Chng 1 Khi qut v thng tin di ng 1.1. gii thiu chung 1.1.1.

Lch s pht trin T cui th k 19, Marconi ch ra rng thng tin v tuyn c th lin lc trn c ly xa, my pht v my thu c th di ng so vi nhau trong qu trnh lin lc. Cc h thng in thoi c nh pht trin nhanh v hnh thnh mng in thoi cng cng chuyn mch PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network), in thoi di ng cha c ch pht trin v nhng hn ch v cng ngh. K nguyn pht trin ca in thoi di ng c nh du vo nm 1947 vi s ra i tng v mng in thoi i ng t bo ca Bell Labs. Cu hnh c bn ca mng t bo nh sau:
T bo (Cell) MSC Tng i in thoi di ng

Trm gc MS My di ng MS Vng ph sng

Hnh 1.1: Cu hnh c bn ca mng t bo Cu hnh mng t bo ca Bell rt ti u nhng khng th trin khai c vo thi im do kh khn v mt cng ngh. Cc h thng b m dng sng cc ngn ra i song khng p ng c cc yu cu ca mng di ng nh: - Lin lc di ng trn phm vi rng. - Khng phc v c ng ngi. Vo nm 1979, mng in thoi di ng t bo u tin c a vo s dng M v pht trin rt nhanh do tnh thun tin s dng v doanh thu ln. Mng in thoi di ng t bo c ra i nh:

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- Cc h thng chuyn mch t ng vi tc chuyn mch ln, dung lng cao. - K thut vi mch: VLSI (Very Large Scale Intergrated Circuit) ra i cho php tch hp hng trm ngn n 106 Transistor trong mt my di ng, gii quyt c bn cc kh khn do truyn sng di ng gy ra. Ngy nay, trn th gii s thu bao di ng tng ti hn 500 triu v doanh thu ca n vt qua dch v in thoi c nh. Xu hng chung ca mng in thoi di ng l kh nng roaming (lu ng) ton cu vi s ra i ca hng lot cc th h in thoi di ng mi. 1.1.2. Phn loi cc h thng thng tin di ng a, Phn loi theo c tnh tn hiu - Analog: Th h 1, l tn hiu thoi iu tn analog, truy nhp theo tn s FDMA v cc knh iu khin s ho . - Digital: Th h 2 v cao hn: C tn hiu thoi v knh iu khin u s ho. H thng v tuyn di ng s cn cho php khai thc mt lot cc dch v khc nh truyn cc tin ngn, truyn fax, truyn s liu. b, Phn loi theo cu trc h thng - Cc mng v tuyn t bo: Cung cp dch v trn din rng vi kh nng lu ng (roaming) ton cu (lin mng). - Vin thng khng dy (CT: Cordless Telecom): Cung cp dch v trn mng hp, cc gii php k thut n gin, khng c kh nng roaming. - Vnh v tuyn ni ht (WLL: Wireless Local Loop): Cung cp in thoi v tuyn vi cht lng cao nh in thoi c nh cho mt vnh ai quanh mt trm gc, khng c kh nng roaming. Mc ch nhm cung cp dch v in thoi cho cc vng mt dn c thp, mng li in thoi c nh cha pht trin. c, Phn loi theo phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn - a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA (Frequence Division Multiple Access): Mi thu bao truy nhp mng bng mt tn s. Bng tn chung W c chia thnh N knh v tuyn. Mi mt thu bao truy nhp v lin lc trn knh con trong sut thi gian lin lc. u im: Thit b n gin, yu cu v ng b khng qu cao. Nhc im: Thit b trm gc cng knh do c bao nhiu knh (tn s sng mang knh con) th ti trm gc phi c by nhiu my thu- pht.

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- a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): Cc thu bao dng chung mt tn s song lun phin v thi gian. u: Trm gc n gin do ng vi 1 tn s ch cn mt my thu- pht phc v c nhiu ngi truy nhp (phn bit nhau v thi gian). Nhc: i hi qu trnh ng b ngt ngho. - a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): Cc thu bao dng chung mt tn s trong sut thi gian lin lc. Phn bit nh s dng m tri ph khc nhau nn hu nh khng gy nhiu ln nhau. u: Hiu qu s dng ph cao. C kh nng chuyn vng min v n gin trong k hoch phn b tn s. Kh nng chng nhiu v bo mt cao, thit b trm gc n gin (ch vi mt my thu- pht). Nhc: Yu cu v ng b v iu khin cng sut rt ngt ngho. Nu chnh lch cng sut thu ti trm gc th cc my di ng trong mt t bo phi 1dB . Tri li th s knh phc v s phi gim. d, Phn loi theo phng thc song cng - FDD (Frequence Division Duplex) song cng phn chia theo tn s. Bng cng tc gm 2 di tn dnh cho ng ln (up- link) t MS n BS v ng xung (down- link) t BS n MS. Trong , ng ln lun l di tn thp v MS c cng sut nh hn, thng di ng v c kh nng b che khut. Khi , vi di tn thp hn ( ln hn) th kh nng b che khut gim. - TDD (Time Division Duplex), song cng phn chia theo thi gian. Khung thi gian cng tc c chia i, mt na cho ng ln, mt na cho ng xung. 1.1.3. Mt s h thng thng tin di ng hin ti a, H thng thng tin di ng t bo mt t. Cc h thng tiu biu: - Th h 1: AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service) ca M (ra i 1981): FDMA,

W = 30KHz , FM, FDD.

NMT- 450 (1981), NMT- 900 (1986) (Nordic Mobile Telephone): FDMA,

W = 25KHz , FM, FDD. - Th h 2: IS - 95 (Interim Standard- 95) (M 1993): CDMA, BPSK/QPSK W = 1,25MHz , FDD.

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GSM- 900/18005 (Global System Mobile Communication) (chu u 1990): TDMA, GMSK W = 200 KHz , FDD. - Th h 3: IMT- 2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication- 2000): b, Thng tin di ng mt t CT (Cordless Telecom) c, Cc h thng nhn tin. Dch v ny rt a dng ba gm: Nhn tin s, nhn tin bng k t v chuyn tin nhn thoi. d, Cc h thng WLL e, Cc h thng thng tin di ng qua v tinh. f, Cc h thng thng tin di ng hng khng

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Chng 2 Knh v tuyn di ng 2.1. Cc c im c bn ca truyn sng trong mi trng di ng. Knh v tuyn di ng gy ra nhng hn ch c bn i vi cht lng lin lc. Knh v tuyn di ng c th thay i t dng LOS n dng b che chn bi cc chng ngi c nh hay di ng. Cc tham s ca ng truyn ni chung l ngu nhin nn m hnh ho chng l vn kh khn nht trong thit k h thng, vn ny thng c gii quyt bng phng php thng k. Cc yu t c bn nht tc ng ti truyn sng v tuyn di ng bao gm: - Tn hao ng truyn. - Hiu ng p le. - Tri tr ng truyn. 2.1.1. Tn hao ng truyn L yu t quyt nh phm vi ph sng ca mt trm gc. a, M hnh truyn sng trong khng gian t do
Pt Gt Gt 2 Pr (d ) = (4 ) 2 d 2 L

(2.1)

trong : Pt, Pt: Cng sut pht v thu. Gt, Gt: Tng ch anten pht, thu. : Bc sng (m). : Khong cch (m). L: Tn hao phn cng h thng. Khi L = 1 th (1) tr thnh:

L pl = 10 log Gt + 10 log Gr 20 log f 20 log + 147,6

[dB]

(2.2)

y l trng hp suy gim c tc 20 dB/s. Ta chn d0 l v tr gn trm (closed- in distance) m ti cng sut thu c ly lm chun. Khi (1) tr thnh:

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d2 Pr (d ) = Pr (d 0 ) 2 d
trong : df : c ly trng xa: d f =
2D 2

d f d0 d

(2.3)

D: kch thc vt l ln nht ca khu anten pht.

Pr (d )[dB ] = 10 lg

Pr (d 0 ) d + 20 lg 0 1mW

Ch : M hnh ny n gin song ch p dng c cho cc vng t phng v c iu kin LOS trn ton vng ph sng. b, M hnh tn hao ng truyn trn c ly xa (lut m n) M hnh c dng nh sau:
d d PL( ) = PL( )[dB] = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log d d0 0
n

(2.4)

Bng 2.1: Cc s m ca tn hao trong cc mi trng khc nhau. Mi trng truyn sng Khng gian t do V tuyn t bo vng th V tuyn t bo vng th c che khut LOS bn trong to nh C chng ngi, bn trong to nh C chng ngi, bn trong cc nh my n 2 2,7 3,5 35 1,6 1,8 46 2-3

Thng thng, trong cc vng th ni chung, n = 4 nn m hnh c dng lut m 4. c, S che khut (bng rm) chun log (pha inh chm) M hnh (4) khng hon ton chnh xc cho mi im cch u BS, m ch c ngha l i lng tn hao trung bnh. Vic d bo tn hao cn ph thuc vo ti im o c b che khut hay khngCc qu trnh o lng cho thy, vi mi , PL(d) ti mt im l gi tr ngu nhin, phn b log chun (chun theo dB) quanh gi tr trung bnh. Ngha l:
PL(d ) = PL(d ) + X = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log d + X d0

(2.5)

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X l mt bin ngu nhin, phn b Gauss, k vng = 0, c lch qun

phng l (c X , u tnh theo dB). Hin tng ny c gi l che khut chun - log. iu ny hm rng, bt lun m hnh th no, gi tr thc ca PL(d) phi kim nghim v lm khp bng o lng. d, M hnh Hata Tn hao ng truyn hin nhin ph thuc vo a hnh v cao anten pht v thu. M hnh Hata cho khu vc th l: L p = 69,55 + 26,16 lg f c 13,82 lg hb a (hm ) + (44,9 6,55 lg hb ) lg R[dB] (2.6) trong : fC: tn s (MHz). LP: tn hao trung bnh (dB). hb: cao anten trm gc (m). a(hm): h s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng ph thuc vo a hnh (dB). R: khong cch t trm gc n my di ng(km). Di thng s dng cho m hnh Hata:
150 f e 1500 MHz 30 hb 200m 1 hm 10m 1 R 20km

a(hm) tnh nh sau: - i vi thnh ph nh v trung bnh:

a ( hm ) = (1,1 lg f C 0,7) hm (1,56 lg f C 0,8)[ dB ]

(2.7) (2.8)

i vi thnh ph ln:
a(hm ) = 8,29(lg1,54.hm ) 2 1,1[dB] vi f e 200 MHz

hay:
a (hm ) = 3,2(lg 11,75hm ) 2 4,97[ dB ] vi f e 400MHz

- Vng ngoi :
f L p = L p (thanhpho) 2 lg C 5,4 dB 28
2

- Vng nng thn thng thong:

L p = L p (thanhpho) 4,78(lg f C ) 2 + 18,33(lg f C ) 40,49)dB

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2.1.2. Pha inh Khi khong cch MS- BS tng, cng tn hiu thu gim v ti cc gi tr tc thi chng t bin nhanh, hin tng ny l do pha inh nhanh. Nguyn nhn: do s truyn lan theo nhiu ng ca sng v tuyn trong mi trng di ng (do phn x, nhiu x v tn x t cc chng ngi). V vy, pha inh ny cn gi l pha inh a tia. Khi cc MS hot ng mi trng c nhiu vt chn (i ni, nh) s xy ra hin thng che ti lm gim cng in trng thu. Khi MS chuyn ng, cng trng lc tng lc gim do lc c lc khng c vt chn. nh hng ca pha inh ny lm cho cng tn hiu lc tng, lc gim. Vng gim tn hiu gi l ch trng pha inh, thi gian gia hai ch trng pha ing thng vi (s) nu MS c t trn xe v di ng. Pha inh a tia hay pha inh Rayleigh gy nh hng nghim trng n cht lng truyn dn. Anten my thu di ng thu c tn hiu l tng vector ca cng mt tn hiu nhng khc pha. Nu cc tn hiu l ng pha th cng tn hiu tng l rt ln, cn nu ngc pha th tn hiu tng rt nh v c th b trit tiu gy ra trng pha inh su. Thi gian gia hai trng pha inh su ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca MS v tn s pht. S ph thuc ca tn hiu thu vo khong cch do suy hao ng truyn v nh hng ca hai loi pha inh ni trn c cho hnh 3.3.

