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d ek ;f u rdrt
d ajcpku
d &f mawGrmS &Sad eyg+yD?
ta&;}uD;wmu pnf;kH;xm;wJh vl
xk &Szd @dk yg? (1948) wke;f u AuyrSm zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;umveJ@ tJ'Daemufykdif; ygwD
w&m;0ifumvu pnf;kH;xm;wJh vlxk &Sdyg
w,f? +rKd@ay:rSma&m aus;vufrmS yg &Syd gw,f?
'ga=umifyh J +rKd@ay:rSm aer&&if aus;vufqif;
vkdufkHygyJ?
1948-49u aumf r wD t pnf ; t
a0;awGukd +rKd@ay:rSmyJ vkyfygw,f? rD;&xm;
vrf; oabFmvrf;yJ u|rf;usif=uawmh tJ'D
vrf;a=umif;awG okH;+yD; +rKd@rSm pkpnf;&vkd@yg?
{&m0wD v rf ; a=umif ; oG m ;r,f q k d & if avS
wpif;0,f &dumQ wif+yD; pkev
f u
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vk@d &w,f? vk&d mc&D;a&muf&if avSudk yHo
h ul
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dk m =unf+h yD; c&D;oGm;
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vlxkukd rSDckdEkdif&if vufeuf&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd aevkd@
&w,f? aemufusrS vufeufukd &Sm&if &
w,f? ppfynmvnf; aemufrS oifv@dk &wm
yJ?

xGef;aomf

10

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
Armjynf&J@ xl;jcm;csufu vufeufayg
wmyJ? ppf}uD;twGi;f u vufusev
f ufeuf &So
d vkd
tckvnf; vufeufawG &Sdaewmyg? vufeufu
tc&mr[kwf/ pnf;kH;xm;wJh vlxku tc&myJ?
vufeuf&Sdwkdif;om vufeufukdifwkdufyGJ
wkdufEkdifw,fqkd&if *VKefOD;apm[m vufeufukdif
wku
d yf JG wku
d Ef idk cf rhJ mS ayg?h ol@udk t*Fvyd af wG ck;d xkwf
ay;wJh vufeufaumif;awG wykH}uD; &SdaewmyJ?
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vky}f uHc&H zk@d jzpfapwJh OD;apm aoewfypfc&H wJu
h pd u
P dk
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uvnf; a&;aew,f? r=umao;cifuawmh xl;xl;
qef;qef; jrv_id &f @J raorD zGi[
hf 0efccH suf ukd zwf
vkduf&w,f? olu Akdvfatmif}uD;tdrfrSm/ &efukef
baqGu Akv
d af e0if;tdrrf mS aoewfypf avhusi&hf
owJ?h raokyH J ypfEidk af tmif avhusi&hf wmvk@d qkd
w,f? 'ga=umifh OD;apmukd raoapbJ '%f&m&kyH J
ypfcJh&w,fqkdyJ? 'grS OD;apmu txifrSm;+yD; Akdvf
atmifqef;ukd vky}f uHrmS -qkw
d m odv@dk qkyd ?J Akv
d af e
0if;eJ@ Akv
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ypf ac:&rvm;/ usm;eJ@awm0uf &efapmifae&if
awm0ufuydk pf/ awm0ufu aoG;l;aoG;wrf;eJ@ a&S@
uusm;ukd yufvdrfhr,fqkdwJh rkqkd;y&d,m,fvkd@
ajym&rvm; rodygbl;? 'kwd,y&d,m,feJ@awmh
eD;pyfw,f xifygw,f?
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vdyfvkd a&;xm;w,f? cifAsm;wkd@u pmtkyfxkwfyg
vm; qkad wmh rxkwb
f ;l ?)
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awGjzpfwhJ u&if/ ucsi/f a*:&cg;wyfawGyJ ok;H +yD;

vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;vkyrf ,fv@dk ykid ;f jzwf

&if b,fo@l rcDS &dk rvJqw
dk mukd qk;H jzwf&rSmyJ?
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l u
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zk@d r[kwb
f ;l ?

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h mawG
t&rf ; uma&m vk y f w ,f ? tJ o vd k v k y f a wmh
a,musf m ;rS e f o r# Auywyf x J a&muf v m=u
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jzpfvmw,f? rk;d Zyfawmif&yd cf +dk yD; wyfawG zG@J &w,f?
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wyfawG/ ajymufusm;tajccHa'oawG jyef@oGm;
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w,f? ?

11

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EkdifiHa&;

wifha0xGef;
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ppftm%m&Sipf epfe@J pwkwr Kdiu
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yJ?

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12

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EkdifiHa&;
ppf A sLk d u a&pD , EW & m;/ ppf t k y f p k /
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f mG ;w,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dacgi;f pD;ukd (Auy) u ppf(3)
ppfvk@d yJ ajymavh&ydS gw,f?
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a&$&wkukd OD;ode;f pdef vkyrf mS r[kwyf gb;l ? olu t&yfom;tpk;d &
vk@d emrnfcx
H m;&wmyJ?
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avhvm&ifawmh ppftm%m&Sipf epf&@J Zmwdu p+yD; ay:vmrSmyg?
'ga=umifh tpuae+yD; Zmwfa=umif; jyefygr,f? tusO;f k;H ygr,f?
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d a&pD,EW&m;eJ@ rdrw
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l il ,fawG u|r;f
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ku
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d edk aD cwf ppfwyfrmS awmh ppfAsLku
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f ;l ? "m;vSaH wGe@J
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BDA,PBFwnfaxmifw,f? uk,
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tkyfpku ppfAsLkdua&pD,EW&m;okH;+yD; tm%mvkw,f? 'gayrJh
tdraf pmifzh @dk y/J 1947 tajccHOya'ukd umuG,zf @dk yJ jzpfaew,f?
'DtajccHOya'u ppfAv
dk f Ekid if aH &;tm%mr&apwJh Oya'yJ?
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zsuo
f rd ;f vku
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tkwjf rpfyJ jzpfw,f?
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odr;f yGw
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13

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

EkdifiHa&;

ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk
pD;yGm;a&; Ekid if aH &;_axmifrh S

