Chapter 2: Elastic Constitutive Equations of a Laminate

2.0 Introduction
Equations of Motion
Symmetric of Stresses
Tensorial and Engineering Strains
Symmetry of Constitutive Equations
2.1 Three-Dimensional Constitutive Equations
General Anisotropic Materials
Orthotropic Materials
Transversely Isotropic Materials
Isotropic Materials
2.2 Relation Between Mathematical & Engineering Constants
Isotropic Materials
Orthotropic Materials
2.3 Constitutive Equations for an Orthotropic Lamina
Plane Strain Condition
Plane Stress Condition
2.4 Constitutive Equations for an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina
Coordinate Transformation
Stress Transformation
Strain Transformation
Stiffness and Compliance Matrix Transformation
2.5 Engineering Constants of a Laminate
Lamina
Laminate
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina
2.7 Summary
2.0.1 Equations of Motion of Elastic Solids
Equations of Equilibrium (Kinetics)
x
1
x
2
x
3
u
1
u
2
u
3

22

33

11

31

32

23

12

12
Equations of Kinematics
(strain-displacement)

ij j i
i
f
u
t
i j
,
, = , , +
2
2
1 2 3

ij i j j i
u u +
( )
1 2
, ,
Constitutive Equations (stress-strain)

ij ijkl kl
C i j k l , , , = , , 1 2 3

22
x
1
x
2
x
3
u
1
u
2
u
3

21

23

11

12

31

32

33

13
2.0 INTRODUCTION
x
P
x
1
x
2
x
3
u
1
u
2
u
3
( , , ) x x x
1 2 3
2.0.2 Symmetry of Stresses
Consider a plane 1-2.
Equilibrium
in x
1
in x
2

11 11 21 21
1 1 1 1 0 + t t t t
( ) ( )
22 22 12 12
1 1 0 t t
Moment about A:
12 21
1 1 0 t t

12 21
Similarly we can show, from 2-3 plane

23 32

1-3 plane

13 31

Therefore,

ij ji
i j , = , , 1 2 3
Stress tensor is Symmetric.
Tensorial and Contracted Notation
Tensorial Contracted

11
x
1
x
2

11

12

21

21

12

22

22
A
.
1
1

11

1

22

33

3

23 23 4
=
4
or

31 31 5
=
5
or

12 12 6
=
6
or
2.0.3 Tensorial and Engineering Strains
x
1
x
2

12

21

12

21
A
.
1
1
Tensorial Strains:

ij i j j i
u u +
( )
1 2
, ,

ii i i
u i j
,
= normal strains.

ij i j j i
u u i j +
( )
1 2
, ,
tensorial shear strain.
Engineering shear strain

ij ij ji i j j i
u u + +
( )

, ,
Total shear strain
Engineering Strains

1 11
1
1

u
x

2 22
2
2

u
x

3 33
3
3

u
x

4 4
2
3
3
2
+
u
x
u
x

5 5
3
1
1
3
+
u
x
u
x

6 6
1
2
2
1
+
u
x
u
x

22
x
1
x
2
x
3
u
1
u
2
u
3

21

23

11

12

31

32

33

13
Generalized Hookes Law (3-D Constitutive Equation)
Stress-Strain Equation
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66

1
2
3
4
5
6
=
C is called the stiffness matrix.
Strain-Stress Equation

1
2
3
4
5
6
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
S S S S S S
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66

i ij j
C = i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

i ij j
S = i, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
S is called the compliance matrix.

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

2.0.4 Symmetry of Constitutive Matrix
Strain energy density, U
i i 0
1
2
- - - -(1)
U C
ij j i 0
1
2

i
i
ij j
U
C
0

2
0
U
C
j i
ij

Eqn.(1) can be written as U

j j 0
1
2

U C
ji i j 0
1
2

j
j
ji i
U
C
0

2
0
U
C
i j
ji

Since the order of differentiating a scalar quantity U

0
shouldnot
change the result. Therefore, C
ij
= C
ji .
Stiffness matrix is symmetric.
Similarly, S
ij
= S
ji
2.1 3-D CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
(a) General Anisotropic Material (no plane of material symmetry).
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
11 12 13 14 15 16
21 22 23 24 25 26
31 32 33 34 35 36
41 42 43 44 45 46
51 52 53 54 55 56
61 62 63 64 65 66
Number of unknowns = 6x 6 = 36
Because symmetry of C
ij
, number of unknowns = 6x 7/ 2 = 21
(b) Specially Orthotropic Materials (3 mutually perpendicular planes of
material symmetry). Reference coordinate system is parallel to the material
coordinate system.
Number of unknowns = 9

