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5
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.
.
.
* x
(x0 , 0).
x0 [0, 1).
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!"
*
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.
*
f (x) = x,
g(x) = x1/2 ,
h(x) = x2 ,
j(x) = x3 , . . .
,
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,
".
*
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20 ,
22 ,
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x
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1
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,
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1
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a > 0 ! a = 1 >
, a
f : R R
f (x) = ax
x R
f (x) = ax
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x R
+ 5
.
a > 1.
y
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0
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y = ax
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5
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.
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L
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ax > ay K . f
L
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,
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x
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a
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y
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.
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.
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y
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(a,1)
0
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y = loga x
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R.
5
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.
a > 1.
a < 1.
* y
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>
,
f (x) = ax !
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loga x.
1 a. 0 < a = 1.
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/
;
x = f f 1 (x)= f f 1 (x) = f (loga x) = aloga x ,
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.
() aloga x = x +
. a = .
ln x = x
() loga ax = x +
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%% ;
loga 1 = 0
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x
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y
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1
loga m x = m
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- m N
> loga x = loga y .
x = y K
!" f (x) = loga xL
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L
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L
D
,
-
>
a, b R
0 < a = 1 ! 0 < b = 1 > x (0, ).
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.
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logb a
+
.
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.
. ay = x !
.
logb ay = logb x D
"
y logb a = logb x
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logb x
.
logb a
+
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ln x =
log x
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log
-
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! /7
1
*
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360
57 17 45
2
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+,
.
/.
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4
x2 + y 2 = 1.
P (u, v)
1
0
x
u
u
v
= cos x
= sen x
v
x
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x = {(x, u)
: x R, u = cos x}.
5
*
0
.
v P
.
x R.
x.
x;
x = {(x, v)
: x R, v =
x}.
:
-
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. P (u, v)
.
-
u2 + v 2 = 1.
!
/
2 x + cos2 x = 1,
x R +
.
.
2 x 1
! |x| =
.
cos2 x 1,
x2 .
-
|
x| 1
|cos x| 1,
1
x 1
1 cos x 1,
) * *
y
f (x) = sen x
g(x) = cos x
f (x) =
Dom(f ) =
Im(f ) =
2
sen x
R
[1, 1]
g(x) =
Dom(g) =
Im(g) =
cos x
R
[1, 1]
*, #
x ! cos x
(2)
y = cos x
Dom(f ) = R ! Im(f ) = [1, 1].
A . 5
* y + ,
cos(x) = cos x
x R,
.
*
" [, 0]. !
" [0, ].
/ T = 2 .
* x
((2k + 1)/2, 0). k Z.
!"
(11).b "
9
tan x =
x/ cos x
x R. x = (2n+1)/2. n
Z
x
,
f : R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z} R,
f (x) =
cos x
x R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z} " -
n Z.
" x = (2n+1)/2
cos x = 0 '
.
% "
!
-
tan x
. - 1
/2
*
! -
A .
f
1 ,
- -
cos xA
.
Dom(f ) = R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z}
5 3
3 5
= R ..., , , , ,
,
,...
2
2
2 2 2 2
0
-
!
.
/ 2 .
-
.
/
3
2
f (x) =
Dom(f ) =
Im(f ) =
3
2
tan x
R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z}
R
*$ #
tan x
y = tan x;
Dom(f ) = R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z} ! Im(f ) = R.
5
A .
; tan(x) = tan x.
" ((2n + 1)/2, (2n + 3)/2)
n Z.
!"
" ((2n + 1)/2, (2n + 3)/2)
n Z.
* x
(k, 0). k Z.
/ T =
) * *
x = cos x/
x
x R. x = n . n Z
f : R {n : n Z} R,
f (x) =
cos x
,
x
3
2
3
2
f (x) = cotan x
Dom(f ) = R {n : n Z}
Im(f ) = R
*1 #
x
y =
x;
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5
A .
;
(x) =
x.
" (n, (n + 1))
n Z.
!"
" (n, (n + 1))
n Z.
* x
((2k + 1)/2, 0). k Z.
/ T =
*
f (x) =
1
,
x
3
2
-1
- 1
3
2
f (x) = cosec x
Dom(f ) = R {n : n Z}
Im(f ) = (, 1] [1, )
*4 #
x
y = x;
.
!"
.
* x
* y .
/ T = 2
) * *
sec x =
x = (2n + 1)/2. n Z
f : R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z} R,
1
cos x
x R.
f (x) =
1
.
cos x
" -
f
1
,
- -
cos xA .
Dom(f ) = R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z}
5 3 3 5
,
,...
= R ..., , , , ,
2
2
2 2 2 2
-1
3
2
f (x) =
Dom(f ) =
Im(f ) =
- 1
3
2
sec x
R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z}
(, 1] [1, )
*5 #
sec x
y = sec x;
.
!"
.
* x
* y .
/ T = 2
,
*
7
7
7
y = a cos(bx)
y = a
(bx)
y = a (bx)
3
+
:* y =
3
2
x ! y = 2 cos(x /4)
2
y
-3
y = 3 cos(x /4)
y = 3/2 sen x
-2
-1
|
- 1
- 2
- 3
*
y = 32
x
2 ! 2 !