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u ke;f xGucf siv
f mw,f? ke;f xGuzf @dk tiftm;vnf; &Sv
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w,f? Ekid if jH cm;tquftoG,v
f nf; &Sv
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oef@&iS ;f tpk;d & 0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ekudk tusyu
f idk +f y;D tm%m awmif;
w,f? tm%m &w,f?
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ajccHOya'u t[ef@twm; jzpfaew,f? 'ga=umifh tm
%mjyeftyfz@dk a&G;aumufyJG vkyaf y;&w,f? yxp Ekid w
f ,f?
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yxp tpk;d &rSm OD;-Akv
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f m
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ya' ukd csucf si;f zsuo
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DSI

14

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

EkdifiHa&;

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aemufwOD;uawmh

15

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

umwGef;

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16

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

umwGef;

umwGef;aeOD;. ,ckwywf vuf&m(2)

17

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

umwGef;

umwGef;aeOD;. ,ckwywf vuf&m(3)

18

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

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19

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

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20

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

EkdifiHa&;

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21

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24

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35

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jidr;f csr;f a&; vnf;r&S/d jynfov
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39

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a=umifh tck aygi;f avmif; a&tm;v#ypf pfprD u
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udk vkyw
f mygy?J wcsed w
f nf;rSm olw@dk aejynfawmf
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f m jzpfomG ;yg
w,f? ysO;f rem;jynfo/l aygi;f avmif;jynfoal wG
uawmh v,f,majrawG qk;H &_;H ukeyf gw,f?
ArmjynftES@H vrf;awGazmuf/ wHwm;
awG aqmufwm[mvnf; awmfveS af &; tajccH
pcef;a[mif;awGrmS aemif awmfveS af &; tajccH a'
oawG jyefrjzpfatmif/ ppfa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;t&
vufO;D r_&atmif azmufvyk w
f mawGcsn;f yJ qkw
d m
awG@&rSmyg? jynfov
l x
l k twGuu
f awmh tusKd ;cH
pm;cGifh xl;xl;jcm;jcm;r&Syd gb;l ? xl;jcm;vmwmu
awmh vrf;a=u;/ wHwm;a=u;awGay;&wm/ vrf;
awG/ wHwm;awGukd uif;apmifah y;&wm/ vkyt
f m;
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ppf pDru
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awmifyikd ;f eJ@ ajrmufyidk ;f tquftoG,f jywfomG ;
apw,f? tJ'D ywf0ef;usirf mS &Sw
d hJ jynfov
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v,f,m+caH jrawG vufvw
$ q
f ;Hk _;H cJ=h u&w,f?
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H ed ;f
awG[mvnf; jynfov
l x
l ek @J vufeufuidk f tiftm;
pkawGudk xdcu
kd ef pfemapwmcsn;f yJ jzpfygw,f? awmf
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a&mufaewJh yJc;l k;d ra'orSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD
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l x
l rk mS
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d mwmr[kwb
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rem; =uufaf jy;a'orSm aejynfawmf wnfaqmuf
w,f qdw
k m[m tJ'aD 'oukd aemifb,fawmhrS
awmfveS af &; tajccHa'o rjzpfap&bl;qdw
k hJ &nf
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awmfveS af &;wyfz@JG awG 90 ckEpS t
f xd tajccHcw
hJ m

ref;xGef;
03/ 09/ 2011

40

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

twKy`wWd

u|erf qufa&;csiaf om
azazhta=umif;rsm;
(trSwf 23)
vSausmfaZm

1949 ck E S p f t wG i f ; u
azazeJ@ arar tJ ' D u mv
umuG , f a &;0ef } uD ; Ak d v f v usf m td r f a &S @ rS m

&nf & G , f c suf wl n D o l r sm;

ra&mufcif 'Dav,mOfu xGufvmcJhwmyg? tJ'Dae@[m

1949 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D 20 &ufjzpfygw,f?
Akv
d af emfqidk ;f [m tJ'aD v,mOfe@J ar+rdK@udk oGm;+yD;
ar+rKd @qufo,
G af &;wyf0if;twGi;f rSm azaz vufeufjzKw+f y;D /
xde;f odr;f xm;wJh u&ifwyfom;rsm;ukd vufeufwyfqifay;
+yD; tJ'aD e@rmS yJ ar+rdK@udk odr;f vku
d yf gawmhw,f?
ararhudk tJ'aD e@u &efuek u
f av,mOfvmac:
r,fv@dk ta=umif;=um;xm;vk@d txkyt
f yk;d awGjyif+yD; apmifh
aewm naeapmif;txd vmrac:bJ/ ar+rdK@ u&ifawGvuf
xJ a&mufomG ;+yq
D w
dk hJ owif;yJ&vku
d yf gawmhw,f? tJ'D n
wGi;f csi;f rSmyJ ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmecsKyf {nfch &H yd o
f mrSm azaz
ae&mcsxm;ay;cJw
h hJ Akv
d cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f u vlvw
$ +f yD; olw@kd e@J
vmaygi;f aezk@d ac:vk@d ararwd@k om;trd vku
d o
f mG ;+y;D tJ'{D nfh
&dyo
f mrSmyJ Adv
k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f rdom;pke@J twlaecJ=h u&ygw,f?
ararhuv
dk nf; Akv
d cf sKyf prpf'eG ;f u bmrS pdwrf ylz@dk e@J olt
ouf&iS af eoa&G@ ararwk@d om;trdudk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
ygrh ,fv@kd ararhudk tm;ay;owJ?h
ar+rdK@ukd u&ifwyfawGu odrf;vkduf+yDqkdayr,fh
w+rKd @v;kH ukd odr;f vku
d Ef idk w
f m r[kwyf gb;l ? e*dk ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f
rSm&Sw
d hJ tpk;d &wyfrsm;uvnf; +rdK@xu
J dk qkwo
f mG ;+yD; +rdK@xJ
uae acsmif&ifacsmifovdk jyefypfcwfwu
dk v
f u
dk /f u&ifwyfu
jyefypfvu
dk ef @J ararwd@k rmS &ifwrreJ@ aecJ=h u&ygw,f? (ar+rKd @
[m wyf+rdK@jzpfayr,fh ppfwyftrsm;tjym;[m +rdK@taemuf
buf tpGeb
f ufrmS &Sad e+yD;/ +rdK@vnfacgirf mS awmh t&yfzuf
qkid &f m H;k rsm;/ aps;rsm; &Sad eygw,f? u&ifwyfu t"du

