Konservasi Energi

(Kontinuitas & Hk. Bernoulli)

Mass Flux
Tube of flow: bundle of streamlines
A
1
A
2
1
v
P
2
v
Q
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
mass flux
m
m Av t Av
t
o
o o
o
= =
Persamaan Kontinuitas
Gambar Aliran masuk dan keluar dari bagian pipa arus
Volume aliran masuk dititik 1 :
A
1
. v
1
. dt Dimana : A
1
= luas penampang dan

v
1
. dt = tinggi saluran
Volume aliran masuk dititik 2 :
A
2
. v
2
. dt Dimana : A
2
= luas penampang dan

v
2
. dt = tinggi saluran
Jika kerapatan fluida (densitas) =
Maka massa aliran : . A
1
. v
1

dan . A
2
. v
2
A v
dt
m
. . =
Conservation of Mass
IF: no sources and no sinks/drains



1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
constant
co for nstant incompressible fluid ,
Av A v
Av A v
= =
= =
Example of equation of continuity. Also conservation of
charge in E&M
Narrower tube = larger speed, fast
Wider tube = smaller speed, slow

1
=
2

A x V = constan
Hukum kontinuitas
Q = A x V = konstans
Massa fluida yang mengalir adalah konstan disepanjang saluran, maka :
. A
1
. v
1
= . A
2
. v
2

atau . A . v = konstan Hukum kekekalan massa aliran
Dengan massa aliran dengan massa jenis tetap : , maka :
A
1
. v
1
= A
2
. v
2

A . v = konstan atau Hukum kekekalan volume aliran
Jika : Q = Kapasitas atau jumlah aliran (Debit) (m
3
/detik)
Q = A . v = konstan
Persamaan Kontinuitas
Dimana : A = Luas penampang (m
2
) dan v = kecepatan aliran (m/detik)
FLUID DYNAMICS
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
The laws of Statics that we have learned cannot solve
Dynamic Problems. There is no way to solve for the flow
rate, or Q. Therefore, we need a new dynamic approach
to Fluid Mechanics.
Example of equation of continuity.
Penampang 1 sebuah saluran yang mengalirkan air dengan kecepatan 3 m/s
dan garis tengahnya 2 m, dipenampang 2 garis tengahnya 3 m, berapakah
Debit atau kapasitas dan kecepatan dipenampang keluar (2)
1
V
1
2
V
2
Penyelesaian :
Persamaan kontinuitas :
Q = A x V = konstans
Q
1
= A
1
x V
1
Q
2
= A
2
x V
2
&

Q
1
= Q
2
=Q
Q=Q
2
= A
2
x V
2
s
m
V d Q Q
3
2
1
2
1 1
42 . 9 3 . ) 2 (
4
.
4
= = = =
t t
s m
d
x
A
Q
V / 33 . 1
.
42 . 9 4
2
2 2
2
= = =
t
Conservation of Energy
Steady, incompressible, nonviscous, irrotational
Bernoullis Principle
Bernoullis Principle
Flow is faster when the pipe is narrower
Put your thumb over the end of a garden
hose
Energy conservation requires that the
pressure be lower in a gas that is moving
faster
Has to do with the work necessary to
compress a gas (PV is energy, more later)
Bernoullis Principle
When the speed of a fluid increases,
internal pressure in the fluid decreases.
Bernoullis Principle
Bernoullis Principle
Why the streamlines are compressed is
quite complicated and relates to the air
boundary layer, friction and turbulence.
Bernoullis Principle
Who Accelerates the Fluid?
Acceleration due to pressure difference.
Bernoullis Principle = Conservation of energy
Bernoullis Equation
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
constant
2
m A x A x
p A x p A x mv mgy mv mgy
p v gy p v gy
p v gy
o o o
o o o o o o


= =
= +
+ + = + +
+ + =
kinetic E, potential E, external work
Bentuk dan ukuran yang sama
Energi Balance :
Subskrip 1 dan 2 pada sembarang titik, maka ditulis menjadi :
tan
2
1
2
kons v gy p = + +
Persamaan Bernoulli
Jika :
= Berat jenis
g . =
Maka :
tan
2
1
2
kons v
g
y
p
= + +

Atau :
tan kons y
g
v
p
= + +
2
2

Energi Tekanan
Energi Kinetik
Elevasi
(Energi Potensial)
The Bernoulli Equation (unit of L)
At any two points on a streamline:
P
1
/ + V
1
2
/2g + z
1
= P
2
/ + V
2
2
/2g + z
2
1
2
The Bernoulli Equation (unit of L)
At any two points on a streamline:
P
1
/ + V
1
2
/2g + z
1
= P
2
/ + V
2
2
/2g + z
2
1
2
A Simple Bernoulli Example
V
2