Cng tn hiu ti Anten thu

Thay i do pha dinh Rayleigh

Gim dn do suy hao

Thay i do che ti

Khong cch

Hnh 2.1: Ph thuc ca cng tn hiu thu vo khong cch

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 mt khong cch nht nh (R m) ca trm di ng so vi anten pht, thu c tn hiu mt cch lin tc, cc v tr im trng pha inh cn m bo cng sut im thu ln hn nhy ca my thu. Hiu s (tnh theo dB) gia cng sut thu trung bnh v ngng cng sut thu ( nhy my thu) c gi l d tr pha inh. Cht lng thu s ph thuc vo quy nh trng pha inh thp nht m my thu cn lm vic c. Ngoi vic lmg thng ging cng tn hiu thu, pha inh a tia cn gy ra s phn tn thi gian dn n nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Tnterference). ISI c ngha l cc k hiu cnh nhau s giao thoa vi nhau dn n mo dng k hiu v my thu c th quyn nh sai v k hiu ny. Th d v ISI cho hnh v 3.5.

1 0 0 1

Hnh 2.2: Phn tn thi gian Chui 1 v 0 c pht ra t BTS, nu tn hiu phn x n chm hn ng mt bit so vi tn hiu i thng th my thu k hiu 1 tn hiu phn x s giao thoa vi k hiu 0 ca tn hiu i thng v my thu s quyt nh nhm l k hiu 1. Xt trng hp n gin nht khi MS dng v khng c cc chng ngi di ng. Do sng ti MS theo rt nhiu ng khc nhau v nu tha nhn rng cc tia ny dc lp vi nhau th ng bao tn hiu thu c c hm mt xc sut (Probability Density Function) Rayleigh c dng:

r r2 exp 2 f (r ) = 2 2 0

0 r + r < 0

(2.9)

Pha inh c gi l phng nu n xy ra nh nhau i vi mi tn s trong bng tn ca knh. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 9

f(r)
1 exp( ) 2 1 exp( ) 2 2 1

0,6065/

2.

Hnh 2.3: Hm mt xc sut Rayleigh

2.1.3. Hiu ng p le Khi MS di ng so vi BS hoc khi cc chng ngi di ng th cc tia sng ti my thu MS cn chu tc ng ca hiu ng p le. Xt trng hp n gin nht khi BS pht 1 sng mang fC khng iu ch. Sng mang v tuyn ny truyn ti BS theo nhiu tia. Xt tia th i ta c:
Tia sng th i i MS MS: Chuyn ng vi tc V C: Tc nh sng

Khi , tn hiu thu c theo tia sng th i c tn s b dch chuyn i mt lng dch tn p le: f = fm cos vi fm = fC.v/c. Tn s tn hiu thu c l:

v f C + f m cos i = f C (1 + . cos i ) c
Lng dch tn p le f cc i khi i = 0 hay 1800 v cng ln khi V cng ln. Hin tng ny xu nht khi MS chy trn xe trn xa l, trong cc anten trm gc c b tr trn cu vt xa l v pht dc theo xa l. Khi phn b u, tn s p le s c phn b cosin ngu nhin. Mt ph cng sut S(f) (p le) c th tnh nh sau: Cng sut tn hiu ti theo gc d l cng sut p le S(f)df, trong df l vi phn theo ca lng dch tn p le fmcos. Vic truyn mt sng mang

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khng iu ch s c thu nh mt tn hiu nhiu tia, c ph khng cn l 1 tn s fC n na m l mt ph bao gm cc tn s thuc (fC fm).
S(f)

-fm

fC

fm

Hnh 2.4: Ph p le ca mt sng mang fC khng iu ch Tng qut, nu tn hiu l mt sng mang iu ch th ph thu c ca mt MS c 1 tc c th nh sau:
S( f ) = A 1 ( f / fm )2

(2.10)

2.1.4. Tri tr i vi thng tin di ng s, vic truyn dn tn hiu theo nhiu tia sng trong mi trng di ng dn n s tri tr. S tri tr c minh ho nh sau:
T

BS

MS
D D

trong : D: Lng tri tr. tri tr c th xem nh l di ca xung thu khi xung cc hp c pht i. Hin tng tri tr lm hn ch tc truyn tin: Tc truyn tin (tc bit) th d trn l 1/T. khng xy ra xuyn nhiu gia cc du ISI (Inter Symbol Inference) th yu cu T D tc l R = 1 / T <

1 . V vy, nu D D

cng ln th tc truyn tin cng nh. - Vi thng tin di ng trong nh, D thng 0,5s nn tc ti a c th t c l 2Mbit/s m c th khng cn san bng knh.

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- Vi thng tin di ng t bo ln D c th ln ti 10 s nn truyn tin vi tc cao nht thit phi c san bng knh. 2.2. M t ton hc cc knh v tuyn di ng. Cc hm h thng Bello Cc knh v tuyyn di ng ni chung l cc knh bin i theo thi gian. Bello ngh mt tp 8 hm h thng m t cc knh di ng nh mt h thng tuyn tnh bin i theo thi gian. Mi hm l mt m t y knh nu bit hon ton mt hm, c th tnh ton cc hm cn li. Mi mt hm h thng Bello s dng 2 trong s 4 bin sau: Tn bin Thi gian Tn s tr Dch tn p le K hiu t f n v t Hz s Hz

Cc bin t v f l cc bin i ngu quen thuc, trong khi cc bin v

l cc ton t i ngu m t chuyn dch tn sv thi gian. C tt c 12 cch ghp i cc bin trn nhng Bello chi xc nh 8 hm s do 4 kh nng trong chng l cc bin t cng mt cp bin i Furier (t, ; ,t; ,f; f,). Vic la chn cc cp bin ca Bello nhm m t y mc phn tn c v tn s v thi gian ca knh di ng. 1. Hm tri tr li vo h(t, )
2. Hm tri p le- tr S (, ) 3. Hm bin i theo thi gian T(f, t) 4. Hm tri p le li ra H (f, ) 5. Hm tri p le li vo G (f, ) 6. Hm tri tr li ra g(t, ) 7. Hm tri tr- p le V(, ) 8. Hm iu ch ph thuc vo tn s M(t, f) 2.2.1. M t cc knh ph thuc vo thi gian ngu nhin Knh tuyn tnh tng qut thay i theo thi gian c th xem nh l xp chng ca ca mt knh xc nh v mt knh c trung bnh ton th bng khng, hon ton ngu nhin (hnh v) http://www.ebook.edu.vn 12

x(t)

Knh xc nh

y(t)

Knh ngu nhin

- Knh xc nh: Xc nh hon ton bng cch s dng cc hm h thng t 1- 8. Cc hm ny tr nn qu trnh ngu nhin mt khi c s dng m t thnh phn bin i ngu nhin ca knh. Rt kh xc nh y cc c trng thng k ca cc hm h thng khi m t cc thnh phn bin i ngu nhin. Ta p dng gii php xc nh cc hm tng quan cho mt hm h thng Bello bt k a, Hm t tng quan ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin di thng. nh ngha: Hm t tng quan Ry(t1,t2) ca mt qu trnh ngu nhin c nh ngha nh sau:
R y (t1t 2 ) =

y1 y 2 f ( y1 y 2 ; t1 , t 2 )dy1 dy 2

(2.11)

trong , y(t) l gi tr k vng ca tch y(t1). y(t2)

f ( y1 y2 ; t1, t2 ) l hm mt xc sut bc 2 ca qu trnh y(t):
2 F( y1 y2 ; t1, t2 ) f ( y1 y2 ; t1, t2 ) = y1y2

(2.12)

vi F l hm mt tch lu (phn b xc sut ) c xc nh theo:

F( y1 y2 ; t1 , t2 ) = Pr {y(t1 ) < y1 , y(t2 ) < y2}

Biu thc (2.11) c th k hiu theo:

R y (t1 , t 2 ) =< y (t1 ) y (t 2 ) >

(2.13)

trong < > l trung bnh ton th hay k vng. b, Cc knh ngu nhin bin i theo thi gian tng qut (tham kho) c, ng dng Cc quan h gia hm t tng quan ca tn hiu li ra knh v cc hm tng quan Bello trn y c th c p dng c cho bt k knh tuyn tnh bin i theo thi gian no. iu cho php m hnh ho knh truyn trong thng tin v tuyn di ng.

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2.3. M t cc knh v tuyn di ng 2.3.1. M t bng cc hm Bello a, S bin i v khng gian Gi s BS pht n tn khng i, cc vt gy phn tn knh u dng. Khi , s thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian ca bin v pha tn hiu thu ti MS ch ph thuc vo s di ng ca MS. Do vy, c trng ca knh c th xem nh ch ph thuc vo tnh trng khng gian (v tr) ca MS hn l ph thuc vo bin thi gian. b, M t bng cc hm Bello M hnh knh QWSSVS c p dng, tc l knh c phn chia theo tn s v thi gian sao cho cc c trng thng k khng bin i theo dch chuyn tn s v thi gian (trong mt khong B v T kh nh), ngha l knh l WSS c tn s ln thi gian. Vic m t 1 knh QWSSVS nh th bng cc hm Bello lin quan ti cc c trng thng k ca knh v c xt theo cc vng nh hp v vng rng ln. * c trng vng nh hp Cc vng nh hp l cc khu vc c ng knh xp x vi chc bc sng. i vi cc vng ny, knh biu hin pha inh nhanh do ch thay i v tr MS mt cht cng c th dn n s thay i rt ln v bin v pha tn hiu thu, dn n giao thoa gia cc tia sng c pha khc nhau (do fC rt ln) c th lm tn hiu tng hoc gim. i vi cc vng nh hp, c trng c knh ta phi tnh c k vng v hm t tng quan ca cc hm Bello. Do knh di ng thun tu ngu nhin nn trung bnh ton th (k vng) ca n bng 0. Gii php c trng knh rt thnh xc nh hm tng quan ca bt k 1 trong 8 hm Bello. Xt hm tri tr li vo h(t,), theo nh trnh by trn, bin t c th thay th bng bin v tr p (place) ca MS. Do , hm tri tr tr thnh h(p,) vi mt vng nh hp l Ph(s,), s l khong cch gia cc im tnh. Nu s = 0 , Ph(s,) = Ph(), y l profile tr cng sut ca knh v l mt ph cng sut ca knh nh l mt hm ca tr . Mi mt php o Php() u l mt gi tr mu ca tch h*(p,). h(p,) ti mt v tr ca MS (ti mt gi tr p) v hm tng quan ca knh l <h*(p,).h(p,)> ly trn khu vc:

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Ph ( ) =

1 K

P
k =1

hp

( )

vi K l s mu profile tr cng sut c o trn ton vng nh hp . * c trng vng rng ln Phn tch cc kt qu nhn c trong cc vng nh hp trn sut c nhng vng rng ln s thu c m t v c trng thng k vng rng ln th hin pha inh chm. Pha inh chm gy ra bi cc hin tng che khutMt MS di ng trn vng rng ln s gp v chu nh hng ca c pha inh nhanh v pha inh chm xp chng ln nhau. c trng thng k vng rng c th trnh by qua hai dng: - c trng bng cch phn tch thng k s bin thin cc ch s din t knh t cc kt qu i vi vng hp. Chng hn i vi cc knh bng rng, cc vng rng ln c th m t c thng qua phn b ca tri tr v tr trung bnh ca Profile tr cng sut trung bnh hoc thng qua rng bng tng quan. - Phn tch s bin thin i vi cc hm Bello trn vng rng v d nh vi cc knh bng hp, iu ny quy li l nh gi s bin thin v cng cng sut trung bnh. 2.3.2. M t thc t knh v tuyn di ng Mc ch: M t mi trng truyn sng cng n gin cng tt bng cch dn ra mi tp cc thng s ph hp vi vic tnh ton qu cng sut. y l cch m t knh ph hp vi cc k s thc hnh. Vic m t thc t knh di ng c quy v: a, Tn hao ng truyn (nh trn) b, c trng pha inh chm. Cc phn b chun Logarit theo dB do cc nh hng che khut ngu nhin c phn b chun. Kt lun ny rt ra t phn tch thng k cc s liu o lng. c, c trng thng k pha inh nhanh. Bt lun cc tia truyn lan c phn b th no i vi hai thnh phn vung pha trong tn hiu thu (ai, aq) th phn b ca chng cng l chun do gii hn trung tm. Khi cc c tnh pha v bin ca tn hiu tng ng thng thp s l:

( k ) = arctg [ai (k ) / a q (k )]
http://www.ebook.edu.vn

2 a ( k ) = ai2 (k ) + a q (k )

(2.14)

15

Mc ch ca ta l xc nh phn b bin ca a(k) khi bit ai(k) v aq(k) l c phn b chun Gauss. Tng qut vi n qu trnh ngu nhin thnh phn c phn b chun vi k vng ai v c chung phng sai th qu trnh tng y = ai2 s c phn b xc
i n

sut theo quy lut hm phn b xc sut nh sau:

p( y ) =
n

1 2
2

s y ( n2) / 4 ) . exp ( s 2 + y ) / 2 2 .I ( n 2 ) 1 y . 2 2 s

y0

(2.15)

s 2 = ai2 l thng s trung tm. Nu ai = 0 vi mi i th s 2 = 0 v phn b

i =1

xc sut l trung tm, nu gi tr khc i th phn b xc sut l khng trung tm, Ik(x) l hm Bessel bc k loi 1 ci bin:
I k ( x) =
j =0

( x / 2) k + 2 j ; j!(k + j + 1)

x0

Hm (...) c cho theo:

( p ) = t p 1 .e t dt ( p ) = ( p 1).( p 1)

Cc tnh cht:
( p) = ( p 1)!
1 ( ) = ; 2 3 ( ) = 2 2

nu p nguyn dng.

Trong trng hp ca ta, n = 2, s 2 = (ai ) 2 + (aq ) 2 , ng bao tn hiu

a = y = ai2 + a q2 ; a 2 = y, p (a )da = p ( y )dy . Do , p (a ) = p ( y ).

dy = 2a. p ( y ) da

p dng vo (2.15) ta c hm mt xc sut Rice:

s2 t K = l h s Rice, ta c: 2 2 p Rice (a ) =
a . exp[ a 2 / 2 2 ]. exp( K ).I 0 2K

(2.16)

ngha ca K: Biu th cng sut thu c theo tia nhn thng vi cng sut tng cng thu c theo chiu tia phn tn khng trc tip.

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Khi K = 0 (khng c tia no tri hn c) th e K = 1 v I 0 (0) = 1 , ta c hm phn b xc sut Rayleigh:

p Rayleigh (a ) =

. exp[ a 2 / 2 2 ]

(2.17)

2.4. Phn loi cc knh v tuyn di ng 2.4.1. Phn loi theo rng bng tn tn hiu a, Cc knh bng hp. Cc knh bng hp l cc knh c tc thp, trong tc ng lm gin symbol thu ca s truyn lan nhiu tia khng gy ln hin tng ISI (nhiu gia cc k hiu). b, Cc knh bng rng. Trong cc knh bng rng, tc symbol l ln n mc mi mt symbol b gin ln sang vi symbol ln cn gy ln ISI. 2.4.2. Phn loi knh theo mi trng truyn sng a, Knh v tuyn di ng trong nh (in-door) Do kch thc t bo nh, tri tr kh nh ( rng cc thng bin thng khng vt qu 500 ns), tc truyn c th t ln (ti 2 Mb/s) m khng cn san bng knh. b, Knh v tuyn di ng ngoi tri (out- door) Kch thc t bo ln, s vt gy phn tn knh ln nn tri tr c th t c ln. Do vy hn ch tc truyn v i hi san bng knh. 2.4.3. Phn loi knh theo c tnh pha inh nhanh a, Knh pha inh Ri-ce (Knh Rice) L knh m trong trng hp trong s cc tia ti my thu c mt tia tri, thng l tia LOS. Khi , pha inh nhanh c phn b Rice. Tham s Rice c dng sau:
K= PTr PTX

(2.18)

trong : PTr: L cng sut tia tri.

TX

: L tng cng sut cc tia tn x.

b, Knh Gao-x (Knh tt nht- nh knh l tng)

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17

Khi K = , (trng hp ca knh c mt tia LOS) th phn b Rice tr thnh phn b Gao- x. Khi ny, tc ng ch yu ti tn hiu thu l tp m nhit c phn b Gao-x. Trong cc vi t bo hon ton c th gp cc knh ny. c, Knh Rayleigh (Knh km nht) Khi K = 0 (trng hp khng c mt tia no tri) th phn b Rice tr thnh phn b Rayleigh. Thng gp trong t bo ln, a hnh phc tp.

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Chng 3: Cc k thut c bn Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng

3.1. Cc k thut c bn 3.1.1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi a, Gii thiu chung Cc h thng tri ph l cc h thng s dng tn hiu c bng rt rng, gp hng trm ln tc bit ca h thng nh s dng vic tri ph tn hiu bng cc tn hiu gi tp PN (Psendo- Noise). C s ca k thut tri ph l nh l Shanon.
C = W log 2 (1 + S / N )

(3.1)

trong : C - l dung lng h thng. W - rng bng truyn dn. S, N: Cng sut tn hiu v tp nhiu. Nh bng tn W, t s S/N c th gim xung rt thp, thm ch nh hn gi tr 1. c im cn bn: - Kh nng chng nhiu tp trung, c rt cao. - Kh nng bo mt thng tin cao. Cc h thng thng tin tri ph l cc h thng c rng bng tn rng, tuy nhin khng phi h thng c rng bng tn rng no cng l h thng thng tin tri ph. Mt h thng c nh ngha l thng tin tri ph nu: - Tn hiu truyn i chim mt rng bng tn truyn dn W ln hn rt nhiu ln b rng bng tn ti thiu Bi truyn tin. - Vic tri ph tn hiu c thc hin nh tn hiu tri, y l m tri ph, c lp vi d liu cn truyn. Tn hiu tri c la chn sao cho to ra mt ph tng cng gn vi ph ca tp m. - Qu trnh nn ph c thc hin nh tnh tng quan gia tn hiu thu c v tn hiu gii tri l bn sao ng b ca tn hiu tri d s dng phn pht. Nh vy, d cc h thng iu ch bng rng nh iu ch tn s, iu ch xung m d c ph rt rng song khng phi l cc h thng tri ph. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 19

Hiu qu chng nhiu ca cc h thng tri ph c nh gi qua tng ch x l PG (Processing Gain): PG = W / Bi (3.2) Tn hiu tri v gii tri c thc hin bng chui PN, gi l chui chp c tc cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi tc s liu. b, Phn loi Cc h thng tri ph c chia lm hai loi chnh: - H thng tri ph nhy tn (FH: Frequency Hopping), trong tn hiu tri (chui chp gi ngu nhin) c s dng iu khin tn s sng mang. - H thng tri ph trc tip (DS: Direct Sequence): H thng ny cn gi l h thng gi nhiu, trong chui chip gi ngu nhin c s dng nhn trc tip vi chui s liu. c, ng dng trong thng tin di ng:

Tri ph nhy tn c s dng trong h thng GSM- 900 nh mt chn la (option) nhm chng nhiu cho cc h thng khc gy ln (chng cc nhiu tp trung). Tri ph trc tip Nguyn l tri ph trc tip cho php ng dng trong phng thc a truy nhp CDMA, trong mt thu bao truy nhp mng bng mt m tri ph ring. Cc m tri ph ca cc thu bao khc nhau th trc giao vi nhau. 3.1.2. H thng tri ph nhy tn
a, S khi n gin
W s(t) x(t) Bi

MOD

Trn

BDF

Trn tn

BDF

DEM

To PN

LO

LO

To PN

My pht
x(t ) = S (t ) exp j[ (t ) + LO ]t

My thu

LO: Oal scillator LO: Tn s t do ca b dao ng ni khi cha c iu khin nhy tn .

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20

(t): Lng gia s tn s iu khin bi chui chip PN.

Nu chu k ca chui PN l n th s gi tr c th c ca (t) l 2n-1 (do chui ton 0 b loi), ph tn hiu li ra x(t) c rng W = (2 n 1) khng ph thuc vo tc chip 1 / TC .

- Khi TC > T0 : Nhy tn chm. - Khi TC < T0 : Nhy tn nhanh

T0 : rng xung s liu s(t)

Thng thng S c chn sao cho cc tn s nhy tn cch bit nhau:

Max[2 / TC ,2 / T0 ]
b, Biu thi gian ca tn s tn hiu sau tri ph nhy tn (chm):

(3.3)

3.1.3. H thng tri ph chui trc tip. a, S khi n gin

d(t) x(t) W Bi d(t)

MOD

Nhn
c(t) = 1 x(t) +I(t) +n(t)

BPF

Trn tn

BPF

DEM

LO ()

To PN

LO

To PN

My pht

My thu

b, Nguyn tc hot ng trn h thng tng ng thng thp Chui s liu d(t) c ph D(f), chui chip PN c(t) c ph C(f) tn hiu truyn i c(t).d(t) c ph C(f) * D(f) rng c ph ca C(f) do C(t) c tc ln hn tc d(t) nhiu ln. phn thu, tn hiu nhn c:
w(t ) = i (t ).d (t ).c (t ) + I (t ).c (t ) + n(t ).c (t )

(3.4)

Do i (t ).c(t ) = 1 nn ta c:

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

21

w(t ) = d (t ) + I (t ).c(t ) + n(t ).c (t )

(3.5)

Do vy, ph nhiu tp trung I(f) c tri rng ra. T s S/N tng ln . 3.2. S khi ca cc h thng TDMA v CDMA 3.2.1. S khi ca cc h thng TDMA a, S khi
M ho ting ni
Ting ni

M ho knh

Ghp xen
Tn hiu ng b

ng gi

MOD

To chui d knh Hm m
P

Knh

My thu u cui

Gii m knh Gii m ting ni

Gii ghp xen

Ting ni khi phc

San bng v m Lc phi hp

DEMUX
SYN

Data

Khi phc ng h

Chc nng cc khi: 1. M ho ting ni: M ho ting ni tc bit thp nhm tit kim ph. 2. M ho knh: M ho chng tc ng ca nhiu trn knh. 3. Ghp xen: Tr gip qu trnh m ho c tc dng gii tng quan li. 4. ng gi: Ghp cc tn hiu khc nhau thnh gi tin: Tn hiu ng b, tn hiu s liu, tn hiu d knh. 5. MOD: iu ch s vi phng php iu ch ph hp. 6. Knh: Knh v tuyn. 7. DEMUX: Phn knh cc tn hiu ca mt gi. 8. Hm m: Cn c chui d ng thu c tnh ra trng thi knh iu khin b san bng. 9. Lc phi hp: Chng tc ng ca nhiu. 10. Gii php xen: Ngc vi ghp xen. 11. Gii m ting ni: Tng hp ting ni.

