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Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, Vol. 53, No. 7, 2001
SUM OF DIVISORS IN A RING OF GAUSSIAN INTEGERS
O. V. Sinyavskii
UDC 511.33
We construct an asymptotic formula for a sum function forσ α
a( ), whereσ α
a( ) is the sum
of thea th powers of the norms of divisors of the Gaussian integerα on an arithmetic progres-
sionα α
γ
≡0(mod ) and in a narrow sector ϕ
α ϕ
1
2
≤
<
arg
. For this purpose, we use a rep-
resentation ofσan
( ) in the form of a series in the Ramanujan sums.
1. Introduction
The sum function
S x
a( ) =
σa
n x
n
( )
≤
∑
,
whereσan
( ) denotes the sum of thea th powers of different natural divisorsn, is of great interest because it is
related to various additive problems in number theory.
As a rule, asymptotic formulas forS x
a( ) are obtained by using estimates for sums of the form
G
x
b k
,( ) =
n
x
n
b
k
n x
ψ
≤
∑
,
whereb is a real number,k is a natural number, andψky
( )=B y
k( )
{ } is thek th Bernoulli polynomial [1, 2].
The behavior ofσan
( ) on arithmetic progressions with increasing difference can be investigated by using estimates for special trigonometric sums and the method of generating Dirichlet series. In [3], Kiuchi studied a weighted functionσan
( ), namely, for
D xhk
a
;
=
σ
π
a
ihn
k
n x
n e
( )
2
≤
∑
,
he obtained an asymptotic expansion of the remainder∆axh k
( ;
)
/
of the asymptotic formula forD xh k
a( ;
)
/
analogous to the Voronoi identity
∆ax hk
;/
(
)=D x hk
k
ax k
a
a x
a
a
a
a
;
–
(– ) –
(
) (
)
–
– –
–
/
(
)
+
+
+
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ζ
ζ
for the problem of divisors.
The investigation of the functionσan
( ) in a ring of Gaussian integers by the methods indicated above is
very difficult. For this reason, in the present paper, we study the distribution of the values of the functionσan
( )
Odessa University, Odessa. Translated from Ukrains’kyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 970–982, July, 2001. Original
article submitted January 28, 1999; revision submitted May 5, 1999.
1156
0041–5995/01/5307–1156 $25.00 © 2001 Plenum Publishing Corporation
SUM OF DIVISORS IN A RING OF GAUSSIAN INTEGERS
1157
on arithmetic progressionsα α
γ
≡0(mod ) and in narrow sectors ϕ1 ≤arg α< ϕ2by using the representation
ofσan
( ) in the form of a series in the Ramanujan sums.
Note that this method cannot be used fora = 0, i.e., in the case whered a
( ) is the number of nonassoci-
ated divisors of the Gaussian numberα . In this case, according to the method indicated, the representation
d( )
α=
c
N
N
ω
ω
ω
α
ω
ω
( )log ( )
( )
≠
∑0
is used, but the result thus obtained turns out to be trivial.
The casea = 0 was considered, e.g., in [4], where the following results were obtained:
1.
d
N
( )
( )
(mod )
α
α
α α
γ
≡
∑0
=c
x
N
x
N
c
x
N
O x
N
0 0
1 0
3 5
2 5
( , )( )log( )
( ,)( )
( )–
α γγ
β
α γγ
γ
ε
+
+(
)
/ +
/;
2.
N
x
d
( )
(mod )
arg
( )
α
α α
γ
ϕ
α ϕ
α
≤
≡<
≤
∑
0
1
2
=ϕ ϕ
π
α γγ
β
α γγ
γ
ε
2
10 0
1 0
2 3
1 2
2–
( , )( ) log( )
( ,)( )
( )–
c
x
N
x
N
c
x
N
O x
N
+
+(
)
/ +
/.
Here,c0 0
( ,)
α γandc1 0
( ,)
α γare calculable constants dependent on α0and γ,( ,)
α γ
0
=β, andβ is
a proper divisor ofγ.
However, the method used in [4] cannot be applied to the casea < 0. For this reason, in the present paper,
we consider only the casea < 0.
2. Notation
LetQ i
[ ] be a field of Gaussian numbers,Q i
[ ]:={
}
,
,
–
a bi a b
i
+
∈
=
Q2
1 , and letG be a ring of
Gaussian integers,G :={
}
,
u vi u v
+
∈Z.
Forα =a +bi∈Q i
[ ], we setN( )
α=α2=a
b
2
2
+
and call it the norm ofα. LetSp ( )
α= 2Re α=
2a denote the trace ofα, let ( , )
α βbe the least common divisor of αand β, α, β ∈G, let µ α
( ) and
ϕ α
( ) be, respectively, the Möbius and Euler functions in the ringG, and letτ α
( ) be the number of nonasso-
ciated divisors ofα.
The Vinogradov symbol “ << ” has the same meaning as the Landau symbol “O.”
Let
σ α
s( )=
∗
∑N
s
( )
/
δ
δ α
,
where* means that the summation is carried out over all nonassociated divisors of the Gaussian integerα. In
the present paper, we assume that 0 <σ ≤ 1, where Res=σ and e x
( )=eix
2π,x∈R.
1158
O. V. SINYAVSKII
3. Auxiliary Results
Assume thatδ0 ,δ ∈Q i
[ ], ands =σ +i t∈C. Forσ > 1, the series
ζ δδ
(; ,)
s0
=
e Sp
N
s
G
12
0
0
() (
)–
–
δω
ω δ
ω
ω δ
+
∈
≠∑
is absolutely convergent. The functionζ δδ
(; ,)
s0
is called a generalized Dedekind zeta function of the field
Q i
[ ].
Lemma 1. For fixedδ0,δ∈Q i
[ ], ζ αβ
(; , )
s
is an entire function of s i fβ is a noninteger
Gaussian number. Ifβ is a Gaussian integer, then the function ζ αβ
(; , )
s
is analytic in the entire s-plane
except the point s = 1, where it has a simple pole with residueπ.
The following functional equation is true:
π
ζ αβ
–() (; , )
s
s
s
Γ
=π
ζ
β α
αβ
–( – )( – ) ( – ;– , ) –
( )
1
1
1
12
s
s
s
e
Sp
Γ
.
Forζ( ; , )
s0 0 , the proof can be found in [5]. The general case is proved by analogy.
Lemma 2.ForRe s > 0, the following representation is true:
σ α
–( )
s
=ζ
αγ
γ
γγ
(
; , )
() ()–( )
1
0 0
1
0
+
+
∈≠
∑
s
c
N
s
G
,
where cγα
( )is the Ramanujan sum
cγβ
( ) =
e Sp
12
1
βδ
γ
δ
γ
δ γ
=
∑
(mod )
( , )
.
Proof.As in the rational case, we have
cγβ
( ) =
∗
∑N d
d
d
( )
.
/( , )
µγ
γ β
Therefore, for Res > 0, we get
ζ
αγ
γ
γγ
(
; , )
() ()–( )
1
0 0
1
0
+
+
∈≠
∑
s
c
N
s
G
=ζ
γ
δ µγ
δ
γγ
δ γα
(
; , )
( )
( )
–( )
( , )
1
0 0
1
0
+
+
∈≠
∗
∑
∑
s
N
N
s
G
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