Z
=
air

Determine the difference in pressure between points 1 and 2
Assume a coordinate system fixed to the bike (from this system,
the bicycle is stationary, and the world moves past it). Therefore,
the air is moving at the speed of the bicycle. Thus, V
2
= Velocity of
the Biker
Hint: Point 1 is called a stagnation point, because the air particle
along that streamline, when it hits the bikers face, has a zero
velocity (see next slide)
Stagnation Points
On any body in a flowing fluid, there is a stagnation point. Some fluid
flows over and some under the body. The dividing line (the stagnation
streamline) terminates at the stagnation point. The Velocity decreases
as the fluid approaches the stagnation point. The pressure at the
stagnation point is the pressure obtained when a flowing fluid is
decelerated to zero speed by a frictionless process
Apply Bernoulli from 1 to 2
V
2

Z
Point 1 = Point 2
P
1
/
air
+ V
1
2
/2g + z
1
= P
2
/
air
+ V
2
2
/2g + z
2
Knowing the z
1
= z
2
and that V
1
= 0, we can simplify
the equation
P
1
/
air
= P
2
/
air
+ V
2
2
/2g
P
1
P
2
= ( V
2
2
/2g )
air

=
air
A Simple Bernoulli Example
If Lance Armstrong is traveling at 20 ft/s, what pressure
does he feel on his face if the
air
= .0765 lbs/ft
3
?
We can assume P
2
= 0 because it is only atmospheric pressure
P
1
= ( V
2
2
/2g )(
air
) = P
1
= ((20 ft/s)
2
/(2(32.2 ft/s
2
)) x .0765 lbs/ft
3
P
1
=.475 lbs/ft
2
Converting to lbs/in
2
(psi)
P
1
= .0033 psi (gage pressure)
If the bikers face has a surface area of 60 inches
He feels a force of .0033 x 60 = .198 lbs
Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 1
Velocity = 0
Imagine a swimming pool with a small 1 cm hole on the floor of
the pool. If you apply the Bernoulli equation at the surface, and
at the hole, we assume that the volume exiting through the hole
is trivial compared to the total volume of the pool, and therefore
the Velocity of a water particle at the surface can be assumed to
be zero
There are three main variables in the Bernoulli Equation
Pressure Velocity Elevation
To simplify problems, assumptions are often made to
eliminate one or more variables

Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 2
Pressure = 0
Whenever the only pressure acting on a point is
the standard atmospheric pressure, then the
pressure at that point can be assumed to be zero
because every point in the system is subject to
that same pressure. Therefore, for any free
surface or free jet, pressure at that point can be
assumed to be zero.
Bernoulli Assumptions
Key Assumption # 3
The Continuity Equation
In cases where one or both of the
previous assumptions do not apply, then
we might need to use the continuity
equation to solve the problem
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2

Which satisfies that inflow and outflow
are equal at any section
Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets
What is the Flow Rate at point 2? What is the velocity at point 3?
1
2
3

H2O

Part 1:
Apply Bernoullis eqn between points 1 and 2
P
1
/
H2O
+ V
1
2
/2g + h = P
2
/
H20
+ V
2
2
/2g + 0
simplifies to
h = V
2
2
/2g solving for V
V = (2gh)
Q = VA or Q = A
2
(2gh)

0
A
2

Givens and Assumptions:
Because the tank is so large, we assume V
1
= 0 (Vol
out
<<< Vol
tank
)
The tank is open at both ends, thus P
1
= P
2
= P
3
= atm


P
1
and P
2
and P
3
= 0
1
2
3

H2O

Z = 0
A
2

Bernoulli Example Problem: Free Jets
Part 2: Find V
3
?
Apply Bernoullis eq from pt 1 to pt 3
P
1
/
H2O
+ V
1
2
/2g + h = P
3
/
H20
+ V
3
2
/2g H
Simplify to h + H = V
3
2
/2g
Solving for V V
3
= ( 2g ( h + H ))

The Continuity Equation
Why does a hose with a nozzle shoot water further?
Conservation of Mass:
In a confined system, all of the mass that enters the system, must also exit
the system at the same time.
Flow rate = Q = Area x Velocity

1
A
1
V
1
(mass inflow rate) =
2
A
2
V
2
( mass outflow rate)
If the fluid at both points is the
same, then the density drops
out, and you get the continuity
equation:
A
1
V
1
=A
2
V
2
Therefore
If A
2
< A
1
then V
2
>

