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Figure 2.1
The Workspace window The Workspace window is the primary vehicle for building your model. This window has two main areas: the Toolbox and the Workspace itself. The Toolbox is the bundle of tools on the far left. The Workspace takes up the rest of the window. You will build your waterhammer model on the Workspace using the Toolbox tools. At the top of the Toolbox are four drawing tools below the Shortcut button. The Selection Drawing tool, on the upper left, is useful for selecting groups of objects on the Workspace for editing or moving. The Pipe Drawing tool, on the upper right, is used to draw new pipes on the Workspace. Below these two tools are the Zoom Select tool and the Annotation tool. The Zoom Select tool allows you to draw a box on the Workspace after which AFT Impulse will zoom into that area. The Annotation tool allows you to create annotations and auxiliary graphics. Below the four drawing tools are nineteen icons that represent the different types of junctions available in AFT Impulse. Junctions are components that connect pipes and also influence the pressure or flow behavior of the pipe system. The nineteen junction icons can be dragged from the Toolbox and dropped onto the Workspace. When you pass your mouse pointer over any of the Toolbox tools, a Tool Tip identifies the tool's function.
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Figure 2.2a
Objects and ID numbers Items placed on the Workspace are called objects. All objects are derived directly or indirectly from the Toolbox. AFT Impulse uses three types of objects: pipes, junctions and annotations. All pipe and junction objects on the Workspace have an associated ID number. For junctions, this number is, by default, placed directly above the junction and prefixed with the letter J. Pipe ID numbers are prefixed with the letter P. You can optionally choose to display either or both the ID number and the name of a pipe or junction. You also can drag the ID number/name text to a different location to improve visibility. The Reservoir you have created on the Workspace will take on the default ID number of 1. You can change this to any desired number greater than zero and up to 30,000. Editing on the Workspace Once on the Workspace, junction objects can be moved to new locations and edited with the features on the Edit menu. Cutting, copying, and pasting are all supported. A single level of undo is available for all editing operations. Note: The relative location of objects in AFT Impulse is not important. Distances and heights are defined through dialog boxes. The relative locations on the Workspace establish the connectivity of the objects, but have no bearing on the actual length or elevation relationships.
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Figure 2.2b
Walk Through Model with one reservoir and one branch placed
Figure 2.2c
Figure 2.2d
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Figure 2.2e
To add a branch junction, select a Branch from the Toolbox and place it on the Workspace as shown in Figure 2.2e. The Branch will take on the default number J5. Similarly, add another branch at junction J6. Add valve junctions by selecting the junction icons from the Toolbox and placing them on the Workspace as shown in Figure 2.2e. These junctions will become J7 and J8, respectively. Before continuing, save the work you have done so far. Choose Save As from the File menu and enter a file name ("WalkThru", perhaps) and AFT Impulse will append the .IMP extension to the file name.
Figure 2.2f
To place the pipe between J1 and J2, grab the pipe in the center with the mouse and drag it so that its left endpoint falls within the J1 Reservoir icon and drop it there. Next, grab the right endpoint of the pipe and stretch the pipe, dragging it until the endpoint terminates within the J2 Branch icon (see Figure 2.2g).
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Figure 2.2g Walk Through Model after placing first pipe Reference positive flow direction Located on the pipe is an arrow that indicates the reference positive flow direction for the pipe. AFT Impulse assigns a flow direction corresponding to the direction in which the pipe is drawn. You can reverse the reference positive flow direction by choosing Reverse Direction from the Arrange menu or selecting the reverse direction button on the Toolbar. The reference positive flow direction indicates which direction is considered positive. If the reference positive direction is the opposite of that obtained by the Solver, the output will show the flow rate as a negative number.