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3.2.3. S khi h thng CDMA a. S khi h thng CDMA ca Qualcomm (tuyn pht ng xung)
W0 Tn hiu Pilot (ton 0) Knh ng b W32 PNI

M chp v lp

Ghp xen
Wj

Knh paging

M chp v lp
Mt n knh paging

Ghp xen B to PN di Ghp xen

Cc bit KCng W i sut

Kt hp tnh trng s v iu ch cu phng

Tn hiu pht CDMA

Knh lu lng

M chp v lp
Mt n knh lu lng

Xo trn v ghp HL
PNQ

B to PN di

b, Mt s khi nim b sung

M Walsh- Cch to S dng ma trn Hadamard Tnh cht: Cc t hp m Walsh u trc giao nhau:
r r Wi (t ).Wi (t ) = ij

(3.6)

S dng: phn knh ng xung.

Cc knh trong h thng CDMA:

- Knh Pilot: S dng cho ng chnh tn s. ( w0 = {0,0,....0} ) - Knh ng b: S dng cho ng b clock. ( w32 = {0,1,0,1....}) - Cc knh paging v trafic (lu lng). S dng 62 m Walsh cn li. Knh paging c s dng : + Thng bo thng tin v h thng. + p tn hiu xin truy nhp ca MS.
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3.2.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t, k thut c bn ca h thng thng tin di ng.

Hiu qu s dng ph (s ngi s dng/n v tn s/cell). Cht lng m thanh. Mc phc tp ca thit b, gi thnh ca BS v MS. Tnh tin li mang xch (kch thc, trng lng). Mc tiu th ngun. tin cy ca thit b v tin cy ph sng. Mc bo mt thng tin. Kh nng p ng nhiu dch v.

3.3. M ho ting ni trong thng tin di ng 3.3.1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi a, Gii thiu chung Cht lng ca 1 h thng thng tin di ng phn ln c nh gi qua: - Cht lng ting ni khi phc ( chnh xc). - Dung lng h thng, nh gi qua s ngi s dng c th ng thi s dng dch v (tnh nhanh chng, hiu theo ngha rng). rng bng tn l mt ti nguyn qu gi trong thng tin di ng, do nh cung cp dch v lun phi i mt vi cc i hi v cung cp dch v cho nhiu ngui s dng trong 1 bng tn hn ch vi mt cht lng ting ni tt nht c th c. Vi mt cht lng ting ni xc nh, tc bit ca ting ni m cng thp th cng c nhiu ngi s dng c dnh v trong mt rng bng tn cho. C nhiu c gng c tin hnh trong vic xy dng cc b m ho ting ni vi mt cht lng chp nhn c nh:

Tc thp. Tnh n gin ca thit b. Gi chm x l thp. Mc tiu th ngun thp. Cc yu cu trn thng mu thun vi nhau nn tu theo mc ch s dng m ta phi dung ho cho ph hp. b, Cc c tnh ca ting ni Cu trc v thut ton ca cc b bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s c th c lp hay ph thuc vo c trng ca ngun tn hiu tng t, v do

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 c th rt khc nhau. Khi tn hiu l ting ni, vic bit c cc c tnh ca ting ni (c trng ca ngun) c th cho php ti u ho cc b m ho ting ni theo mt s tiu ch.

Cc c tnh ca ting ni: Ting ni c mt s tnh cht c th khai thc c trong thit k cc b m ho hiu qu cao (c nn tn hiu ln): - Tnh cht c ph hn ch: Ting ni c th hn ph m khng mang li sai s th cm ng k, suy ra ta c th p dng nh l ly mu vi tc mu hu hn v ting ni c th khi phc li hon ton t chui tn hiu mu. y l c s ca thut ton ly mu- ri rc ho. - Tnh cht c hm mt xc sut ca tr bin l khng u: Pdf ca bin ting ni l mt hm khng u: Tn hiu c bin rt ln c mt xc sut xy ra no , cn tn hiu c bin xp x 0 th c mt xc sut xy ra rt ln. Pdf gim n iu t cc gi tr bin xp x 0 ti cc gi tr bin rt ln (pdf chnh xc th ph thuc vo rng bng ca tn hiu v vo cc iu kin ghi m). + Pdf di hn (long- time pdf):
p ( x) = 1 2 x exp 2 x / x

(3.7)

pdf ny c nh ti gi tr x = 0 l do trong ting ni rt thng c cc on ngh v cc on c mc bin thp. + Pdf ngn hn (Short- time pdf): Thng c xp x bng phn b chun Gauss. Pdf ngn hn thngc ng dng trong lng t ho khng u. - Tnh cht hm t tng quan (ACF: Auto Correlation Function) Tng quan rt ln gia cc mu lin tip ca ting ni phn ln c th d dng d on c t cc gi tr ca cc mu trc . L c s ca cc thut ton d on. ACF:
1 C (k ) = N
N k 1 n =0

x(n).x(n + k )

(3.8)

x(k): mu ting ni th k, ACF thng c chun ho theo phng sai ca tn hiu ting ni, do gi tr ca ACF hn ch trong khong [-1; 1] vi C(0) = 1. Cc tn hiu ting ni tiu biu c tr hm tng quan mu k bn (C(1)) thng l 0,85- 0,9.

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- Hm mt ph cng sut (PSD: Power Spectrum Density) PSD ca tn hiu ting ni c tnh cht l mt hm khng u nn c th c c s nn tn hiu ng k nh vic m ho ting ni trn min tn s. o nh lng ca tng ch m cc i l thuyt c th t c nh khai thc c tnh PSD khng u l SFM ( o mc bng phng ca ph: Spectrum Flatness Measure). SFM l t s trung bnh s hc v trung bnh hnh hc ca cc mu PSD c ly trn cc khong tn s cch u:
1 N 2 N Sk SFM = k =1 1 N 2 N S k =1 k =1

(3.9)

Trong , Sk l mu tn s th k ca PSD ca ting ni. Tiu biu: Cc tn hiu ting ni c gi tr SDM di hn bng 8 v SDM ngn hn bin i trong mt di rng t 2 500. c, Phn loi m ho ting ni S cu trc phn loi:
Cc b m ho ting ni

Cc b m ho dng sng

Cc b m ho ngun

Min thi gian

Min tn s

LPC

Hybrid

Vocoder

Khng vi sai

Vi sai

ADPCM

Delta

SBC

ATC

Ch gii: LPC: Linear Predictive Coding: M ho d on tuyn tnh. SBC: Sub- Band Coding: M ho bng con. ATC: Adative Transform Coding: M bin i thch nghi. ADPCM: Adative Differential PCM: PCM vi sai thch nghi.

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* Cc c im c bn: - Cc b m ho dng sng: V nguyn tc c thit k c c tnh cht c lp vi ngun tn hiu, do c th m ho nh nhau i vi mt lot cc loi tn hiu (ting ni, tn hiu truyn thanh, truyn hnh). u im: n gin, thch hp vi nhiu tnh cht khc nhau ca tn hiu v c cng mnh trn mi trng c nhiu tp nhiu. Tuy nhin, cc b m ho dng sng ch t c mc tit kim v tc bit nh. - Cc b m ho ngun: Rt tit kim bit song ni chung phc tp cao. Chng c xy dng trn cc hiu bit tin nghim v tn hiu c m ho. 3.3.2. M ho bng con a, M ho min tn s tn hiu ting ni Phng php ny c xut nm 1979, tn hiu ny c chia thnh mt tp cc thnh phn tn s ri c lng t ho v m ho ring bit. Bng cch ny, cc bng tn s khc nhau c th c m ho mt cch c u tin theo mt tn s tiu chun th cm cho tng bng, nh tp m lng t c th c nn bn trong cc bng v trnh c vic to ra cc mo hi bn ngoi bng. u im: S bit dng m c th thay i c v c th chia s gia cc bng khc nhau. b, M ho bngcon - Php lng t ho l mt thut ton phi tuyn, gy ra cc sn phm mo c ph rng. Tai ngi th khng nhn bit cc mo ny nh nhau mi tn s, do c th nhn c mt s ci thin ng k v cht lng bng cch m tn hiu theo cc bng hp SBC, do c th xem c nh mt phng php kim sot v phn phi tp m lng t mt cch thch hp trn ton bng tn hiu. - Trong SBC, ting ni c chia thnh 4 hay 8 bng con nh mt lot cc mch lc. Sau , tng bng con c ly mu v m ho vi chnh xc khc nhau tu theo tiu chun th cm. Vic chia cc bng con c th tin hnh theo 2 cch:

Chia u, song tu theo tiu chun v mo th cm c m m tng bng vi mt tc bit ring khc nhau. Chia khng u bng ting ni thnh cc bng con c ng gp nh nhau v lng mo th cm c.

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Th d: 1 2 3 4 200- 700 Hz 700- 1310 Hz 1310- 2020 Hz 2020-3200 Hz

Do tai ngi c nhy cm theo hm m i vi tn s, mt dng c bit ca cch chia bng con th nht l chia theo thang m octave ch khng chia u thnh cc bng con. - Phng php x l: Cc bng con c a v gc tn s nh cc sng mang con bng iu ch n bin. S khi: + B m ho.
LP Translator Decimator Encoder Multiplexer LP Translator Decimator Encoder

s(t)

+ B gii m ting ni SBC.

LP Translator Decimator Encoder

s(t) Demux
LP Translator Decimator Encoder

Ch gii: LP Translator: B bin i bng gc (thng thp). Decimator: B tch/chit (nn). Interpolator: B ni suy. BP tranlator: B bin i v gii thng bng con. 4.3.3. Vocoders a, Gii thiu chung http://www.ebook.edu.vn 28

Vocoders l mt lp cc h thng m ho ting ni thc hin phn tch tn hiu thoi ti my pht, truyn i cc thng s v m hnh ting ni c c t qu trnh phn tch. phn thu thc hin tng hp li ting ni bng cc thng s nhn c. V c bn, mi h thng vocoder u c m hnh ho qu trnh to ting ni nh mt h thng ng v c nh lng cc rng buc vt l nht nh ca h thng. V vy, vocoder phc tp hn cc b m ho dng sng v c mc tit kim bit rt cao (c th m ho ting ni vi tc bit thp qung 2 kb/s). M hnh to ting ni:
Ngun th cp Ngun tp B lc ng pht thanh m v thanh

Noise sourse Pulse sourse

Thng s kch thch

Vocal Tract filter

m hu thanh Thng s lc

Ting ni tng hp c

Ngun xung

Ting ni li vo

Analizer

Cc thng s ting ni quan trng: - Spitch frequency < 300 Hz. - Pole frequency Vi ngi ln: f1 = 500Hz, f 2 = 1500Hz, f 3 = 2500Hz, f 4 = 3500Hz l cc tn s cng hng ca ng m thanh trong b my pht m ca con ngi - Cc thng s bin ca kch thch trong kch thch phn 2 trng hp: m hu thanh (kch thch l mt xung hay mt dy xung) v m v thanh (kch thch l mt ngun tp). Cc vocoder cho ra tn hiu ting ni m rt km chu tp m v cht lng ting ni khi phc thng ph thuc nhiu vo ngi ni. Dng ph cp nht ca cc vocoder l LPC vocoder. b, LPC vocoder Thuc lp vocoder min thi gian, LPC vocoder tch ly cc c im quan trng trong ting ni t dng sng thi gian ca tn hiu ting ni. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 29

C kh nng truyn tn hiu ting ni c cht lng tt tc 4,8 Kb/s v cht lng thp hn cc tc thp hn (ti 2 Kb/s). c, LPC kch thch a xung Atal ch ra rng bt lun im kch thch xung nmg u, nu ch kch thch 1 xung/pitch period th gy ra cc mo rt ln. y s dng 8 xung/pitch period vi bin v v tr xung c iu chnh thch hp theo sai s trung bnh bnh phng c tnh trng s v ph (nhm cc tiu). c im: LPC kch thch a xung cho cht lng ting ni tt hn nhiu do khng ch d d on c xp x tt hn bng nhiu xung/pitch period m cn do thut ton a xung khng i hi phi nhn bit v tch pitch. d, LPC kch thch m (Code exited LPC: CELP coder) e, LPC kch thch d (Residual exited LPC: CELP) 3.3.4. Chn la phng php m ho trong thng tin di ng a, Nguyn tc

- Vic chn la phng php m ho trong thng tin di ng cn c vo cc yu cu v cht lng ting ni, mc phc tp thit b, bng tn c s dng, mc tiu th ngun, tr x l - Vic chn la cng cn c vo kch thc t bo.
3.4. M ho knh v ghp xen 3.4.1. M ho knh a, Gii thiu chung * C s l thuyt m ho kim sot li: nh l Shannon: S P ) C = B log 2 (1 + ) = B log 2 (1 + N N 0 .B trong : P: Cng sut tn hiu thu.

