fulgham. He points to the fastgrowing practice of natural gas frackingdriving huge amounts of water into the ground to break up and release shale depositsas (in a water-stressed environment) especially wasteful of the contaminated wastewater that is its byproduct. Ideally, he said, that water could be reclaimed and reused rather than segregated in evaporation ponds or pumped into wells. Natural gas fracking is also a central concern for Carol Collier, executive director of the Delaware River Basin Commission since 1998. More than 15 million people (five percent of the U.S. population) rely on water from the river, Collier said, but corporate uses account for a majority of withdrawals (which total 8.7 billion gallons daily). Water quantity is an increasing concern because of so many withdrawals, she said. We need a new management approach, that doesnt result in one side of the table simply arguing with the other side. Fracking is one of the things theyre arguing about. The huge Marcellus Shale deposit undergirds 36 percent of the Delaware Basin, so natural gas development there needs to proceed cautiously, she said. According to Collier, each natural gas well requires five million gallons of water that, when discharged, is contaminated with a variety of chemicals used in the fracking process. We have to keep the clean energy clean, she said, citing the strict water protection standards that exist in the basin.

Colliers commission has prepared draft regulations to regulate natural gas drilling close to the Delaware River that could be voted on as early as next September. Hydraulic fracking is at least temporarily banned in New York State, which is the northern reach of the Delaware River Basin. According to Collier, other concerns facing the Delaware (the largest undammed river east of the Mississippi) include maintaining steady flows for ecological health, solving water allocation issues, addressing non-point source pollution, managing the tracking and disposal of wastewater, and dealing with the effects of ongoing climate change. The rivers headwaters in New Yorks Catskill Mountains (280 miles from the Atlantic Ocean) are also under threat from increasing development and forest fragmentation. The Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, of course, pass through Philadelphia, and the Philadelphia Water Department has requested a cumulative impact study of the longterm implications of natural gas drilling for Philadelphias drinking water supply. Christopher Crockett, director of planning and research for the department, identifies a host of other challenges to the citys aging water infrastructure, from increasing compliance requirements and source water pollution to coping with rising energy costs and a growing population. But the city is addressing those challenges with a variety of innovative approaches. The city operates three treatment plants to filter water from the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers, and theyre confronted by a variety of contaminants, including agricultural and highway runoff. According to Crockett, development of green infrastructure can result in programs of rainwater harvesting and stormwater reuse. The city has ambitious plans for resource recovery from its waste stream, including the Greenworks Pilot Energy Technology geothermal project, launched in 2010, that is connected to the citys sewer infrastructure and captures the considerable heat generated by untreated human waste. Another plan envisions production of algae-based biofuels using carbon dioxide captured from power plants as a feedstock. And, according to Crockett, in 2010 Philadelphia enacted a progressive system for stormwater billing based on the footprint occupied by the parcelwith credits available for customers that manage their runoff effectively (or who host forested areas beneficial to runoff). Sprawling facilities, especially those with nowhere for stormwater to run off, are liable for higher bills than skyscrapers with relatively small footprints. Large areas occupied by impervious cover create more runoff, which increases liability and cost. In Philadelphia, managing stormwater cost the utility $112 million a year, and 40,000 customers were not billed because they didnt have water meters. The Philadelphia water network includes 3,000 miles of pipes, and Crockett pointed out that actually treating water is a small part of the citys expensespumping water is the biggest energy user, consuming 40 percent of the departments total energy.

Lunch Speaker Carl Ferenbach, managing director of Berkshire Partners and chairman of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), said that human population has risen to nearly seven billion, a more than four-fold increase since 1900. He said that population increases have been accompanied by a rapid rise in global affluence, from $5.3 trillion in 1950 to $55 trillion today. Humans are now able to change the planet on a global scale, he said, and there are natural and real tensions between business and land management. How do we solve for land management? Sound markets might provide an answer. Fossil fuels, in a century of use, have provided enormous benefits to humans, Ferenbach said, but there are increasing tensions because of greenhouse effects warming the planet. There is greenhouse regulation in some states, but on a national level it has been ineffective. Despite federal inaction, some companies, including Wal-Mart, are acting, Ferenbach said. Wal-Mart is an EDF partner and it clearly thinks climate change is important, adopting policies and processes to reduce emissions. Its supply chain goals would have an effect similar to removing 3.8 million cars from the road. And there are solar panels on the roofs of 20 stores. Wal-Mart, he said, has also adapted regulations for fisheries that supply seafood to its stores, including limits on bycatch (the landing, usually dead, of unwanted species) that has had ripples through the entire industry. Ferenbach also pointed to delivery companies such as FedEx and UPS that, in another EDF partnership program, have fielded fleets of biofuel, hybrid and electric trucks. EDFs Climate Corps has placed summer interns trained in energy efficiency at 60 companies (some of whom have been subsequently hired full-time). At FedEx and Wal-Mart the focus has moved to reflect concern about energy costs, Ferenbach said. He pointed to the increasing importance of green policies for private equity funds, and for companies moving towards an IPO, such as the car-sharing firm Zipcar (whose every car takes 10 others off the road). Turning to water, Ferenbach also quoted Ben Franklin: When the well is dry, we know the value of water. He said that if water is undervalued, it will be wastedand right now it has no cost. Some 30 million people depend on the Colorado River, he said, but 80 percent of the water siphoned off for agricultural use is going to farmers with use them or lose them water rights producing low-value crops. The supply curve is steady, but the demand curve is going up, creating a water crisis, he said. It took a long time for this to matter, for the water level to go below the pipe. A market solution, he said, would be trading water rights, so that farmers could sell at a higher price (perhaps to city buyers for municipal supplies) and stop raising low-value crops. Serious analysts believe we have enough water for seven to nine billion people if we use it rationally, Ferenbach said.