1
2
3
4
5
6

C
C C Sym
C C C
C
C
C
11
21 22
31 32 33
44
55
66
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
2
3
4
5
6

Features
No interaction between normal stresses (
1
,
2
,
3
) and shear
strains (
4
,
5
,
6
). Normal stresses acting along principal material
directions produce only normal strains.
No interaction between shear stresses (
4
,
5
,
6
) and normal strains
(
1
,
2
,
3
). Shear stresses acting on principal material planes produce
only shear strains.
No interaction between shear stresses and shear strains on
different planes. That is shear stress acting on a principal plane
produces a shear strain only on that plane.
(c) Transversely Isotropic Material
An orthotropic material is called transversely isotropic when one of
its principal plane is a plane of isotropy. At every point on this plane, the
mechanical properties are the same in all directions.

1
2
3
4
5
6

C
C C
C C C Sym
C C
C
C
11
21 22
12 23 22
22 23
55
55
0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

1
2
3
4
5
6
Number of unknowns = 5
(2-3): Plane of Isotropy
(d) Isotropic Material
A material having infinite number of planes of material symmetry
through a point.
C
C C
44
11 12
2

where
Number of unknowns = 2
Summary
Material Independent Elastic constants
1. Anisotropic material
2. Anisotropic elastic materials
3. Orthotropic material
4. Orthotropic material with
transverse isotropy
5. Isotropic material
36
21
9
5
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
11
12 11
12 12 11
44
44
44
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

'

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

'

C
C C Sym
C C C
C
C
C
2.2 Relations Between Mathematical and Engineering Constants
(a) Isotropic Materials (E & )
x
1
x
3
x
2

1

2 1
/ E

3 1
/ E

1 1
/ E
Definition:
Elastic Modulus (E) = Stress/Strain =
1
/
1
Poissons Ratio () = - Transverse strain/Applied strain = -
2
/
1

2 1
/ E

3 1
/ E

1 1
/ E
x
1
x
3
x
2

1
1
1
/
/
/
E
E
E

2
2
2
/
/
/
E
E
E

3
3
3
/
/
/
E
E
E
Normal Strains
in x
1
in x
2
in x
3
Applied Stresses

1

2

3
Shear stresses
x3 - x1 x1 - x2

12

31
Shear Strains
Planes x2-x3,

23
/ G

23

31
/ G

12
/ G

6
Constitutive Equation

i ij j
S

1
2
3
4 23
5 31
6 12
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
1
2

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1



E E E
E E E
E E E
G
G
G
33
4 23
5 31
6 12

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
{ } [ ] { }

S
1
or
{ } [ ]{ } C
x
1
x
3
x
2

1
Restrictions of Elastic Constants
Shear modulus
for Shear modulus to be positive, > - 1
Bulk modulus K
E

( ) 3 1 2
for Bulk modulus to be positive, < 1/2
G
E

+ ( ) 2 1
1 < < 1/2
(b) Orthotropic Materials

3 13 1 1
/ E

2 12 1 1
/ E

1 1 1
/ E
x
1
x
3
x
2

1
E
1
E
3
E
2
Definition:
Elastic Modulus (E
1
) = Stress/Strain =
1
/
1
Poissons Ratio (
12
) = - Transverse strain/Applied strain = -
2
/
1

