Chapter 1 Introduction...............................................................................11 1.1 Versions and Implementations..................................................................... 11 1.2 Grammar Notation......................................................................................... 11 1.3 Example Programs........................................................................................ 13 1.4Re fe re n c e s...................................................................................................... 13

2.1ASCI I.............................................................................................................. 1 5
2.2 Lexical Translations....................................................................................... 15
2.3 Line Terminators............................................................................................ 16
2.4 Input Elements and Tokens.......................................................................... 16
2.4.1 White Space........................................................................................... 17
2.4.2Se m ico lo n s............................................................................................. 17
2.4.3Co m m e n ts.............................................................................................. 17
2.5Ke yw o rd s....................................................................................................... 19
2.6Id e n tifie rs....................................................................................................... 20
2.7Lite ra ls............................................................................................................ 20
2.7.1 Integer Literals....................................................................................... 21

2.7.2 Floating-Point Literals........................................................................... 22
2.7.3 Boolean Literals..................................................................................... 23
2.7.4 String Literals......................................................................................... 23
2.7.5 Escape Sequences for String Literals.................................................... 24
2.7.6 The Null Literal..................................................................................... 25
2.8Se p a ra to rs...................................................................................................... 25
2.9O p e ra to rs....................................................................................................... 25

3.1Typ e s............................................................................................................. 27
3.1.1 Type Names.......................................................................................... 28
3.1.2 Type Conversion................................................................................... 28
3.1.3 The toString method............................................................................. 30
3.1.4 The valueOf Method............................................................................. 31
3.2 Primitive Types and Values.......................................................................... 31
3.2.1 Numeric Types and Values.................................................................. 31
3.2.2 Numeric Operations.............................................................................. 32
3.2.2.1Bitwise integer operations.......................................................... 34
3.2.3 Boolean Types and Values................................................................... 34
3.2.4 Boolean Operations.............................................................................. 34
3.2.5 The Undefined Type............................................................................. 35
3.3 Reference Types and Values........................................................................ 35
3.3.1 Object Types and Operations.............................................................. 36
3.3.1.1The Null Object........................................................................... 36
3.3.1.2The Delete Operator................................................................... 36
3.3.1.3The Void Operator...................................................................... 36
3.3.2 String Types and Operations................................................................ 36
3.3.3 Function Types...................................................................................... 37
3.4Va r ia b le s........................................................................................................ 38
3.4.1 Kinds of Variables................................................................................. 38
3.4.2 Initial Values of Variables..................................................................... 38