/ T = 2
y = 3 cos(x /4)
3 ! 3 !
/ T =
2 " -
% .
"
y = cos x % % /4
!
3
) * *
$
f : N R.
f (n). n N.
xn !
(xn )
f " x1 , x2 , . . . , xn , . . .
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*
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.
!
.
f : N R D
!
f !
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. (xnk ) > D
*
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.
f
+ !
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
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"(
.
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+
() %
? ;
> f : X R
! h R.
h > 0
()
g : Xh R
g(x) = f (x h)
x Xh
&
"
& f .
Xh = {x + h : x X}
h
1
*
()
g :h X R
g(x) = f (x + h)
x X
&
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".
f .
h X = {x h : x X}
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% (
"
f % % % (-.
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-
-
.
.
"
% (
-
>
.
% (
T
/ T
3
+
F (x) = x2 . G(x) = cos x ! H(x) =
x2 ;
C- f (x) = (x 2)2 ! g(x) = (x + 2)2
C- f (x) = cos(x 2 ) ! g(x) = cos(x + 2 )
C- f (x) = (x1) ! g(x) = (x+1)
2
2
+
. F (x) = x2 %.
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. (-. 2
.
G(x) = cos x. /2
% % ! %
(-
*
2
H(x) = x
M ! f ! g
) * *
4
f (x) = (x 1)2
g(x) = (x + 1)2
*
y
g(x) = cos(x + 2 )
f (x) = cos(x 2 )
1 /2
*
y
f (x) = e
(x1)2
(x+1)2
g(x) = e
x
*
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*
x X
f
()
fh : X R
!
)
h &
fh (x) = f (x) h
x X
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4!
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h &
.
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f % % * .
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+
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.
"
" - f
A . f (x) = x.
" -
f (x h) = f (x) h
- h R
3
+
F (x) = x2 ! G(x) =
x;
C- f (x) = x2 + 1 ! g(x) = x2 1
C- f (x) =
(x) + 1 ! g(x) =
(x) 1
2
) * *
f (x) = x2 + 1
g(x) = x2 1
*,
%
y
-2
-1
|
2
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-1
2
|
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+
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1
1
(
;
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(
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f : X R g : Y R
%
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() X = Y 7
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0
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- %
M
!
,
/
+
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*
R
.
*
. 5
3 +
()
f (x) = |x| ! g(x) = x2
+
.
-
f
R !
- x2
, - - x R.
R ' . " - |x| = x2
x R
()
f (x) =
x3 + x2
x
g(x) =
x + x2
x
x = 0.
. ! -
R {0} !
- x R {0} -
f (x) =
x + x2
x3 + x2
=1+x=
= g(x).
x
x
) * *
,
()
f (x) =
x + x2
x
g(x) = 1 + x
. ! -
.
"
.
x + x2
R {0} ! R " -
,
x
1 + x. ! D
;
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-
g . 3
-5
4
-
- D
x
A
.
x(1 + x)
x + x2
=
= 1 + x x = 0,
f (x) =
x
x
"
f
f (x) = 1 + x,
x = 0
g
y
x
f (x) = x + 1
x = 0
x
g(x) = x + 1
*1 :
>
D1 ! D2
*
"/ R !
f : D1 R ! g : D2 R
+
;
,
*
x D1 D2
( ) "
f g +
) g .
g .
g : D2 R
(g)(x) = g(x)
x D2
(g)(x) = g(x)
x D2
g : D2 R,
0%
f ! g .
f g
f g = f + (g).
" -
f g D1 D2 ! -
f g : D1 D2 R,
x D1 D2
() f g
f g .
.
!
D1 D2 ! ! (f g)(x) = f (x)g(x)
x D1 D2
f g : D1 D2 R,
f /g
1
f
=f
g
g
) * *
,
' -
" . -
f /g
D = D1 D2 {x : x D1 D2 , g(x) = 0}
!
f
f (x)
(x) =
g
g(x)
f
: D R,
g
x D
3
+
(1) :
f (x) =
f g . f g . f /g ! -
x ! g(x) = 1 x :
f + g .
2 ;
g(x)= 1x
f (x)= x
f g
0
*4
+
f
Dom(f ) = {x R | x 0} = [0, ),
- g
Dom(g) = {x R | 1 x 0} = (, 1].
,,
*
'
.
f + g . f g ! f g
(, 1] [0, ) = [0, 1],
f /g
[0, 1] {x : 1 x = 0} = [0, 1] {1} = [0, 1).
+
" f g ! f /g
y
f /g
g(x)= 1x
f (x)= x
f g
0
*5
(2) >
f (x) =
x ! g(x) = cos x +
R !
.
f + g . f g ! f g
! R +
f /g
.
. ! .