3 13 1 1
/ E

2 12 1 1
/ E

1 1 1
/ E x
1
x
3
x
2

1 1
12 1 1
13 1 1
/
/
/
E
E
E

21 2 2
2 2
23 2 2
/
/
/
E
E
E

31 3 3
32 3 3
3 3
/
/
/
E
E
E

3
Applied Stresses
Normal Strains
in x
1
in x
2
in x
3

23 23
/ G

31 31
/ G

12 12
/ G
Shear stresses
x3 - x1 x1 - x2

12

31
Shear Strains
Planes x2-x3,

23

6
{ } [ ]{ } S
Constitutive Equation
{ } [ ] { }

S
1
or
{ } [ ]{ } C

1
2
3
4 23
5 31
6 12
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
1
0 0
0 0 0 0
1
0
0 0 0 0 0
1
11
21
22
31
33
12
11 22
32
33
13
11
23
22 33
23
31
12

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

E E E
E E E
E E E
G
G
G

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
3
4 23
5 31
6 12
from Symmetry of S- matrix:
S S
ij ji
when i j
S S
12 21
S S
13 31
S S
23 32

Therefore
,
That is

12
1
21
2
E E

13
1
31
3
E E

23
2
32
3
E E
, and
This is the well known Bettis reciprocal law of orthotropic material properties.

ij
i
ji
j
E E

or

ij
ji
i
j
E
E

{ } [ ]{ } C
Stress-Strain Equation
C S [ ] [ ]
1
Where
Coefficients of C are given by:
C
C
C
E E
E E
E E
11
1
22
1
33
1
23 32
2 3
13 31
1 3
12 21
1 2

C
C
C
E E E E
E E E E
E E E E
12
23
13
21 13 23
2 3
12 13 32
1 3
32 12 31
1 3
23 21 31
1 2
13 12 23
1 2
31 21 32
2 3



+ +
+ +
+ +






C G
44 23
, C G
55 13
, C G
66 12

and
Where




1
21 31
12 32
13 23
1 2 3
1
1
1
E E E



E E
G G
G
E
2 3
12 13
12 13
23
2
23
2 1

+
( )

Transversely Isotropic Material

( : ) Plane x x
2 3

Restrictions on Elastic Constants of Orthotropic Materials

From Energy Principles, Lempriere showed that the Strain Energy is Positive
if the Stiffness and Compliance Matrices are Positive Definite.
Mathematical Argument
(a) If only one stress is applied at a time, then the work done is positive
if and only when the corresponding direct strain is positive. That is when
S
ii
> 0
Therefore:
E E E G G and G
1 2 3 12 23 13
0 , , , , , >
(b) Under suitable constraints, it is possible to deform a body in one-direction.
Then the work done will be positive if only when
C
ii
> 0
or
In general

ij
i
j
E
E
<
Note all through was assumed to be greater than 0. This condition
would give additional equations. (refer to R. M. Jones.)
C
or
E E
11
1
23 32 23 32
23 32
2 3
0
1 0 1
>
> <

23
2
3
<
E
E
2.3 Constitutive Equations of a Thin Orthotropic Lamina
Two-Dimensional Bodies: Variation in stress and strain can be defined
by two-coordinates.
There are two types of problems.
(a) Plane strain - Thick bodies
(b) Plane Stress - Thin bodies

z xz yz
0

xz yz
0

z xz yz
0

z xz yz
0
x x u
1
, ,
x y v
2
, ,
x z w
3
, ,
x x u
1
, ,
x y v
2
, ,
x z w
3
, ,
Strain-Stress Equation:

1
2
12
11 12
21 22
66
1
2
12
0
0
0 0

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

S S
S S
S

1
2
12
1
1
1
1
2
12
1
12
1
12
1 2
12
0
0
0 0

'

1
]
1
1
1
1

'

E E
E E
G
Or
Stress -Strain Equation:

1
2
12
11 12
21 22
66
1
2
12
0
0
0 0

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

Q Q
Q Q
Q

1
2
12
1 12
12 2
12
1
2
12
0
0
0 0

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

E E
E E
G
Or
Where:

E
E
1
1
1
12 21

E
E
2
1
2
12 21



E
E E
12
1 1
21 1
12 21
12 2
12 21

(a) Transformation of coordinates
x x
1 2

- Material coordinate system

x y - Reference coordinate system
x
y
x
1
x
2

P(x,y)
x
y
x
1
x
2
Consider a point P(x,y), its coordinates in
x x
1 2

system is
x xCos ySin
x xSin yCos
1
2
+
+


or
x
x
Cos Sin
Sin Cos
x
y
1
2

'