Figure 2.2h
Note: It is generally desirable to lock your objects to the Workspace once they have been placed. This prevents accidental movement
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and disruption of the connections. You can lock all the objects by choosing Select All from the Edit menu, then selecting Lock Object from the Arrange menu. The lock button on the Toolbar will appear depressed indicating it is in an enabled state, and will remain so as long as any selected object is locked. Alternatively, you can use the grid feature enabled on the Workspace Preferences window and specify that the pipes and junctions snap to grid.
Figure 2.3
The Parameter and Unit Preferences window allows you to specify the default unit system
Figure 2.4
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the General tab. In addition, this window allows you to select the specific output parameters you want in your output. You also can choose the units for the output. Close the checklist and select Output Control from the Analysis menu. (Figure 2.5 shows the Output Control window). Click the General Output tab, enter a new title (if you like you can title this Transient With Surge Tank), then click OK to accept the title and other default data.
Figure 2.5
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Figure 2.6
The System Properties window lets you enter physical properties of the fluid
For models with variable fluid properties, the values for density, viscosity and bulk modulus are default fluid properties. You can then enter different property values, if desired, for any pipe in the Pipe Specifications window. You can model the fluid properties in one of five ways. 1. 2. Unspecified fluid -- This fluid model allows you to directly type in the density, viscosity, bulk modulus and vapor pressure. AFT Standard fluid -- This fluid model accesses fluid data from the AFT Standard database. These fluid properties are either temperature dependent or dependent on the solids concentration. You type in the desired condition (e.g., temperature), click the Calculate Properties button and the required properties are calculated. Users can add their own fluids to this database. Custom fluids are created by opening the Fluid Database window from the AFT Impulse Database menu or by clicking the Edit Fluid List button in the System Properties window. Chempak Fluid -- This fluid model allows you to select a single fluid from the Chempak database list. These fluid properties are pressure and temperature dependent, although some are temperature dependent only. Chempak is an optional add-on to AFT Impulse. Chempak Mixture -- This fluid model allows you to create a liquid mixture from among the Chempak database fluids. These fluid properties are pressure and temperature dependent. Upon entering a pressure, AFT Impulse will display a temperature range applicable to the liquid. Chempak is an optional add-on to AFT Impulse.
3.
4.
Water Data from ASME Steam Tables -- As its name implies, this fluid model obtains water properties from ASME steam tables. This model is pressure and temperature dependent. Select System Properties from the Analysis menu to open the System Properties window. For this example, select the AFT Standard fluid option, then choose Water at 1 atm from the list and click the Add to Model button. The properties for AFT Standard water are given only as a function of temperature. Enter 20? C in the temperature box, click the Calculate Properties button and click OK. 5. Open the checklist once more or observe the Status Bar and you should now see the third item checked off.
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A. Define Reservoir J1
To define the first reservoir, open the J1 Reservoir Specifications window by double-clicking on the J1 icon. Enter in a reservoir surface elevation of 200 meters. You can assign any unit of length found in the adjacent drop-down list box of units. Note: You can also open an object's Specifications window by selecting the object (clicking on it) and then either pressing the Enter key or by clicking the Open Pipe/Jct Window icon on the Toolbar. Enter surface pressure of 1 atmosphere (atm) and a reservoir depth of 50 meters in the table on the Pipe Depth and Loss Coefficient tab. Note: You can specify preferred units for many parameters (such as meters for length) in the Parameter and Unit Preferences window. You can give the component a name, if desired, by entering it in the Name field at the top of the window. In Figure 2.7, the name of this reservoir is Supply Tank A. By default the junctions name is the junction type. The name can be displayed on the Workspace, Visual Report or in the Output.