(3.10)

P = Eb .Rb
do ,

C = B log 2 (1 +
C/B: Hiu qu bng tn.

Eb Rb E R C . ) = log 2 (1 + b . b ) N0 B B N0 B

(3.11)

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- M ho chng nhiu l vic a vo lng d tha (cc bit d) vo d liu c truyn nhm ci thin cht lng truyn dn khi tn hiu chu nhiu, mp, pha inh, hiu ng p le - Cc bit d c tnh t cc bit thng tin v c s dng trong qu trnh pht hin v sa li phn thu. * Cc c im: - Vic tng thm bit d c th ci thin BER rt tt ti cc gi tr SNR thp, tuy vy li lm gim hiu qu bng tn do B tng rt ln. V vy, cn phi m ho thch hp (cc loi m ho khc nhau, tn hiu d liu v tn hiu iu khin phi c m khc nhau, cc bit c tm quan trng khc nhau phi c m khc nhau). - Cn p dng ghp xen nhm gim ti cho qu trnh m ho. * Phn loi m: - M khi: M khi l cc m FEC cho php pht hin v sa li mt s gii hn cc li m khng cn pht li, nh vy c th ci thin ng k cht lng truyn dn mt khi cc bin php khc (tng cng sut pht hay p dng cc b gii iu ch phc tp) tr nn khng thc t. Trong m khi, cc bit kim tra c thm vo cc bit thng tin to nn cc t m hay cc khi m. S bit ca mt t m l: n S bit thng tin: k S bit d: n k Tc m: k/n = RC K hiu m (n, k) Thng s quyt nh kh nng sa li: Khong cch ti thiu gia cc t m Ci v Cj dmin c xc nh nh sau (xt vi m nh phn): Khong cch gia cc t m Ci v Cj

d (Ci , C j ) = Ci ,l C j ,l
l =1

(3.11)

trong : Ci,l , Cj,l l cc bit th l ca cc t m Ci, Cj Khong cch ti thiu gia cc t m Ci v Cj dmin:
dmin = Min d (Ci , C j )} {

(3.12)

Cc kh nng pht hin v sa li: Gi t l bi li c th pht hin hoc sa: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 31

nh l: - Pht hin: - Sa :

t d min 1 t

d min 1 2 - M chp: Chui thng tin khng c nhm thnh cc khi m. Vic m ho c thc hin nh chui thng tin qua mt b ghi dch trng thi hu hn. Tng qut, b ghi dch gm N (k bit) tng v m b to hm i s tuyn tnh da trn a thc sinh.
N tng 1 . k
K bit d liu

1 . k

1 . k

N: di rng buc. Tc m: RC = k / n ngha ca N: S cc bit d liu li vo m bit li ra ph thuc. c im: Gii m phc tp song c kh nng to ln chng li. Trong thng tin di ng p dng c m khi ln m chp. b, Mt s tnh cht lin quan * Ci thin cht lng nh kt ni tng cc b m: - Mt lng d c thm vo nh p dng mt m no , sau nh s dng mt m khc nhm tng lng d tha. Khi , hiu qu sa s tng cao. * Rt ngn m: - Mt m (n, k) c th rt ngn c thnh m (n-b, k-b) trong b l s bit m thng tin c rt ngn. Khi kh nng sa ca m tng. 3.4.2. Ghp xen a, Gii thiu chung Ghp xen l qu trnh sp xp li trt t ca mt t m trc khi truyn i. phn thu, qu trnh khi phc (sp li) trt t c gi l gii php xen. Mc ch ca ghp xen l phn tp v thi gian, gii tng quan li (cm li trn knh do pha inh, nhiu) Tr gi: tr x l tng cao v tiu tn b nh tr cc t m trc khi truyn. http://www.ebook.edu.vn 32

b, Cc loi ghp xen * Ghp xen khi

c ra cc bit a ti MOD (1 hng/ln)
1 m+1

c ra cc bit t b m ho

2 m+2 . . . .
m

m hng (D)

2m

nm

n ct

c im: - c vo thnh cc ct. - c ra nh nhng t m n bit (theo hng). - Tr x l: 2 DW ; B nh: WD * Ghp xen cun: 3.5. iu ch v san bng trong thng tin di ng 3.5.1. iu ch trong thng tin di ng a, Gii thiu chung - Nhim v: iu ch thc hin bin bn tin cn truyn (tn hiu thoi analog trong cc h thng 1G, cc tn hiu d liu trong cc th h 1G, 2G) thnh tn hiu cao tn dng sng lin tc truyn i. Vic iu ch cn t c hiu qu bng tn cao v thch hp vi c tnh knh. - c tnh knh truyn: + C pha inh, tp nhiu mnh. + Bng tn rt hn ch. Mp phi tuyn ln do cng sut trm gc thng ln. - Cc loi iu ch thng thng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng: + Th h 1 (1G): Tn hiu thoi analog c ph kh hp, vic iu ch c th thc hin c bng phng php iu tn, cho php n gin thit b, t nhy cm vi mo phi tuyn m rng vn kh hp (25 KHz/knh). + Th h 2 (2G): Tn hiu thoi c s ho, c ph rng.

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+ Th h tng lai: Do nhu cu v dch v v loi hnh dch v pht trin (t thoi v s liu tc thp n a phng tin) nn tc bit/knh tng cao. tng hiu qu ph ta phi s dng cc phng php iu ch tit kim ph cao. b, Mt vi s iu ch trong cc h thng thng tin di ng tiu biu th h 2 * H thng CDMA IS- 95 ca M. Loi iu ch BPSK trn mi mt trc, tng hp li nh tn hiu QPSK. S khi:
Filter
Cos (2fct)

Synch.ch Paging.ch Traffic.ch

PNI

B tng hp tuyn tnh s

PNQ
Sin (2fct)

Ti RF

Filter

* H thng GSM chu u: Loi iu ch: GMSK. Nguyn tc: L iu ch tn s pha cc tiu MSK vi vic lc tn hiu s trc khi a ti VCO bng b lc Gauss to ra ph tn hiu hp. S khi:
Chui bit H(p) Tn hiu GMSK

Filter
h(t)

VCO

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Chui bit

Li ra lc

Cc biu thc:
H ( f ) = exp( ln 2 2 ln 2 f ) = exp( (T . f ) 2 ) 2 2 2B 2( B.T )

(3.13) (3.13)

h(t ) =

T 2

exp(

t2 ; 2(T ) 2

ln 2 B.T

trong : B: rng bng lc 3 dB. T: rng 1 bit. Vi GSM: BT = 0,3 suy ra ph rng = 100 KHz/knh v tuyn. 3.5.2. San bng trong thng tin di ng a, Chc nng ca san bng trong thng tin di ng

-- Do iu ch ph hp, s to dng xung khng kt thc trong mt khong TS dn n hin tng ISI. (do c tnh knh thng tin di ng l gii hn bng mt cch qu mc nhm t hiu qu ph cao). - Do knh v tuyn phn tn theo thi gian (do truyn dn a tia ca tn hiu) nn dn n hin tng ISI. Nhim v ca san bng knh l loi b ISI ti u thu nhm khi phc li tn hiu chnh xc. Do knh v tuyn di ng bin i ngu nhin theo thi gian nn san bng phi c tnh thch nghi. Mt b san bng thch nghi thng cng tc trong hai ch : - Hun luyn (training mode). - Bm (tracking mode) B san bng knh, xt v bn cht l mt b c nhim v b cc bin thin ca c tnh bin v c tnh tr pha ca knh cng nh vic iu chnh thch nghi n nhm b mt di trung bnh no cc c tnh ni trn ca knh.

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Vic hun luyn c th thc hin da trn 1 chui bit gi ngu nhin hay mt chui bit c nh c mu bit trc phn thu. Sau thi gian hun luyn, c tnh knh c b nh phn thu cn c vo chui hun luyn iu chnh thch ng ti trng thi gn ti u b san bng, sau h thng c chuyn sang ch bm.

Cc b san bng thch nghi hot ng trn thut ton truy ton (lp) nhm ti thiu ho ISI hay sai s trung bnh bnh phng gia c tnh knh mong mun v c tnh knh thc. Cc b san bng c th thc hin ti trung tn hay ti bng tn gc. b, S khi tng qut mt b san bng thch nghi
3.6. Kim sot cng sut v ng b trong thng tin di ng 3.6.1. Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng a. Mc ch ca kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng - Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng c thc hin nh thu, o tn hiu nhm iu khin thay i thch hp cng sut pht. - Kim sot cng sut trong thng tin di ng nhm 2 mc ch: + Tit kim ngun cho my di ng nhm ko di thi gian gia 2 ln np c quy. + Gim thiu can nhiu gia cc ngi s dng, mc ch ny khc bit gia cc h thng khc nhau (CDMA v TDMA). - i vi cc h thng TDMA/ FDMA nh GSM, cc my di ng cng tc trn cc khe thi gian khc nhau hoc trn cc tn s khc nhau, do vy kh nng gy nhiu ln nhau rt nh nu vic ng b v ging thi gian (time alignement) c thc hin tt. Kim sot v iu khin cng sut i vi cc h thng ny i hi khng qu ngt ngho v ch yu nhm tit kim ngun c quy cho my di ng. - i vi cc h thng CDMA, c vn v hiu ng xa- gn (near- far effect), dn dn i hi v kim sot v iu khin cng sut rt ngt ngho. iu khin cng sut khng tt s dn n s ngi s dng ng thi trong mt t bo gim mnh. Hiu ng xa- gn c th gii thch s lc nh sau: Gi s khng c iu khin cng sut v mi my di ng u pht cng mt cng sut P. Ta hy xt trng hp ch c 2 ngi s dng ng thi.

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Khi 2 ngi s dng cng mt khong cch d vi trm gc: Cng sut thu c Pr1 = Pr2 hay Pr1/Pr2 = 1 , i vi MS2 th Pr1 l nhiu. Gi s MS1 tin li gn trm gc c ly d/2, khi cng sut Pr1 = 16 Pr2 (do tn hao ng truyn theo quy lut m 4 so vi qung ng truyn dn). Tc l Pr1/Pr2 = 16, mc nhiu tng. Pr1 c th thay bng 16 ngun nhiu l 16 MS c ly d. Gi s P2/Pr1 = 1/16 l mc ngng t s tn/nhiu cn cho php thu c tt. Khi , l ra 17 ngi s dng cng khong cch d cng c th cng tc th ch cn 2 ngi c th cng tc ng thi c vi mt ngi (MS) c ly d v 1 MS c ly d/2. Tc l hiu ng gn- xa lm gim s ngi c th ng thi cng tc. tng s ngi c th ng thi cng tc phi thc hin iu khin cng sut sao cho Pri = Prj vi mi i, j. b, iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng TDMA Do iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng TDMA i hi khng qu ngt ngho nn iu khin cng sut c th thc hin c mt cch n gin nh sau: - Trong qu trnh cng tc, my di ng lun thu, o tn hiu thu c t trm gc v pht bo co v BS mc in thu c. - Cn c vo thng s o, BS tnh ra c ly BS- MS v ra lnh iu khin cng sut my pht MS v gi tr thch hp. c, iu khin cng sut trong cc h thng CDMA * Trong cc h thng CDMA, gii php iu khin cng sut nhm: - Duy tr cht lng thoi cho hu ht cc MS ang cng tc trong cng t bo. - Tng dung lng h thng tng cng trong khi vn duy tr cht lng thoi. - Gim cng sut pht trung bnh ca MS nhm tit kim pin. * Cc gii php iu khin cng sut bao gm: - iu khin cng sut hng i: L mt qu trnh iu khin vng kn chm, cn c vo cc bo co v t l li khung (FER: Frame Error Rate) m cc MS bo v, trn c s s n nh cng sut hng i cho cc knh logic khc nhau mt cch thch hp nh iu khin tng ch theo tng knh logic (knh pilot, knh bin , knh paging, cc knh traffic). Nh vy, cc MS xa cng nh gn u c cng chung lng tn hiu thu.