1949 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f azaz ar+rdK@rmS ajrmufyidk ;f wkid ;f

rSL; wm0ef xrf;aqmifae&mu Akv
d cf sKyfae0if;u &efuek f
tjrefqif;vmzk@d ac:+y;D azaz&efuek af &mufwmeJ@ awmif
ykid ;f wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf wm0efay;v$w+f yD; tif;pdew
f u
dk yf u
JG dk
wku
d zf @dk !e=f um;vku
d yf gawmhw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfrawmfwGif;rSm&SdwJh u&if
vufeufuidk w
f yf&if;rsm;u autif't
D rdk sm;eJ@ yl;aygi;f
vku
d +f y;D r*Fvm'Hrk mS &Sw
d hJ u&ifwyfrsm;u zqyv tpk;d
&ukd ykeu
f efa=umif; a=unm+y;D awmifyidk ;f ppfXmecsKyfudk
acwW0ifp;D +yD; tif;pdex
f J 0ifomG ;=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh
t"duppfajrjyif[m tif;pdejf zpf+yD; ppfXmecsKyfuv
kd nf;
tJ'rD mS zGix
hf m;ygw,f? tJ'pD pfrsuEf mS ukd azazu uGyu
f J
zd@k a&mufomG ;ygawmhw,f?
'DrmS wif ararwk@d om;trd ar+rdK@rmS aomif
wif usecf yhJ gawmhw,f? azazu ol c%jyef+y;D ararwd@k
om;trdudk ac:yg&apvk@d awmif;yefayr,fh r&awmhb/J
ararwk@d udk ac:ay;zd@k ,lbaD tu av,mOfwpD; v$wzf @dk
tpk;d &u pDpOfay;ygw,f? tJ'aD v,mOfu rdwv
D mav
,mOfuiG ;f ukq
d if;+yD; "mwfqjD znf&h ygw,f? 'Dwif rdwD
vmukd odr;f xm;wJh Akv
d af emfqidk ;f OD;pD;wJh u&ifwyfu
tJ'Dav,mOfysHukd pD;eif;odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f? tJ'D
u&ifwyfrsm;u yJc;l ppfrsuEf mS u qkwv
f mwJh wyfrsm;yg?
wjynfv;kH vnf; zkzd &J uaomif;ueif; jzpfaevk@d tJ'aD e@
reuftapm}uD;u rdwv
D mukd odr;f wJo
h wif; r*Fvm'Hk

41

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
odr;f xm;wm[m tJ'+D rKd @tjyif tpGeu
f wyfe,fuo
dk m jzpf
ygw,f?)
'ga=umifh Akv
d cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f rdom;pku jrpf}uD;em;
ajymif;csifwJhta=umif; ppfHk;ukd ta=umif;=um;ygawmh
w,f? 'Dawmh zqyvtpk;d &u Akv
d cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f rdom;pkudk
jrpf}u;D em;yk@d ay;r,f? tjyeftvSet
f m;jzifh Akv
d af usmaf Zmrd
om;pk (ararwd@k rdom;pk) ukd ac:r,fv@dk autif't
D rdk sm;eJ@
tay;t,lvyk +f y;D ,lbaD tav,mOf 2 pD; pDpOfay;vku
d v
f @dk
arareJ@pef; &efuek jf yefa&mufvmygawmhw,f?
azaz[m tJ't
D csed u
f tif;pdew
f u
dk yf JG tjyif;
txef wku
d yf w
JG u
dk af e&csed jf zpfv@kd r*Fvm'Hak vqdyu
f dk t&m
&Sd 2 a,mufvw
$ f t}udKckid ;f vku
d +f yD; wcgwnf; ararhrb
d
rsm;&S&d m oH;k q,f+rdK@udk jyefy@dk cidk ;f vku
d yf gawmhw,f?
azazu tJ't
D jzpftysuf tqH;k owfuav;ukd
usaemfvnf; wzufwvrf;u pdwaf t;oGm;&ygonf?
ar+rKd @us oGm;a=umif; usaemf=um;&uwnf;u usaemfZh eD;
wckcjk zpfomG ;v#if ol@rb
d rsm;ukd b,fvadk jym&rvJ[k ylyef
aerd&m ,ckawmh wylat;oGm;ygawmhonfvk@d ol@pm
tkyrf mS a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
tJ'aD r+rKd @u {nf&h yd o
f mrSm ararwk@d om;trd Akv
d f
csKypf rpf'eG ;f wk@d ro
d m;pke@J twlaecJ=h upOfu tJ'{D nf&h yd o
f mukd
apmif&h wJh Akv
d af emfqidk ;f wyfu u&ifwyfom;rsm;eJ@ arar
aemif ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm jyefvnfqpHk nf;=u&ygw,f?
1976 ckEpS f azazeJ@ u|erf wd@k armifErS wawG awm
ckdvm+yD;aemuf av;ESpft=um 1980 ckESpfrSm ararw
a,mufwnf; aemufu u|erf wk@d &&dS m awmxJvu
dk v
f mcJh
ygw,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u u|erf wk@d u wkwAf rme,fpyfu yef
qef;qkw
d t
hJ &yfrmS aeae=uygw,f? u|erf u ta&S@ajrmuf
ppfa'ou zGix
hf m;wJh ppfa'oaq;Hw
k iG ;f rSm ae+yD; azaz
uawmh ArmjynfueG jf rLepfyg wD&@J A[kd ;kH csKyfrmS aeygw,f?
u|erf u ppfa'oaq;Hek @J wGzJ iG x
hf m;wJh A[kad q;ausmif;rSm
wm0ef,l oif=um;ay;ae&+y;D aeawmh ppfa'oaq;Hk 'kEidk if H
a&;rSL; &JabmfaiG (u|erf wd@k tac: q&mr}u;D ) eJ@twl aq;
H0k idk ;f xJu wef;vsm;wckrmS aeygw,f?
arar[m azazeJ@ A[kd ;kH rSm aeayr,fh tm;&if
tm;ovkd ppfa'obuf qif;vmwwfygw,f? u|erf wk@d ae
wJh wef;vsm;rSmawmh wcgwav ntdy+f yD;rS reuf A[kd ;kH
jyefwufomG ;wwfygw,f? arar 'Dvq
dk if;vm+y;D u|erf wk@d
tdrrf mS a&mufaepOf wae@rmS u|erf wd@k trd af emufrmS aewJh
&Jabmf&'S ef[m ol@+cx
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wk@d qD a&mufvmygw,f?
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d af emfqidk ;f eJ@twl
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trsKd ;orD;wOD;jzpf um u|erf wk@d aq;Hu