Figure 2.7
Most junction types can be entered into a custom database allowing the junction to be used multiple times or shared between users. To select a junction from the custom database, choose the desired junction from the Database list. The current junction will get the properties from the database component. The Same As Jct list will show all the junctions of the same type in the model. This will copy selected parameters from an existing junction in the model to the current junction. The pipe table on the Pipe Depth and Loss Coefficients tab allows you to specify entrance and exit loss factors for each pipe connected to the reservoir (in this case there is one). You can enter standard losses by selecting the option buttons at the right. The default selection is the Custom option with loss factors specified as zero. To later change the loss factors, click within the pipe table and enter the loss. You can also specify a depth for the pipe. The Optional tab allows you to enter different types of optional data. You can select whether the junction number, name, or both are displayed on the Workspace. Some junction types also allow you to specify an initial pressure as well as other junction specific data. The junction icon graphic can be changed, as can the size of the icon. Design factors can be entered for most junctions, which are applied to the pressure loss calculations for the junction in order to give additional safety margin to the model. Each junction has a tab for notes, allowing you to enter text describing the junction or documenting any assumptions. The highlight feature displays all the required information in the Specifications window in light blue. The highlight is on by default. You can toggle the highlight off and on by double-clicking anywhere in the window or by pressing the F2 key. The highlight feature can also be turned on or off by selecting it on the Options menu. Click OK. If Show Object Status is turned on, you should see the J1 ID number turn black again, telling you that J1 is now completely defined. The Inspection feature You can check the input parameters for J1 quickly, in read-only fashion, by using the Inspection feature. Position the mouse pointer on J1 and hold down the right mouse button. An information box appears, as shown in Figure 2.8. Inspecting is a faster way of examining the input in an object than opening the Specifications window.
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Figure 2.8
B. Define Branch J2
Open the J2 Branch Specifications window . In this window, three connecting pipes will be displayed in the pipe table area. Branches are connector points for up to twenty-five pipes. Enter an elevation of 100 meters for the J2 Branch junction (an elevation must be defined for all junctions). You can also specify a transient flow source or sink at the junction. Click the Optional tab and enter an imposed flow rate of -2 m3/sec (the negative sign means that the flow is out of the junction a flow sink). Click OK to accept the input and exit the window.
Figure 2.9
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Click the check box to Model Short Connector Pipe. This allows you to model a short pipe which is lumped together with the surge tank for each solution. The data for the connector pipe is as follows: Friction factor is 0.02, Pipe Diameter is 0.5 meters, Pipe Area is 0.1963 square meters (it is cylindrical), Pipe Length is 30 meters, and Elevation Change is 30 meters (i.e., the pipe is vertical because the elevation change is the same as the length). You also can model a flow restrictor (e.g., orifice) if one exists.
E. Define Valve J7
Open the J7 Valve Specifications window. Valve junctions connect with two pipes if they are internal and one pipe if they are exit valves. This will be an exit valve. Enter an elevation of 25 meters and select the Exit Valve option at the lower left. Choose Head and enter an exit pressure of 25 meters, which is equivalent to 1 atm (because exit atmospheric head is equal to elevation). Choose the loss model as Cv. This valve will initiate the transient for this system. Until the valve changes position, the entire pipe system is in a steady-state condition. Enter a Cv of 2392.6. This is the steady-state value. Select the Transient Data tab. In this transient the valve partially closes over a period of 10 seconds, then holds steady at the new position for the remainder of the simulation. Enter the following Cv vs. time data in the table (see Figure 2.10):
Time 0 10 100 Cv 2392.6 797.4 797.4
Figure 2.10
F. Define Valve J8
Open the J8 Valve Specifications window. For this example, a regular valve junction will be used to model the behavior of a relief valve. This relief valve will vent to an external source, so it should be modeled as an Exit Valve, with an exit pressure of 1 atm. Enter an elevation of 50 meters. Choose the loss model as Cv and enter a Cv value of 651.2. This represents the valve's Cv after it fully opens. The valve remains closed until the cracking pressure is exceeded (defined on the Transient Data tab), at which point the valve opens to relieve pressure. Click the Transient Data tab and select the Single Event option for the Initiation of Transient. Select Pressure Stagnation at Pipe as the Event Type, Greater Than or Equal To as the Condition, and a Value of 1.688 MPa at the outlet of Pipe 8. This Event represents the cracking pressure required initiate the opening transient of the relief valve.