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- iu khin cng sut hng v: Bao gm: + iu khin vng h: MS o cng sut tn hiu pilot v t tnh phi iu khin th cng sut pht ca mnh th no. + iu khin vng kn: Gm 2 vng iu khin: Vng trong v ngoi. Cht lng thoi trong CDMA khng ch duy tr c nh duy tr Eb/N0 > mc ngng m cn phi nh duy tr FER < mc ngng. FER c quan h kh cht ch vi Eb/N0. Do , iu khin cng sut lin quan ti FER v Eb/N0. * Vng trong: - BS o cng sut thu c t MS trn knh hng v. - So snh vi mt ngng (n nh bi FER xc nh bi nh iu hnh). - Ra lnh iu khin cng sut pht MS, MS theo iu khin cng sut ca mnh. * Vng ngoi: - BS o Eb/N0 trung bnh theo tng PCG (Power Control Group) di 1,25ms. - Eb/N0 o c c so vi Eb/N0 mc tiu. - Nu Eb/N0 > Eb/N0 mc tiu th ra lnh up (tng cng sut) cho my di ng. - Nu Eb/N0 < Eb/N0 mc tiu th ra lnh down (gim cng sut) cho my di ng. - Sau mi khung iu khin th b m FER c i mi ni dung v c s dng iu chnh Eb/N0 mc tiu. Lu iu khin cng sut vng kn hng v (iu ch tinh).

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t FER mc tiu (do nh iu hnh) t Eb/N0 mc tiu (T) t Eb/N0 theo PCG (M) So snh Eb/N0 (M& T) Vng trong Ra lnh KCS ca MS Vng ngoi

Khung 20 ms thu c ? Y Tnh FER v a ch Eb/N0 (T) (M& T)

3.6.2. ng b trong thng tin di ng a, Vai tr ng b trong thng tin di ng s * ng b trong thng tin di ng s c cc nhim v: - ng b ng h, m bo ly mu cc tn hiu trong di iu ch mt cch ng n nhm t c Eb/N0 cao nht. - ng b m tri ph PN trong CDMA nhm m bo tch tn hiu CDMA khi nn nhiu, gim t nhiu. b, ng b ng h (nhp) ng b ng h trong thng tin di ng cng c thc hin bng cc DPLL. c, ng b m PN trong CDMA S ng b ca chui PN ti my thu vi chui gi PN ti my pht l yu t c bn nhn ng tn hiu. Vic mt ng b gia cc chui ny gy nn t nhiu. ng b m PN trong CDMA gm 2 qu trnh: http://www.ebook.edu.vn 39

- ng b th. - ng b tinh. 1. ng b th S khi:

S1(t)

S1(t) S2(t)

c(t+ ) S3(t

BPF
S3(t)

Tch sng ng bao

SS

Dch m

B to m PN

Ngng

S1 (t ) = 2 P .C (t ). cos(0 t + m ) , chui PN my thu gi s lch so vi

C(t) phn pht mt lng (sai pha u), do li ra mch nhn ta c:

S 2 (t ) = S1 (t ).C (t + )

(3.14)

Tn hiu ny c cho qua BPF sau tch sng ng bao. Gii thng BPF rng so vi ph m(t) (tn hiu hu ch bng gc) song hp so vi ph ca C(t). Nu sng mang c iu ch vi ng bao khng i th:

S 4 (t ) = C (t ).C (t + ) = RC ( )

(3.15)

RC() l gi tr hm t tng quan ca ca C(t), RC() cc i ti = 0, bin u ra b tch sng ng bao do ph thuc vo . Nu bin S4(t) < ngng th iu ch l gim . Qu trnh thc hin cho ti khi bin S4(t) vt qu ngng th chuyn sang ch d tm (ng b tinh). 2. ng b tinh
Tn hiu ti

|RC(+TC/2)|

BPF
Sm

Tch sng ng bao

TC |RC(-TC/2)|

To PN
Tr

Lc mch vng Tch sng ng bao

e()

BPF

TC

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Nhnh sm: Nhnh tr: C (t TC / 2)

e( ) = RC ( + TC / 2) RC ( TC / 2)
iu khin b to m (iu khin xung nhp b to m c e() = 0).

(3.16)

Sau lc mch vng nhm loi b nh hng ca tp m, tn hiu e() s

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Chng 4 Cc mng v tuyn di ng tiu biu 4.1. Mng GSM- 930 4.1.1. Gii thiu chung a, Cc tham s c bn Cho ti nm 1992 ti chu u c 6 mng t bo ti 16 nc phc v ti 1,2 triu thu bao. Tuy nhin cc mng ny khng tng thch vi nhau nn khng m bo kh nng lu ng (roaming). S thu bao thp dn n gi thit b v dch v cao. T nm 1982, t chc CEPT thnh lp nhm chuyn trch v thng tin di ng GSM (Group Special Mobile) nhm xc nh mt h thng thng tin di ng cho ton chu u. Ti nm 1986, nhm GSM la chn c tiu chun cho cc h thng v tuyn di ng t bo s cho chu u vi tn gi GSM (Global System for Mobile) hot ng trn bng tn 900 MHz. T nm 1991, cc mng GSM c a vo hot ng ti nhiu nc chu u, ring ti Anh, h thng hot ng trn bng tn 1,8 GHz. * Cc tham s c bn ca GSM Cc ch tiu k thut v cc thng s ca GSM c m t chi tit trong 13 tp khuyn ngh ca ESTI (European Telecommunication Stanar Insitute: Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u) c thng qua vo thng 4- 1982. Cc tham s c bn ca GSM nh sau: - Bng sng: 890- 915 MHz (ng ln) 935- 960 MHz (ng xung) Cc bng sng ny phn b cho 2 di phng v, mi di rng 200 KHz, 124 cp knh v tuyn (ln- xung) mi knh rng 200 KHz. - Song cng: FDD. Tn s sng mang v tuyn trn hai bng sng c ( MHz ) (ng ln) xc nh nh sau: FnI = 890,2 + 0,2(n 1) (n=1, 2, 3,124)

FnII = FnI + 45

( MHz )

(ng xung)

- Loi truy nhp: TDMA, 8 khe thi gian (TS0 TS7) trn mt sng mang v tuyn. - M ho ting ni: RPE- LPC, tc 13 Kb/s (ton tc) v 6,5 Kb/s (bn tc) dng cho phase 2+.

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- M knh: M chp tc 1/2 (1 bit vo, 2 bit ra), di rng buc 5. (M CC (2, 1, 5)), kt hp vi m khi. 50 bit quan trng nht trong mt khung 20 ms c m ho khi vi 3 bit d. 53 bit m khi ny c ghp vi 132 bit m ting ni quan trng, cng 4 bit ui to nn khi 189 bit v c m chp tc 1/2, to nn khi 378 bit. 78 bit m ting ni khng quan trng khng c m.
Cc bit li ra b m ho ting ni

50 Rt quan trng
M khi

132 Quan trng

78 Khng quan trng

Cc bit ui ghp thm

53
Sau m ho knh

132 378 bit c m

20 ms

78 bit 0 m

- Tc truyn: Sau m ho ting ni, tc bit s l:

260bit = 13Kb / s (ton tc) 20ms Sau khi hon tt m ho knh, tc bit s l: 456bit = 22,8Kb / s 20ms Tc bit ca c 1 knh v tuyn, gm 8 knh (8 khe thi gian) v cc tn hiu tn hiu hun luyn (d knh), cc bit c, khong phng v, cc bit ng b, tng cng l 271 Kb/s.
- Ghp xen: p dng hai ln, nh vic mt c mt cm xung TDMA (mt ton b bit trong mt khe thi gian) ch dn n nh hng ti 12,5% s bit ca mt khung tn hiu ting ni. - iu ch s: GMSK vi BT = 0,3 (B: Bandwidth: rng bng tn hiu, T: Bit time interral: rng 1 bit), do rng bng tn hiu iu ch ch vo khong 1/3 rng bng tn hiu bng gc (50 KHz so vi 150 KHz). rng bng tn hiu v tuyn vo qong 100 KHz (ch c 1/3 so vi rng bng ca tn hiu PSK nh phn). Nh vy, suy gim xuyn nhiu gia 2 sng mang ln cn = 18 dB v > 50 dB gia cc sng mang xa nhau hn.

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- San bng: p dng san bng theo thut ton Viterbi, gii quyt c tri tr ti 16 s. - Nhy tn (option): Nhy tn chm, tc 217 bc nhy/s. Tu theo iu kin a hnh v mc nhiu tng m nh iu hnh c th chn hay khng chn la cho nhy tn. Vin Nam khng p dng. - Cng sut: Cng sut nh: 2 W (cho my cm tay) v 20W cho my t trn t. Cng sut trung bnh: 0,25W 2,5 W cho cc loi ni trn. - Kim sot cng sut: C p dng iu khin cng sut my di ng theo quy nh ca trm gc (BS). - Chuyn iu khin: C p dng, bo m kh nng roaming. Tr iu khin i vi chuyn iu khin khi my di ng chuyn t Cell ny n cell khc khng qu 480 ms. b, S khi c bn h thng GSM- 900
UM

TE MT MS

BTS BTS BTS BSC BS

NMC

ADC

OMC

OMC

MSC

MSC

HLR

VLR

AVC MS BS

EIR

Hot ng ca h thng: - MS: Bao gm u cui di ng my thu, thc hin cc chc nng t m ho ting ni ti u ra my pht (tuyn pht) v t u vo my thu ti li ra b gii m ting ni (tuyn thu). - Thit b u cui TE: Gm micro, bn phm, mn hnhKhi ni vi mt b phi hp u cui TA, my di ng c th ni ti my truyn s liu (modem).

