Music Theory For Guitar Part

2
Issues Discussed Here Include...
• Major Scale
• Key Signatures
• Using Sharps & Flats
• Minor Scales
• Modes
• Scale Charts
• Intervals

1. Major Scale
To understand scales you must start somewhere so lets start with the major scale. This scale is derived by taking all
the notes and leaving out all the accidentals. An accidental is a note containing a sharp or a flat. So lets look at all
the notes

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B

Now if we take only the notes that are not accidentals we get

CD E F GAB

What we have here is the C Major scale. Instruments are said to be in the key of C when you have a C Major scale
without any accidentals. For instance, on a piano all the white keys make up the C Major scale while the black keys
make up the accidentals. A guitar is a C instrument too since its accidentals do not occur in the C Major scale.

Ok, now lets look at how far the notes are apart. Remember that a whole step means the notes are two frets or two
notes away, while a half step means they are one fret or one note away. For instance, F to F# is a half a step away.
Lets look at this both on the guitar and on paper

|----------------------|
|----------------------|
|----------------------|
|----------------------|
|----------------------|
|-1---2----------------|

The 1st fret is an F while the 2nd fret is an F#. They are one fret away and therefore they are a half step away. Now
lets look at it as a line of notes

C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Notice the F occurs as the 7th note and the F# occurs as the 8th note, therefore they are one note apart and thus are a
half a step away. What about C to D? Well look at the notes above. C occurs as note number 1 and D occurs as note
number 3, therefore they are two notes away and are a whole step away! What about E compared to F? Well E
occurs as note number 5 and F occurs as note number 6, therefore they are a half a step away. And finally, what
about G to B? Well G occurs at position number 8 and B occurs at position number 12, so they are 4 notes away, or
rather 2 whole steps away. You should understand this concept by now! So lets get back to the C Major scale. Lets
compare it right next to the little chart we made.

CD E F GAB C
C C# D D# E F F# G G# A A# B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

C to D is a whole step away

D to E is a whole step away
E to F is a half step away
F to G is a whole step away
G to A is a whole step away
A to B is a whole step away
B to C is a half step away

So using W to represent whole step and H to represent half step, the pattern for a whole scale is as follows
according to what we just figured out above

WWHWWWH

That is the generic pattern for any major scale!!! So, lets say we wanted the F Major scale, what would it be? Well,
lets start with F. According to the pattern of a major scale the next note occurs a whole step away, so a whole step
from F is G. The next note occurs again at another whole step away, so a whole step from G is A. Ok, now
according to our pattern, the next note is now a half step away, so a half step from A is Bb. Right now you might be
thinking why I used Bb instead of A#. Well, I'll explain that when we get into key signatures. Ok, so we are at Bb
now. The next note is a whole step away which is C. Again, we go another whole step and we end up on D. Our
pattern now tells us once again to use a whole step, therefore from D, a whole step is an E. And finally, our pattern
tells us to end with a half step, so a half step from E is an F. So finally we have our F Major scale.

F G A Bb C D E F

Ok, lets look at one more scale for good measure(no pun intended). Lets say the G Major scale. If you follow the
pattern we made up before WWHWWWH, you'll end up with the following as the G Major scale.

G A B C D E F# G

Pretty simple right! All you have to do is follow the WWHWWWH pattern and you will get your major scale. Ok
lets finish with some really basic terms. Ascending a scale means you are traveling upwards in the scale. Therefore
ascending a C Major scale would look like this C D E F G A B C. Descending a scale means you are traveling
backwards in the scale. Therefore descending a C Major scale would look like this C B A G F E D C. Notice how
descending a scale is just the oppisite of ascending a scale.

2. Key Signatures(sharps & flats,circle of fifths)

Ok before we get into key signatures lets talk about what a fifth is. Well a fifth is simply the fifth note of the major
scale. Therefore the fifth of the C Major scale is G. Lets see below

C D E F G A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

If you notice, the G is the fifth note of the scale. What about the G Major scale. What would be the fifth of the G
Major scale? Well lets see

G A B C D E F# G
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Its the D!!! See, very easy. Here's a quick test for you. What is the fifth of the F Major scale? It's the C. Ok, one last
test. What is the fifth of the A Major Scale? It's the E.