V
1
Thus, water exiting a nozzle has
a higher velocity
Q
1
= A
1
V
1

A
1

V
1
->
Q
2
= A
2
V
2

A
1
V
1
= A
2
V
2

A
2
V
2
->

Free Jets
The velocity of a jet of water is clearly related to the depth of water
above the hole. The greater the depth, the higher the velocity. Similar
behavior can be seen as water flows at a very high velocity from the
reservoir behind a large dam such as Hoover Dam
example problem
A tank of water has a small nozzle at its
base as shown. Find the velocity in
ft/sec and the volumetric flow rate in
ft
3
/sec from the nozzle.
Fluid Mechanics
Assume the jet is cylindrical and that the
pressure is atmospheric as soon as it
leaves the nozzle. Apply Bernoullis
equation between a point 1 on the surface
of the tank and a point 2 at the nozzle
exit:
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
z
g 2 g
P
z
g 2 g
P
+ +

= + +

v v
Fluid Mechanics
The pressure at point 1 and at point 2 is
just that of the atmosphere, so P
1
= P
2
.

At point 1 the height is z
1
= H and at point
2 the height is z
2
= 0. If the size of the
top of the tank is very large compared to
the outlet area, then (V
1
)
2
is significantly
less than (V
2
)
2
.

Fluid Mechanics
The Bernoulli Equation becomes



but the terms P
1
/g and P
2
/g are equal
and cancel because the pressures are the
same, and what is left is
( )
0
g 2 g
P
H 0
g
P
2
2 2 1
+ +

= + +

v
gH 2
2
= V
Fluid Mechanics
And so the exit velocity is



the discharge flow rate is
sec / ft 1 . 32 ) ft 16 )( sec / ft 2 . 32 ( 2
2
2
= = V
3
in
ft ft
in
sec sec
ft
2
2
2 2 2
4
1 1
32.1 2.8
4 4
12
Q A d t t
| |
|
= = = =
|
|
\ .
V V
Tank Example
Solve for the Pressure Head, Velocity Head, and Elevation Head at each
point, and then plot the Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
1
2
3 4
1
4
Assumptions and Hints:
P
1
and P
4
= 0 --- V
3
= V
4
same diameter tube
We must work backwards to solve this problem

R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4
Point 1:
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P
1
/ = 0
Velocity Head : In a large tank, V
1
= 0 V
1
2
/2g = 0
Elevation Head : Z
1
= 4
R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4

H2O
= 62.4 lbs/ft
3

Point 4:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 1 and 4
0 + 0 + 4 = 0 + V
4
2
/2(32.2) + 1
V
4
= 13.9 ft/s
Pressure Head : Only atmospheric P
4
/ = 0
Velocity Head : V
4
2
/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z
4
= 1
R = .5
R = .25
1
2
3 4
1
4
Point 3:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 3 and 4 (V
3
=V
4
)
P
3
/62.4 + 3 + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
P
3
= 0
Pressure Head : P
3
/ = 0
Velocity Head : V
3
2
/2g = 3
Elevation Head : Z
3
= 1
R = .5
R = .25
1
2 3 4
1
4
Point 2:
Apply the Bernoulli equation between 2 and 3
P
2
/62.4 + V
2
2
/2(32.2) + 1 = 0 + 3 + 1
Apply the Continuity Equation
(H.5
2
)V
2
= (H.25
2
)x13.9 V
2
= 3.475 ft/s
P
2
/62.4 + 3.475
2
/2(32.2) + 1 = 4 P
2
= 175.5 lbs/ft
2
R = .5
R = .25
Pressure Head :
P
2
/ = 2.81

Velocity Head :
V
2
2
/2g = .19

Elevation Head :
Z
2
= 1

Penerapan Persamaan Bernoulli
Dengan mengambil dasar tangki sebagai patokan, diperoleh :
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
v p gh v p
a
+ = + +
Atau
gh

p p
v v
a
2 2
2
1
2
2
+

+ =
Berdasarkan hukum kontinuitas :
1
2
1
2
v
A
A
v =
Disebut vena contracta
Jika tangki terbuka dan berhubungan dengan udara luar, maka : p = p
a
dan p p
a
= 0
Dan : A
1
>> A
2
, maka :
gh v 2
2
=
Kecepatan efflux sama dengan kecepatan benda jatuh bebas melalui
Tinggi h disebut Dalil Toricelli
Jika pada permukaan tertutup dimana v
1
2
diabaikan dan tekanan p besar maka :

p p
v
a
) ( 2
2

=
Penerapan pada gaya dorong sebuah roket
Jika : A = luas lubang, = rapat massa fluida yang keluar
v = kecepatan efflux,
maka massa fluida yang mengalir dalam waktu dt :

