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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

A. M U
Ngy nay qu trnh th ha l mt qu trnh khng th thiu ca mi quc gia trn th gii, chng mang li cho chng ta mt cuc sng vn minh v hin i, cng chnh s hin i y v tnh lm cho cho i sng chng ta tr nn khc nghit hn, mi trng ngy cng b nhim, t nhim khng kh, ngun nc n c nhim ting n. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim khng kh v ngun nc chnh l rc thi sinh hot, mi ngy chng ta cho ra mi trng mt lng ln rc thi th nhng qu trnh x l cn qu th s, ch yu l hnh thc chn lp. Hnh thc chn lp gp qu nhiu khuyt im, va tn din tch t va nhim ngun nc do qu trnh thm r ca rc thi. Nu khng x l ph hp v kp thi th n s nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi v mi trng. Chnh v th nhng cng ngh ti ch v ti s dng rc thi sinh hot dn ra i gii quyt thc trng ny, Vit Nam dn p dng nhng cng ngh ti ch v ti s dng nh: cng ngh CD-Waste, cng ngh MPT-CD 08, cng ngh ti ch rc thi sinh hot thnh than sch Tuy nhin so vi nhng cng ngh x l hin i ca M v Chu u th chng ta cn kh non tr v kh nng ng dng cha cao, ch yu l p dng ti cc thnh ph ln nh thnh ph H Ch Minh v H Ni. Bn cnh p dng nhng cng ngh ti ch v ti s dng rc thi sinh hot th vic gio dc thc bo v mi trng cng l mt trong nhng vic cn thit hin nay m mi quc gia u quan tm. Trong ti ny ch yu chng ta cp n nhng cng ngh ti ch v ti s dng rc thi sinh hot ti Vit Nam v trn th gii.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

B. NI DUNG
I. TNG QUAN V RC THI SINH HOT. I.1. KHI NIM. Cht thi rn l cc cht rn b loi ra trong qu trnh sng, sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi v c ng vt, trong cht thi rn sinh hot chim t l cao nht, cht lng v s lng rc thi ti tng quc gia v tng khu vc trong mi quc gia l rt khc nhau ty thuc vo trnh pht trin kinh t v khoa hc k thut. Bt k mt hot ng sng no ca con ngi, ti nh, trng hc hay ni cng s u sinh ra mt lng rc thi ng k. Trong c c hai loi v c ln hu c. V vy c th nh ngha rc thi sinh hot l nhng thnh phn tn tch hu c v v c phc v i sng con ngi, chng khng cn c s dng v vt tr li mi trng sng. Bng 1.1 Ngun sinh ra cht thi sinh hot Ngun Dn c Ni sinh ra cht thi sinh hot Loi cht thi sinh hot

Nh ring, nh tp th, nh cao Rc thc phm, giy thi, cc loi cht thi tng, khu tp th khc

Thng mi Nh hng, khch sn, nh ngh, Rc thc phm, giy thi, cc loi cht thi cc c s bun bn, sa cha Cng nghip,xy dng Khu trng Cng vin, ng ph, xa l, sn chi, bi tm, khu gii tr Cc loi cht thi bnh thng T cc nh my, x nghip, cc cng trnh xy dng khc Rc thc phm, x than, giy thi, vi, nha, cht thi c hi

Nh vic nh gi tm hiu cc ngun pht sinh ra cht thi sinh hot, gp phn cho vic ng dng cc bin php khoa hc k thut gim thiu nh hng ca cht thi sinh hot n mi trng khng kh.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng I.2. PHN LOI CHT THI SINH HOT. Ngy nay, vic ng dng khoa hc k thut trong tng lnh vc thc t gp phn gim thiu chi ph cho cc cng on tha trong cc qu trnh x l. Vic phn chia rc thi rn theo cng ngh qun l x l l mt bc tin quan trng, gip hiu qu ca quy trnh x l tng ln, gim thiu lng nhim. Di y l bng phn loi rc thi sinh hot. Bng 2.1. Bng phn loi rc thi sinh hot. Loi 1. Rc hu c Ngun gc -Cc vt liu lm t giy V d -Cc ti giy, cc mnh ba, giy v sinh -C ngun gc t cc si -Vi, len, b ti, b nilon

-Cc cht thi ra t n thc -Cc cng rau, v qu, thn phm cy, li ng

-Cc vt liu v sn phm c ch - dng bng g nh bn, to t g, tre v rm gh, thang, ging, chi, v da -Cc vt liu v sn phm c ch -Phim cun, ti cht do, chai, to t cht do l cht do, cc u vi bng cht do, dy bn, b nilon -Cc vt liu v sn phm c ch -Bng, giy, v, bng cao su to t da v cao su 2. Rc v c -Cc loi vt liu v sn phm c -V hp, dy in, hng ro, ch to t st m d b nam chm dao, np l ht -Cc vt liu khng b nam chm -V hp nhm, giy bao gi, ht ng

-Cc vt liu v sn phm ch to -Chai l, ng bng thy t thu tinh tinh, bng n

-Cc loi vt liu khng chy ngoi -V trai, xng, gch,

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng kim loi v thy tinh 3. Rc hn hp gm

Tt c cc loi vt liu khc khng cui, ct, t, tc phn loi phn 1 v 2 u thuc loi ny. Loi ny c th c phn chia thnh 2 phn: kch thc ln hn 5 mm v nh hn 5 mm

I.3. TNH HNH RC THI SINH HOT HIN NAY TI VIT NAM V TRN TH GII. I.3.1. TNH HNH RC THI SINH HOT TI VIT NAM HIN NAY. (*) Lng cht thi sinh hot ti cc th nc ta ang c xu th pht sinh ngy cng tng, tnh trung bnh mi nm tng khong 10%. T l tng cao tp trung cc th ang c xu hng m rng, pht trin mnh c v quy m ln dn s v cc khu cng nghip, nh cc th tnh Ph Th (19,9%), thnh ph Ph L (17,3%), Hng Yn (12,3%), Rch Gi (12,7%), Cao Lnh (12,5%)... Cc th khu vc Ty Nguyn c t l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot tng ng u hng nm v vi t l tng t hn (5,0%). Tng lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot ti cc th loi III tr ln v mt s th loi IV v cc trung tm vn ha, x hi, kinh t ca cc tnh thnh trn c nc ln n 6,5 triu tn/nm, trong rc thi pht sinh t cc h gia nh, nh hng, cc ch v kinh doanh l ch yu. Lng cn li t cc cng s, ng ph, cc c s y t. Tnh theo vng a l (hay vng pht trin kinh t - x hi) th cc th vng ng Nam b c lng rc thi pht sinh ln nht ti 2.450.245 tn/nm (chim 37,94% tng lng pht sinh rc thi cc th loi III tr ln ca c nc), tip n l cc th vng ng bng sng Hng c lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th l 1.622.060 tn/nm (chim 25,12%). Cc th khu vc min ni Ty Bc B c lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th thp nht ch c 69.350 tn/nm (chim 1,07% ), tip n l cc th thuc cc tnh vng Ty Nguyn, tng lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th l 237.350 tn/nm (chim 3,68%) . th c lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh ln nht l TP. H Ch Minh (5.500 tn/ngy), H Ni (2.500

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng tn/ngy); th c lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh t nht l Bc Kn - 12,3 tn/ngy; Th x Gia Ngha 12,6 tn/ngy, Cao Bng 20 tn/ngy; TP. ng Hi 32,0 tn/ngy; TP Yn Bi 33,4 tn/ngy v th x H Giang 37,1 tn/ngy.T l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th bnh qun trn u ngi ti cc th c bit v th loi I tng i cao (0,84 0,96kg/ngi/ngy); th loi II v loi III c t l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th bnh qun trn u ngi l tng ng nhau (0,72 - 0,73 kg/ngi/ngy); th loi IV c t l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot th bnh qun trn mt u ngi t khong 0,65 kg/ngi/ngy. T l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot tnh bnh qun ln nht tp trung cc th pht trin du lch nh TP. H Long 1,38kg/ngi/ngy; TP. Hi An 1,08kg/ngi/ngy; TP. Lt 1,06kg/ngi/ngy; TP. Ninh Bnh 1,30kg/ngi/ngy. Cc th c t l pht sinh rc thi sinh hot tnh bnh qun u ngi thp nht l TP. ng Hi (Tnh Qung Bnh) ch 0,31kg/ngi/ngy; Th x Gia Ngha 0,35kg/ngi/ngy; Th x Kon Tum 0,35kg/ngi/ngy; Th x Cao Bng 0,38kg/ngi/ngy. Trong khi t l pht sinh bnh qun u ngi tnh trung bnh cho cc th trn phm vi c nc l 0,73kg/ngi/ngy. Vi kt qu iu tra thng k nh trn cho thy, tng lng pht sinh rc thi sinh hot ti cc th nc ta ngy cng gia tng vi t l tng i cao (10%/nm) so vi cc nc pht trin trn th gii. qun l tt ngun cht thi ny, i hi cc c quan cn c bit quan tm hn na n cc khu gim thiu ti ngun, tng cng ti ch, ti s dng, u t cng ngh x l, tiu hy thch hp gp phn gim thiu nhim mi trng do rc thi sinh hot gy ra. I.3.2. TNH HNH RC THI SINH HOT TRN TH GII HIN NAY. Nn nhim mi trng c th thy mi ni trn th gii, t Mexico, Nga, M cho ti Trung Quc, n Tnh trng nhim mt vi thnh ph ti nhng quc gia ny xut pht t nhiu l do khc nhau. Trong thc con ngi gi mt vai tr kh quan trng, Mumbai mt trong nhng thnh ph ng c nht v bn thu nht trn tri t. Mi ngy, ngi dn ni y qung ra hng tn rc. Bc Kinh c dn s 17,6 triu ngi, thi ra khong 18.400 tn rc mi ngy, khong 90% rc thi c ti 13 bi rc t ri rc Trang 5/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng quanh thnh ph. Cn ngi dn Hoa K loi b mi nm 16.000.000.000 t, 1.600.000.000 bt, 2.000.000.000 li dao co, 220.000.000 lp xe. Vi mt lng rc thi nh th th khng lu tri t ca chng ta s chm trong bin rc, chnh v th nhng cng ngh x l rc hin i nht th gii ra i. Hin ti M c nhng cng ngh ti ch v ti s dng kh hin i nh: cng ngh ti ch tivi analog, cng ngh CDW, cng ngh ti ch vi bngv cn rt nhiu cng ngh kh hin i ca Anh, Trung Quc v Nht Bn.
I.4. TC HI CA RC THI SINH HOT. (*)