Carmakers, he said, provide a model of private sector leadership by preparing huge disruptive change in the form of the electrification of the automobile. Consumers will drive how fast that change happens, Ferenbach said, and $4 a gallon gasoline is moving them forward. The military is also driving future transportation technology, because having fuel trucks blown up in Afghanistan is not in U.S. interests. Panel #2: The Value of Water as a Driver for Innovation Panel #2 consisted of Piet Klop (WRI), Nushin Kormi (Goldman Sachs), Tamin Pechet (Imagine H2O), Gen Leathers (Dow), Aurelio Ramos (The Nature Conservancy), Barbara Paxton (United Water) and Noam Lior (Penn). It was moderated by Stan Laskowski (Penn). Water is not carbon, said Piet Klop, a senior fellow and acting director of the Capital Markets Research Initiative at the World Resources Institute (WRI). Water scarcity worsens over time, but water is still not priced according to scarcityif it were we would be talking about something else. To help create fair value for water, WRI is building Aqueduct, what Klop called the worlds best water database with localized information on water risk and opportunity. What is a risk to Coke is an opportunity for GE, he said. We offer an opportunity for Coke to put its proprietary data in the public domain. Our aim, through water footprinting and defining geographic water risk, is to inspire action for sustainable water management. Through Aqueduct, Klop said, portfolio risk managers can learn to make informed decisions about siting, efficiency improvements, reporting and disclosure, resulting in higher levels of water security. We dont, for instance, want to site power plants in areas where there is substantial water risk, he said. We do not provide a snapshot, but work on trends and projections to assess overall water risk, constraints, cost issues and disruption potential. He used a color-coded slide of Chinas Yellow River (overall water risk, 7.92) as an example of the kind of data that Aqueduct can provide. Nushin Kormi, a vice president of the Goldman Sachs Environmental Markets Group, said the data collected by WRI is very useful to her company. Were tired of not seeing usable goals, she said. We dont have national water policies as you see with other areas, such as energy. We need to get to the point of developing information that can impact investment decisions. Water prices are now too low to signal scarcity. Tamin Bechet, the CEO of Banyan Water and chairman of Imagine H2O (which is trying to jumpstart innovation in the water industry), said that the world water market is $500 billion, yet only one percent of clean-tech investment is in water technology. Two percent of peoples incomes would be a reasonable price to pay for water, but prices are instead very low, he said. He said that Imagine H2O is creating prizes for water innovation, including one oriented to youth so as to engage the next generation of entrepreneurs.

Gen Leathers, the corporate water strategy leader at Dow Chemical, noted that her companys technologies treat nine billion gallons of water daily around the world. She pointed to: The companys tertiary wastewater plant in Seadrift, Texas, built in 1996. Sitting on a 110-acre natural wetland, the facility processes five million gallons a day with minimal effluent and is home to alligators, hogs, deer and nutria. A Dow industrial process, jointly developed with BASF, that converts hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide won an engineering award and reduces wastewater generation by 70 to 80 percent and energy use by 35 percent. A plant using this technology is also cheaper to build and occupies a smaller footprint. A division, Dow AgroSciences, is developing drought-tolerant crops (including corn and canola) so farmers can increase yields without using more water. Dow sewage pipe rehabilitation (which places new piping inside older, leaking pipes) is conserving water that would otherwise be lost to aging infrastructure.

Aurelio Ramos, The Nature Conservancys director of conservation programs for Latin America, described clean water access as one of the main sustainable development challenges of the 21st century. One billion people lack such access, he said, adding that every eight seconds a child dies due to contaminated water sources or access issues. Ramos identified 13 threats to Latin American watersheds, including development (of roads, mining, cattle ranches and railroads) and El Nino/climate change effects. TNCs approach is to develop what Ramos called a powerful toolwater funds, which grew out of the TNC project in Quito, Ecuador. The water fund model is urban based, and different approaches are needed for rural areas, Ramos said. The Quito Water Fund serves a region that includes two million people and the 2.5-million-acre Condor Bioreserve. In 2008, it provided $800,000 for watershed conservation, park guards and environmental education, among other things. In total, eight TNC water funds are up and running in Latin America, and the concept is expanding to Africa and the U.S., Ramos said. TNCs vision is that $27 million of seed capital in 32 water funds will leverage $143 million in clean water investment over the next five years. Such a program could conserve nine million acres and help meet the water needs of 50 million people in Latin America. Barbara Paxton, Director of Sustainable Development from United Water, then presented water as a driver for innovation from the perspective of water utilities. Two key concepts discussed: Having a diversified water portfolio as part of an integrated water management plan Using water and wastewater to become more energy self sufficient

