© cian eects meen ® onmwors @ Serres Yow @ Securing exting © Siccing tings | j "econ I | aa © Paty secured excretion THE BUILDING SITE Foundations, Excavation, Trenches ‘Surveying, site investigation, appraisal Failure to accurately assess the building site and water table conditions and to specity the correct foundations generally leads to iereparable structural damage and serious cost Lateral ground displacement due to the load on the foundations causes the foundations to sink into the ground fr become laterally displaced, This leads to total failure of ‘the foundations. Settlement due to compression ofthe building site under the foundations due to the load on the foundations andior loads caused by neighbouring structures. leads to ‘deformations and damage (cracks in the superstructure Where there is adequate local knowledge of the nature, ‘mechanical properties, stratification and bearing stvength of the sub-soil layers, calculations can be made which determine the dimensions of shallow foundations lindividual and strip foundations: foundation pads and rafts) and deep foundations (pile foundations). if such knowledge is not available, timely investigation of the ‘ground is required, if possible in consultation with an ‘appropriate exper. This involves examination of the strata by excavation (manual or mechanical excavator), borings augerirotary bit or core driling) with the extraction of samples and probes. The number and depth af inspections required depends on the topography, type of building and information avaiable. The depth of the ground water table can be investigated by inserting measuring pipes into boreholes and taking regular measurements water table fluctuations). The ground water samples should algo be tested to assess whether it is aggressive towards concrete tie. presence of sulphates, ec.) Ground probes {and sample cores} are used to investigate granular composition, water content, ‘consistency, density, compressibilty, shear strength and permeability. Probes provide continuous information an soil strength and density as they penetrate the various sub soil layers. Al test results and the opinion of an expert site investigator should be brought to the attention of the building supervisors. Consult local and national standards for ground (rock) descriptions, classification of earthworks, —sub-soil characteristics, stratification, ground water conditions, necessary foundationiexcavation depths, calculation of ‘excavation material quantities, and construction and safety of excavations. @ rel nt on sieEXCAVATIONS Site and Building Measurements The bulding ste must be ftiveyed and th plan ofthe fropoced house entered on the offal ste plan = 2 ‘When the requirements of the Blaming and ulling reg tlatone have been met 300 planing permission grate, the foundations. ere pegged ‘outa own by wooden pege Pe he buiting The planed houne nnd ovizonal ste boards © mre © Mutreneate @-@ The excovetion must fxceed the cross-sectional area ofthe house to provide fdequate working | space SSt0mm = (The slope of theses ofthe excavation depends onthe ground fv lines ore tightly seetehed between the site boards = @) to mark out the external Gimensions of the building The outaide corners of the house. are. givan. atthe Crossing points of tho lines by plumb babs. The correct eve Dimensions are otentated by fixed points inthe surroundings. Setting boards = 9, of wood or amino, dm long, wth love stn or feed on top. ae installed supported on posts. Inter ‘mediate contour heights ae Setting ou: how the blag measured int place ‘measured with a scaled od ® tO) ‘Avwater file, transparent flexible hose 20-30m long, tnt with 9la56 tube sections at {ch end marked out in me, when held verialy, i used to read water levels, After calibrating by helding both ‘lass tubes together, levels Between points on the site can be compared accurately for visual contact (e.g. in siferent rooms) © comer site onde D sMennerng lve for he building 52. frequently sed for @ mse weoned EARTHWORKS AND FOUNDATION STRUCTURES Technical investigations of the ground should provide sufficient data for efficient construction planning and execution of the building work. Depending on the onstruction type, the ground is evaluated either as building (for foundations), or as building material for earth works). Building structures are planned {i legally possibie and with local approval), according to expert assessment (ie. avoiding marshy areas, landfil, etc). The building construction type. and the prevailing ground conditions affect the design of the foundations, e.. individual footings 2. strip foundations ~(@, raft foundations», or if the ground strata are only able to carry the load structure at ‘greater depth, pile foundations 18. Pressure distribution ‘must not extend over 45° in masonry, or 60° in concrete. Masonry foundations are seldom used, due to high cost. Unreinforced concrete foundations are used when the load spreading area is relatively small, eg. for smaller building structures. Stoel reinforced concrete foundations are used for larger spans and at higher ground compression; they Contain reinforcement to withstand the tensile loads = 6) + {2 Reinforced, instead of mass, concrete is used to reduce foundation height, weight and excavation depth. For flexible joints and near to existing structures or boundaries For cross-sections of raft foundations 48 ~ used when load-bearing capacity is lower, or if individual footings oF strip foundations are inadequate for the imposed load. Frost-free depth for base > 080m, for engineering structures 1.0-1.5m deep, ‘Methods to improve the load-bearing capacity of the site Vibratory pressure process, with vibrator, compact in 2 radius of 2.3-3m:; separation of the vibration cores approx 1.5m; the area is thus filled; improvement depends on the granulation and original strata. Ground compression piles: Core is filed up with aggregate of varied grain size without bonding agent. Solidification and compression of the ‘round: pressure injaction of cement grout not applicable to cohesive ground and ground which is aggressive t0 cement: only applicable in quartzous ground (gravel, sand land loose stonel; injection of chemicals silicic acid solution, calcium chloride); immediate and. lasting petritaction are 53