Now if you remember from the last lesson on forming power chords(or otherwise known as 5 chords), you can
easily find the fifth note of the scale on the guitar. For instance, take the A5 power chord.

|-------------------|
|-------------------|
|-------------------|
|-------------------|
|----7--------------|
|----5--------------|

The A is on the sixth string at the 5th fret and the E is on the fifth string on the 7th fret. So, if you want to easily find
the fifth note of a scale, just think of the power chord!!! The first occuring note is the first note of the scale, and the
next occuring note is the fifth note of the scale. It should also now be clear why an A power chord can also be called
an A5 chord, since it consists of the root note of the scale and the fifth note of the scale. The root note of a scale is
the first note of the scale.

What does all this information have to do about anything? Well you are just about to find out. There is a device
called The Circle Of Fifths. If you start with the C note and take its fifth, and then take that fifth of that note, and
then the fifth of that note, and so forth, you will end up with every note. For example, see below

C G D A E B F# C# Ab Eb Bb F

There you have it, all 12 notes. We can also look at those notes as follows

C G D A E Cb Gb Db Ab Eb Bb F

Notice how I changed the B to a Cb, the F# to a Gb, and the C# to a Db. Even though they have different names
they have the same sound. This is called enharmonics as you might remember from the first lesson.

Well all this looks crazy doesn't it? Why should I memorize this dumb Circle Of Fifths thing you might be asking
yourself. Well for one thing, you do not have to memorize it; you can just always figure it out easily by starting at C
and taking its fifth and then the fifth of that and so forth. Thats why I spent so much time explaining how you can
easily figure out fifths so that you would not need to memorize this.

Thats all fine you might be saying, but I still don't see any reason in knowing this. Well you are just about to find out
why. Lets take the major scale of the first few notes in the Circle Of Fifths and place them next to eachother.

C D E F G A B C Contains 0 Sharps
G A B C D E F# G Contains 1 Sharp
D E F# G A B C# D Contains 2 Sharps
A B C# D E F# G# A Contains 3 Sharps
E F# G# A B C# D# E Contains 4 Sharps
B C# D# E F# G# A# B Contains 5 Sharps
F# G# A# B C# D# E# F# Contains 6 Sharps
C# D# E# F# G# A# B# C# Contains 7 Sharps

The C has no sharps in it. The next note of the Circle Of Fifths which is the G has 1 sharp in it. The next note of the
Circle Of Fifths which is the D has 2 sharps in it, and so forth. So if you are in any of those keys you should be
using a sharp because you will notice there are no flats there. Also notice that each letter of the alphabet appears. So
for instance, say you write out the B Major scale as B C# Eb E F# G# A# B; right away you should notice something
is wrong. There is no D and the E appears twice, therefore instead of the Eb you should know to use the D#

Also notice that you can go backwards in the Circle Of Fifths. For instance, the fifth of a A was an E. Well what if
we work backwards. Then the backwards fifth(or otherwise called inverted fifth) of the E is an A. So lets work our
way backwars through the Circle Of Fifths starting with C

C D E F G A B C Contains 0 Flats
F G A Bb C D E F Contains 1 Flat
Bb C D Eb F G A Bb Contains 2 Flats
Eb F G Ab Bb C D Eb Contains 3 Flats
Ab Bb C Db Eb F G Ab Contains 4 Flats
Db Eb F Gb Ab Bb C Dd Contains 5 Flats
Gb Ab Bb Cb Dd Eb F Gb Contains 6 Flats
Cb Db Eb Fb Gb Ab Bb Cb Contains 7 Flats

And this of course is the same theory as before except with flats. So now you may notice there are 15 key signatures
and yet there are only 12 notes. Thats because 3 of the key signatures are enharmonics. The B/Cb, F#/Gb, and
C#/Db. This is because at times, thinking in one key signature might be easier than thinking in another signature.

3. Minor Scales(natural, harmonic, melodic, relative)

A scale is considered minor when the third note of a major scale is flatted. For instance, in the C Major scale, the
third note is an E. Therefore if you flat the E you get an Eb. Flatting the third note of a scale can be written as b3
which means flat(b) the third(3) note of the major scale. If you wanted to flat the sixth note of the major scale you
would write it as b6. You can use the same notation when sharping specific notes of a major scale. For instance, if
you wanted to sharp the 5th note of a major scale you would write #5. If you wanted to sharpen the fourth note of the
major scale you would write #4. Pretty simply notation, don't you think? But here are a couple more examples. Say
you wanted to flat the 7th note of the major scale twice, then you would write bb7. Say you wanted to flat the fifth
note of a major scale twice, then you would write bb5. Now, lets say you wanted to sharpen the 5th note of a major
scale twice, what would you write? You would think that you would write ##5, but infact that is WRONG!!! When
you sharpen something twice you notate it as x. Therefore sharpening the 5th note of a major scale twice would be
notated as x5. So if you wanted to sharpen the 4th note of the major scale you would write it as x4. Why do we use
an x? Because when you are writing music on a musical staff it is much faster to write an x than to write # twice.
Also it takes up less space than writting two # signs. So that is why we use an x.