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- Sim: Modun xc nhn thu bao, l mt my tnh siu nh, c b nh d liu khng b mt khi ct ngun. Thiu card Sim ny, MS ch c th gi cc s khn cp m khng th thc hin c lin lc thng thng. Sim c cung cp bi nh iu hnh mng (cng ty in thoi di ng, nh VMS hay Vinaphone chng hn) khi khch hng ng k thu bao. - BS gm: Trm thu pht gc BTS thc hin giao tip v tuyn vi MS v giao tip vi i iu khin trm gc BSC. BTS thc hin mi chc nng thu, pht tng ng vi m ho, gii m ting ni v chuyn i t ting ni/ tn hiu PCM (A/D v D/A) v pha BSC. BSC: Trm iu khin BS thc hin mt s chc nng chuyn iu khin, giao tip vi MSC thng qua giao din A (giao din tiu chun vin thng quc t). Tuyn lin lc gia BSC v MSC l tuyn PCM tiu chun. - MSC: Tng i di ng. + Thc hin chuyn ni cc cuc gi. + Qun l my di ng bng a ch tm thi (s thu bao di ng lu ng MSRN). + Qun l dch v MS bng d liu v MS (thuc vng ca mnh), c ghi trong VLR ca mnh. + Thc hin nhn thc trm di ng (MS) bng cch kt hp vi HLR v trung tm nhn thc ca mng (AVC). Mt s MSC c kt ni ra ngoi (ti tng i in thoi ca PSTN chng hn) gi l cc MSC cng (GMSC). Mt mng GSM-900 c th gm c mt s MSC/VLR, trong mt hay tt c cc MSC u l MSC cng. - HLR: C s d liu ca mng, duy tr mi thng tin v thu bao v ghi tr tnh trng ca mi MS thuc mng: Ri- bn/ hin ang hin din ti MSC no/ c nhp mng hay di mng. - VLR: C s d liu ca MSC, ghi tr thng tin ca mi MS ang hin din trong vng m MSC qun l: Ri- bn/ hin ang hin din trong vng nh v (LA) no. - AVC: Trung tm nhn thc ca mng, thc hin kim tra quyn truy nhp mng ca MS, thc hin cc th tc an ninh mng. - EIR: Trung tm kim sot phn cng my di ng. Trn mi main board my di ng u c mt chip ghi s seri sn xut ca my , gi l s ca phn

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cng. Mng c th thng qua EIR c c s my phn cng ca MS nhm kim sot n c phn cng my di ng, chng vic ly cp my di ng. - OMC, NMC, ADC: L cc khi c chc nng gim st, iu khin, qun tr v bo tr h thng, tnh cc cuc gi. - Qun l di ng: Mng ch qun l v tr ca MS ti vng nh v LA.

Hot ng ca h thng GSM vi mt cuc gi t mt my in thoi c nh thuc PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network: Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng) ti mt my di ng - Khi MS bt ngun, MS s qut 124 sng mang ng xung ca GSM tm sng mang iu khin pht thanh ca t bo m n hin din. Sng mang ny c cng sut ln nht trong cc sng mang c s dng ti t bo . Sau khi tm thy sng mang iu khin pht thanh, MS s ng k nhp mng bo vi mng: MS nhp mng, LA m MS ang hin din (s ca vng LA, gi l LAI: Location Area Idensity, c pht qung b thng xuyn trn sng mang iu khin pht thanh). Khi , ti MSC/VLR m MS ang hin din, b ghi VLRs dng c ri ca MS v ghi LAI ca MS. Ti HLR, c nhp mng ca MS s dng v s hiu ca MSC/VLR m MS ng hin din c ghi li. Sau khi ng k nhp mng, nu khng gi i th MS chuyn v ch ri, ch thu tn hiu gi mnh v lin tc duy tr ng b, ng chnh vi trm gc BS ca t bo m n ng hin din. - Khi mt my in thoi c nh quay s mt my di ng, s my chng hn ABCDXXXXXX th tng i c nh s cn c vo cc s ABCD nh tuyn ti GMSC. GMSC s gi cc s cn li ti HLR thc hin mt cuc gi nh tuyn. S my c HLR ca mng dch ra v tra xc nh MS c gi ang thuc MSC no v thng bo cho GMSC. GMSC s kt ni ti GMSC v bo cho MSC rng MS c s hiu nh vy c cuc gi n. MSC/VLR s tra b ghi VLR ca mnh bit xem MS c ri khng v hin ang LA no. Nu MS ang ri th MSC s ra lnh bo gi cho mi t bo thuc LA v tt c BS thuc LA s nht lot bo gi MS trn knh nhn gi (paging chanel) ca mnh. - Khi MS nghe thy hiu gi ca mnh trn knh paging, n s truy nhp mng v BS s t trn mt knh iu khin hai chiu (ln-xung) cho n. Trn knh , MS s nhn thc quyn nhp mng ca mnh vi mng ri nhn lnh chuyn v mt knh thoi (knh lu lng- traffic chanel) tin hnh m thoi.
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4.1.2. Giao tip v tuyn a, Cc knh trong h thng GSM - Knh v tuyn: Mi sng mang GSM hnh thnh mt knh v tuyn, nh vy ton mng GSM c th c 124 cp knh v tuyn. - Knh vt l: Mi sng mang GSM c phn chia v thi gian thnh 8 khe thi gian (TS: Time Slot), nh s t TS0 TS7. Mi TS hnh thnh 1 knh vt l. Do ton mng GSM c tng cng 124 . 8 = 992 knh vt l. - Knh logic: Cc bit thc hin cng chc nng hnh thnh cc knh logic. Trong GSM c 11 knh logic. *Knh lu lng:

Knh lu lng (knh dng m thoi), TCH (Traffic chanel) gi tt l knh T. Gm hai loi knh ton tc v knh bn tc. Knh ton tc c tc m ho ting ni l 13 kb/s, knh bn tc c tc m ho ting ni l 6,5 kb/s. H thng no s dng knh ton tc th khng s dng knh bn tc v ngc li, khi dng bn tc (tc gim hai ln, do dung lng gim gp i) th khng dng knh ton tc (khi cht lng ting ni km hn). Cc knh iu khin: Gm 9 loi, chia thnh 3 nhm + Nhm knh iu khin pht thanh: L cc knh ng xung pht qung b thng xuyn 24/24, bt lun trong t bo c MS no hay khng. Gm 3 loi: Knh sa tn FCCH (vit tt l knh F): Dng MC bm v ng chnh tn s vi BS. Knh ng b FCCH (vit tt l knh S): Dng cho MC ng b ng h vi BS. Ngoi ra, trn knh S cn truyn i BC/C l hiu gi trm gc. MS khi cn truy nhp mng s dng BSIC gi trm gc trn knh truy nhp. Trn knh S cn thng bo s khung TDMA MS s dng nh mt thng s cho qu trnh m mt. Knh iu khin pht thanh BCCH (vit tt l knh B) dng thng bo cho MS bit mi thng s v cu trc ca mng bao gm: T bo v mng GSM no, cc t bo xung quanh c tn s sng mang iu khin pht thanh l cc tn s no, t bo c b cm khng, s hiu vng nh v LAI ca t bo ny l g. + Nhm knh iu khin chung, gm 3 loi:

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Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH (vit tt l knh R) dng MS truy nhp mng bng cch pht BSIC (nghe c trn knh S) gi trm gc. y l knh ng ln. Knh trao quyn truy nhp AGCH (vit tt l knh G): L knh ng xung, dng MS ra lnh t knh iu khin 2 chiu cho MS trong giai on u MS truy nhp mng. Knh nhn gi PCH (vit tt l knh P): L knh ng xung, dng BS pht hiu gi MS khi c cuc gi n MS. Ch : Do hot ng trn knh P v knh G khng bao gi ng thi xy ra nn chng c s dng chung trn 1 knh (k hiu tt l knh C). + Nhm knh iu khin ring, gm 3 loi: Knh iu khin dnh ring, ng ring, DCCH (tt l D): L knh iu khin hai chiu trn MS nhn thc vi mng. Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (tt l knh SA), l knh ng ln xung, i km vi knh D v knh T. C mi mt knh D c 1 knh SA i km v mi mt knh T cng c mt knh SA i km. Trn ng ln, knh ny truyn bo co o lng cng sut do MS thc hin trong cc khe thi gian m MS khng lin lc. Trn c s s liu bo co cng sut ny, BSC s tnh ton v ra lnh trn ng xung cho MS thc hin: * iu chnh cng sut cho thch hp. * Ging thi gian: Do cc MS c th cc c ly khc nhau ti trm gc ln mc d cc MS ng b ng h vi BS song tr truyn tn hiu v n BS ca chng c th khc nhau v do vy tr ln khng ng b vi ng h ca BS. m bo ng b, cn c vo v tr gn ng ca BS tnh c nh s liu cng sut o lng c MS bo co lin tc trn knh SA (ng ln), BSC s ra lnh cho tng MS chnh li ng h (ging thi gian) cho thch hp. Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH (tt l knh FA) l knh ng ln-xung, i km vi knh T. Knh ny c s dng bo hiu iu khin chuyn vng (HO: Hand Over) khi MS ang lin lc v chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. thi gian gin on lin lc khi chuyn vng khng qu ln, tc iu khin phi ln v knh SA khng p ng c nn knh FA c t chc bng cch ly cp cc bit ca knh T truyn tn hiu iu khin. b, Sp cc knh logic trn cc knh vt l: Cc knh iu khin c sp trn cc knh TS0, TS1 ca sng mang iu khin pht thanh ca t bo, sng mang ny c gi l c0 v c pht qung http://www.ebook.edu.vn 48

b 24/24, bt lun c MS no hay khng trong t bo. Mi TS khc, TS2 TS1 ca c0 v TS0 TS7 ca cc sng mang khc trong t bo c s dng cho knh T. c, Cu trc cc cm, cu trc khung thc hin trong GSM. Khun thng tin trong mt khe thi gian c gi l mt cm (burst). GSM c 5 loi cm:

Cm thng: S dng trong truyn thng tin trn cc knh lu lng (knh T), cc knh iu khin (tr cc knh R, S v F).
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8,25

TB

Cc bit m

D ng

Cc bit m

TB

GA

156,25 bit = 0,577 ms (271 kb/s)

- Cc bit m: L cc bit mang thng tin (thoi hay s liu). - F: Bit c, ch th cc cm 57 bit tin c b ly cp lm knh FA hay khng. - Cc bit d ng: L cc bit hun luyn dnh cho san bng knh. - TB: Cc bit ui cm. - GP: Khong phng v, khng pht thng tin dng trnh vic chn ln nhau gia cc tn s ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau cc c ly khc nhau so vi BS. Cm sa tn: Dng truyn tin trn knh F, dnh cho MS ng chnh tn s vi BS.
3 142 3 8,25

TB

Cc bit c nh

TB

GP

156,25 bit = 0,577 ms (271 kb/s)

Trong thi gian cc bit c nh, tn s c0 khng c iu ch v xut hin nh mt sng mang c nh, do MS c th theo ng chnh tn s (cc bit c nh l cc bit ton khng).

Cm ng b: Dng MS thu v ng b ng h vi MS.

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39

64

39

8,25

TB

Cc bit m

Dy ng b

Cc bit m

TB

GP

156,25 bit = 0,577 ms (271 kb/s)

Cc bit m: Cha BSIC v s khung TDMA c MS dng gi BS (s dng BSIC) v lm tham s m mt (s khung TDMA).

