john m.

chivington and the sand creek massacre: infamous for his role in the 1864 sand creek
massacre, where colorado territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of cheyenne and
arapaho encamped on the eastern plains.

geronimo: cheif of the chiricahua apache who defended native americans against the taking of
their land in the united states for many years

great sioux reserve: other of to reservations given to sioux in present day south dakota. however,
many of the tribes rejected a sedentary farming way of life. hostility followed as violent indians
troubled white settlers and pioneers. the army retaliated on any native american out of the
reservation.

sitting bull: leader of the sioux tribe that became a prominent indian leader during custer's last
stand in 1876, while he made medicine for crazy horse and his army. him and others fled to
canada.

george armstrong custer: former civil war general who attacked 2,500 sioux warriors near the little
big horn river in montana and killed them all. his army consisted of 264 men that were defeated
after colums failed to arrive.

chief joseph: nez perce indians cheif of idaho. people wanting gold trespassed on their beaver
river. sought freedom for his people and moved towards canada, but was caught 30 miles from it.

chief dull knife: defeated general george a. custer at the little bighorn. the united states army
recognized their power and mobilized more troops, so he went with little wolf north.

helen hunt jackson, a century of dishonor: writer using his book to call for change on te treatment
of native americans. jackson sent his book to every congress member, although it was not
recieved well for it's insulting cover.

dawes severalty act, 1887: allowed for the surveying and division of reservations by the u.s.
president

wovoka, the ghost dance, and wounded knee: wovoka made predictions of peace with white
settlers and clean lives. the ghost dance was a native american religious movement and the
wounded knee was the last true conflict between the lakota sioux and the united states.

pacific railroad act, 1862: construction of the first transcontinental railroad in the west had been
authorized by this act. labor was performed by the poorer classes and immigrant e.g. chinese and
irish immigrants, as well as mexican-americans and african- americans.

homestead act, 1862: grant of 160 acres of free land for an upkeep and improvement of it for five
years. attractive offer for immigrants from europe.

timber culture, desert land, and timber and stone acts, 1870s: desert act made 640 acres of land
$1.25 per acre if irrigated in three years by buyer. the timber and stone acts stated that 160 acres
of land could be purchased from the federal government, if able to acquire it's timber or minerals.

henry comstock and the comstock lode: nevada became a state as a result of comstock's
discovery of its riches.the "fifty-niners" rushed to nevada in their own hopes of getting rich.

joseph g. mccoy and the cattle frontier: the cattle frontier was a confinement of the plains indians
on reservations, extension of the railroad to kansas, and the construction of new stockyards and
railheads such as abilene made possible the open-range cattle industry.
the oklahoma land rush and the “sooners”: the land in oklahoma that was once promised to native
americans was now desired by hungry landseekers. congress opened 2 million acres in the
indian territory to white settlers.as many as nine out of ten of these settlers had jumped the gun,
earning themselves the name "sooners".

frederick jackson turner’s “frontier thesis”: best known for his writing of "the significance of the
frontier in american history." it stated that the american frontier should be urbanized and
populated.

ned buntline and william f. “buffalo bill” cody: writers in the 1860s and 1870s wrote of the hero
frontiersman who fought indians and saved maidens. buntline made buffalo bill so popukar that
he used a wild west tour to make money.

john wesley powell, henry d. washburn, george perkins, john muir, and the birth of the
conservation movement: powerful men that wished to preserve the west's beauty.the response
was the creattion of the nation's first national parks(yellowstone and yosemite) and muir became
president of the sierra club.