Learning Objectives

On completion of this lesson you will know: Basic concepts of quantum computer Quantum Algorithms Challenges for the quantum computer

Quantum Computing
Introduction: People all over this world are thinking about atomic scale computing and scientist all over the world work on it. Quantum mechanics is a science where we get the mysterious information about the tiny particle. Now we are trying to utilize the advantage of this mysterious behaviour of these tiny particles. Nobel prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman at the year of 1982, start to thinking about the Quantum computer where he thought that use Quantum mechanics phenomena. After this great start of Richard Feynman scientist over the world start to dream about Quantum computer. First it seems like theoretical work, but then scientist start to work for make it practical one. The superposition is the main advantage of Quantum computer and scientist all over the world try to use this superposition for advance work. Another phenomenon of Quantum mechanics is used by future Quantum computing named entanglement. Using these characteristic of Quantum Mechanics, scientist want to build future computer.

Basics: Main property of Quantum computing is, it use Quantum properties for data representation and operation on data. In Classical computer is we find bits what are the basic of computing only 0 and 1. What we done in classical computer is done by these bits but in Quantum Computer we find 0, 1 and superposition of this two states. We can think this superposition as a mixture of these two states. Generally in Quantum Computer using n qubits it can represent 2^n different states simultaneously. Operating on these qubits a Quantum computer working and using these qubits Quantum computer do whatever it needs. Scientist all over the world working on these area and many people

from all over the world successfully represent different small scale simulation for Quantum Computer what give a hope for making a real Quantum Computer. .

|> = 0 z

y z x

|> = 1

Figure: Bloch sphere is a representation of a qubit. We can think these qubits using two spin states particle, like when the spin is up then it is one and when the spin direction is down then it is zero. |> is known as 0 and when the |> the it is known as 1. Above the picture represent a Bolch sphere. We can represent a qubit using this geometrical figure. Working scheme: We know from previous that the basic building block of a classical computer is bit which consist of two states 0 and 1. But Quantum computer the scenario is little bit different. Suppose we use a register of three bits for a representing a number from 0 to 7 and we can represent one number among the numbers. But using a Quantum register which is build with qubits if these qubits are in superposition the register can represent the numbers from 0 to 7 at the same time. If we can make a processor of Qubits, it can calculation using all possible values of the input register at once. This behaviour of qubits is known as quantum parallelism.

Quantum Algorithms: Based on Quantum phenomena different type of algorithms build and they only work for Quantum computer. Main two quantum algorithms are 1. Shors algorithm 2. Grovers algorithm Shors Algorithm: Peter Shor has written this algorithm for factoring a number for Quantum computer. This one is for factoring numbers. Factoring a big number is one of the challenges for classical computer but in Quantum computer it is very quick to find a factor for a big number. But first have to build quantum computer. Grovers algorithm: Lov Grover has written an algorithm for searching a unsorted database to find a specific entity which is build for quantum computer and it faster than classical computer. When a classical computer algorithm try to find a specific entity from a unsorted database it takes N/2 number of search when the total number of entities is N. But Grovers algorithm shows that it possible by using root N number of search. When the database size is become big then this becomes more significant. This algorithm is based on quantum phenomena and tries to utilize the Quantum parallelism.

Different challenges: First step for making a quantum computer is making quantum gates. Still people are in experimental stage and not independently work with nano particles. Quantum phenomenons are very critical to work with normal environment than isolated environment. Different types of experiment going on based on different materials. Experimenters work on different type of particle for finding which type of particle is based selection for making quantum gates. Different type of experimental and theoretical research in quantum computation is going on all over the world and day by day it increasing. Its may take hundreds of years to build the Quantum computer but it help to people to understand the real quantum phenomena. But its very hopeful that people all over the world working on it and many hopeful outputs come out from the research.