Cm truy nhp: Dng truyn tin khi MS truy nhp trn knh R. Do l cm dng truyn tin u tin khi MS truy nhp mng ln mc tri thi gian do khong cch cc MS - BS l ngu nhin c th rt ln, v vy khong phng v phi di hn. Cc cm loi khc khng cn khong GP ln v c dng thi gian thng qua trao i thng tin trn knh SA.
3 41 36 3 68,25

TB

Dy ng b

Cc bit m

TB

GP

156,25 bit = 0,577 ms (271 kb/s)

- Cc bit m: Cha BSIC lm hiu gi trm gc (BS). - Dy ng b: Cha thng tin ng b ng h, bo m BS c th ng b c vi MS trc khi ging thi gian. Cm gi: c truyn i t BS ti MS trong cc trng hp sau: - Trn knh P (G) khi khng bo gi v cng khng trao quyn truy nhp. - Trong qu trnh lin lc khi c phn ngng ni. Khun cm gi ging khun cm thng nhng cc on 57 bit c thay bi dy bit c cu trc xc nh. 4.1.3. Th tc nhn thc
a, Chc nng v cc trng hp - Chc nng: Th tc nhn thc c s dng kim tra quyn truy nhp mng ca MS nhm m bo an ninh mng, chng li cc c gng truy nhp tri php mng v chng theo di, nghe trm cuc lin lc trn ng v tuyn. - Cc trng hp nhn thc:

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+ Trong ln truy nhp u tin khi nhp mng. + Khi khi pht mt cuc gi hoc p li mt cuc gi. + Khi ng k bo co mi (cp nht) v tr do nghe thy LAI mi trn knh iu khin pht thanh. b, Th tc nhn thc Do AVC m nhim, kt hp vi HLR v VLR. Th tc nhn thc c tin hnh trn knh D gm hai khu: - Mng cung cp ng b 3 cha kho nhn thc v bo mt gm: S ngu nhin G, mt khu S v kho m mt KC cho tng MS ca mng. - Khi cn nhn thc, mng gi R cho MS, MS tnh ton mt khu S v gi tr mng. Mng so snh S nhn c t MS v S ca mnh, nu ging nhau s trao quyn truy nhp cho MS. Cc thut ton: - Thut ton tnh S: S = [K i ( A3 ) R ] - Thut ton tnh KC: K C = [K i ( A8 ) R ] A3 v A8 l cc thut ton cng khai c trong khuyn ngh ca GSM. Ki l s kho c nhn ca tng thu bao, ch lu tr ti HLR v trong Sim card ca thu bao v khng bao gi pht trn ng truyn v tuyn. c, Th d Gi s mt MS ang lu ng t mt LA ny sang mt LA khc, khi thy LAI mi trn mt knh iu khin pht thanh ca t bo (mi) thuc LA mi, MS buc phi ng k mi v tr (cp nht v tr) khi cn mng c th tm gi MS. Trong qu trnh nhn thc ny, MS cn phi thng bo vi mng yu cu ng k cp nht v tr, mng s yu cu nhn thc ng thi s ra lnh MS i kho m mt v i hiu gi tm thi (TMSI) nhm chng theo di MS thng qua nghe hiu gi. 4.2. Mng IS -95 4.2.1. Cc tham s c bn a, Gii thiu chung IS - 95 (Interim Standard) l chun tm thi ca M c thng qua nm 1993 cho mng thng tin di ng t bo s th h 2. IS- 95 c xy dng trn c s cc gii php k thut v h thng CDMA ca Qualcomn Ltd. Hin nay, IS

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-95 ang c s dng ti nhiu nc nh: M, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, Trung Quc V c bn CDMA l h thng CDMA bng hp (phc v cc dch v bng hp bao gm thoi v s liu tc thp) loi t bo. IS- 95 kt hp c CDMA v FDMA/FDD. b, Cc tham s k thut c bn - Bng sng: 828 849 MHz (ng ln). 869 894 MHz (ng xung). Bng sng chia thnh 20 knh v tuyn, mi knh chim mt rng bng 1,25 MHz. - S a truy nhp: CDMA tri ph DS, s dng b to chui PN (di) gm 42 khu ghi dch. - iu ch s: QPSK. - Tc truyn d liu danh nh: 9600 Kb/s - Tc chip: 1.2288 Mc/s - M ho v ghp xen: M ho xon chp v kt hp vi ghp xen khi. - Phn knh: + Hng i: Cc knh hng i c phn lp vi nhau nh s dng cc m Walsh trc giao, chia thnh 64 knh logic gm knh pilot (W0), knh ng b (W22), knh nhn tm (W1 W7), knh lu lng (W8 W31, W33 W63). + Hng v: c phn lp theo PN code. - Chuyn vng: Mm. - Phn b tn s: Mi trm thuc mt mng c th s dng chung 1 tn s, do vy phng n tn s rt n gin. - iu khin cng sut: Ngt ngho, thc hin trn c hng i ln hng v. 4.2.2. Cc knh ca IS- 95 a, Knh pilot c trm gc pht trong ton b thi gian trn tn s ca cell hay sector. L mt tn hiu tri ph khng iu bin cc my di ng bm theo BS (ng b tn s, o cng sut) S khi ca knh pilot:

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PNi (t-a) W0 Chui bit 0

Ti b kt hp
PNQ (t-a)

Knh pilot c tri ph cu phng bi m PN ngn c chu k 32768-1 chip (b ghi dch 15 khu L = 215 1 . PNi v PNi khc nhau v a thc sinh. Cng sut ca knh pilot cao hn cng sut cc knh khc v quy nh bn knh vng ph sng ca t bo hay sector . b, Knh ng b Dng ng b nh thi mi MS thuc t bo, pht qung b lin tc. Tc d liu 1200 b/s. Ngoi thng tin nh thi, knh bin cn ti cc thng tin sau: - S nhn dng h thng. - S nhn dng mng. - dch thi gian m ngn ca cell hay sector. - Chui thi gian (clock) ca h thng. - Trng thi m di v tc knh nhn tin.

S khi ca knh ng b
W32 1200 b/s PNi Ti b kt hp v iu ch cu phng fNa

M ho v lp

Ghp xen Kb/ khi

48

4,8 Kb/s

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 Cu trc khung tn hiu knh ng b

a khung 80 ms = 96 bit

SOM Thn khung knh ng b

26,66 ms = 82 bit

SOM: Bit khi u bn tin (Start of Message). Thn khung knh ng b: Chiu di bn tin, thn bn tin, CRC: To thnh bn tin knh ng b. c, Knh paging Dng truyn thng tin iu khin v cc bn tin bo gi t BS ti MS, cng tc ti cc tc 9,6 ; 48 v 2,4 Kb/s. C ti a 7 knh nhn tin trn mt t bo hay sector, khi knh nhn tin khng s dng th c th dng lm knh lu lng. Vic chn tc cng tc knh paging ph thuc vo nh iu hnh mng. Mt knh nhn tin ton tc (9,6 kb/s) c th cung cp 150- 180 cuc nhn gi/s.

S khi knh paging:

Wi PNi Ti b kt hp v iu ch cu phng PNQ

M ho v lp

Ghp xen khi

To m PN di

Chia 1:64
1,288 Mc/s

d, Knh lu lng hng i C th c ti a ti 63 knh lu lng hng i (khi cc knh nhn tin v ng b khng s dng).

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Tc u ra b m ho ting ni bin i c vi cc tc 9,6 Kb/s ; 4,8 Kb/s ; 2,4 Kb/s ; 1,2 Kb/s. Khi ting ni hot ng th tc li ra b m ho l 9,6 Kb/s. Khi ting ni t hot ng th tc li ra b m ho l trung bnh( 2,4 Kb/s), khi nghe th tc li ra b m ho l 1,2 Kb/s.
Bit KCS 19,2 Kbps Data 9,6 Kb/s 4,8 Kb/s 2,4 Kb/s 1,2 Kb/s Wj PNi

M chp v lp

Ghp xen khi

MUX
PNQ

Mt n cho ngi s dng th n

To m PN di

Chia 1:64
1,288 Mc/s

Chia 1:24

Tri ph

- Knh ph iu khin cng sut: Bit lnh iu khin cng sut c chn vo dy d liu sau scrambl v khng c m ho (bo m iu khin cng sut cho kp thi). Bit iu khin cng sut 0: Tng cng sut MS ; 1: Gim cng sut MS. Lnh iu khin cng sut c cp nht tng 1,25 ms (16 ln trong mt khung 20 ms ting ni).

Cch chn:

V tr bit KCS (=2 modulation symbol)

11 = 1 1 0 1 t

20 21 23 0 1 2 311 12 1,25 ms = 24 modulation symbol

22 23

e, Knh hng v Knh hng v khng c phn lp bi m Walsh do vic cc MS c c ly ti trm gc khng nh nhau, do vy tn hiu hng v ca chng ti BS khng ng b vi nhau nn tnh trc giao ca m Walsh khng cn na. Knh hng v c phn lp vi nhau bi cc offset (dch vng) cc m di PN. Cc m di PN s dng trong IS-95 c di 242 1, do vi dch

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vng 64 chip, c th c 236 bng khong 69 kiu offset ca m PN to nn 69 kiu chui PN tng i trc giao nhau (tng ng vi 69 kiu s dng PN code). Trong s 69 kiu chui PN, mt s s dng ng dng n nh knh truy nhp (32 knh truy nhp/1 knh paging hng i), cn li c s dng phn lp knh lu lng hng v. Mi ngi s dng c cp mt User PN code (mt offset ca m PN di) dng cho knh lu lng.

Knh truy nhp Cc PN code c n nh c nh cho tng trm/sector v c thng bo trn knh nhn tin (paging). Vic s dng knh truy nhp c th c xung t gia cc ngi s dng. Tc knh truy nhp: 48 Kb/s (c nh). S khi:
Walsh codes RC = 1/3, k = q 14,4kb/s PNi

48 kb/s

M chp Ghp xen MOD v lp 288 kb/s khi 288 kb/s

307,2kb/s 1,2288 Mc/s

M PN di

PNQ

c thng bo trn knh paging

iu ch Walsh codes: S ca hm Walsh c chn: C0 + 2C1 + 4C 2 + 8C3 + 16C 4 + 32C5 . Tc sau iu ch: 28,8 Kb/s 64 Wchip/6coded bit = 307,2 KWc/s. KWc/s: Kilowalsh chips/s. Knh truy nhp c s dng MS truy nhp nhm khi to cuc gi hoc trao i thng tin thc hin chuyn vng (mm).

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 Knh lu lng hng v S khi:

Mt n PN code cho user n RC = 1/3, k = q

To PN di
PNi

M chp v lp

Ghp xen khi

288 kb/s

64-ary W Mod
307,2kb/s

DBR

Coded symbol

PNQ

DBR: Data Burst Randomizer (B ngu nhin ho cm d liu). Nhim v ca DBR: To ra cc mt n phc v cho: - Knh ph truyn PCG (Power Control Group). - Thay i vic pht/khng pht cng sut tu theo tc d liu t b m ho ting ni ti. (Mt n s che khng pht cc symbol c lp) nh vy gim c nhiu i vi cc MS khc cng t bo. Nhn xt: Walsh code c s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau trn hng i v hng v: - Hng i: Walsh code c s dng phn knh. - Hng v: Walsh code c s dng iu ch trc giao. 4.2.3. Cc th tc thit lp cuc gi (tham kho) a, Gi t my di ng b, Goi t trm gc

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4.3. Mng dect 4.3.1. Gii thiu chung DECT c a ra vo nm 1922 lm tiu chun cho vin thng khng dy s chu u. c im: - C ly lin lc ngn, mt lin lc ln. - C kh nng tng thch vi GSM v ISDM do c cng mt tiu chun xy dng da trn cc tiu chun v OSI. - L mt h thng in thoi khng dy vi t bo hay siu vi t bo, ph hp to mng lin lc v tuyn di ng trong mt to nh. - Phng php truyn v tuyn: FDMA/ TDMA/ TDD; S tn s sng mang: 10 ; phn cch sng mang: 1,728 MHz. S tn s: 24/khung, chia lm 2 phn: 12 tn s cho ng xung v 12 tn s cho ng ln. - di mt khung DECT: 10ms. - Cu trc 1 khung:
1 DECT frame = 24 tn s = 10 ms 0 1 11 12 22 23

32 Synch.bits (Preamble)

388 Bit data

60 GP

480 = 1152.10 3 b / s = 1152Mb / s 3 10.10 24 - M ho ting ni: ADPCM 32 Kb/s. - H tr chuyn vng chm (cho ngi i b). - Di tn s: 1880 MHz 1900 MHz. (1881,792 MHz 1897,344 MHz = 10 chanels, mi chanel = 1728 MHz).
Tc :

- M chng nhiu: Khng dng cho thoi. - iu ch: GMSK.

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4.3.2. S khi
RFP CC P S T N Call Roating CC RFP RFP RH

RFP RFP

RH

Cc dch v b sung

PH (Phone Handset): My in thoi cm tay. RFP (Radio Fixed Pisrt): Trm gc. CC (Cordless Controller): i iu khin v tuyn. Call roating: nh tuyn. Cc dch v b sung: Nhn thc my di ng. Tnh cc. Qun l di ng.

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