Ok, so lets see what makes a Natural Minor Scale, a Harmonic Minor Scale, and a Melodic Minor scale.

Natural Minor Scale

b7 b6 b3

Harmonic Minor Scale

b6 b3

Melodic Minor Scale

b3 ascending, b7 b6 b3 descending

Does this make sense to you? If so you are in luck, otherwise continue reading this paragraph and I will explain. The
Natural Minor Scale states b7, b6, b3. This means that a Natural Minor Scale consists of a major scale with the 7th,
6th, and 3rd notes flatted. So for example, the C Major scale is C D E F G A B C. Now if we flat the 3rd, 6th, and 7th
notes we get C D Eb F G Ab Bb C. So those notes make up the C Natural Minor Scale. Now, the Harmonic Minor
Scale says we flat the sixth and third notes. Therefore a C Harmonic Minor Scale would contain these notes, C D Eb
F G Ab B C. And finally we get to the Melodic Minor Scale. This one looks a little confusing doesn't it. Well this
scale is odd, because depending whether you are traveling up the scale or down the scale there are different notes.
So if you are ascending the scale(moving up the scale), then a C Melodic Minor Scale would be C D Eb F G A B C.
However, if you descending the scale it would consist of these notes, C Bb Ab G F Eb D C. This is purely a classical
aspect. If you are in a jazz environment, then the Melodic Scale would only contain a flatted 3rd no matter what
direction you were traveling in the scale. Notice that the Melodic Minor Scale descending contains the same notes as
the Natural Minor Scale.

What if we have the G Major Scale(G A B C D E F# G), and wanted to make a G Natural Minor Scale, you would
think it would look like this G A Bb Cb D E F G. However that is not 100% right. Since the F in the scale usually
occurs as an accidental(i.e. it is sharp), then when it is not an accidental, we say it is natural. Therefore we would
write the G Natural Minor Scale as G A Bb Cb D E Fnatural G. Yeap, F and Fnatural are the same note. But since F
usually occurs as a sharp(an accidental) then when it gets changed to an non-accidental you have to call it Fnatural
to be correct and not just F. There is no way to notate a natural sign with regular text so I will just say natural
instead of putting the symbol for it. But I will try and draw it below so if you ever see it you know what it is.

|
|
------
| |
| |
------
|
|

Lets look at some more examples.

F Natural Minor Scale
G Harmonic Minor Scale
C# Natural Minor Scale
Db Natural Minor Scale
E Melodic Minor Scale(classical)
E Melodic Minor Scale(jazz)
Bb Harmonic Minor Scale
F G Ab Bb C Db Eb F
G A Bb C D Eb F# G
C# D# Enatural F# G# Anatural Bnatural C#
Db Eb Fb Gb Ab Bbb Cb Db
E F# Gnatural A B C# D# E Dnatural Cnatural B A Gnatural F# E
E F# Gnatural A B C# D# E
Bb C Db Eb F Gb A Bb

Is that it for minor scales? Well not yet, but close. There is a concept called Relative Minor scale. If you take a note,
lets say C and move back 1.5 steps, you get the note A. Lets look at that on the guitar.

|-------------|
|-------------|
|-------------|
|-------------|
|-------------|
|--8---5------|

The 8th fret on the 6th string is a C. If you move back 1.5 steps(ie. 3 frets, because 1 step is two frets and a half a half
is one fret), you land on the 5th of the 6th string which is an A. What does this 1.5 steps moving backwards have to do
with anything you might be saying to yourself. Well moving 1.5 steps backwards is how you find the relative minor
of a scale. If you take the C Major Scale and move back 1.5 steps and play the same notes in the C Major scale but
starting at this new position, you get the C Relative Minor Scale which is equilavent to the A Natural Minor Scale.
Here it is spelt out below

C D E F G A B C
A B C D E F G A

We moved back 1.5 steps from C which is an A and then continued to play the same notes that occur in the C Major
Scale. So eventhough we have the same exact notes we have a minor scale now!!! Because if you look at the notes
of an A Major Scale they are A B C# D E F# G# A, and if you flat the third note, sixth note, and seventh note(as in a
natural minor scale), you will get A B Cnatural D E Fnatural Gnatural A. Now you will notice that these are the
same exact notes as in the C Major scale. Therefore the A Natural Minor scale is C Major's relative minor scale. Lets
look at a couple more examples.