k XmewckrmS tvkyf
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d m;pk aq;H0k idk ;f xJrmS ae
aewmyg?
&Jabmf&'S ef u|erf wk@d tdrx
f 0J ifvmwJt
h csed rf mS
u|erf &,f/ arar&,f/ q&mr}uD; a':aiG&,f xkid pf um;
ajymae=uwmyg? u|erf vnf; tdr0f ikd ;f xJ 0ifvmwJh &Jabmf
&S'efudk xE_wq
f uf+yD; ae&may;&ygawmhw,f? tusO;f
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u q&m0efv$wfay;zdk@ vmta=umif;=um;wmvkd@yJ
atmufarhvu
dk yf gw,f? olu u|erf eJ@q&mr}uD;ukd E_wf
qufHkom E_wfquf+yD; ararbufvSnfhum tpfr}uD;
1949 ckEpS u
f Akv
d cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f tdrrf mS aewke;f u tJ't
D rd u
f dk
uif;apmifah y;&wJh wyfpw
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f rJ mS u|eaf wmf ygygw,f? tJ'D
wke;f u tpfr}uD;cscD sx
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u|erf ukd vufnKd ;xk;d +yD; ar;ajym ajymygw,f?
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h m;oifah e&mu azmf
azmfa&Ga&GyJ jyefEw
_ q
f uf+y;D tJ'u
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f ;l ?
ol@atmuf ti,fyg vk@d jyefajzygw,f? 'Daemufawmh
tJ'u
D mvu ta=umif;t&mawGa&m 'Daemufyidk ;f umv
tjzpftysufawGa&m a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf ajymrukef
atmif qufajym=uqk=d uygw,f?
&Jabmf&'S ef[m tJ'v
D dk yxrt}udrf vmrdwf
quf+yD;uwnf;u arar u|erf aq;Ht
k rd q
f if;vmw,f
=um;wkid ;f u|erf wk@d trd b
f uf ul;ul;vm+yD; ararudv
k m
E_wq
f ufwwfygw,f? &Jabmf&'S ef jyefomG ;+yD;wkid ;f vnf;
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44

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45

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46

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47

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48

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51

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52

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'Dvedk @J nae xrif;=urf;0kid ;f rSm wa,mufu bma=umifrh sm; wae@u vrf;xJ ppfom;awG vmoGm;&wmwk;H vk@d
ar;awmh
wa,mufuAuy-u ocifcspf a&mufaew,f owif;&vk@d q+dk yD; ajymae=uwmyJwJ?h ukb
d aqGav;&J@
tdrb
f uf ar;xk;d jy&if; igawmh[kwrf ,frxifygb;l uGm/ odwt
hJ wkid ;f 'DaumifawG[m olw@dk om;trdawGudk t+iK;d xm;+y;D
t+rJwrf; vmaESmif,
h u
S af eusy[
J mvk@d rSwcf sujf yKygw,f?
wu,fyJ awmu tzk;d }uD;[m ocifcspyf v
J m;? tm%mykid af wGe@J axmufvrS ;f a&;awGuyJ opfuidk ;f ajcmuf
usK;d oH=um;wmeJ@ rk;d +yKdawmhrvm;qk+d yD; acsmufcsm;ae=uwmvm;? ?

56

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

EkdifiHwumha&;&m

tmz&duwku
d f rdaewJh
bmvifused pf m

0if;xkduf

bmvifused pf m
used pf mtrsK;d rsK;d
tmz&du a'ocHvrl sK;d awGcsn;f ydyuQ jzpfwm r
[kwb
f ;l ? vljzLeJ@ vlrJ ydyuQ &Sw
d ,f? uk;d uG,w
f b
hJ mom
rwlnv
D @dk ydyuQ &Sw
d ,f?
awmiftmz&durSmu used pf mwrsK;d ? tck ql'efw@dk /
qkrd mvD,mwk@d rmS u ydyuQwrsK;d yJ? tJ'gawGvnf; bmvif
used pf moifh wm jzpfw,f?

19&mpku e,fcs@J Eidk if }H u;D awG bmvif+rKd@rmS tmz&d

uwku
d u
f dk cGaJ 0wJh tpnf;ta0; vkyw
f ,f? olyidk u
f ,
dk yf idk f cG=J u
wmrSm olw@dk tkycf sKyfa&; tqifajyzk@d yJ pOf;pm;=uwmyJ? tmz
&duwku
d &f @J yuwdtajctaeukd xnfrh wGub
f ;l ? wcsK@d ae&m
awGrmS qk&d if olw@dk a&mufawmif ra&mufz;l bl;? tJ'v
D dk ae
&mrsK;d rSmawmh cyfv,
G v
f ,
G f rsO;f ajzmifw
h ck qGv
J u
dk =f uw,f?
urBmah jryku
H dk =unfyh g? rsO;f ajzmifq
h +JG y;D wkid ;f jynf e,fed
rdwu
f dk owfrw
S w
f hJ ae&mawG[m tar&duwku
d ef @J tmz&du
wku
d rf mS yJ awG@Eidk w
f ,f?
tJ'v
D v
dk yk af wmh vlrsK;d pkwckwnf;ukyd J [kb
d ufwidk ;f
jynfyg 'Dbufwidk ;f jynfrmS yg jzpfuek w
f ,f? vlrsK;d a&;jy\em
awG ay:apw,f?
vGwv
f yfwhJ wkid ;f jynfawG jzpfvmawmh jy\emawG
woD}uD; ay:awmhwmyJ? [lwel @J wGwpf D vlrsK;d wk;H owfyrJG sK;d
awG jzpfawmhwmyJ? 'gudk bmvifused pf mvk@d ac:=uwmyg?

ql'efudk apmif=h unfh

wkid ;f jynf (2)jynf uGo
J mG ;+y?D 'gayrJh r+y;D jywfao;wJh
udpaP wG &Sad ew,f? tqifroif&h if ppfjzpfr,f?
tmz&duajrmufyidk ;f u ydyuQ
tmz&duajrmufykdif;rSm tck rwnfr+idrf jzpfae
w,f? tJ'ED idk if aH wGu wcsed u
f jyifopf/ t*Fvyd /f tDwvDw@dk &@J
ukv
d edk yD ?J 'gvnf; used pf moifyh w
Hk rsK;d yJv@dk ac:csiyf gw,f? ?