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Enter the valve transient Cv data below in the Transient Data table. (See Figure 10a):
Time 0 3 63 100 Cv 0 651.2 0 0
The data represents the valve initially closed at time zero. Time zero is the moment of cracking. The valve then opens and gradually closes again over a period of 60 seconds. Because the valve is closed initially, set the valve Special Condition on the Optional Data tab to Closed.
Figure 2.10a
Valve Specifications for J8 initiates the transient for the relief valve
G. Define Pipe P1
The next step is to specify all the pipes. To open the Pipe Specifications window, double-click the pipe object on the Workspace. First open the Pipe Specifications window for Pipe P1 (Figure 2.11). Choose the Pipe Material as Unspecified, choose the User Specified Wavespeed option, and select the Friction Model Data Set as Unspecified with the Friction Model as "Explicit Friction Factor". Enter a length of 1001.2 meters, a diameter of 1.5 meters, and a friction factor of 0.012. Note: This example from Karney assumes all friction factors are known ahead of time. Normally this will not be the case. In most cases you will access the roughness for the pipe from the pipe material database supplied with AFT Impulse, or input your own roughness value. Then AFT Impulse will calculate the friction factor using standard methods (see Roughness Models). The wavespeed is a very important parameter in waterhammer analysis. The wavespeed can be calculated with reasonable accuracy from fluid and pipe data, or it may be available from test data or industry publications. In this example the wavespeed is known to be 996.3 meters per second. Therefore, the wavespeed can be entered directly. This is why we selected the User Specified Wavespeed option. If the wavespeed were not known (which is typical), then the Calculated Wavespeed option would be preferred. In this case, data would be required for pipe wall thickness, modulus of elasticity, Poisson Ratio, and pipe support details. Data for pipe wall thickness, modulus of elasticity, Poisson Ratio are built into the pipe material databases supplied with AFT Impulse. The Pipe Specifications window The Pipe Specifications window offers control over all important flow system parameters related to pipes. The Inspect feature also works within the Pipe Specifications window. To Inspect a connected junction, position the mouse pointer on the connected junction's ID number and hold down the right mouse button. This is helpful when you want to quickly check the properties of connecting objects. (You can also use this feature in junction Specifications windows for checking connected pipe properties.) By double-clicking the connected junction number, you can jump directly to the junction's Specifications window. Or you can click the Jump button to jump to any other part of your model.
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Figure 2.11
Open the Specifications window for each of the other pipes and enter the following data (pipe 1 data was just entered so ignore
After entering the data for all the pipes, the fourth checklist item should be completed. If it is not, see if the Show Object Status is on. If not, select Show Object Status from the View menu or toolbar. If the fourth checklist item is not completed at this point, see if any of the pipes or junctions have their number displayed in red. If so, you did not enter all the data for that item. Before continuing the model, save it to file one more time. It is also a good idea to review the input using the Model Data window. Reviewing input in Model Data window The Model Data window is shown in Figure 2.12. To change to this window, you can select it from the Window menu, the Toolbar, pressing Ctrl-M, clicking anywhere in the Model Data window if it has been restored or, if minimized, clicking on the minimized window at the bottom of the screen and restoring it. The Model Data window gives you a text-based perspective of your model. Selections can be copied to the clipboard and transferred into other Windows programs, or printed out for review. Figure 2.13 shows an expanded view of the Transient Data tab from Figure 2.12. Here all transient input data for the model is shown. The Model Data window allows access to all Specifications windows by double-clicking the appropriate ID number in the far left column of the table. You may want to try this right now.