G Major G A B C D E F# G
E Natural Minor E F# Gnatural A B Cnatural Dnatural E
G Relative Minor E F# G A B C D E
A Major A B C# D E F# G# A
F# Natural Minor F# G# Anatural B C# Dnatural Enatural F#
A Relative Minor F# G# A B C D E F#

Therefore this a very neat trick of quickly figuring out the notes of a
Natural Minor Scale. Also its very useful for key signatures. If you have
something in the key of A natural minor, instead of writing the key signature
as A and then flatting the C, F, and G at the beginning of each measure, you
would simply put it as the key signature of C Major. Wait a minute, what am I
talking about flatting the notes at the beginning of each measure? I'll
explain this this more in lesson number 3 so don't worry about it now, just
remember this concept and think of it as a cool way of quickly figuring out
the notes of a natural minor scale.

4. Scale Charts
Remember the chord charts? Well scale charts are basically the same concept
except you dont play everything at once. For instance, a C Major scale is
represented as

_ _ _ _ _
|_|_|_|_|_| 7th fret
1_1_|_|_|_|
|_|_2_|_|_|
3_3_3_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|
4_4_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |

The number 1 occurs on the 6th string at the 8th fret. I think that should be
obvious to you by now. This means play the 8th fret on the sixth string with
your index finger. Now you see the number 3 on the 10th fret, and the number 4
on the 12th fret. Therefore if you were to play the first 3 notes on the C
Major scale, one right after the other, then you would play 8th fret, 10th
fret, and 12th fret on the sixth string. As you can see, the 8th fret is the C,
the 10th fret is the D, and the 12th fret is te E, which are the first three
notes of the C Major Scale. If you follow that pattern you see that next we
play the 8th fret on the 5th string with your index finger then the 10th fret
followed by the 12th fret on the fifth string. These notes are F, G, and A,
which are the next three notes of the C Major Scale. So, so far we have the
C, D, E, F, G, A. Now notice the 2 on the fourth string at the 9th fret
location, that note is a B and should be played with your middle finger. And
finally the last note should be played with your ring finger(because its the
number 3), at the 10th fret(since it occurs 3 rows down from the 7th fret), on
the fourth string(since its the fourth verticle line from the right). So all
in all, after playing that note, we get C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C which are the
notes of the C Major scale. But why stop there! Lets continue it to the next
octave so that we go across the entire guitar.

_ _ _ _ _
|_|_|_|_|_| 7th fret
1_1_|_|_1_1
|_|_2_2_|_|
3_3_3_3_3_3
|_|_|_|_|_|
4_4_4_|_4_4
|_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |

Lets Look at that in tablature

|---------------------------------------8-10-12-----|
|-------------------------------8-10-12-------------|
|--------------------------9-10---------------------|
|------------------9-10-12--------------------------|
|----------8-10-12----------------------------------|
|--8-10-12------------------------------------------|

Now if you figure that out, those notes are, C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D, E, F,

G, A, B, C, D, E. They are all notes in the C Major Scale(or if you remember
the A Natural Minor scale since that's C Major's Relative Minor). Now if you
take that pattern and start it at any note on the sixth string you will get
the major scale. For instance if you play that pattern starting with the F,
you get the following notes, F, G, A, Bb, C, D, E, F, G, A, Bb, C, D, E, F,
G, A. Lets look at that in tab format to make sure.

|-----------------------------1-3-5-----------------|
|-----------------------1-3-5-----------------------|
|-------------------2-3-----------------------------|
|-------------2-3-5---------------------------------|
|-------1-3-5---------------------------------------|
|-1-3-5---------------------------------------------|

Now if you remember from lesson one, we can rearrange notes on the strings
basically any way we want, therefore if we play this

|-------------------------------3-5-6---------------|
|-------------------------3-5-6---------------------|
|-------------------2-3-5---------------------------|
|-------------2-3-5---------------------------------|
|-------1-3-5---------------------------------------|
|-1-3-5---------------------------------------------|

it is the same thing as the previous except we added an extra note, the Bb at
the end. This is a more common pattern for the major scale, because it is
easier to memorize.