I.4.1. TC HI CA CHT THI SINH HOT I VI SC KHE CON NGI. Chng ta ang i mt vi nhiu nguy c ly lan bnh truyn nhim, dch hi nguy him do mi trng ang b nhim. nhim mi trng gia tng qua mc nh hng ti sc kho ngi dn. Ngy cng c nhiu vn v sc kho lin quan n yu t mi trng b nhim. Cht thi sinh hot nh hng rt ln n sc kho cng ng; nghim trng nht l i vi dn c khu vc lng ngh, khu cng nghip, bi chn lp cht thi v vng nng thn. nhim cht thi sinh hot n mc bo ng. Nhiu bnh nh au mt, bnh ng h hp, bnh ngoi da, tiu chy, dch t, thng hndo cht thi rn gy ra. i ng lao ng ca cc n v lm v sinh th phi lm vic trong iu kin nng nhc, nhim nng, c th: nng bi vt qu tiu chun cho php t 1,5 n 1,9 ln, kh c vt tiu chun cho php t 0,5 n 0,9 ln, cc loi vi trng, siu vi trng, nht l trng giun, trc tip nh hng n sc kho ca h. I.4.2. NH HNG N M QUAN TH. Ngoi vic gy nguy hi n sc khe con ngi th rc thi sinh hot cn nh hng n m quan th. N mang li nhng hnh nh khng p gia lng thnh ph vn minh v hin i. Di y l nhng hnh nh lm mt i m quan th ca nhng thnh ph ln ti Vit Nam v trn th gii.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

Hnh 1.1. Rc thi ti H Ni

Hnh 1.2. Rc thi ti TP H Ch Minh

Hnh 1.3. Rc thnh ph Lagos (Nigeria)

Hnh 1.4. Rc thnh ph Napoli ()

I.4.3. NH HNG N MI TRNG SNG. Hin nay, nhim kh quyn l vn ca c th gii ch khng phi ring ca mt quc gia no. Mi trng kh quyn ang c nhiu bin i r rt v c nh hng xu n con ngi v cc sinh vt khc. Hng nm con ngi khai thc v s dng hng t tn than , du m, kh t. ng thi cng thi vo mi trng mt khi lng ln cc cht thi khc nhau nh: cht thi sinh hot, cht thi t cc nh my v x nghip lm cho hm lng cc loi kh c hi tng ln nhanh chng. nhim mi trng kh quyn to nn s ngt ngt v bi sng m. N cn to ra cc cn ma axt lm hu dit cc khu rng v cc cnh ng. iu ng lo ngi nht l con ngi thi vo khng kh cc loi kh c nh: CO2, gy hiu ng nh knh. Theo nghin cu th cht kh quan trng gy hiu ng nh knh l CO2, n ng gp 50% vo vic gy hiu ng nh knh, CH4 l 13%,, nit 5%, CFC

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng l 22%, hi nc tng bnh lu l 3%...Nu nh chng ta khng ngn chn c hin tng hiu ng nh knh th trong vng 30 nm ti mt nc bin s dng ln t 1,5 3,5 m. C nhiu kh nng lng CO2 s tng gp i vo na u th k sau. iu ny s thc y qu trnh nng ln ca Tri t din ra nhanh chng. Nhit trung bnh ca Tri t s tng khong 3,60 C , v mi thp k s tng 0,30 C.Theo cc ti liu kh hu quc t, trong vng hn 130 nm qua nhit Tri t tng 0,40 C. Ti hi ngh kh hu ti Chu u c t chc gn y, cc nh kh hu hc trn th gii a ra d bo rng n nm 2050 nhit ca Tri t s tng thm 1,5 4,50 C nu nh con ngi khng c bin php hu hiu khc phc hin tng hiu ng nh knh. Mt hu qu na ca nhim kh quyn l hin tng l thng tng zn. CFC l nguyn nhn ph hy chnh ca tng zn. Sau khi chu tc ng ca kh CFC v mt s loi cht c hi khc th tng zn s b mng dn ri thng. II. CNG NGH TI CH V TI S DNG RC THI SINH HOT TI VIT NAM V TRN TH GII. II.1. CNG NGH TI CH. II.1.1. CNG NGH CDW. II.1.1.1. KHI NIM. Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot CDW l mt s kt hp gia phng php qun l v x l cht thi ngay gn ngun thi ca tng khu vc dn c. Vi mt s c im nh sau: X hi ha trong gii php thu gom, vn chuyn c nh hng. To mi quan h hu c gia ch ngun thi v n v thu gom, x l rc thi. Kt hp thu gom, vn chuyn, x l rc thi sinh hot trong mt t chc mi trng (doanh nghip t nhn hay nh nc) vi qui m va v nh. Rt ngn c ly gia cc im tp kt n khu x l. Hn ch pht tn nhim v chi ph vn chuyn rc thi. Cng ngh v thit b phn loi, x l rc thi tinh gn. B tr hp l, lin kt nhiu thit b trong khng gian hnh thp. Hn ch n thp nht nhim th cp (mi hi, nc r rc, cht thi rn v kh thi) ti ni x l. t tn din tch Trang 8/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng v rt ngn khong cch gii hn vi khu vc dn c. t trng tm vo cc cng ngh x l mi trng. Chun ha m rc thi u vo. Phn loi cc thnh phn ti ch, ti s dng vi ln tp cht rt thp to nguyn liu cho cc c s ti ch cc a phng. Tn dng cc ti nguyn t rc thi sinh hot. Kt hp cc gii php c kh v sinh hc (MBT : Mechanic Bio Treatment) trong ton b cng ngh v thit b ca dy chuyn x l rc thi sinh hot CDW. To ra phng php x l n gin, d qun l, vn hnh. Tnh an ton k thut ca h thng thit b v lao ng, mi trng cao.
II.1.1.2. NGUYN TC HOT NG.

Cng ngh CDW gm 3 cng on: 1. CNG ON THU GOM V TP KCH C NH HNG. Gia ch ngun thi v Doanh nghip x l rc thi (t nhn hay nh nc) c mi quan h hu c th hin qua hp ng thu gom, x l rc thi sinh hot. Qui nh thi im, a im v loi cht thi cn thu gom, x l. Trn c s , doanh nghip x l rc thi s b tr lc lng lao ng, phng tin thu gom v cc im tp kt theo dng rc thi (phn loi s b c nh hng). iu ng phng tin vn chuyn v chuyn v Trm CDW tip tc phn loi, x l. 2. CNG ON PHN LOI RC. Phn loi l cng on rt phc tp v c vai tr quyt nh trong ton b tin trnh x l rc thi hn tp nhiu thnh phn. Mc d, thu gom v vn chuyn c nh hng, cng ngh CDW vn dng nhiu nguyn l phn loi v b tr hp l dy chuyn thit b t mc ch tch loi cc thnh phn khng s dng a vo t to nhit. Tn thu ph thi do, s ch, ng kin bn cho cc c s ti ch. Ph thi tr dng san lp mt bng hay ng rn p lc to sn phm gch cc loi. c bit, tch lc dng hu c t ln tp cht a vo h thng phn hy sinh hc tin tin (cc thp nng v chn CDW) kh trng v mn ha to sn phm mn hu c sch phc v nng nghip.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

S cng on phn loi rc thi sinh hot Cng ngh CDW

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

*Trm CDW c thit k vi chc nng : tch lc cc dng vt cht nh : 12345Dng cht thi hu c (thc n tha, rau c qu, cnh l cy...) Dng cht thi v c ( bi tro gch, thu tinh, v trai c...) Dng cht thi tr ( giy, gi, da cao su...) Dng cht thi cht do ( nylon, bao b ti da...) Cc dng vt cht ny c tch ring v c ng dng cc cng ngh x l ring

ti ch hoc tiu hu ( t ) hoc bn tn dng thu hi. Mt phn rt nh cht thi v c, ph thi xy dng s c san lp hp v sinh ngay ti a phng (ni pht sinh ngun thi). 3. CNG ON X L V TI CH THU HI PH LIU. T nguyn liu l rc thi sinh hot, qua tin trnh phn loi v x l, to ra cc sn phm nh sau. *Thp hu c : Thp kn theo cng ngh CVU c iu chnh ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. y l cng ngh ti ch hu c ang c p dng rng ri Chu u c nhiu u im nh: khng c mi hi, khng c nc r rc, rc hu c phn hu hiu kh trong thp kn vi thi gian ngn nht 7-14 ngy. - Dng vt cht hu c tng hp s c vt ti vn chuyn ln thp lin tc hng ngy v cng c ly ra hng ngy y thp ( s lng hu c phn hu ). S lng hu c ny qua thit b nh ti v sng l mn ly c mn hu c. Mn hu c s c bn ( hoc cho ) nng dn thnh phn xanh hoc bn rung ,vn. - Dng cht thi tr ( gi, giy, da cao su, chn chiu, cnh cy...) cc vt cht d chy tch lc ra t sn phn loi trn thp v trong thp c tp trung sang v tr l thiu kt ( t ). V khng nhiu cho tng xe, tng t do vy phi tp kt ch mi thiu kt. Theo thc t th khong 2 ngy hoc 3 ngy mi thiu kt mt ln. - Dng cht do thi ( nylon, bao b...) c thu gom t bng tch lc th cng gm nhiu chng loi, dng vt cht ny chim khong 3-7% tng lng rc u vo s c lm sch v bn cho cc i l thu mua nha. - Dng vt cht khc c tch ra nh : Kim loi ( st ) mnh thu tinh, hp lon nhm ... cng c ring v bn cho cc i l thu mua ti ch. Trang 11/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

Hnh 2.1.S quy trnh cng ngh CDW.