1
]
1

'

Direction cosine matrix

ij
where I = 1,2 and j = 1, 2
x
x
x
y
x y
x y
1
2
1 1
2 2

'

1
]
1

'

or
2.4 Stress-Strain Relations for Arbitrary Orientation of a Lamina
y
x
P(x,y)
If m = Cos and n = Sin Then

11
2 2
2 + + m mn n
xx xy yy
We use tensors transfer stresses between the two coordinate systems

ij ik jl kl

i j , , 1 2 k l x y , ,
and
Example: i=j=1

11 11 11 11 12 12 11 12 12
+ + +
xx xy yx yy
(b) Stress Transformation
Similarly we can establish the other two stress components. Finally we can write

11
22
12
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

m n mn
n m mn
mn mn m n
xx
yy
xy
{ } [ ]{ }
x x x y
T
1 2
or

{ }
[ ]
{ }
x y x x
T
1 2
T T

[ ]
[ ]
1
where
T

[ ] - is the stress transformation matrix.

T T T
m n mn
n m mn
mn mn m n

[ ]
[ ] [ ]

1
]
1
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 ( )
(c) Strain Transformation

{ }
[ ]
{ }
x yTen x x Ten
T
1 2

{ }
[ ]

1
]
1
1
1

'

x yTen
Eng
T
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0
1
2
11
22
12

{ }
[ ]
[ ]{ }
x yTen x x Eng
T H
1 2

{ } [ ]
[ ]
[ ]{ }

x yEng x x Eng
H T H
1
1 2

{ }
[ ]
{ }
x yEng x x Eng
T
1 2
Where strain transformation matrix is:
T
m n mn
n m mn
mn mn m n

[ ]

1
]
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
H [ ]

1
]
1
1
1
1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 2
{ } [ ] { }
xy xy xy
Q

{ }
[ ]
{ }
xy
xy
T
1 2

[ ] [ ] { }

T Q
xy

1 2 1 2


{ }
[ ][ ] [ ]
{ }

xy xy
T Q T
1 2
1


{ }
[ ][ ] [ ]
{ }
xy
T
xy
T Q T
1 2
Q T Q T
xy
T
[ ]
[ ][ ] [ ]

1 2
{ } [ ] { }
1 2 1 2 1 2
Q

{ }
[ ]
{ }

1 2
1
T
xy
(d) Stiffness Transformation
Let
in x - y coordinate system
Let us start with stress equation
Q
E
11
11
12 21
1

Q
E
22
22
12 21
1

Q
E E
12
12 22
12 21
21 11
12 21
1 1

Q G
66 12

Q Q Q
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
T
Q Q
Q Q
Q
T
xx xy xs
yx yy yx
sx sy ss
T

1
]
1
1
1

[ ]

1
]
1
1
1
[ ]

11 21
12 22
66
0
0
0 0
where
Q m Q n Q m n Q m n Q
xx
+ + +
4
11
4
22
2 2
12
2 2
66
2 4
Q n Q m Q m n Q m n Q
yy
+ + +
4
11
4
22
2 2
12
2 2
66
2 4
Q m n Q m n Q m n Q m n Q
xy
+ + +
( )

2 2
11
2 2
22
4 4
12
2 2
66
4
Q m nQ mn Q mn m n Q mn m n Q
xs
+
( )
+
( )
3
11
3
22
3 3
12
3 3
66
2
Q mn Q m nQ m n mn Q m n mn Q
ys
+
( )
+
( )
3
11
3
22
3 3
12
3 3
66
2
Q m n Q m n Q m n Q m n Q
ss
+ +
( )
2 2
11
2 2
22
2 2
12
2 2
2
66
2
Notice in the matrix
Q
xy
[ ]
It is fully populated - means normal-shear coupling.
Although 4 independent constants were used; we have 6 unknowns.
Elements pf [Q]
xy
matrix

x
y
xy
xx xy xs
yx yy ys
sx sy ss
xx
yy
xy
S S S
S S S
S S S

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

(e) Compliance Matrix

S T S T
x y
T
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]