Having a diversified water portfolio includes not only using resources like surface water and groundwater, but also considering alternatives such as conservation, water reuse and desalination. This approach includes a fit for purpose treatment philosophy - using the right water for the right use. By including conservation, reuse and desalination in portfolios, we can

achieve innovative and forward-looking water management. Examples were presented of wastewater reuse for commercial and industrial purposes and desalination projects within the United States and internationally. A research and development project was also discussed which promotes conservation through a smart metering project which pinpoints specific areas of the distribution system experiencing significant water loss. Reducing water loss in the distribution system reduces water withdrawals from stressed ecosystems. Additional international examples were given of improved energy use and using water and wastewater to generate green, renewable energy. These examples included energy efficiency improvements, energy recovery through hydro turbines and heat pumps, renewable energy such as solar and wind energy and biomass recovery by converting biogas to energy. Paxton noted that United Water, as an owner/operator of water and wastewater utilities, works closely with the parent company Suez Environnement to support research and development, become more energy self-sufficient and create more sustainable treatment plant operations for the future. The final speaker at the conference was Noam Lior, a mechanical engineering and applied mechanics professor at Penn. His topic was desalination, which he said will be increasingly necessary as a variety of factors, including population growth, reduce per capita supplies of natural fresh water. Manufactured or new water is making a contributionnot only for drinking water, but also for agricultural and industrial uses. Desalination technology is improving, Lior said, but it is still polluting, and both energy- and capital-intensive. Demand is growing for sustainable desalination methods. Today, two thirds of all desalination is distillation, with one third membrane separation. Other technologies include ion exchange for low salinity waters and freezing with mechanical power and cooling. There are approximately 15,000 large desalination plants in the world, with the largest in Saudi Arabia (and a concentration in the Persian Gulf and North Africa). Globally, desalination supplies only 0.6 percent of fresh water, and three percent of municipal/domestic use. Investment in water desalination has grown from $6 billion in 2010 to a likely $18.3 billion by 2016 (when 130 million cubic feet of water could be produced annually). But desalination could grow more with cheaper and more sustainable technology. We need more research and development into innovative desalination techniques, Lior said. An obstacle to such investment is the very low cost of water, just five cents per ton currently. Other challenges identified by Lior include the corrosiveness of salt water, scaling (deposits of precipitates), organic fouling and the effect of gases on the process. Water is getting more attention, said the panels moderator, Stan Laskowski, a Penn lecturer and the founder of the Philadelphia Global Water Initiative. Its on peoples minds. And conferences such as Penns fourth annual conference and workshop help focus that growing interest. Small Group Discussions and Group Reports

After the morning session, the group broke into small groups to discuss a range of water management issues. To the question, What are the three to five top challenges of water management that need to be addressed immediately?, conference participants identified agricultural and industrial water use, wetlands protection, and the need for increased energy efficiency. To the question, What specific actions or initiatives can businesses take to achieve success in managing water challenges?, participants identified lifecycle analyses that include intangible costs, educating companies to get buy-in at all levels, and creating tradable water rights along the lines of carbon trading. To the question, What specific public policies need to be reformed? What role should business play in recommended policy reform?, participants identified convincing business lobbies that have included a lot of climate skeptics in their ranks of the growing importance of the water crisis. Water incentives need to be decoupled from rewards, participants said, so that when water users respond to conservation campaigns, city water revenues do not drop. To the question, Ten years from now, what needs to be done and by whom to avoid or mitigate the looming global water-supply crisis?, participants identified developing an international inventory of water supplies to ensure equitable distribution and allocation, as well as tiered and variable pricing structures. Other reforms could include more sharing of water polices across state lines, and studying how to best use resources in regions where water is abundant, but compromised by quality issues.

Research topics that IGEL could consider funding (from both the morning and afternoon sessions) included: addressing chronically underfunded water infrastructure repairs and upgrades using publicly supported water municipal bonds to get people to pay for what is often seen as a free commodity; creating a Water Star rating system to evaluate appliances for water efficiency along the lines of the federal governments highly successful Energy Star program. Other research topics included studying efficient desalination methods, reforming agricultural practices to reduce water use (it was suggested that it takes 2,000 gallons of water to produce a pound of meat), working out a system of crediting the value of ecosystems, such as forests that act as water filtration plants; water strategies that can be applied to fast-growing megacities (with populations above 10 million); new approaches to leak detection technology; development of positive incentives for water conservation (as opposed to negative ones like being told not to wash cars); analysis of the opportunity created by the smart grid for greater water efficiency, identifying and addressing non point source pollution, and studying water reform practices for Africa, where only four percent of available fresh water is used. Useful Links: http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/article/penn-park-rest-state-art-drainage-system

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