II.1.1.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Trm CDW khi c ng dng s : Hn ch ti a bi chn lp, khng gy nhim ngun nc mt v nc ngm trn

a bn thn x, th trn...Mi trng khu vc c ci thin. To ra nhiu vic lm cho dn a phng, x hi ho chng trnh v mi trng Ti ch rc hu c thnh mn hu c bn rung, vn, trang tri. To thm thu nhp cho t v sinh mi trng do bn cc nguyn liu ti ch.

y l mt m hnh x l rc thi ti ngun pht sinh rc. c x l bng chnh ngi a phng vi cch lm mi, t qun, t tiu nhm mc ch lnh mnh ho mi trng a

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng phng, tit kim ti a din tch chn lp rc. Vi ph vn hnh thp ph hp vi ngi dn vng nng thn, d vn hnh v bo dng. II.1.2. CNG NGH MBT-CD.08. (*) II.1.2.1. KHI NIM. MBT-CD.08 (MECHANICAL- BIOLOGYCAL- TREATMENT) l cng ngh kt hp cc phng php c sinh hc phn loi ra 3 dng vt cht trong rc thi hn hp: Cc vt cht chy c, cc vt cht khng chy v cc vt cht kim loi, rc c hi. Ti ch v ti to thnh cc sn phn nh: Vin nhin liu (s dng cho cc ni hi cng nghip); Vin gch khng nung (s dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng n gin); Kim loi nh st, ng, nhm... bn tn thu, cc vt cht c hi nh pin, c quy... c tp trung ch i x l, ti ch ton b 100% rc thi thnh nguyn liu. II.1.2.2. NGUYN TC HOT NG. * Cng ngh MPT-CD.08 tri qua 11 cng on bao gm: 1- CNG ON TIP CN RC - Rc thi thu gom, vn chuyn v nh my c tip nhn ti nh tp kt. C sn cha rc nghin 15 nc rc chy xung b x l nc. - Nh tp kt kn c h thng ng ht thu kh thi v qut ht ln (2000m3/h) khng pht tn mi ra ngoi. Kh thi ht ra c sc qua b x l kh ha hc, m bo tiu chun x thi ca mi trng Vit Nam. - H thng phun ch phm EM kh mi - Thit b nng h(cu trc hoc xe sc ngom np nhin liu) lm nhim v o (hoc vn chuyn) rc khi tp kt 2- CNG ON NH LNG V TCH LC S CP. - Thit b cun p, vn chuyn tip nhn rc t my ngom ln my BT1500. Ti y rc c dn p trong phu cha ln, lc c hc tc ng qua cc dao mc x bao s b, c nh xung bng vn chuyn theo nh lng d kin, ph hp. n t hp phn loi th cng ri c chuyn sang ct nh v ng u kch thc ri quay li khu np liu tip tc ha trn v quay li dy chuyn.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng - Cc vt cht c kch thc nh hn cc khe a quay s ri xung sang rung 2 tng c b tr pha di, ti y hn hp rc c tch tuyn thoe kch thc l sng nh sn phn ra 3 dng hn hp. 3- CNG ON MY CT X V TUYN T TRUNG CP. Rc c kch thc to v cc bao, bc, gi trn sng a c chuyn qua my ct x ct x v lm bung ri bao bc (nh) bng cc dao mc ng v tnh c chiu quay v cp v tc cc trc dao quay khng ng tc. Hn hp cht thi c chn p, lm dp nt v ct t tng i ng u kch thc thot xung pha di y my trn rc nh xung di sng rung v i qua thit b tuyn t loi b kim loi cn st n cng on tch lc th cp. 4- CNG ON TCH LC TH CP. - Rc hn hp sau khi qua cc thit b ct x s-trung cp-ha trn vi nhau chuyn ni qua thit b SL500 phn loi theo kch thc to/nh theo mong mun - Hn hp vt cht (trn sn rung) c ct x t my theo bng ti vn chuyn ln ri vo sng lng. Ti y hn hp rc c tch tuyn theo kch thc l sng phn ra 2 dng hn hp. 5- CNG ON CT X A TNG V TN THU NYLON. Hn hp vt cht kch thc to 10-70mm trn sng lng. Cc vt cht dng ph thi do x c tch ring bng dng kh xoy phn loi trng lng ca hai tng ct x, cc vt cht c trng lng ring cao hn nylon s ri xung mng c vt ti vn chuyn ngc li bung ct x th cp v thot ra theo y my ct x. 6- CNG ON NGHIN CUI NGUN. - Rc thi hn hp kch thc va ( ch yu l hu c, gi da cao su, giy, g, x si, cht tr v xelluyo) c nghin nh ha trn theo kch thc mong mun, cc vt cht ny sau khi ngin nh s theo bng ti vn chuyn ln thp x l sinh hc. 7- CNG ON TRONG THP SINH HC. - Hn hp cht thi sau khi cn bng cc thng s k thut v phi trn vi sinh vt(hiu kh) c vn chuyn ln t hp

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng - Hn hp cht thi khi qua x l sinh hc s to ra polymer kt dnh t vt cht hu c v cng to ra b mt bm dnh ca cc vt cht tr c chuyn qua khu ti ch. 8- CNG ON NGHIN V PHI TRN PH GIA (sn xut vin nhin liu) Hn hp c bng chuyn vn chuyn i qua my nghin mn v phi trn ph gia, hn hp sau khi c phi trn cc thnh phn theo mong mun s to ra nguyn liu ti ch v nh hnh p lc thnh vin nhin liu. 9- CNG ON T NHIN N NH NGUYN LIU. Nguyn liu sau nghin c kch thc nh n mong mun phi c qua cng on t nhin khong 15-20h. 10- CNG ON NG RN V P LC NH HNH TO VIN NHIN LIU Hn hp nguyn liu nghin nh kch thc v n nh cc yu t cn thit c chuyn n my ng rn p lc p nh hnh thnh cc sn phm vin nhin liu t tiu chun k thut. 11- CNG ON NGHIN V PHI TRN PH GIA (sn xut gch khng nung) - Hn hp v c c bng chuyn vn chuyn vo my nghin thnh kch thc nh n mong mun - Hn hp v c nh sau nghin c a vo my trn, sau khi cc thnh phn theo mong mun s to ra nguyn liu ti ch v nh hnh p lc thnh vin gch x khng nung.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng II.1.2.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Ton b thit b thc hin cng ngh MBT-CD.08 c thit k dng modun kn, kt ni thnh dy chuyn, s dng c gii v t ng ha nhiu, rt t cng nhn tip xc trc tip vi rc, khng pht tn mi v nc r rc trong sut qu trnh x l; C trung tm iu khin v kim sot ton b qu trnh x l v ti ch, d dng nng hoc h cng xut t 20 - 50 tn/ngy cho cp huyn, th hoc 500 - 1.000 tn/ngy cho cp tnh, thnh ph. MBT-CD.08 c tnh linh hot kh cao, c th to ra nhiu la chn cho sn phm ti ch cc nguyn liu c trong rc thi. C th sn xut phn bn hu c tt nht bng cng ngh thp, sn xut cc chng loi nhin liu dng vin, thanh t hn hp nhiu thnh phn c trong cht thi (chy c), sn xut cc chng loi gch xy dng t rc v c (khng chy), tn thu cc vt cht cn gi tr ti to bn thng mi, tng ngun thu cho nh my XLR v khng gy pht sinh nhim ngay ti ni x l So snh vi cc cng ngh khc vi nh hng sn xut phn vi sinh th lng mn hu c thu c khong 25 - 30% , rt thiu th trng tiu th v gi thnh phn mn hu c qu thp khng chi ph vn hnh nh my. Bng gii php mi ny, rc gn nh ti ch trit . Theo cng ngh MBTCD. 08 rc chy c chim khong 60 - 72% c sn xut vin nhin liu, rc v c khng chy chim khong 15 - 20% , rc c bit v c hi chim 1 - 3% cn li l hi nc bc hi qua qu trnh x l phn hy. Nh vy, cng ngh x l v ti ch hu ht rc thi m khng cn chn lp. Theo kim nh ca cc trung tm kim nh quc gia (QUATEC1-QUATEC- 2, Trung tm Kim nh mi trng - B Quc phng), cc kt qu phn tch kh thi l t s dng vin nhin liu cho thy cc thng s bi khi : SO2,, CO, HCl, H2SO4, H2S, Clo, Pb, Cd, asen, Cu, Zn, Atimon... u thp hn gii hn ti a cho php theo TCVN 5939-2005 i vi cc nh my, c s ang hot ng v nh my, c s xy dng mi. Hin nay, cng ngh MBT-CD.08 nhn c kh nhiu n xin chuyn giao, ng dng. Nam Phi v n ngh t mua cng ngh ny .Trong iu kin cc ngun nng lng ngy cng cn kit, gi nhin liu tng cao, y c coi l gii php tit kim nng lng, ti nguyn ha rc thi, bo v mi trng cn c nhn rng. Vic s dng cng