_ _ _ _ _
1_1_|_|_|_|
|_|_1_1_|_|
3_3_2_2_1_1
|_|_|_|_|_|
4_4_4_4_3_3
|_|_|_|_4_4
|_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |

Lets look at the pattern for the Natural Minor. Remember we have to flat the
third, sixth, and seventh notes of the scale, so if we just bring them down
one fret we should get the Natural Minor Scale.

_ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|
3_3_3_|_|_|
4_4_|_|_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |
So there is the first octave of the Natural Minor Scale. If you don't believe
me, pick a key and play that pattern and see if its the notes for the Natural
Minor Scale of that key, I bet it is!! For completeness sake, lets continue
that pattern through the octave.

_ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_1_|_1
|_|_|_|_2_|
3_3_3_3_|_3
4_4_|_|_4_4
|_|_4_4_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |

5. Modes
Everyone is scared by modes, but why? Its a very easy concept. Lets take the
major scale pattern

W W H W W W H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Now, lets take that same pattern but lets start with the 2nd whole step and rotate back to the beginning

W H W W W H W
2 3 4 5 6 7 1

Lets go to the next one and rotate once more time

H W W W H W W
3 4 5 6 7 1 2

Do you see what is happening? Lets take all seven combinations and put them next to eachother

W W H W W W H
W H W W W H W
H W W W H W W
W W W H W W H
W W H W W H W
W H W W H W W
H W W H W W W
W W H W W W H

Notice the last one which is the 8th pattern is the same as the first. I just added that in there to help show you the
rotation and how you end up back on the first pattern. Now each of those different patterns represent a different
mode. Ok lets name these damn things :)

W W H W W W H - Ionian(you know it as the major scale)

W H W W W H W - Dorian
H W W W H W W - Phrygian
W W W H W W H - Lydian
W W H W W H W - Mixolydian
W H W W H W W - Aeolian
H W W H W W W - Locrian

Ok, now lets look at their scale patterns on the guitar, it is important you memorize these patterns on the guitar as it
will help you to solo as I will explain soon. For some of the modes I will show you multiple patterns on how to play
it such as I did previously with the major scale when I was describing scale charts.

Ionian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_|_|_|_| 1_1_|_|_1_1
|_|_1_1_|_| |_|_2_2_|_|
3_3_2_2_1_1 3_3_3_3_3_3
|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_|
4_4_4_4_3_3 4_4_4_|_4_4
|_|_|_|_4_4 |_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | | | | | | | |

Dorian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_1_1_1 1_1_1_1_|_|
|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_|
3_3_3_3_3_3 3_3_3_3_1_1
4_|_|_|_4_4 4_|_|_|_2_2
|_4_4_|_|_| |_4_4_4_|_|
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_4_4
| | | | | |

Phrygian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_1_1_1 1_1_1_1_|_|
2_|_|_|_2_2 2_|_|_|_1_1
|_3_3_3_|_| |_3_3_3_|_|
4_4_4_|_4_4 4_4_4_|_3_3
|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_4_|_|
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_4_4
| | | | | |

Lydian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_|_|_|_1_1 1_|_|_|_|_|
|_1_1_1_|_| |_1_1_1_|_|
3_2_2_|_3_3 3_2_2_|_1_1
|_|_|_3_|_| |_|_|_3_|_|
4_4_4_|_4_4 4_4_4_4_3_3
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_4_|
|_|_|_|_|_4
| | | | | |

Mixolydian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_|_1_1 1_1_1_|_|_|
|_|_|_2_|_| |_|_|_1_|_|
3_3_3_3_3_3 3_3_3_2_1_1
|_|_|_|_4_| |_|_|_|_2_|
4_4_4_|_|_4 4_4_4_4_|_3
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_4_4
| | | | | |

Aeolian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_1_1_1 1_1_1_1_|_1
|_|_|_|_2_| |_|_|_|_2_|
3_3_3_3_|_3 3_3_3_3_|_3
4_4_|_|_4_4 4_4_|_|_4_4
|_|_4_|_|_| |_|_4_4_|_|
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | |

Locrian
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1_1_1_1_|_1 1_1_1_1_|_|
 2_2_|_|_2_2 2_2_|_|_1_1
|_|_3_3_|_| |_|_3_3_|_|
4_4_4_4_4_4 4_4_4_4_3_3
|_|_|_|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_|
| | | | | | |_|_|_|_4_4
| | | | | |