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Figure 2.12
The Model Data window shows the input data in text form
Figure 2.13
The Transient Data tab in the Model Data Junction data area shows all transient data entered
where n is the number of sections in pipe i, L is the length, and a is the wavespeed. The ?t is the time step. Since all pipes in the network must be solved together, the same time step must be used for each pipe. With a given length and wavespeed for each pipe, it can be seen from the above equation that it is unlikely that the number of required sections, n, for each pipe will be a whole number. To address this situation, it is helpful to recognize that the wavespeed, a, is the least certain input parameter. It is therefore acceptable to allow up to a 15% uncertainty in wavespeed. By adjusting the wavespeed for each pipe within this tolerance the sectioning can be made to come out as whole numbers for each pipe. The Section Pipes window automates this process by searching for sectioning which satisfies the required tolerance. You can specify the tolerance on wavespeed by entering it into the Max. Percentage Error. The minimum and maximum allowable sections in the controlling pipe narrows the search space. Also, the Percentage Increment directs the routine in how fine to search the search space. This model has been specified by Karney in such a way that the pipe sectioning falls closely along whole numbers.
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Figure 2.14
The Section Pipes window automates the sectioning process and calculates the time step.
For Min. and Max. Sections in Controlling Pipe enter 1 section for each. Limit the Max Error to 1% for the search (usually 5 or 10% is fine). Check the box for Sort Sectioning by Minimum Error. Then click the Search button. A list of possible sectioning is displayed. Click the top line with 1.0000 sections in the controlling pipe. The resulting time step will be displayed as 0.100492 seconds. The sectioning and resulting errors in the remaining pipes are displayed in the table near the bottom. Click OK and the fifth checklist item should be completed. Note: The error in the Section Pipes window relates only to sectioning roundoff and not to overall model accuracy.
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The Transient Control window offers features to specify the time span for the transient and what output data is
Select Transient Control on the Analysis menu to display the Transient Control window (Figure 2.15). Enter zero for Start Time and 65 for Stop Time. The Transient Control window lets you enable or disable transient cavitation modeling. It also offers control over how AFT Impulse should respond to artificial transients. Artificial transients are a problem that can sometimes occur when steady-state and transient conditions are inconsistent. Data can be saved for all pipe stations or only selected stations. The selected stations are shown on the Pipe Station Output tab (see Figure 2.15 bottom). With the list next to the Change All Pipes To button set to All Stations, click the Change All Pipes To button. This will save all pipe station data for all pipes, which will be useful later for animation purposes. At the bottom of the window the projected output file size is shown. You should pay attention to this number, as the output file size can grow very large. In this case the output file will be 1.0MB. If the output file does become excessively large, you will want to limit the number of time steps and pipe output written to disk. Click OK to accept the current settings. The last checklist item should be completed. The model is ready to be solved.
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Choose Run from the Analysis menu or click the arrow icon on the toolbar. During execution, the Solution Progress window displays (Figure 2.16). You can use this window to pause or cancel the Solver's activity.
Figure 2.16
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Figure 2.17
Figure 2.18 The Transient Output and Transient Max/Min results tabs are in the Output window Pipe section area. These show transient results for pipes.
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reducing the possibility of errors. Lastly, double-click the column header Velocity in the Output window Pipes Table. This will open a window in which you can change the units once again if you prefer. These changes are extended to the Output Control parameter data you have previously set.
Figure 2.19
The Select Graph Data window controls the Graph Results content
Click the Add >> button to add this station to the list on the right.
From Graph Parameters select Hydraulic Gradeline (HGL) and choose meters as the Y-Axis units. Then click the Show button to display the graph (Figure 2.20). This pressure/head history can be compared to that published in Karney, 1992. This is done in the Verifications documentation provided with AFT Impulse.
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Figure 2.20
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Figure 2.21
Additional animation control features will be displayed on the Graph Results window (see Figure 2.22). Push the Play button and AFT Impulse will run through all of the results in pipes 1, 6 and 7 for the entire transient which animates the results. The animation can be paused or stopped, and the time can be reset to any desired time using the time slider. If the animation is too fast, slow it down using the animation speed control at the right.