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng ngh MBT-CD.08 s ging nh mt d n CDM, gim pht kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh (trong ch yu l kh CH4). II.1.3. CNG NGH TI CH GIY. (*) II.1.3.1. KHI NIM V GIY. Giy l mt sn phm ca nn vn minh nhn loi vi lch s hng nghn nm. Thnh phn chnh ca giy l xelluloz, mt loi polyme mch thng v di c trong g, nm bn trong li cy. Trong g, xelluloz c bao quanh bi mt mng lignin cng l polyme. tch xelluloz ra khi mng polymer, ngi ta phi s dng phng php nghin, sau s dng ha cht x l. Giy qua s dng nu khng c em ti sn xut s rt lng ph. Khng phi ngun nguyn liu lc no cng sn c trong t nhin, sau mt thi gian s khng cn cho sn xut giy na, v khng cn p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi. Do vy chng ta phi tm ra mt phng php hay mt hng i mi cho ngnh giy, v phng php sn xut giy t giy qua s dng l mt hng i mi cho ngnh giy. II.1.3.2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH. 1.Khu ch bin nguyn liu Nh ta bit nguyn liu cho sn xut giy ti ch l giy qua s dng. Nguyn liu s c thu gom v tp kt, sau c em n c s ch bin. Ti c s ch bin, nguyn liu c em sng loi b bng, vi v c giy khng th ti ch c ln trong . Mi cng vic ny c lm bng tay, sau giy s c cho vo b ngm cho b ra. Ti y ta cng loi c t, ct c ln trong giy. Bng vi v giy loi trn s c em chn lp hoc em t lm nhin liu cho cng on to hi nc phc v cho cng on tip theo. 2. Qu trnh sng ra Ban u nguyn liu c nh ti,sau a ti 4 my lc chn khng.ti y nguyn liu c ra sch,dch ho cht thu hi c nng 13%, loi dch ny c a n h thng chng lc. Sau c a qua h thng sng gm 2 p lc: 1 sng th v 3 giai on lc ci. Cc phn khng cn thit th c loi b ra ngoi

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng 3. Qu trnh kh mc in. Phng php kh mc in giy loi ngy nay c s dng ph bin rng ri trn th gii thng qua phng php tuyn ni vi mc ch chnh nhm loi b cc ht mc cng nh cc cht ph gia khc nh cht c, cc ht mang mu trong qu trnh trng ph ra khi thnh phn s xi. Phng php tuyn ni thch hp vi cc ht mc v ph gia c kch thc t 1010-6 n 25010-6m. Phng php tuyn ni s dng nguyn l bm dnh ca cc ht vt cht vo bong bng kh loi b mc in v cc cht ph gia ca giy loi nh cht c, cc ht mang mu C th chia ra cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh tuyn ni nh sau: 3.1 Qu trnh tch mc ra khi x si Mc c in vo b mt ca s xi bng nhiu phng php khc nhau v trong giai on u tin ca phng php kh mc, ngi ta phi tch cc ht mc in ny cng vi cc ht ph gia ra khi b mt ca s xi. Giai on ny trong sn xut c thc hin my nghin thy lc vi s h tr ca mt s cht kh mc nh NaOH, Na2CO3, H2O2, cc cht hot tnh b mtDi tc dng ca cc ha cht kh mc, mi lin kt gia mc in v s xi b lng i, tr nn km bn vng ng thi cc ht mc cng tr nn k nc, b x nh v tch ra khi s xi di tc dng ca cc dao trong qu trnh nghin thy lc. 3.2 Giai on loi b mc ra khi s xi trong qu trnh tuyn ni Sau khi mc v cc ht ph gia c tch ra khi b mt s xi, chng ta s phi loi b chng thu c s xi sch sn xut giy. Nh trnh by trn, phng php tuyn ni dng cc bt kh loi b cc ht mc v cc ht ph gia. V l thuyt c th ng dng vi cc ht cht rn c kch thc t 1010-6 n 50010-6m nhng hiu qu nht vi tuyn ni giy ti ch l t 1010-6 n 25010-6m. Do tc dng ca ha cht (cc cht la chn) v c bit l s c mt ca cc ion canxi mang in dng 2+ trong nc, cc phn t ca x phng kt hp vi cc ion Canxi ny to ra cc ht vt cht nh in tch mang in dng, qua d dng nh vi cc ht mc (in m). Bi v cc cht la chn nh sp l mt chui hydrocacbon gm c phn k nc v ho nc (v d nh stearic acid) nn cc ht mc c nh km vi cc ht vt cht nh mang in dng (sn phm ca soap collector v calcium c trong nc), ri qua tip tc nh vi cc ht mc khc Trang 19/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng (cng c nh vi cc ht mang in dng) v to thnh cc cm mc nh v cc cm mc nh ny tip tc c nh vo cc bong bng kh nh tnh k nc v ho nc ca soap collector. 4. Gia cng nguyn liu sau ch bin Nh ta bit nguyn liu sau cng on trn c ngm trong b. Trong cng on ny hi nc c s dng bng cch sc hi nc t y b y mc ra khi nh p lc ca dng hi nc sc t y b. C th coi y l cng on lm sch bt, v hi nc khng th y ht mc trong giy nn ha cht cng s c s dng trong cng on ny. Ha cht s dng thng l: -Dung dch nc Javen ( NaCl + NaOCl ): -Dung dch nc Clo ( Cl2 ): -Dung dch xt NaOH: Trong ba dung dch trn thng s dng nht l nc Javen v l do dung dch nc Javen d sn xut ( ch cn in phn dung dch khng mng ngn mui n ). Nu s dng dung dch nc Clo th phi kt hp c dung dch NaOH trung ha lng Clo d trc khi nc thi c thi ra mi trng. Sau khi c tch mc, bt giy s c em i nghin thy lc, mc ch l to mn cho bt, sau bt s c trn thm ph gia v sau c em i tch nc, mc ch l to cho bt c c st p ng yu cu cho cng on tip theo. Nc thi trong cng on tch mc s c em i x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. Bt giy trc khi em xeo cn b xung mt vi ph gia khc nhau ty thuc loi giy. Ph gia thng s dng l: Cao lanh ( CaO.SiO2 ), thch cao ( CaSO4.Al2O3 ) hoc bt nh ( CaCO3 ). Do sn phm giy ti ch ca Vit Nam a phn l giy v sinh v giy vng m, giy n nn ph gia s dng ch yu l bt nh ( CaCO3 ), do ngun nhin liu rt d to c ( dung dch nc vi trong dc sc kh CO2 ) v lng tp cht c trong t. Mc ch cho thm ph gia vo thng to kt dnh cho 5.Qu trnh nghin gia keo v nhum. Nghin: Bt giy c a qua h thng nghin lm tng din tch tip xc, tng kh nng lin kt gia cc th si vi nhau, to iu kin cho kh nng kin kt gia cc th Trang 20/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng si vi nhau, to iu kin cho kh nng hnh thnh t giy tt hn. Lm cho cc si c hidrat ha, tng s do dai v tng b mt hot tnh ca cc vi s.Qu trnh nghin tin hnh vi nng giy trong dung dch 2% n 8%. Gia keo: Nhm to cho giy mt s tnh cht c bit nh khng thm nc, khng b nhe khi in, vit. Bt c pha trn vi cc ha cht dng gia keo: nha thng, phn chua trong b cha. Cng on ny thng ch c cc nh my giy quy m va pht trin dng cho giy tt, in hoc vit. pH tt cho qu trnh gia keo 4,5 n 5.5, thng t l nha thng/phn chua: 3/1. Nhum: Gia keo v nhum c th tin hnh chung trong b nghin. Cng on nhum s dng cc ha cht to mu nghin cng bt giy. 6.H thng to t giy Bt giy sau khi c lm trng v lm c s c em i xeo. Ty tng loi giy v cng ngh sn xut m ngi ta c phng php xeo giy khc nhau. C th xeo giy bng tay ( v d nh giy d) hoc xeo bng my nh giy v sinh, giy vng m v giy n. Mt my xeo thng c dng:

Bt giy

h thng phn

l sy

p giy

Cun

Sau sy

ht chn khng

S mt my xeo giy Trang 21/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Bt giy s c phun u trn phn bng ti, sau c em sy, va sy va p cho c mng theo yu cu. Tip a qua h thng ht chn khng lm kh giy. Giy sau sy s c cun thnh cun ln. ty thuc cht lng ca giy theo yu cu m giy c xeo khc nhau ( mt mt hay c hai mt ). Sau khi qua h thng ht chn khng lng nc thi cn li trong bt s c em i x l. 7. B phn p p c ngha l t giy c nn bng c hc t trn bo ho. phn ny nc cng tch c cng nhiu ra khi t giy cng tt. Sau cng on hnh thnh, t giy cn khong 80% nc ( kh = 20 %). cng on p kh s tng ln t 20 40 % . Nhim v chnh ca b phn p l tch nc ra khi t giy, tng bn v nhn ca t giy ng thi b phn p cn c nhim v dn t giy n b phn sy. B phn p c s lng cp p v cu trc khc nhau. Mt cp p bao gm gi v 2 hoc 3 l. L di thng c lp trn mt c nh v l dn ng. S p xy ra khong gia l trong khe p v t giy c chn dn qua khe p. T giy t c chuyn trc tip t li ti trc p chn khng c lc chn ca t p 1. Chc nng quan trng ca li p l chng to vt trn t giy.T t p 1 t giy c chuyn ti b phn p li t 2.T 2 gm mt li nha gia chn p v mt trc p pha di nhm gim p sut thu tnh trong tuyn p.T chn 2 t giy c chuyn ti t p nhn 3 qua mt khong cch ko h. T p ny khng c chn nn khng c nhim v tch nc m ch c lm cho t giy nhn v phng hn. 8. B phn sy Khi t giy ra khi b phn p, c kh khong 40 % v nhit t 25 30 C. Trong b phn sy, lng nc cn li s c tch ra bng cch bc hi. Sy l cch vn chuyn nhit v nc, trong nhit c chuyn qua vng bay hi v hi nc bc ln i qua b mt ca t giy vo lung kh thng gi. Cc bin php sy c s dng l : - Sy trc tip: t giy tip xc vi l sy my. - S i lu: nhit c cung cp bi khng kh trong mt ci chp xung quanh l sy. - Sy t do: sy trong khong khng c sc cng hoc gia cc l sy. giai on ny, t giy c sy kh ti 94%. Sau , t giy i qua b phn p gia nha(p keo). y, nc Trang 22/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng cng ho cht c t giy hp th v lng nc ny c lm bay hi b phn sy th 2 (b phn sy nha). B phn sy bao gm 34 l sy (24 l b phn sy chnh v 10 l b phn sy nha). Giy sy kh c lm ngui trn 2 l lm lnh.Tt c cc l u c ng knh l 1500 mm, chiu di ca giy c thay i trong qu trnh sy. Sau cc l p t giy c cng ra. Trong sut qu trnh n c gia nhit c 2 qu trnh sy chnh v sy nha (p keo). iu thng gy ra s c ca t giy. khc phc nhng s c v nhng bin i ca t giy, cc l c b tr thnh cc nhm dn ng khc nhau. Trong , tt c cc l trong mt nhm c cng tc . S chnh lch tc gia cc nhm dn ng s c hiu chnh theo ko cng v s c cu t giy.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