57

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

rmhufpf0g'

rmhupf f tde*f ,f vDeifw@dk.

urBmah wmfveS af &;ESihf ywfoufonfh
a&;om;csurf sm;eJ@ avhvm&&Scd surf sm;

(NN)

ed ' gef ;
trsm;eJ@ 0kid ;f 0ef;+yD; 21 &mpk rmhupf 0f g'ukd &SmazGcsiv
f @dk
'D pmwrf;ukd a&;ygw,f?
jiif;ckHzkd@ r[kwfyg? tajz&Smzkd@yg?
tckumvrSm urBmah wmfveS af &; (WR) ukd a&;ol ajymol
rsm;rsm; r&Syd gb;l ? &Sw
d t
hJ enf;pkuav;uvnf; xa&mfpuDtEG,0f if
awG jzpfygw,f?
bmyJjzpfjzpf (WR)eJ@ ywfouf+yD; rmhupf v
f eD if0g'aD wG a&;
wmukd zwfrw
S af vhvmovkd tpktzG@J uav;awG a&;wmvnf; zwfyg
w,f? olw@dk bmajymovJ bmvkyo
f vJqw
dk m odcsiv
f @dk yg?
rmhupf /f tde*f ,f/ vDeifw@dk u trsm;}uD; a&;cJyh gw,f? pmtky/f
pmwrf;/ aqmif;yg;/ ay;pmawGu axmif aomif;cs+D yD; &Syd gw,f? tm;vk;H
rzwfEidk yf g? 'gayrJh ta&;}uD;wmawG (WR) eJ@ ywfouf+yD; a&;wm
awGawmh vufvrS ;f rDor# tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd zwfc&hJ ygw,f? Auy
ygwrD xlaxmifrD avhvma&;tpk0ifb0u tcktxd zwfcw
hJ mqkad wmh
rsm;ygw,f? pdwx
f J pGaJ ewmawG &Syd gw,f?
tck avhvm&&Scd supf mwrf;ukd a&;awmh pdwx
f J jzpfay:
vmor#ukd a&;ygw,f?
(rl&if;) pmtkypf mwrf;/ ay;pm/ aqmif;yg;awGudk uk;d um;wm
awmh rvkyyf g? uk,
d ahf vhvm&&Scd suu
f ydk J ajymcsiv
f @dk jzpfygw,f?
vkd wkd &Si;f ta&;tom;a=umifh xdcu
dk o
f mG ;rdwm&S&d if cGihf
v$wfapcsifygw,f?

wk@d &@J (WR) &yfwnfcsuf/ tjrifeJ@ enf;emawGukd awG@Ekdifygw,f?

tcef;(1) "e&Sirf sm;eJ@ ypPn;f rJrh sm;eJ@ tcef;(4) ed*;Hk csKyfa&;om;csuf
aemufq;Hk pmyk'f (2) ckuydk J avhvmvku
d &f if awG@rmS yg?
olwkd@u tawG;tac: (0g') xlaxmifwmrSmyJ r&yfbJ
vufawG@EkdifiHa&;ukd a&S@aqmifzkd@ yxr tifwmae&Sife,fukd xl
axmifygw,f?
tzdEydS cf H jynfajy;b0eJ@ xlaxmif&wmjzpfv@dk cufcyJ gw,f?
yJ&pfbt
Hk zG@J usq;Hk awmh zdEydS rf a_ wG odyrf sm;vmvk@d tar&duefudk Xme
csKyf ajymif;&w,f? 'gayrJh r=umygb;l ? uk,
d b
hf mom zsuo
f rd ;f vku
d f
&w,f?
bmyJajymajym yxrtifwmae&Sief ,fu urBmyh pPn;f rJh
qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;ukdawmh pkdufxlvkdufEkdifygw,f?
rmhufpfa&m tdef*,fyg *smreDZmwdzGm;awGyg? jynfajy;
b0eJ@ t*FvefrmS yJ acgi;f csomG ;cJ=h uw,f? yxrtifwmae&Sief ,f xl
axmifwm&J@aus;Zl;a=umifh Oa&myeJ@ tar&durSm uGejf rLepfrsK;d aphawG
csEkdifcJhw,f?
rmhupf ef @J tde*f ,fw@dk [m tjyeftvSef pma&;+yD;vnf; t
jrif n=d uavh&w
dS ,f? b,fupd P b,fvo
dk abmxm; rvJqw
dk mukd nd
=uw,f? tJ'pD mawGrmS pdw0f ifpm;zk@d aumif;wJh udpaP wG ygavh&w
dS ,f?
Oyrm t*FvefrmS qk&d ,
S v
f pf awmfveS af &;ukd +idr;f csr;f wJeh nf;eJ@ &nf
rSe;f csuf &&SEd idk v
f rd rhf ,fqkw
d mrsK;d tjrifn=d uw,f? 'g[m olw@dk a&;
wJh a=unmpmwrf; ed*;Hk csKyfyidk ;f u tqked @J ajzmifah jzmif}h uD; qef@usiaf e
wmyJ? olw@dk &J&aJ wG;w,f-qkw
d mukd awG@whJ om"uyg?
t*FvefrSm +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;Ekdifw,fqkdwmukd olwkd@
ta=umif;jywmu t*Fvef"e&Siaf wGrmS t+rJwrf; ppfwyf}uD;/ AsLku
d
a&pD ,E&m;}uD; r&Sad o;bl;? *smreD/ jyifo
f pfrmS vkd r[kwb
f ;l ? 'g

tyk d i f ; (1)
rmh u f p f td e f * ,f w k d @ ajymwJ h urB m h a wmf v S e f a &;(WR)
olw@dk (2)OD; yl;wGaJ &;wJh uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;rSm ol