1 2

{ }
[ ]
{ }
xy x x
T
1 2

[ ]
[ ] { }

T S
x x x x

1 2 1 2


{ }
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
{ }

xy x x x y
T S T
1 2
1
{ } [ ] { }
xy x y x y
S
where
S m S n S m n S m n S
xx
+ + +
4
11
4
22
2 2
12
2 2
66
2
S n S m S m n S m n S
yy
+ + +
4
11
4
22
2 2
12
2 2
66
2
S m n S m n S m n S m n S
xy
+ + +
( )

2 2
11
2 2
22
4 4
12
2 2
66
S m nS mn S mn m n S mn m n S
xs
+
( )
+
( )
2 2 2
3
11
3
22
3 3
12
3 3
66
S mn S m nS m n mn S m n mn S
ys
+
( )
+
( )
2 2 2
3
11
3
22
3 3
12
3 3
66
S m n S m n S m n S m n S
ss
+ +
( )
4 4 8
2 2
11
2 2
22
2 2
12
2 2
2
66
2.5 Engineering Constants of an Arbitrarily Oriented Laminate
Let us examine what happens when you apply
x
in x direction.
We get ...

x
- in x

y
- in y

xy
and shear strain,

xy

y
x
E
x
x
x

xy
y
x

y xy x
xy
x
x
E

x
x
x
E

or
Shear coupling coefficient

xs
xy
x

or

xy xs x
xs
x
x
E

S
E
xx
x

1
S
E
yx
xy
x


S
E
sx
xs
x

E
S
x
xx

xy yx x
S E

xs sx x
S E

Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina

S
E
xx
x

1
S
E
yx
xy
x


S
E
sx
xs
x

E
S
x
xx

xy yx x
S E

xs sx x
S E
Shear Coupling Coefficients:

xs
->Ratio of shear strain
xy
to normal strain
x
due to
applied
x
.

sx
->Ratio of normal strain
x
to shear strain
xy
due to
applied
xy
.
Similarly we have:
ys,

sy

x
y
xy
x
yx
y
sx
xy
xy
x y
sy
xy
xs
x
ys
y xy
xx
yy
xy
E E G
E E G
E E G

'

1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

'

1
1
1
Engineering Constants of an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina
1
2
1
2 2
12
2
2
2 2
21
2 2
12
E
m
E
m n
n
E
n m
m n
G
x

( )
+
( )
+
1
2
1
2 2
12
2
2
2 2
21
2 2
12
E
n
E
n m
m
E
m n
m n
G
y

( )
+
( )
+
1 4
1
4
1
2 2
1
12
2 2
2
21
2 2
2
12
G
m n
E
m n
E
m n
G
xy
+ ( ) + + ( ) +

( )



xy
x
yx
y
E E
m
E
m n
n
E
n m
m n
G

( )
+
( )
+
2
1
2
12
2
2
2
2
21
2
2 2
12


sx xs
x
G E
mn
E
m n
mn
E
n m
mn m n
G
12 1
2 2
12
2
2 2
21
3 3
12
2 2

( )

( )
+

( )


sy ys
y
G E
mn
E
n m
mn
E
m n
m n mn
G
12 1
2 2
12
2
2 2
21
3 3
12
2 2

( )

( )
+

( )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle
E
E
y
2
E
E
x
2
Variation of Ex and Ey with Fiber Angle
Material: E
1
= 10E
2
& G
12
=0.45 E
2

12
=0.35 and E
2
= 2 Msi
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
G
E
xy
2
Angle
Variation of Gxy with Fiber Angle
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Angle
Variation of with Fiber Angle

xy

xy
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Angle
Variation of with Fiber Angle

xs

ys

xs ys
and
Engineering Constants of a Laminate
N-Layers
Each Layer can have different
Thickness, Orientation, and Material
{ } [ ] { }
i i i
C Stress-Strain in ith Layer
Assumption: Strain is constant through out the laminate
{ } [ ] { }
av T
C dz
1
{ } [ ] { }
av av
C
or
{ }
[ ]
{ }

av
x y
av
S
For 3-D model stress-strain are six
For 2-D model stress-strain are three
Average Stress in the laminate is: { } [ ] { }
av
dz
t
C
T t
i
i
N