Nguyn liu (V gi,ba carton,giy loi,bo loi) Kh thi l hi Hi nc nh ti


Ting n Bi Kim loi,hi dung mi

Chun b ha cht

Chun b ha cht (NaO,javen) Ty trng (kh mc in)

Hi ha cht Nc thi Kh Cl 2 Nc thi Hi ha cht

Ra sng

Nghin Nhum Xeo

Hi ha cht Ting n Hi ha cht Nc thi Nc thi Bt ri vi

Gia keo

Nc thi Bt ri vi

Sn phm
S cng ngh quy trnh ti ch giy Trang 24/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

II.1.3.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Trong tng s giy sn xut trong nc, c ti 70% l nguyn liu t ngun giy ti ch, nhng hin ch c 25% giy qua s dng c thu hi. Hn na, lng giy qua s dng ny cng ch p ng c 50% tng lng giy ph liu m ngnh cng nghip giy trong nc cn. Nh vy, hu ht s giy cn li b em tiu hu mt cch lng ph, trong khi , Vit Nam phi dng ngoi t nhp khu mt lng giy ph liu, giy ti ch khng l t nc ngoi lm nguyn liu sn xut giy. V vy, cn c thm nhiu n lc t cc doanh nghip, Nh nc v cc c quan c lin quan c th xy dng v pht trin ngnh cng nghip ti ch bao b giy Vit Nam. Bn cnh vic lng ph giy th trong khu x l giy ti ch cng gp nhng bt li v s dng qu nhiu ha cht, iu lu di s nh hng t nhiu n sc khe cng nhn cng nh ngi s dng, mc khc nhm s dng trit cc loi giy thi cc nh khoa hc Thi Lan nghin cu trong nhiu nm to ra mt lot loi enzyme c pha trn c bit c th phn hy v ti ch cc loi giy p v nha thng thng. Trong quy trnh ny, u tin mt enzyme s tn cng vo lp ha cht chng thm nc ph trn b mt ca giy hoc nha, sau cc loi enzyme khc s tip tc phn ng vi cc lp giy v keo dnh bn trong. Do vy, cng ngh ny c th phc hi si hoc bt giy t giy p trong cc gi thuc l, giy dn tng hoc hp sa... mt cch hiu qu m trc y kh hoc khng th ti ch. Sn phm thu c c th c s dng lm cc sn phm giy mi, ti ch v sn xut cc loi nha sch, gim cht ph rng hay t giy x kh c ra mi trng. c bit, chng c th a vo sn xut vt liu xy dng thay th cho aming - mt loi vt liu gy hi cho sc khe con ngi. II.1.4. CNG NGH SN XUT DU DIESEL SINH HC T DU THI. II.1.4.1. KHI NIM V DU DIESEL SINH HC. Du diesel sinh hc l hp cht ester ca mt axit bo c ngun gc t du thc vt (du da, du c, du hoa hng dng,) hoc m ng vt vi mt ru mch ngn (methanol, ethanol hoc propanol). Phn ng to du diesel sinh hc l gia axt bo v methanol. II.1.4.2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH. Trang 25/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng H thng c c nhp liu gin on v c tho liu lin tc.
S Du thi quy trnh cng Metanol , xc tc H2SO4 Este ha bng acid T = 50 0C, = 30 Tch pha
Pha nhiu Glyxerin

ngh

Du c ch s FFA < 2%

Metanol, xc tc NaOH

Este ha bng base Tch pha Metyl este Trung ha base d Ra (khuy, tch) Lm khan ( khuy)

T = 45 0C, = 30
Pha nhiu Glyxerin

Nc nng, T= 70 0C

Biodiesel

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

S thit b vn hnh

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

- Giai on 1: Du ht cao su v Methanol nhit 25 0C c dn vo bnh 5. Tin hnh khuy s b (nh bm 3) hn hp t ng nht tng i (thi gian khuy khong 1 pht). Bt in tr nng nhit hn hp ln 50 0C, lc ny phn ng din ra mt phn. Nhit lng cn cung cp cho giai on ny tng i ln. Gi nhit n nh trong thit b 5 v khuy trong vng 20 30 pht p sut thng, nhm gip phn ng xy ra trit hn. Nhit c gi n nh bng h thng iu khin nhit t ng. Trong bnh 5, nng metanol khong 18% - 24%, do trong thnh phn pha hi, nng metanol chim khong 60%. Metanol l mt cht rt c i vi c th con ngi, v th ta dng sinh hn hi lu hi metanol. Nhit hi bo ha Metanol dui p sut kh quyn di 650C, do dng sinh hn nc thch hp. Thc hin qu trnh tch pha trong thit b tch pha 6. Hn hp sau phn ng cn c bm ln bnh cao v thc hin qu trnh tch pha. Nu t bm ngay pha sau thit b 6, khi lng lng cn li trong thit b 6 cng t, kh nng bm ht kh cng nhiu, dn n va p thy lc trong bm (hin tng xm thc) . iu ny nh hng khng tt n tui th ca bm. Do , ta cn t bnh cha 8 sau thit b 6. Hot ng ca bm c iu khin bng tn hiu in. Tn hiu c truyn lin tc t b phn ly tn hiu mc lng trong thit b 11. Tn hiu ny c chuyn ha thnh tn hiu in hp chuyn i tn hiu. Khi mc lng trong bm thp hn 1 gii hn no (do ta ci t), bm s ch ON cung cp lng cho thit bi 11. Ngc li, khi mc lng trong bnh 11 qu cao (cao hn 1 gii hn no do ta ci t), bm s ch OFF.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Bnh 8 cha hn hp ca m th i, thit b 6 cha hn hp ca m th i + 1.Sau khi thc hin xong qu trnh tch pha thit b 6, hn hp i+1 c chuyn dn sang bnh 8, ng thi hn hp 8 cng c bm chuyn ln bnh cao v 11. Thi gian tin hnh phn ng v thi gian xc ra thit b 5 khong 40 pht, trong khi thi gian tch pha khong 4 gi . Do ta cn thit b tch pha( mi bnh c th

tch s dng bng th tch ca hn hp cn tch pha trong 1 m). Thi gian ra ty thuc vo thnh phn ca dung dch ra, sch ca thit b sau khi ra Ty thuc vo thi gian ra thit b m ta xc nh c s thit b tch pha cn thit tng ng. Sau qu trnh tch pha ta thu c: Pha A pha trn: gm ru d, acid sunfuric v tp cht. Pha B pha di: cha ch yu l Biodesel , lng du ht cao su cha c chuyn ha. Hn hp ny c phn tch v s dng cho qu trnh pha sau (chuyn v ester bng kim). - Giai on 2: Hn hp pha B c cha trong bnh 11. T y, hn hp c dn n thit b phn ng 13. Metanol v xc tc baz cng c dn vo thit b 13 trong thi gian ny. Khuy trn v gia nhit hn hp n 45 0C. Thi gian lu trung bnh ca hn hp thit b ny l 30 pht. Sau khong thi gian trn, ta cng tin hnh thc hin qu trnh phn pha nh giai on 1.Lp di, ch yu cha tp cht v glixerin, c ly ra trc ( cha trong bnh 16); Ester vn cn nm lp trn. Lp trn cha Methyl ester (ch yu) c dn vo bnh 15 ra nhm loi b tp cht v glixerin cn st li. Nc nng (khong 10% th tch) c xt ln b mt ca lp ester v khuy nh. Lp di c b, cn lp mu vng pha trn (thnh phn chnh l biodiesel) c gi li trong thit b. Tin hnh gia nhit lm khan nc cn st li ( lng nc cn li trong biodiesl phi tha tiu chun v biodisel).

