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 The health consequences of consumingchicken, turkey, duck and goose meat
A scientific report by Amanda Woodvine, BSc NutritionSenior Nutritionist, Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation (VVF)
 
The health consequences of consumingchicken, turkey, duck and goose meat
A scientific report by Amanda Woodvine, BSc NutritionSenior Nutritionist, Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation (VVF)Published by: Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation, Top Suite, 8 York Court, Wilder Street,Bristol BS2 8QHT: 0117 970 5190 E: info@vegetarian.org.uk W: www.vegetarian.org.uk© Vegetarian & Vegan Foundation 2009Registered charity 1037486Graphic design: The Ethical Graphic Design Company Ltd
“Humans become part of chickens’ lives billions of times a day in the most intimate way possible. Weeat them. We consume their bodies. They become part of us, flesh of our flesh.”
Hattie Ellis, author of 
Planet Chicken: The Shameful Story of the Bird on Your Plate
.
 white meat black mark
The health consequences of consuming chicken, turkey, duck and goose meat2
 
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY5INTRODUCTION6Table 1: Average Intake, per Person, per Week of Selected Meat and Meat Products6PART 1: WHITE MEAT – NUTRITIONALCONSIDERATIONS7White Meat: the Low-fat Choice?7Table 2: Fat/Protein Content of Various Meats7Table 3: Percentage Contribution of Food Typesto Average Daily Total Fat Intakes in theDiet of Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years8Figure 1: Meat Consumption, 1942 to 2000.Data from National Food Survey9Saturated Fat9Figure 2: The Percentages of Saturated Fat inDifferent Kinds of Fat10Table 4: Percentage Contribution of Food Typesto Average Daily Total Saturated Fat Intakes inthe Diet of Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years10White Meat: A Superfood?11White Meat as a Source of Protein12Protein Quality12Origins of the Protein Gap13White Meat: Essential for Growing Children? 14Don’t go against the Grain14The Hazards of Protein Over-consumption15High Protein Diets for Weight Loss15White Meat: Desirable for Athletes?16PART 2: THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OFCONSUMING WHITE MEAT18Food Poisoning18Campylobacter19Salmonella20E. coli20Avoiding Food Poisoning20Cancer21Breast Cancer22Colorectal Cancer (Bowel Cancer)23Prostate Cancer24Other Cancers24White Meat and Pro-oxidant Damage25White Meat in the Heat26Advanced Glycoxidation End-products (AGEs)26Heterocyclic Amines (HCAs)27Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)29Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)29The Role of Atherosclerosis in Coronary HeartDisease29White Meat Consumption and CardiovascularDisease Risk30Dr Dean Ornish31Dr Caldwell Esselstyn32The Effect of White Meat on Cholesterol32The Effect of Animal Protein on Cholesterol:The China Study34The Effect of White Meat on Blood Pressure34Diabetes36Kidney Stones & Kidney Disease37Gallstones38Rheumatoid Arthritis39The Acidifying Effects of White Meat41Osteoporosis42Table 5: Potential Renal Acid Load (PRAL) of Selected Food Groups 43Overweight & Obesity453
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