Well I ended up showing you two ways for each scale with the first way being the more common way to play the
scale. Like the major scale, if you take these patterns and move them to any note you go to that key. Such as if you
play the Locrian starting at the 10th fret, you will have a D Locrian scale. Notice the Dorian, Phrygian, Aeolian, and
Locrian are minor scales because the third note of the scale is flat. Also notice that the Ionian, Lydian, and
MixoLydian are major scales because the third of the scale is not flatted. Also notice how each mode is connected to
each other. For instance lets look at the C Major Ionian

|---------------------------------------8-10-12-----|
|-------------------------------8-10-12-------------|
|--------------------------9-10---------------------|
|------------------9-10-12--------------------------|
|----------8-10-12----------------------------------|
|--8-10-12------------------------------------------|

Now, if we play the same C Major scale(Ionian), and start it on the D instead of C, we'll get D E F G A B C D. These
are the same exact notes as the C Major scale except started in a different place. Now if we observe the distances
between each note we'll notice that there's a whole step between the D and the E, a half step between the E and the F,
a whole step between the F and the G, a whole step between the G and the A, a whole step between the A and the B,
a half step between the B and the C, and a whole step between the C and the D. Notice that is the WHWWWHW
pattern which is the mode after Ionian, which is the Dorian mode!!! Now, if you started with the E note of the C
major scale you get E F G A B C D E, and if you observe the space inbetween each of those notes, you'll see its the
Phrygian mode! And so forth until you get back to the first note of the scale(in this case the C). So lets look at the
tab of starting on the D

|-------------------------------------------10-12-13-|
|----------------------------------10-12-13----------|
|----------------------------10-12-------------------|
|-------------------10-12-14-------------------------|
|----------10-12-14----------------------------------|
|-10-12-13-------------------------------------------|

See, notice thats the Dorian Mode, and it has the same notes as the Ionian Mode, but started on a different note of
the scale. If you learn all these modes and connect them together in your head through lots of practice, you'll be able
to get a mental map of all the notes that you should play when you are in a particular key.

One last quiz to make sure you understand!! A G Ionian is the same as an E what??? The answer is an E Aeolian.
The note E is three notes back from G(G F E), and three modes backwards from Ionian is Aeolian! Ok, I lied, here's
the true last quiz on modes. An F Mixolydian is the same as a Bb what? Well lets see, F is 4 notes away from Bb(F
G A Bb), and since Bb flat does occur in F Mixolydian mode(notice that B does not), then all we do is travel 4 scales
foward from Mixolydian, which is Ionian. Therefore an F Mixolydian is the same as a Bb Ionian(or simply Bb
Major Scale).

Ok, say we are listening to a song in E Minor. We could solo with an E Aeolian Mode. because this is a very
common thing to do. However we could also solo with an F# Locrian, or a G Ionian(both contain the same notes as
an E Aeolian, as explained earlier.) Eventhough these three modes have the same exact notes, the solo will sound
different because each mode has a different tonal quality, such as the way chords can have different voicings.

5. Intervals(perfect, major, minor, hearing)

Lets stick with our buddy, the C Major scale. An interval is simply counting how many notes away two notes are.
For instance, the interval between C and D is a Second, because they are two notes away. The interval between C
and G is a fifth because they are 5 notes away from eachother(C D E F G). The interval between E and A is a fourth
because they four notes away from eachother(E F G A).
Lets look at the spaces inbetween the intervals. It is easy to see that the interval between C and E is a third. But is it
a major third or minor third? Well two whole steps make a major third interval. How did I figure this out? Well we
know a major scale has this pattern WWHWWWH. To get to the third note you must travel WW, and since this is
what makes up a major scale, it is a major third interval. There is a whole step inbetween C and D, and a whole step
inbetween D and E, therefore we have two whole steps which makes up a major third.

What about the space between C and A. Well there are six notes inbetween C and A(C D E F G A). The spaces
inbetween those notes are WWHWW, which is the same pattern as the major scale. Therefore C to A is a major sixth
interval. What about C to Ab? Well now the spaces change to WWHWH. Lets look at that more closely. C to D is a
whole step, D to an E is a whole step, E to an F is a half step, F to a G is a whole step, and G to an Ab is a half a
step, thus the pattern WWHWH. Well this is the same pattern as the major scale except with the sixth note flatted,
thus its a minor sixth.