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Do nc bay ln c kh nng li ko theo cc cht nh Metanol, Biodiesel, cc cht trong dung dch ra, d lng rt thp nhng vn c, v th ta cn dng sinh hn ngng t thu hi hi bay ln. II.1.4.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Hin nay cng ngh ni bt nht v c nhiu u im nht chnh l cng ngh HTPM, tnh nng ni bt ca cng ngh ny l n khng gy nhim lin quan ti ngun nguyn liu u vo, hn na khng cn tinh lc hay este ha axit trong qu trnh x l s b. Cc ph thi ng, thc vt v rau qu hon ton c th dng lm nguyn liu u vo. Nh quy trnh x l lin tc nn din tch lp t thit b gn hn nhiu so snh vi cng ngh truyn thng ang thnh hnh. Mt trm sn xut cng sut 1000lit/gi ch cn mt mt bng khong 200m2 (khng k din tch t cc container cha nguyn liu). Do vy vic lp t thit b ch chim mt tun l. Ngoi ra c th nng cng sut bng cch lp thm cc modul v r rng c th khi u vic sn xut quy m v chi ph khim tn. Cc u im k trn khin cng v sut u t ban u thp, cnh tranh vi cc nh sn xut ln ang s dng cng ngh truyn thng . Ni tm li nhng c im sau y khin cho nhu cu trn th trng i vi cng ngh mi ny ngy mt gia tng: Sn xut du diesel sinh hc rt hiu qu t du, m hu c (triglycerides). C th s dng du m cha tinh ch v ph thi cng nh FFA d s dng, bn cao, hot ng khng cn cht xc tc thun nht t tin Cho sn phm ph glycerol cht lng cao. Mc u t ban u thp, chi ph vn hnh khng cao so vi cng ngh truyn thng. Trong iu kin ca B chi ph sn xut 1lit du diesel sinh hc l 0,08 Euro). C th lp t trm sn xut quy m trung bnh 10.000- 25.000 tn/nm. C kh nng lp rp thm modul sn xut khi c nhu cu . II.1.5. TI CH RC THI BNG CNG NGH CAO TI M. II.1.5.1. GII THIU CHUNG. Charlestown, Massachusetts, M l ni t trung tm ti ch n dng (khng phn loi cht thi khi ti ch) ca hng Casella Waste Services. C s c khai trng vo nm 2009 v t n nay vn pht trin vi lng khch hng v t l ti ch ngy mt tng Trang 30/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng cao. Theo , vi cng ngh ny, ngi ta cho tt c cht thi vo mt cng ten n duy nht v s dng h thng t ng tch 75% vt liu nh cc k thut hn hp. II.1.5.2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH.

*Cng on 1: Vt liu ti ch cha c phn loi s c a qua mt bng chuyn tch ba cc tng v cc vt liu c gi tr ra khi phn cn li. Nhng th cha c phn loi s b chuyn n cng on tip theo.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

*Cng on 2: Ti y, nhng ngi cng nhn s tip tc phn loi vt liu v loi b nhng th khng ph hp, chng hn nh ti ni lng bi loi ny c th gy hng cc quy trnh. Theo , nhng nh ti ch s bn vt liu c x l ca h cho cc c s sn xut. Tuy nhin nu l hng cha qu nhiu cht gy nhim, kh nng t chi s rt ln.

y l nhng nguyn liu khng ph hp v b loi b. Chng s c em chn hoc mang i lm ph liu.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

*Cng on 3: Chic trng ny loi b thy tinh ra khi quy trnh. Khi trng quay, thy tinh b v v ri vo my thu gom t bn di.

*Cng on 4: Phn loi si t ba cc tng v giy bo. Cc si s mng i sau mi ln ti ch nn ba cc tng c gi tr hn i vi cc nh sn xut giy.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

*Cng on 5: Nha v nhm rt xung cng on u tin s c vn chuyn nhanh chng qua cc b truyn n v tr phn loi bng quang hc.

cng on ny, my quang hc s o c hn 100 thng s bao gm mu sc, hnh dng v mt phn b ca nha c th phn loi chnh xc vt liu. Khi nhn ra mt loi nha c th, my s thi vt th xung mt thng ring bit. Bi c trng lng ring ln hn nn khi ngi ta s dng thit b to ra t trng xoy, nhm s b ri i xa hn cc loi nha v c ng vo hp ring. i vi thic, quy trnh phn loi cng din ra tng t.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

Cng on cui : nha ti ch c s dng lm cc loi qun o hay thm, nh c chng m con ngi tiu hao t nng lng hn v cng hn ch vic khai thc ti nguyn.

II.1.6. TI CH BC NYLON THNH VT DNG HNG NGY. II.1.6.1. BC NYLON V THI TRANG. (*) Nhng mu o rt thi trang v sang trng c may t ti nha. Trong tng lai , nha s l mt i th cnh tranh ca cc cht liu nh t la hay sa-lanh.Nhng ngi th th cng lm bng tay nhng vt dng t o ma n dp xng an phc v nhu cu tiu dng trn toi th gii. Tuy qun o lm bng nha khng c thoi mi v d th nh cc cht liu khc, nhng mt u im r rng ca n l d lau nhng vt bn dnh ln o, qun.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

Nhng sn phm lm t ti nha. Vi mt bn tay kho lo ca nhng ngi am m an lt m nhng chic ti nha tr nn tinh t v p mt hn rt nhiu. C th vi ai ti nha l rc, nhng vi nhiu ngi khc thc s l mt kho bu. Mt im ng ch l si len c lc hu so vi si nha hay plarn, l nhng cht liu m ngi th an s dng to nhng sn phm c bng cao hn.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

II.1.6.2. BC NYLON V TH CNG M NGH. Ngh thut lun l mnh t cho s sng to khng tng ca con ngi. Rt nhiu ha s sn du lm mi nhng tc phm ca mnh bng nhng tng c o. Ngy nay nhng phng php truyn thng b qun lng, h s dng nhng vt liu ngh thut c bit hn, chng hn nh ti nha. Chnh s c bit ca nguyn liu ti nha l mt thch thc cho ngi ngh s khi mun bin chng thnh mt tc phm ngh thut thc s.Vi tr em, th vic to ra nhng vt nh con g, con ch, hay ngi nh t nhng chic ti nha va gio dc chng v s tit kim, li va mang li c hi pht trin tr tng tng v sng to.

II.1.6.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Vic ti ch bc nylon thnh cc sn phm thi trang v dng m ngh ch p dng cho quy m nh v i hi thm m cao, bc nylon dng ti ch phi qua cng on ra sch v phi ro nn n ch p dng c khi kt hp vi vic phn loi rc ti ngun, vi vic ti ch ny i hi i ng c tay ngh cao v mt thm m v tnh sng to. Mc d khng th p dng trn quy m cng nghip nhng vic ti ch nh th s gp phn lm gim lng rc thi lng ph, mc khc n cng gp phn gio dc thc bo v v gn

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng gi mi trng ca ngi dn. Hin nay Vit Nam vic ti ch ny ch thc hin di hnh thc gio dc thc ch cha p dng thc tin, trong tng lai m hnh ny s c p dng v nhn rng khp c nc. II.1.7. CNG NGH SERAPHIN. II.1.7.1. KHI QUT V CNG NGH. Qua nhiu nm nghin cu v ch to th nghim, nhm nghin cu thuc Cng ty c phn Cng ngh mi trng xanh Seraphin hon thin cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ph hp vi iu kin th Vit Nam, l cng ngh Seraphin. Mt trong nhng c im ca cng ngh Seraphin l c th p dng ti cc nh my x l rc thi sinh hot cc th Vit Nam. y l cng ngh do ngi Vit Nam xut, pht trin v ch ng ch to thit b nhm phc v nhu cu x l rc thi sinh hot. Cng ngh ny c Cc S hu tr tu cp bng sng ch. Vi cng ngh Seraphin, cc th Vit Nam c th x l n 90% khi lng rc ti ch thnh phn hu c v ngun nguyn liu lm vt liu xy dng. Ch cn 10% khi lng rc l sn si, tro x... phi chn lp nn c th tit kim c din tch bi chn lp rc thi vn ang l vn bc xc cc th ln. Khng ch dng li vic x l rc thu gom hng ngy (rc ti), cng ngh Seraphin cn c th x l c rc chn ti bi chn lp (rc kh). II.1.7.2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH. Cng ngh Seraphin gm 5 qu trnh: u tin, rc thi c phn loi v x l s b bng phng php c hc cho ra cc nhm nguyn liu (nha ti ch, cht thi hu c, v c). Cht thi nguy hi c thu gom ring. Cht thi nha c ti ch, lm sch lm nguyn liu chuyn n nh my ti ch tp trung c k thut v nng lc sn xut cao hn. Cc loi cht thi hu c d phn hy c compost, x l kh thi bng biofilter trong nh kn cho ra sn phm l phn bn hu c sinh hc v khong p vin s dng thun tin trong sn xut nng nghip. Mt s thnh phn v c kh phn hy cn li c ct ng nht tng i v thnh phn, kch thc sau em ti l t thu nng lng v tro, sau cng on ha rn s to thnh ct liu, phi trn lm nguyn liu cho sn xut gch block. Cc s quy trnh tng cng on: Trang 38/53

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Quy trnh cng ngh t

(2) Kh nng s dng sy nguyn liu v cung cp nhit cho cc qu trnh khc. (3) in s dng trong nh my v ha vo li in quc gia

Quy trnh cng ngh ng rn

II.1.7.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Quy trnh x l cht thi rn th khng chn lp theo cng ngh Seraphin m Nh my x l cht thi Sn Ty ang p dng l quy trnh c nghin cu trong nc, ph hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t, x hi nc ta. Cng ngh ny thch hp vi iu kin x l rc ti cha phn loi ngun. Hin ti, Nh my x l cht thi Sn Ty vi cng sut thit k 200 tn/ngy, c th x l c cht thi cng nghip v sinh hot, cho ra sn phm l ht nha (1.800 tn/nm), phn hu c (18.000 tn/nm), gch block khng nung (10.800 tn/nm). So vi cc cng ngh v ang c p dng ti mt s nh my x l cht thi, cng ngh Seraphin c nhiu u im hn hn. Nh my x l rc thi Cu Din p dng cng ngh Ty Ban Nha c tng mc u t 100 t ng u gi nm 2007), cng sut x l 140 tn/ngy; sn phm s dng li ch l phn hu c, lng cht thi cn li sau x l cn phi chn lp chim trn 50%. Nh my x l rc Nam nh p dng cng ngh Cng ha Php c tng mc u t 75 t ng, cng sut t 250 tn/ngy, nhng lng cht thi sau khi x l vn ln n trn 50%. Trong khi , Nh my x l cht thi Sn Ty p dng cng ngh Seraphin vi cng sut 200 tn/ngy, mc u t 45 t ng, nhng sn phm thu c ngoi phn hu c cn c vt liu xy dng, nng lng... Do lng cht thi sau x l ch cn di 10%. Hin nay c nc c trn 700 th (t loi V tr ln) ang c nhu cu rt bc xc v x l cht thi rn th. T thc t , hin nay Nh my x l cht thi Sn Ty tip tc b sung hon thin cng ngh lm nh my mu cho cc a phng tham quan, kho st nhn rng v p dng trong c nc.
II.2. TI S DNG RC THI SINH HOT. II.2.1. TI S DNG RC THI BNG PHNG PHP L HI TNG SI.