The Graph Results window allows animation of output to be displayed. This is the animation shown at 8.1
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Figure 2.23
The Visual Report Control window selects content for the Visual Report window
It is common for the text in the Visual Report window to overlap when first generated. You can change this by selecting smaller fonts or by dragging the text to a new area to increase clarity (this has already been done in Figure 2.24 as has the selection to show units in a legend). This window can be printed, copied to the clipboard for import into other Windows graphics programs, or saved to file.
Figure 2.24
The Visual Report window integrates results with the model layout
Conclusion
You have now used AFT Impulse's five Primary Windows to build a simple model.
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Related Topics
FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions Primary Window Overview Pipes and Junctions Using the Checklist Steady-State Network Solution Method Transient Solution Method The bundle of tools at the left of the Workspace window that allow you to create or select pipes and junctions. AFT Impulse in fact has two Solvers. The first is called the Steady-State Solver, which as its name suggests obtains a steady-state solution to the pipe network. The second Solver is called the Transient Solver. This solves the waterhammer equations. Before a transient simulation can be initiated, the initial conditions are required. These initial conditions are the steady-state solution to the system. After the steady-state solution is obtained by the Steady-State Solver, AFT Impulse uses the results to automatically initialize the Transient Solver and then run it. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the governing stead-state incompressible flow equations to obtain a steady flow solution to the pipe system. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the uses the Method of Characteristics to solve the waterhammer equations to obtain a transient solution of the pipe system. AFT Impulse in fact has two Solvers. The first is called the Steady-State Solver, which as its name suggests obtains a steady-state solution to the pipe network. The second Solver is called the Transient Solver. This solves the waterhammer equations. Before a transient simulation can be initiated, the initial conditions are required. These initial conditions are the steady-state solution to the system. After the steady-state solution is obtained by the Steady-State Solver, AFT Impulse uses the results to automatically initialize the Transient Solver and then run it. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the governing stead-state incompressible flow equations to obtain a steady flow solution to the pipe system. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the uses the Method of Characteristics to solve the waterhammer equations to obtain a transient solution of the pipe system. The bar that runs along the bottom of the AFT Impulse window. It shows the status of all Checklist items and the Model Status light. The light at the left of the Status Bar located at the bottom of the AFT Impulse window. The speed at which a pressure disturbance propagates through a pipe. The wavespeed depends on the liquid acoustic velocity, the pipe diameter and physical properties, and method of pipe support. Details are given in Wavespeed Mathematical Description. A solution method for a set of differential equations used to solve the transient waterhammer equations. Method of Characteristics Mathematical Derivation The pipe with the fastest end-to-end communication time in a pipe system. Its properties govern the choice of time step. The controlling pipe is identified in the Section Pipes window. The speed at which a pressure disturbance propagates through a pipe. The wavespeed depends on the liquid acoustic velocity, the pipe diameter and physical properties, and method of pipe support. Details are given in Wavespeed Mathematical Description. AFT Impulse in fact has two Solvers. The first is called the Steady-State Solver, which as its name suggests obtains a steady-state solution to the pipe network. The second Solver is called the Transient Solver. This solves the waterhammer equations. Before a transient simulation can be initiated, the initial conditions are required. These initial conditions are the steady-state solution to the system. After the steady-state solution is obtained by the Steady-State Solver, AFT Impulse uses the results to automatically initialize the Transient Solver and then run it. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the governing stead-state incompressible flow equations to obtain a steady flow solution to the pipe system. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the uses the Method of Characteristics to solve the waterhammer equations to obtain a transient solution of the pipe system. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the uses the Method of Characteristics to solve the waterhammer equations to obtain a transient
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solution of the pipe system. The part of AFT Impulse that applies the uses the Method of Characteristics to solve the waterhammer equations to obtain a transient solution of the pipe system. A variant case of a model that is created in the Scenario Manager.
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