58

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
a=umifh +idr;f csr;f pGm jzpfEidk w
f ,fv@dk olw@dk awG;rdwmyJ? 'g[m tcsuf
tvufrmS ;ay:rSm tajccH+yD; 'Dtjrif wnfaqmufrw
d myJ qkw
d mukd
vnf; oda&m tjrefjyifypfvkduf=uwmyJ?
tcsut
f vufrmS ;ay:rSm tajccHrv
d @dk rSm;wmawG awmf
awmfrsm;ygw,f? olw@dk acwfu owif;rSe&f zk@d u rvG,b
f ;l ? odyH`
ynm&Siaf wGe@J orkid ;f a&;olawGuvnf; trSm;awG a&;avh&w
dS ,f?
tJ'gudk uk;d um;rd&if olw@dk vnf; rSm;awmhwmyJ? tdE,
dN rSm ta&S@
tdE,
dN ukr%
` u
D ukvm;awG trsm;}uD;ygwhJ ukv
d edk pD pfwyf}uD; xl
axmifxm;wm &Sad =umif; rodv@dk tJ'v
D dk awG;rdwmyJ jzpfw,f?
'guvnf; olw@dk (2) OD; tjrifzvS,=f uwJh tjyeftvSef
ay;pmawG(olwkd@twGuf vGef+yD;rS awG@+yD;) pmtkyfxkwfvkd@ od&
wmyg?

yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh yJ&pfbt

Hk zG@J awmfveS af &;us;H_ +yD;csed q
f adk wmh
zdEydS rf a_ wG odyrf sm;w,f? qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
dk &ufemrnfe@J zG@J pnf;&wm
yg? rmhupf 0f g'aD wG ygovkd wjcm;tawG;tac: &So
d al wGvnf; yg=u
w,f? olw@dk u ykrd sm;ygw,f? urBmah wmfveS af &; (WR) ukd rajym
=uawmhygbl;? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f tzGJ@csKyfrSmygwJh qkd&S,f
'Drkdu&ufygwDawGu ygvDref aG;aumufyGJ0ifa&;yJ vkH;yef;=uyg
w,f? tacsmiform;0g'u txufp;D &aecsed jf zpfv@dk (WR) ukd
jynfzkH;um; csxm;=uygw,f?
(1900) jynfrh mS e,fcs@J orm;awGu wurBmvk;H ukd cGaJ 0
wm +yD;ajrmufomG ;yg+yD? e,fcs@J t&if;&Siaf wGuvnf; ukv
d edk ED idk if H
awGtay: aoG;pkyfvkd@&vmwJh {&mr tjrwftpGef;awGxJu
tenf;tusO;f ukd cGaJ y;+y;D tacsmiform; acgi;f aqmifawGudk 0,f,l
=uygw,f?
urBm}uD;ukd cGaJ 0=u&mrSm t*Fvyd /f jyifopf ponfw@dk u
a0yku
H s trsm;}uD; &vku
d w
f ,f? *smreD/ =op}wD;,m; pwmawGu
a0ykHus enf;enf;yJ &vkd@ rausrcsrf; jzpf=u&mu urBm}uD;ukd
jyefvnf a0jcrf;zk@d ajymvm=uw,f? *smreD pufrv
_ ufr_ zG@H +zKd;vm
vk@d tJ'v
D dk jyefvnfa0jcrf;a&; ajym0Hw
h myJ?
csKyfvu
dk &f ifawmh yxrurBmppf}uD; jzpfvm&w,f? qkd
&S,v
f pf'rD u
dk &uf acgi;f aqmifawGuvnf; t0,fcx
H m;&olawG
yDyD ukd,fhwkdif;jynfu "e&Siftkyfpkd;olawGbufu &yfcH=uw,f?
tzwkid ;f jynfudk umuG,=f u vk@d vl=um;aumif;atmif au;
a=umf=uw,f?
*smreD qk&d ,
S 'f rD u
dk &ufu *smreDtyk pf ;dk olbuf/ t*Fvyd f
qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufu t*Fvdyftkyfpkd;olbufuae wkduf=uwmawG
jzpfukefw,f? 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fvnf; ZD0defcsKyfoGm;awmh
w,f?