II.2.1.1. KHI NIM V L HI TNG SI. L hi tng si tun hon CFB (Circulating Fluidizing Bed ) l cng ngh l hi tin tin nht hin nay, l hi ny c th t c rt nhiu cc loi nhin liu khc nhau nh than nu, than Anthracite, than non, cc du, v tru, g vn, ph thi nh my giy, nh my ng, rc thi, lp tV l hi t cc nhin liu nhit di 9250C, do vy lng kh thi NOX do nhit rt thp, cng vi cng ngh x l SOX bng vi c t Trang 42/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng cng do vy cc nh my nhit in t than nu dng l hi CFB khng cn h thng kh lu hunh (FGD) trong khi thi. L hi tng si tun hon (CFB) c chia ra lm 2 loi chnh. 1. L hi c b phn ly bn trong (Compact) 2. L hi c b phn ly ngoi (Separator Cyclone).Vi l hi phn ly ngoi c 2 loi cu trc: a. L hi c b phn ly nng (Hot cyclone Separator). b. L hi lm mt b phn ly bng nc (water cool cyclone separator).
II.2.1.2. NGUYN TC HOT NG.

- Qut gi cp 1 ca l s a gi vo l lm tng liu ban u si ln (Fluidizing) (si gi), h thng t du c t trc, n 1 nhit v p sut nht nh trong bung t, chng ta phun than vo, kch thc cc ht than t 0-12mm (ty vo cc loi than v cc loi nhin liu t km). - Khi cc ht than chy v ta nhit lm cho nc cc vch l ha hi, cc ht than chy s mt dn khi lng bay ln cng vi khi thi, n b phn ly, nhng ht nng hn s c b phn ly tch xung, nhng ht nh khng c tch th theo khi thot khi bung t. - Cc ht nng c tch bi b phn l ri xung di v c cp thm gi bay tr li bung t t li. * Phn ng kh SOX Bc 1: S chy trong bung t to ra SO2. S + O2 ----- > SO2 (Vi nhit cao cn ). Bc 2: Cc Phn ng kh SO2. CaCO3 ( vi) -----> CaO (Vi sng) + CO2. SO2 + 1/2 O2 + CaO -----> CaSO4.

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Bng v thit b vn hnh II.1.2.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Theo B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, cng ngh l hi tng si hin ang c ng dng rng ri Vit Nam, t c nhiu loi nhin liu, gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam gim chi ph sn xut v gi thnh sn phm, nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng, ng thi gp phn lm gim sc p tiu th nhin liu ha thch truyn thng. Cng ngh ny c th s dng than cm, cc ph phm nng nghip, nhin liu xu (cn bn thi, lp xe, nilon thi,) lm nhin liu vn hnh. Cng ngh l hi tng si ang c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip nh dt nhum, sn xut giy, bt giy, thc phm, dc phm Qua kho st v nh gi ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, cc doanh nghip ang s dng l hi cng ngh tng si c th tit kim nhin liu n 80%. Vic lp t l hi cng ngh tng si tun hon cng sut 30 tn hi/gi, tiu hao 4 tn cht thi v sinh khi biomass/gi s gip thay th c ngun nhin liu du FO, kh t, tit kim c chi ph nng lng v gii quyt c vn mi trng lin quan n cc cht thi rn pht sinh hng ngy nh: X l, tiu hy c phn ln cc cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t qu trnh

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng phn loi nguyn liu l ph liu giy u vo (nilon, giy ph liu khng th ti ch,). X l, tiu hy hon ton lng bn thi t h thng x l nc thi ca Nh my; ng thi tn dng c nhit nng t nhng ngun cht thi ny cung cp hi cho hot ng sn xut ca nh my, Mt khc, vic x l trc tip cht thi rn khng phi l cht thi nguy hi c kh nng chy ti nh my thay v phi chuyn giao cho cc n v c chc nng x l cht thi rn bng gii php t cng s tn dng c nng lng pht sinh nhit t qu trnh t, khng gy lng ph ti nguyn t ai do phi chn lp ;Do hn ch s dng ngun nhin liu truyn thng s gip cho nh my kim sot, gim st thun tin, cht ch hn qu trnh pht thi ca ngun cht thi ny, gip tit kim chi ph qun l, x l. II.2.2. TI S DNG BNG CCH PHN LOI RC TI NGUN. II.2.2.1. YU CU CHUNG V VIC PHN LOI RC. thc hin tt vic phn loi ny, cn phi p ng c nhng yu cu thit yu nh sau: 1- T h gia nh n khu ph, trng hc, c quan x nghip. Vic o to, tp hun tuyn truyn v vic phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun phi c ch trng hng u. Vic o to, tp hun tuyn truyn nhm mc ch thay i thi quen b rc xa nay ca ngi dn, nng cao thc bo v mi trng - mt cng vic i hi tnh kin tr v lu di; ng thi phi hng dn cho ngi dn vi cch b rc mi; phn tch nhng li ch m vic phn loi em li cho chnh h v x hi. Vic tuyn truyn phi c thc hin ti mi i tng ngun thi t h gia nh, cc c quan, trng hc, x nghip, bnh vin n cc trung tm thng mi, ch, cc doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh. Hn na, cc i tng tham gia vo quy trnh thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht thi rn cng cn phi c tp hun, tuyn truyn v chng trnh, v cch thc phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun. V v y l mt chng trnh hon ton mi, mt bin php qun l tng th nn s tham gia ca cc cp, cc ngnh qun/huyn l khng th thiu c. 2- Thit b k thut, cng ngh ph hp thc hin tt phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun phi m bo c cc yu t k thut h tr cho qu trnh phn loi v sau phn loi. Cc yu t k thut y l cc phng tin, cc quy trnh thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc. Khi thc hin phn loi cht Trang 45/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng thi rn ti ngun cng ng ngha vi vic chng ta phi thay i cc phng tin v quy trnh k thut mt cch tng th v ng b. Trong cng tc thu gom, vic thay i quy trnh v cng ngh gp nhiu kh khn ch yu do thi quen giao rc ca ngi dn. Khi thc hin phn loi cht thi rn thnh hai loi (rc thc phm v rc v c), phng n thu gom u tin l thu gom cch ngy (1 ngy ly rc thc phm, 1 ngy ly rc v c). u im ca quy trnh ny l khng phi thay i trang thit b thu gom, cng nh trang thit b vn chuyn.Nhng ngi dn phi lu tr rc trong nh - iu ny trn thc t khng nhn c s ng tnh ca ngi dn do khng ai mun gi rc trong nh hn mt ngy. Do , yu cu t ra l phi thay i trang thit b k thut thu gom. V mt k thut: (1) phi cng lc thu gom c c hai loi rc phn loi m khng phi quay vng xe thm mt ln na, (2) phi cha ring tng loi rc c phn loi, (3) phi nh v va cho ngi thu gom c th y i gom rc trong phm vi thu gom ca mnh ti cc phng x. gii quyt k thut ny, cn thit k phng tin thu gom mi c 2 ngn ring bit. 3- Phn loi th cp tch cc dng rc thi thnh nguyn liu ti ch Ngoi ra cng cn phi ch n vn quy trnh k thut trong khu x l cui cng. V c th tng hiu qu ca qu trnh ti s dng ti ch, lm phn compost nh tiu ch m chng trnh phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun t ra cn phi phn loi trit hn. V vy ti cc ni x l phi c trm phn loi th cp thc hin phn loi trit hn trc khi s dng rc thi lm nguyn liu ti ch. II.2.2.2. CCH PHN LOI. 1- Phn bit 3 loi rc: Rc hu c l cc loi rc thc phm t nh bp nh rau, c, qu... Rc hu c sau khi c phn loi s c mang n nh my sn xut phn hu c Cu Din, ch bin thnh phn hu c, rt tt cho canh tc v an ton cho ngi s dng. V vy vic phn loi rc hu c cn thn ngay t u s gip ch rt nhiu cho qu trnh sn xut phn hu c sau ny.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng Rc v c l cc loi rc nh snh s, gch v, thy tinh, x than, t, ct..Rc v c l loi rc khng th s dng c na, m ch c th mang i chn lp ti bi rc Nam Sn (huyn Sc Sn, H Ni). V vy, bo v mi trng, chng ta cn gim thiu ti a lng rc v c ny. Rc ti ch nh giy, kim loi, v hp...s c vn chuyn n cc lng ngh ti ch thnh cc sn phm mi.

BNG PHN LOI RC

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng 2. Thng rc h gia nh: hu c v v c. Mi h gia nh cn trang b 2 thng rc mu xanh (hu c) v mu da cam (v c). iu ng lu l thng rc hu c c thm r lc cht lng tch nc ra khi phn rc hu c.