A v dt

maka momentumnya : A v
2
dt
karena kecepatan fluida didalam relatif kecil, maka : A v2
Maka gaya reaksi dorongan :



Atau :

p p
A Av F
o
) ( 2
2

= =
) ( 2
a
p p A F =
Gambar 1
Contoh : (gambar 1)
Sebuah roket dimana disebelah atas air terdapat udara bertekanan p = 2 atm.
a). Jika roket ditahan diam, berapakah kecepatan efflux yang keluar dari lubang pada ekor roket
b). Berapa tolakan keatas (dorongan) keatas jika luas lubang 0,5 cm
2
?
a. Tekanan relatif p p
a
= 1 atm 10
6
dyn cm
-2
, maka kecepatannya :

p p
v
a
) ( 2
2

=
3
2 5
. 1
. 10 2

=
cm gr
cm dyne x
v
b. Gaya tolak keatas (dorongan) atau gaya reaksi :
dyn cm dyn x cm x F
6 2 6 2
10 . 10 5 , 0 2 = =

Pipa Ventury
2
2
2 2 1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
gy v p gy v p + + = + +
Dari persamaan Bernoulli :
y
1
= y
2
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
v p v p + = + Maka :

Berdasarkan persamaan kontinuitas kecepatan dititik 2 lebih besar dititik 1, maka sebaliknya
tekanan dititik 2 (tenggorokan) lebih kecil dari tekanan dititik 1, dengan demikian gaya netto
menuju kekanan memberi percepatan pada fluida ketika memasuki tenggorokan, maka untuk
mengukur kecepatan dan massa yang mengalir digunakan Ventury meter

Mengukur tekanan didalam fluida yang mengalir
p adalah tekanan statik fluida yang mengalir didalam saluran tertutup dan jika perbedaan tinggi zat
cair h
1
yang besarnya adalah sebanding dengan perbedaan tekanan atmosfir p
a
dan tekanan statik
p yaitu :
p
a
p =
m
g h
1

p =
m
g h1

Dimana :
m
= rapat massa zat cair
BEq in Everyday Life
Open a faucet, the
stream of water gets
narrower as it falls.

Velocity increases due to
gravity as water flow down,
thus, the area must get narrower.
A
1

A
2

V
1

V
2

Q & A on Bernoullis Eq.
A bucket full of water.
One hole and
one pipe, both
open at bottom.
Out of which water flows faster?

Same. It only depends on depth.
Measuring Pressure
E. Torricelli: Mercury Barometer
h
p
atm

p=0
atm
atm
P gh
P
h
g

=
=
U-Tube Manometer
1 1 2 2 A atm
p gh p gh + = +
The Venturi Meter
Speed changes as
diameter changes.
Can be used to
measure the speed
of the fluid flow.
2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 1
,
2 2
p v p v v A v A + = + =
The Pitot Tube
2
1
2
a a b
b a
p v p
p p gh

+ =
=
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Looking at the Bernoulli equation again:
P/ + V
2
/2g + z = constant on a streamline
This constant is called the total head (energy), H
Because energy is assumed to be conserved, at any point along
the streamline, the total head is always constant
Each term in the Bernoulli equation is a type of head.
P/ = Pressure Head
V
2
/2g = Velocity Head
Z = elevation head
These three heads summed equals H = total energy

Next we will look at this graphically
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Q
Measures the
static pressure
Pitot measures
the total head
1
Z
P/
V
2
/2g
EL
HGL
2
1: Static Pressure Tap
Measures the sum of the
elevation head and the
pressure Head.
2: Pitot Tube
Measures the Total Head
EL : Energy Line
Total Head along a system
HGL : Hydraulic Grade line
Sum of the elevation and
the pressure heads along a
system
The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Q
Z
P/
V
2
/2g
EL
HGL
Understanding the graphical approach of
Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade line is
key to understanding what forces are
supplying the energy that water holds.
V
2
/2g
P/
Z
1
2
Point 1:
Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the Pressure Head
Point 2:
Majority of energy
stored in the water is in
the elevation head
If the tube was
symmetrical, then the
velocity would be
constant, and the HGL
would be level
Plotting the EL and HGL
Energy Line = Sum of the Pressure, Velocity and Elevation heads
Hydraulic Grade Line = Sum of the Pressure and Velocity heads
EL
HGL
Z=1 Z=1
Z=1
V
2
/2g=3 V
2
/2g=3
Z=4
P/ =2.81
V
2
/2g=.19