Dom(f /g) = R {(2n + 1)/2 : n Z}
) * *
,$
y
f g
f +g
f g
- 12
12-
*
(3)
f (x) = x3 ! g(x) = x2 1. *
13 f (x) ! 2g(x)
2
%
-
y
y
g(x)=x2 1
f (x)=x3
x
3
f (x)
= x3
3
2g(x)=2x2 2
*
() " +
f g 9 g f >
g
*
f .
f g
f ! g
(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
x D1
,1
*
g
D2
D1
Im(g)
g(x)
f (g(x))
f g
8
2
*
D2
Im(f )
f (x)
g(f (x))
gf
) * *
,4
8
2
*
3
+
+
*
f (g(x)) ! g(f (x)).
2
f (x) = x3 2x 1.
-
f (g(x)) = (g(x))3 2(g(x)) 1
= (2x + 3)3 2(2x + 3) 1
= 8x3 + 36x2 + 50x + 20
! ! - g(x) = 2x + 3.
g(f (x)) = 2(f (x)) + 3
= 2(x3 2x 1) + 3
= 2x3 4x 2.
(2) :
f (x) =
g(f (x))
$5
*
2
x2 1. -
f (g(x)) = (ln(x + 1))2 1 = ln2 (x + 1) 1
>
f (x) =
>
.
- g(x) = ln(x + 1).
g(f (x)) = ln(f (x) + 1) = ln( x2 1 + 1).
(3) H.
. f g ! g f .
"
g = R
- Im(f ) Dom(g)
- g f ,
!
x [0, )
" - f g
! -
-
,
. -. Im(g) Dom(f ) >
.
g
*
(, 1]. !
7
g .
5
" [0, )
!
- Im(g) Dom(f ).
,
f g ;
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (1 x) = 1 x,
x [0, )
() @
!
f ' .
g R
(, 9] :
" . Im(f )
Dom(g).
g f , !
) * *
x [0, )
f g
,
(
(a)
D
"
(a).
.
*
>
.
*
- -
.
.
".
-
6
. , + &
* . !
' *
.
(b). - f g
,.
g
% - ,
3 %
4 '
.
%% - f g , !
"
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (9 x2 ) = 9 x2 .
0%
5
' - /(
,
% ,
".
-
f g
Dom(f g) = {x R : 9 x2 0} = [3, 3].
'
.
g
" [3, 3] !
g .
(
f g
. 5
,
2
' *
.
f (x) =
x ! g(x) = 1x .
g f ,
(
*
A
. f g
, ! ! %
*
R - g
*
5
,
f g <
5 =
() +
f / g R.
-
"
[0, ) ! [4, ) : -/ ,
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x2 4) = |x2 4|
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(|x|) = |x|2 4 = x2 4
*
x R
()
f g ! g f ,
!
(f g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (
x) = (
x)2 1 =
2 x 1 = cos2 x
(g f )(x) = g(f (x)) = g(x2 1) =
x2 1
x R
8
2
*
! Dom(f ) = D1 D2 . . . Dn $
,
*
7
"
%
-
"
.
"
H
8 -
-
-
() "
>
a, b R
g(x) = a. h(x) = b ! j(x) = x
! f
f =gj+h
!
R " -
f (x) = (g j)(x) + h(x)
= g(x)j(x) + h(x)
= ax + b
x R
) * *
$
2
'
+
" " x.
() > a = 0.
f (x) = b
() > b = 0.
f (x1 + x2 ) = f (x1 ) + f (x2 )
, , x1 , x2 R
() > a = 0.
f
* x
-
b
% *
x = 0
1 a
a
!
m
a = m > 0.
- y = mx + b
* x ! 0
90 .
-
a = m < 0.
- y = mx + b
* x ! 90
180
m>0
m<0
(0,b)
(0,b)
mb
mb
* #
( ) "
+ >
a0 , a1 , . . . , an R
n N ! an = 0
gi (x) = ai . i = 0, 1, . . . , n ! j(x) = x
!
n
;
f = g0 + g1 j + g2 j 2 + + gn j n
$
*
!
R : -
f (x) = ao + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn
x R 0
1 a0 , a1 , . . . , an
+
.
an + ! a0
3
+
()
. . 1.
*
7
() :
f (x) = 2x x5 + 3 x2 + 7
5
f (x) = 1 23 x6 + x
6
3
p(t) = 4t 2
3
h(x) = 3
0
() *
;
p(x) = 3x2 + 1/3.
g(x) = 1 x + x3 2 x6 .
x
x2
x3
xn
hn (x) = 1 + +
n N
+
+
1!
2!
3!
n!
3
f (s) = 1 s
()
f (x) = x. g(x) = x2 . h(x) = x3 !
l(x) = x4
*
0
-
n
* x n7".
-
" x
% % % (-
. %
7
*
+
.
an !
+
. an > 0 !
.
x ( % (- %
%
.
5
7
) * *
$
y
g(x) = x2
h(x) = x3
f (x) = x
l(x) = x4
x
*, #
+
%
.
an
"
" .
;
y
an <0
an >0
an >0
an <0
n par
n impar
*$
() "
D
f
A .
f=
p
,
q
p ! q
! .
$,
*
f
*
D = R {x : x R, q(x) = 0}.
3
+
() g(x) =
1x
D = R {1}
1+x
+
. 1
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51
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