1
[ ]

'

{ }

1
1
T i i
i
N
C t
Engineering Constants are:

G
G
G
yz
S
xz
S
xy
S

1
1
1
44
55
66
v
v
v
E
E
E
x
S
y
S
z
S
xx
yy
zz

1
1
1

xy
S
S
xz
S
S
yz
S
S
yx
xx
zx
xx
zy
yy



MmLamCode: micromechanics and laminate analysis unidirectional code
mmTEXlam: micro and laminate analysis of textile fabric composite code
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina
2.6.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
(a) Isotropic Materials
Original
Expanded due to T
b
l
y
x
l
b
Coefficient of thermal expansion,

x
T
y
T T
l l
l T

'

Units: in/in/
o
F or m/m /
o
C
(B) Orthotropic Materials
Deformed
Original
b
b
l
l
Coefficient of thermal expansion
In x
1
-direction

1
T
l l
l T

'

In x
2
-direction

2
T
b b
T b

'

x
1
x
2
Thermal strains:

{ }

'

1
2
0
T
T
T
2.6.2 Coefficients of Moisture Expansion
All organic composites absorbs moisture. The absorption depends on the relative
humidity to which it is exposed and its moisture content. For a given RH, temperature, and atmospheric pressure
composite will have a saturation value. This is moisture content that the material will reach, if it is exposed
for a very long time. This is a fixed value for a material. The moisture content is expressed as percent change
in weight of the material. Like thermal expansion,increase in moisture would also expands the material.
The orthotropic materials have two coefficients of moisture expansion, one along the fiber and the other
across the fiber.
Change in moisture
Coefficient of moisture expansion
In x
1
-direction

1
T
l l
l M

'

In x
2
-direction

2
T
b b
b M

'

Moisture strains:

M
M
M
M
{ }

'

1
2
0

Deformed
Original
b
b
l
l
x
1
x
2
2.6.3 Coefficients of Thermal & Moisture Expansion
for Lamina in Arbitrary Orientation
y
x
x
1
x
2

T
xy
T
T
{ }

[ ]
{ }
1 2
Recall the strain transformation:
Where
T
m n mn
n m mn
mn mn m n

[ ]

1
]
1
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
m=cos and n=sin

x
y
xy
T
T
m n mn
n m mn
mn mn m n
T

'

1
]
1
1
1

'

2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
2 2 0

Thermal strains in x-y due to T are:

'

x
T
y
T
xy
T
Coefficients of thermal expansion in x-y:

x
T T T
m n +
2
1
2
2

y
T T T
n m +
2
1
2
2

xy
T T T
mn 2
1 2
( )
Coefficients of thermal expansion in x-y:

x
T T T
m n +
2
1
2
2

y
T T T
n m +
2
1
2
2

xy
T T T
mn 2
1 2
( )
Coefficients of moisture expansion in x-y:



x
M M M
y
M M M
xy
M M M
m n
n m
mn
+
+

2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2 ( )
2.0 Introduction
Equations of Motion
Symmetric of Stresses
Tensorial and Engineering Strains
Symmetry of Constitutive Equations
2.1 Three-Dimensional Constitutive Equations
General Anisotropic Materials
Orthotropic Materials
Transversely Isotropic Materials
Isotropic Materials
2.2 Relation Between Mathematical & Engineering Constants
Isotropic Materials
Orthotropic Materials
2.3 Constitutive Equations for an Orthotropic Lamina
Plane Strain Condition
Plane Stress Condition
2.4 Constitutive Equations for an Arbitrarily Oriented Lamina
Coordinate Transformation
Stress Transformation
Strain Transformation
Stiffness and Compliance Matrix Transformation
2.5 Engineering Constants of a Laminate
Lamina
Laminate
2.6 Hygrothermal Coefficients of a Lamina
Summary