What about E to G? Well E to F is a half step and F to G is a whole step, this is HW, one half step short of a major
third, therefore its a minor third.

A perfect interval relies on a unison/prime(same note), fourth, fifth, or octave interval. No matter where you start the
note in the scale for a perfect interval, it will always be the same distance away. Such as C from G is a fifth, its
WWHW, which is 7 half steps away in total. Now, E to B is a fifth, HWWW which is 7 half steps away in total. For
instance, the E is a half step away from the F, the F is a whole step away from the G, the G is a whole step away
from the A, and the A is a whole step away from the B. When ever you go five notes away in the scale it will always
be 7 half steps away, thats why its called a perfect fifth!!! Same thing happens with a fourth, and octave. But what if
we have C and G#, well C to G is a fifth(C D E F G, ie. five notes away), but the G is sharpened and is 8 half steps
away now, therefore its called an Augmented Fifth. What about C to Gb, well its still a fifth because C to G have
five notes between them, but now they are only 6 half steps away, therefore its called a diminished fifth. Same rules
apply for fourths, octaves, and primes. So an E to an E# would be an augmented prime, an E to an E# an octave
higher, would be an augmented octave. Also, an F to a Bb would be a diminished fourth.

So all in all, here's a quick chart to help you visualize this

Distance Between Notes Interval

0 half steps perfect prime
1 half step augmented prime/minor second
2 half steps major second
3 half steps minor third
4 half steps major third/diminished fourth
5 half steps perfect fourth
6 half steps augmented fourth/diminished fifth
7 half steps perfect fifth
8 half steps augmented fifth/minor sixth
9 half steps major sixth
10 half steps minor seventh
11 half steps major seventh/diminished octave
12 half steps octave
13 half steps augmented octave/minor ninth
etc... etc...

Eventhough this chart is nice and puts everything in simple mathetmatics, it is still easier and faster to just learn the
scales and key signatures and visualize the distance between things. Visualization is especially easy on the guitar.
For instance, some one might say whats the interval between E and G#, well first thing you do is count real quickly
how far the notes are, well they are 3 notes away(E F G) and thus a third of some sort. Then picture it on the guitar

|----------|
|----------|
|----------|
|----------|
|-11-------|
|-12-------|

You will come to recognize that pattern as a major third interval! What about E to Ab? Well lets picture it
|----------|
|----------|
|----------|
|----------|
|-11-------|
|-12-------|

Ah same pattern as before, so its a major third! WRONG!!! You forgot to count how many notes away it is. E, F, G,
A, thus four notes away and must be a fourth of some sort. Its a diminished fourth since its 4 half steps away. How
did I figure out it was 4 half steps away so quickly? Well through visualization of the guitar. I know that that pattern
above is 4 half steps. The 11 on the fifth string is same as the 16th on the sixth string. 16-12=4 half steps! But I didn't
need to do that math, because I had that pattern memorized(just as you have the pattern for power chords
memorized).

Now, lets say you want to be able to listen to two notes played, one right after the other and automatically know
what interval it is(this will help you to transcribe). Well you have to develope relative pitch. It takes alot of practice.
Maybe an hour a day for two weeks to become around 66%-80% accurate. What you do is compare the sound to a
song you know well, but in more detail compare it to a song that starts off with the same interval. Say you hear two
notes played right next to eachother and it sounds like the beginning of "When The Saints Go Marching In", then
you would know right away that its a major third. Here are some songs to help you get started with this idea. These
are all examples of songs that start with increasing intervals.

prime Well if you can't tell that its the same note, you have problems :)
minor second Jaws Theme
major second Rudolph The Red Nose Raindeer
minor third We're In The Money
major third When The Saints Come Marching In
perfect fourth Here Comes The Bride, Alford Hitchock Theme
augmented fourth Purple Haze(Jimi Hendrix)
perfect fifth 2010 Theme, Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
minor sixth Can't Come Up With A Good One
major sixth NBC
minor seventh Star Trek Theme
major seventh Can't Come Up With A Good One
octave Hi-Ho(Snowwhite)

Dont forget to practice intervals above octaves such as 9th's and stuff. And remember to practice intervals moving
downward too.

Written by Richard Broadhead II(Displacer). Come visit Displacer's Death Tab

Lesson 3 Includes
• Simple Harmonization
• Introduction To Music Staffs
• Simple Chords