urB m h a wmf v S e f a &; b,f u p+yD ; ayguf u G J a y:xG u f r vJ

qk d w J h jy\em
t&if;&Sipf epfxeG ;f um;wJh a&S@wef;a&mufEidk if }H uD;awGrmS
yJ pwifayguu
f rJG ,fv@dk olw@dk awG;xifc=hJ uw,f? tJ'w
D ek ;f u a&S@
wef;a&mufawGuvnf; olw@dk usiv
f nfaexkid cf w
hJ hJ wkid ;f jynfcsn;f
yJ? *smreD/ jyifopf/ t*Fvefe@J olw@dk tquftoG,&f w
dS hJ tar&d
uef'gavmufygyJ?
'Dvdk awG;xifae=uayr,fh acwfaemufuswhJ ykv
d efrmS /
k&Sm;rSm v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfwmukd awG@awmh tJ'Dae&mawGrSm
vnf; pwifaygufuGJEkdifwmyJ/ t&if;&Sifpepfukd rjzwfoef;&bJ
a&S;a[mif;bkpH epftjccHuae acwfopf qk&d ,
S v
f pfpepfqD wku
d f u
dk f
wufvrS ;f wmaum rjzpfEidk b
f ;l vm;-vk@d a&;wmukd zwf&zl;ygw,f?
'gayrrJh 'gvJ c%ygyJ? k&Sm;/ ykdvefwkd@rSm "e&SifawG
ay:vm+yD; t&if;&Sipf epf tnGe@f tanmufawG ay:xGuv
f mawmh
tJ'DtawG;ukd y,fvkdufygw,f?
(WR) ppf r _ a &;&m }uH q csuf
uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;rSm wnf&adS eaom vlra_ &;
tajctaetm;vkH;ukd (*smrefbmom rl&if;rSmawmh wnf&Sdae
aom vl@tzG@J tpnf; pepfwckv;Hk ukd vk@d ygw,f) t=urf;zuf +zKdcs
Ekid rf S &nfreS ;f csuu
f dk &&SEd idk w
f ,f-vk@d twdtus a&;ygw,f?
tde*f ,fuawmh aqmif;yg;wyk'rf mS ppfa&;ppf&m }uHq
csuw
f ckudk a&;wm awG@ygw,f? ol@a&;om;csuf tcsKyfu a&S@wef;
a&mufwidk ;f jynfawGrmS awmfveS af &; atmifjrif+yD;&if urBmah wmf
vSeaf &; wyfrawmf}uD; zG@J &r,f? +yD;awmh azmufjyefa&;&J@ yifr cH
wyf}uD;jzpfwhJ Zmbk&iftyk pf ;dk wJh k&mS ;ukd csw
D ufwu
dk cf u
dk &f r,fqkw
d m a&;ygw,f? uke;f a=umif; a&a=umif;ucs+D yD; wku
d &f r,fv@dk
a&;wm awG@ygw,f?
rmhupf u
f awmh tJ'v
D dk ppfra_ &;&mukd a&;wm rawG@rd
ygb;l ? yJ&pfbt
Hk zG@J awmfveS af &; &J@ oifcef;pmukd (tjyeftvSef
ay;pmrsm;rSm) a&;wmrSmyJ awG@ygw,f? yJ&pf+rKd@rmS atmify&JG wJh
awmfvSefa&;orm;awGu jyifopf {u&mZf eef;pH&m Amaq;+rKd@
awmfukdyg csDwufodrf;ykdufoifhw,f-vkd@ a&;ygw,f? Amaq;eef;
+rKd@u yJ&pfteD;rSmyJ &Sw
d myg? wuford ;f &if &Ekid yf gw,f?
'k w d , tif w mae&S i f e ,f a cwf
rmhupf u
f ,
G v
f eG +f yD;(1883 rSm uG,v
f eG w
f ,f) rS 'kw,
d
tifwmae&Sife,f zGJ@wmyg? 1895usrS uG,fvGefwJh tdef*,f

wwd , tif w mae&S i f e ,f a cwf

1919 rSm vDeif0g'tajccHe@J zG@J pnf;wm jzpfw,f? 1943
rSm uk,
d b
hf mom zsuo
f rd ;f w,f? oufwrf;(24) ESpf &Sw
d ,f?
tm%m&aewJh k&Sm;uGefjrLepfygwDu OD;pD;zGJ@pnf;wm
jzpfv@dk yxr/ 'kw,
d tifwmae&Sief ,fawGvdk r[kwb
f ;l ? Ekid if aH &;
t& bma&;t& tiftm;&Sw
d ,f? tus,t
f jyef@ vkyEf idk w
f ,f?
u|eaf wmfw@dk tm&Swu
dk u
f uGejf rLepfygww
D idk ;f ukd wwd
, tifwmae&Sief ,fu OD;pD;+yD; zG@J pnf;cJw
h mcsn;f yJ?
U T E (ta&S @ zsm; vk y f o m;rsm; wuU o k d v f )

tm&Swu
dk u
f e,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;orm; v_y&f mS ;wufu
olawGudk aG;cs,+f yD; U T E rSm rmhupf 0f g' vDeif0g'ukd tajccH
u p+yD; oif=um;ay;w,f? ausmif;+yD;oGm;wJh ausmif;qif;awGu
uk,
d w
hf idk ;f jynf uk,
d jf yef+yD; uGejf rLepfygwaD wG xlaxmif=uwmyJ?
(1920-1930) (10) ESpt
f wGi;f rSm tm&SygwaD wG ay:vmwm jzpf
w,f?
U T E ukd vDeif bma=umifh xlaxmifovJ
(1917) wke;f u vDeifu rmhupf /f tde*f ,fw@dk }uHqcJo
h
vkdrsKd;(WR) jzpfr,fv@dk xifcw
hJ ,f? txl;ojzifh *smreDrmS awmf
vS e f a &;jzpf r ,f v k d @ xif c J h w ,f ? *smreD r S m om awmf v S e f a &;
atmifjrif&if jyifopf/ t*Fvef/ tar&duef tm;vk;H ukd ys@H E@HS ul;puf

59

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
ajym=unfhw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm 'gawG rpOf;pm;eJ@/ zufqpfawmf
vSeaf &; vkyzf @dk yJ pOf;pm;-vk@d ajymvk@d aemufqw
k cf &hJ w,f? 'D
udpPukd ola&;wmrSm wrsKd; a&;xm;w,f? ocifoef;xGef;&J@
armufrmr_vv
dk dk jzpfatmif a&;w,f? ocifp;dk ukad jymawmh ocif
pk;d u vufcw
H ,f? 'gayrJh ocifp;dk tvHeu
D Ekid if w
H umu 0kid ;f
y,fcx
H m;&wmyJ? bmtquftoG,rf S r&Sb
d ;l ? aemufusawmh
qk&d ,
S v
f pfygwD ukAd aqGudk uyf+yD; oGm;&w,f? yg&rD mS aomif
wifw,f/ Akv
d af e0if;eJ@usrS armfpukd a&mufw,f? [krd mS u ck
&Su&f @J {nfo
h nf jzpfcw
hJ ,f?
ukcd spv
f id_ f U T Ewufa&; a&m*gxwke;f u wu,f
awmh U T E r&Sad wmhb;l ? uGerf ifwef(wwd, tifwmae&Sif
e,f) zsuo
f rd ;f +yD;+yD? qGe,
f ufqifwuUov
dk f awmif r&Sad wmh
bl; xifygw,f? armfpukrd mS &Sw
d hJ wuUov
dk f awGrmS yJ ausmif;
wuf=u&awmhwJh umvyg?
=um;azmuf ajymcsiw
f m +yD;yg+yD?