Thng xanh cha rc hu c

Thng da cam cha rc v c 3. H thng thu gom mi. Thng thng, mi t dn ph s c khong 1-2 im t thng rc thu gom tp kt. Rc hu c c hng ngy t lc 18h00 n 20h30, cn rc v c ch vo cc ngy Th 3, Th 5, Th 7 & Ch nht t lc 18h n 20h30.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng II.2.2.3. KH NNG PHT TRIN. Vic phn loi rc ti ngun s gip ti s dng hiu qu cc ph liu c trong rc thi, cc loi rc thi hu c c x l thnh phn compost bn cho cy trng thay th phn ha hc. Lng cht thi rn cn li phi chn lp rt t, s tit kim c din tch chn lp rc thi, hn ch nhim mi trng do nc r rc gy ra. Hin nay, bnh qun mi ngy TPHCM thi ra hn 7.000 tn rc. Lng rc ny c giao cho khu lin hp x l cht thi rn a Phc huyn Bnh Chnh v Phc Hip huyn C Chi x l. Do cha c phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun, nn phn ln lng rc thi hin nay ca thnh ph ang c x l bng phng php chn lp. Hng nm thnh ph dnh t 10 - 15 hc ta t thc hin vic ny v gn 1.500 t ng cho chi ph x l rc. Theo Ph Gim c S Ti nguyn v Mi trng TPHCM, Nguyn Vn Phc, phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun l mt gii php qun l rc th mang tnh nh hng lu di c nhiu nc p dng. Vic phn loi s gip gim thiu c khi lng rc a ra bi chn lp, tit kim t chn lp v chi ph x l, gim thiu nhim mi trng. Nguyn Vn Phc, nhn mnh: Thnh ph H Ch Minh ang trong qu trnh t chc v thc hin phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun trn phm vi ton thnh ph. Phn loi rc ti ngun l vic nh c ngha ln, to iu kin thun li cho quy trnh ti ch, gip tit kim nguyn nhin liu, gim bt gnh nng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin v quan trng l bo v mi trng sinh thi, bo v sc khe con ngi. Chnh v iu ny i hi mi ngi, mi nh, mi a phng phi cng nhau n lc thc hin tt vic phn loi rc ti ngun. C nh vy chng ta mi c th hy vng vo mt tng lai vi mi trng sng ngy cng trong lnh hn. Hin H Ni ang thc hin mt chin dch 3R (gim thiu, ti s dng v ti ch cht thi) bng hnh thc phn loi rc ti ngun vi s tham gia tch cc ca ngi dn.Chin dch nhm xy dng mt th xanh-sch-p. Trong , quan trng nht nhng cng l kh khn nht thc hin tt phn loi rc ti ngun l gia nh bn cn c kin thc phn loi rc v phi trang b 2-3 thng rc ring bit cha ba loi rc c bn, gm rc hu c, rc v c v rc ti ch. Song song phi c ni tp kt, tip nhn ngun rc

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng sau khi c phn loi ny. Ngoi ra, chng trnh ny cn quy nh ngi dn rc v c quan thu gom rc phi thc hin ng ngy, ng gi v ng ni quy nh. III. GIO DC TRUYN THNG. III.1. QUY NH X L CA PHP LUT V CHT THI RN. CN C IU 14 V 15 CA NGH NH CHNH PH S 81/2006/N-CP NGY 09 THNG 8 NM 2006 V X PHT VI PHM HNH CHNH TRONG LNH VC BO V MI TRNG iu 14. Vi phm cc quy nh v thi cht thi rn 1. Pht cnh co hoc pht tin t 100.000 ng n 500.000 ng i vi hnh vi thi cht thi rn khng ng quy nh v bo v mi trng. 2. Pht tin t 2.000.000 ng n 5.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny gy nhim mi trng. 3. Pht tin t 15.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny trong trng hp cht thi rn c cha cht thi nguy hi vt tiu chun cho php. 4. Pht tin t 60.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny trong trng hp cht thi rn c cha cht phng x gy nhim x mi trng qu mc cho php nh hng n con ngi v sinh vt. 5. Hnh thc x pht b sung v bin php khc phc hu qu: a) Tc Giy php mi trng t chn mi ngy lm vic n mt trm tm mi ngy lm vic i vi cc vi phm quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny; Tc Giy php mi trng khng thi hn i vi cc vi phm ti khon 3 v khon 4 iu ny; b) Buc thc hin cc bin php khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng do vi phm hnh chnh quy nh ti iu ny gy ra. iu 15. Vi phm cc quy nh v qun l, vn chuyn v x l cht thi 1. Pht tin t 500.000 ng n 2.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi qun l, vn chuyn v x l cht thi, cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng theo ng quy nh v bo v mi trng. Trang 50/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng 2. Pht tin t 2.000.000 ng n 5.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny gy nhim mi trng. 3. Pht tin t 5.000.000 ng n 10.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi qun l, vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi hoc c cha cht phng x khng ng quy nh v bo v mi trng. 4. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 15.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi khng lp h s, ng k c pht sinh cht thi nguy hi i vi trng hp i vi trng hp phi lp h s, ng k vi c quan chuyn mn v bo v mi trng cp tnh. 5. Pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi qun l, vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi gy nhim mi trng. 6. Pht tin t 60.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi qun l, vn chuyn v x l cht thi c cha cht phng x gy nhim x mi trng qu mc cho php. 7. Hnh thc x pht b sung v bin php khc phc hu qu: a) Tc Giy php mi trng t chn mi ngy lm vic n mt trm tm mi ngy lm vic i vi cc vi phm quy nh ti khon 2 iu ny; Tc Giy php mi trng khng thi hn i vi cc vi phm ti cc khon 3, 4 v khon 5 iu ny; b) Buc thc hin cc bin php khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng do vi phm hnh chnh quy nh ti cc khon 2, 3, 4 v khon 5 iu ny gy ra. III.2. GIO DC THC V MI TRNG CHO HC SINH. Gio dc mi trng phi c a vo chng trnh hc ca THCS. Cc trng THCS c xc nh khun vin; din tch chi tit cc phng hc, sn chi, vn trng; cc loi cy cnh, cy c trng trong vn sinh vt xy dng ni dung bi ging v chuyn ti cho ph hp vi cc nhm hc sinh. Hc sinh tch cc hc tp, c thc tt i vi mi trng l mt vic rt cn thit v cp bch. Vic tip thu bi ging lng ghp ni dung gio dc mi trng phi khng lm nh hng n cc mn hc chnh ca hc sinh. Thc t, nh trng, nht l cc em hc sinh phi tch cc tham gia cc hot ng bo v mi trng nhn dp Tun l quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng, Ngy Mi trng th gii, Ngy Lm cho th gii sch hn, Ngy th by xanh lm v sinh thu gom rc thi Trang 51/53

Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng trn ng ph, trong thn, xm; Tt trng cy ma xun. Nhiu trng hc nn phi hp vi Chi cc Bo v mi trng t chc hng dn hc sinh thu gom v phn loi rc thi sinh hot ti ngun. C lm c nh th th thc v mi trng s pht trin ngy cng su rng khng nhng trong hc sinh m cn c cc bc ph huynh v ton x hi. III.3 PHNG TIN GIO DC TRUYN THNG V MI TRNG.(*) Thng qua nhng hot ng ti trng, lp, x, phng, chng ta sinh hot cho mi ngi thc bo v mi trng sng di hnh thc tuyn truyn qua t ri, by bo co, phim nhHin nay trn internet c rt nhiu phim ngn v gio dc thc bo v mi trng ca con ngi, chng ta cn vn dng kho ti liu y vo trong bi ging trn lp cng nh bi tuyn truyn trong mt cuc hi tho, phim nh rt xc tch v kh nng truyn t rt nhanh, ngi xem c th d dng nm bt v hc hi.

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Sinh vin thc hin: Phm Bo Trng

C. KT LUN KIN NGH


Khi nim ti s dng rc thi ca qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot c t rt lu. T xa, ng cha ta tn dng than xng ng vt trong sn xut ng hay ti s dng st vn, ng vn trong sn xut nng c v vt dng sinh hot. Nhng hot ng ti ch s khai ny gp phn lm gim gi thnh v gip gii quyt vn khan him nguyn liu sn xut thi . Ngy nay, trong bi cnh cnh tranh khc lit, vai tr ca ti ch nh l ngun cung cp nguyn, nhin vt liu gi r cng tr nn quan trng hn. Ngun nguyn liu t ti ch c th coi l v tn, v c sn xut l c rc thi v c c hi cho ti ch. Mc khc, ti ch cn l mt gii php hu hiu lm gim chi ph sn xut, gim chi ph x l cht thi v do h gi thnh sn phm. Bn cnh nhng li ch kinh t, ti ch gp phn lm gim cc thit hi mi trng do rc thi gy ra. Xt trn tng th, thc hin tt bin php ti ch em li mi trng trong sch hn, ci thin sc khe cng ng v l mt trong nhng gii php quan trng m bo s pht trin bn vng ca x hi. Vic bo v mi trng sng khng phi l trch nhim ca mt ring ai m l trch nhim chung ca mi chng ta, trn a bn Thnh Ph Cn Th ca chng ta hin nay cha pht trin mnh v khu tuyn truyn vic bo v mi trng sng, vic x rc ba bi ngoi ng ph cn rt ph bin, bc nylon ti nhng khu ch s dng cn rt lng ph, Thnh Ph Cn Th cn y mnh trong khu tuyn truyn hn khng nhng trong trng hc m cn c trong cng ng dn c. Cn i vi sinh vin i Hc Cn Th, chng ta cn tch cc hn trong cc phong tro hng ti vic bo v mi trng sng v gi gn v sinh ti lp hc v ni . C lm c nh th th mi trng ca chng ta mi khng b ph hy, v cc sng ngy cng ti p.

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