oGm;rSmyJ? WR atmifjrifrmS yJ? tJ'v

D dk wGucf w
hJ ,f?
k&Sm;jynfuGefjrLepfygwD owWruGef*&uf(1918)
rwfv(7) rSm vkyfwkef;u vDeif&J@ tpD&ifcHpmrSm atmufyg
twkdif; cyfjywfjywf okH;oyfjycJhw,f? ol@okH;oyfcsuf tcsKyf
oabmu
k&mS ;awmfveS af &;oufoufuae urBmah wmfveS f
a&;(WR) ukd wGe;f aqmfay;&r,f?
Ekid if t
H m;vk;H rSm awmfveS af &;tajctae &ifrh n
S hf
ae+yD? (WR) awmfveS af &;}uD; jzpfawmhr,f? Oa&my wwku
d f
vk;H rSm awmfveS af &; jzpfawmhr,f?
tJ'v
D dk taumif;jrifoabmeJ@ ajymcJo
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63

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8-8-2011?

72

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74

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? WORLD VIEW (2011-July 1-15) xkw*f sme,f?

pdrf;jrjr0kdif;
1-8-2011?

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jyifopf&dS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u ,cktcg rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d vGwaf jrmufapvdu
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f aJG pvdrrhf nf? ,if;awmfveS af &;rsm;u xdk a'o&Sd tvkyo
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'kw,
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h ;kH tqifo
h @kd jzpfay:wd;k wufap+yD; wd@k ukd wdik ;f jynf
wGif yxrwef;pm; vlwef;pm;tjzpfo@kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;apcJyh gonf? tusK;d &&Scd suu
f awmh Tt&m jzpfysucf o
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d nfh Oya'ESihf rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;. tcGix
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kd yf gonf? *D;vfvyk if ef;rsm;ESihf vufry_ nm
qdik &f m tcGix
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f nfh
tcGit
hf a&; &S+d yD; wckwnf;aom twm;tqD;uawmh vdt
k yfonfh t&if;tES;D csK@d wjhJ cif;qdak om vl@tzG@J tpnf;
tajctaewcku tpm;xd;k vdu
k o
f nf? Tenf;jzifh vGwv
f yfw@J +yKd iq
f ikd rf u
_ kd azmfaqmifvu
kd jf cif;u ,cktcsed rf pS I
vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifrsm;onf wd@k .t&if;tES;D rwlnrD _ twdik ;f twmt&omv#if rwlnrD &_ =dS u+yD; t&if;tES;D
omv#if tqH;k tjzwftm%mjzpfa=umif;ESihf xd@k a=umifh t&if;&Sirf sm;ESiS hf "e&Sirf sm;onf vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif yxr
wef;pm;rsm; jzpfa=umif;udk vlo&d iS =f um; a=unmvdu
k jf cif; jzpfayonf? t}u;D pm;puf r_vyk if ef;onf vGwv
f yfpmG

87

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+ydKifqikd rf q
_ akd om vl@tzG@J tpnf; tajctaewckwiG o
f m zG@H z;wd;k wufEikd o
f nft
h wGuf Tvkyif ef; zG@J pnf;xajrmuf
a&;twGuf vGwv
f yfaomyifqikd rf u
_ kd vdt
k yfonf? "e&Sio
f nf rSL;}uD;rwf&mrsm;ESihf *D;vfvyk if ef;&Sirf sm;. vl@tzG@J
tpnf;qdik &f m tm%mudk acsre_ ;f +y;D aemuf wd@k . Edik if aH &;tm%mudv
k nf; acsre_ ;f vdu
k o
f nf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f
yxrwef;pm;ae&mod@k jrifw
h ufvm+yD;aemuf "e&Sio
f nf Edik if aH &;wGiv
f nf; yxrwef;pm;jzpfa=umif; rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d a=u
nmvdu
k yf gonf? Tonf "e&Siw
f @kd . w&m;Oya'a&S@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #jcif;ESihf vGwv
f yfonfh +ydKifqikd rf t
_ &
w&m;0if todtrSwjf yKjcif;wd@k tay: rScD o
kd nfh ud,
k pf m;vS,pf epf azmfaqmifjcif;jzifh jyKvkycf o
hJ nf? Oa&myEdik if rH sm;wGif
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyOkH ya't& bk&ifpepfomefukd cH,v
l u
kd jf cif;jzifh vkyaf qmifvu
kd o
f nf?
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k &m&So
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k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk a&G;cs,+f yD; T"e&Siu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u tcGef
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G &f m jzpfvmayonf? Tenf;jzifh ypPn;f rJrh sm;onf
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oenf;?
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ywfvyk af qmifaeor# umvywfv;kH ckEpS Ef pS w
f }urd f taxGaxGtkH ur_qakd om t&if;tES;D ay;rSomv#if xde;f odr;f xm;

88

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f ikd ;f rSm vl@,Ofaus;r_ wckv;kH udk +cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; ypPn;f rJrh sm;udk qif;&JwiG ;f
usa&mufapkrH u "e&Sit
f pdwt
f ydik ;f trsm;tjym;udv
k nf; zsuq
f ;D ypfayonf? Tod@k qv
kd #if t}u;D pm;pufr_
vkyif ef;ud,
k w
f ikd u
f t_;H ay;vdu
k rf nfvm;? 'guawmh vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af y? od@k r[kwf taeESihf pufrx
_ w
k v
f yk f
a&;udk tjyeftvSef +ydKifqikd af ewJh yk*v
~ u
d pufyHk ikd &f iS rf sm;&J@ !e=f um;r_ qufrcHawmhbJ tm;vH;k &J@vt
kd yfru
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H ed ;f ESin
hf D tzG@J tpnf;wckv;kH u v_y&f mS ;vkyaf qmifaom vH;k 0opfviG f
aom tzG@J tpnf;w&yfukd rv$rJ a&Smif vdt
k yfvmaprnfvm;?
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f yk af &;cs@J xiG jf cif;onf
jzpfEikd o
f nfh t0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f b0.vdt
k yfcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk xkwv
f yk af y;+y;D vl@tzG@J tpnf;0ifwikd ;f jzpfay:
wd;k wufEikd u
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'kut
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96