RUKUN NEGARA The Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara (Malay for "National Principles") is the Malaysian declaration of national

philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to a serious race riot known as the May 13 Incident which occurred in 1969. The incident proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile at best. Immediately thereafter, the Malaysian government sought ways to foster unity among Malaysians. One of the methods used to encourage unity is the Rukunegara. The word Rukunegara can refer to the whole declaration, the words after the preamble (beginning Maka kami...) or the five principles alone. WHEREAS OUR COUNTRY, MALAYSIA nurtures the ambitions of:

achieving a more perfect unity amongst the whole of her society; preserving a democratic way of life; creating a just society where the prosperity of the country can be enjoyed together in a fair and equitable manner; guaranteeing a liberal approach towards her rich and varied cultural traditions; and building a progressive society that will make use of science and modern technology.

NOW, THEREFORE WE, the people of Malaysia, pledge to concentrate the whole of our energy and efforts to achieve these ambitions based on the following principles:

BELIEF IN GOD LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY THE SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION THE RULE OF LAW COURTESY AND MORALITY

KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHAN KESETIAAN KEPADA RAJA DAN NEGARA KELUHURAN PERLEMBAGAAN KEDAULATAN UNDANG-UNDANG KESOPANAN DAN KESUSILAAN THIRTY-SIX years ago, our national ideology, the Rukun Negara, was proclaimed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong at the launch of the Merdeka Day celebrations in 1970.

1 MALAYSIA
1Malaysia is intended to provide a free and open forum to discuss the things that matter deeply to us as a Nation. It provides a chance to express and explore the many perspectives of our fellow citizens. What makes Malaysia unique is the diversity of our peoples. 1Malaysias goal is to preserve and enhance this unity in diversity which has always been our strength and remains our best hope for the future. I hope this website will initiate an open and vital dialogue exploring

our Malaysian identity, our purpose, and direction. I encourage each of you to join me in defining our Malaysia and the role we must play in its future. Each of us despite our differences shares a desire for a better tomorrow. Each of us wants opportunity, respect, friendship, and understanding. Figuring out One Malaysia What is One Malaysia? This has been troubling supporters of UMNO since Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak announced it in his maiden speech as prime minister nine days ago. Opposition parties have claimed it mirrored the Malaysian Malaysia concept championed by the DAP and, before that, the PAP under Lee Kuan Yew when Singapore was part of Malaysia. This claim has troubled Barisan Nasional politicians aiming to regroup after the coalitions disastrous Election 2008 outing. Today, the UMNO-owned Mingguan Malaysia (read above) refuted that connotation in an opinion piece and put in perspective that One Malaysia means no one in the country will be sidelined but affirmative action policies will continue. In not too many words, it remains faithful to the two planks of the National Economic Policy (NEP) the eradication of poverty irrespective of race and economic restructuring that was launched by Najibs father Tun Abdul Razak Hussein in the aftermath of the May 13 race riots. The opinion piece headlined Satu Malaysia versi sebenar by Awang Selamat, a pseudonym used by the newspapers editors, allayed fears that Najib will end the NEP and ensure equality for all. Among others, Awang wrote, it included elements of development based on unity and integration, the peoples interests and excellence to push the countrys progress, adding he was glad when Najib denied it had anything to do with a Malaysian Malaysia although the government would be fair to all races to transform the country. Awang hopes the true version of One Malaysia is understood clearly. The affirmative policies to help the Malays who really poor and left behind (compared to other races) will continue. Indeed there is a need to continue the affirmative policies due to historical realities and the social contract while the government intensifies efforts to increase the quality of life for all, he wrote. While Mingguan Malaysia, which enjoys wide circulation in Malaysias rural areas where Umno still commands majority support and respect, has made its definition, it remains to be seen how Najib will put the slogan into action. However, it is clear that the concept will not work with a top-down approach as Malaysians become more aware of the power of their vote and are willing to shop around for a political party or coalition more in tune with their desires and needs.

While the economy is at the forefront of their minds, Malaysians particularly the young and those in the urban areas have been clamouring for an independent judiciary, respectable police force, equal treatment and politicians who dont speak from both sides of their mouths. They have been demanding reforms in various government policies and institutions, handing former prime minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, a huge mandate in the 2004 elections but taking it back in 2008 when the reforms faltered. The countrys sixth prime minister has added People First, Performance Now to his One Malaysia concept to recapture the peoples confidence and it will be up to him and his cabinet, which has already been maligned by the opposition, to ensure they live up to his slogan. And ensure that his One Malaysia is the same as their One Malaysia. 1Malaysia is an on-going political programme designed by Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak on September 16, 2010, calling for the cabinet, government agencies, and civil servants to more strongly emphasize ethnic harmony, national unity, and efficient governance.

logo and slogan

An official logo and slogan has been introduced along with the launch of 1Malaysia concept. The logo is the symbol of '1' which incorporates the national Jalur Gemilang flag and the word Malaysia.

Slogan

2009 - Rakyat Didahulukan, Pencapaian Diutamakan (People First, Performance Now) 2010 - Menjana Transformasi (Generating Transformation)

Ideology
1Malaysia stresses national unity and ethnic tolerance. The 2010 values of 1Malaysia as articulated by Najib Razak are perseverance, a culture of excellence, acceptance, loyalty, education, humility, integrity, and meritocracy.[1]

Public policy
Improving government efficiency is an important aspect of 1Malaysia. The use of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), metrics and targets more typically used in private business, and National Key Result Areas (NKRAs) is thus naturally an important part of the 1Malaysia effort.Najib says, "The government is committed to carrying out a transformation programme as

its main agenda based on approaches and philosophy of 1Malaysia -- people first, performance now."[2] Immediately after assuming the office of Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato Seri Najib Tun Razak introduced a series of KPIs in order to measure and improve the efficiency and quality of government services as well as realizing the 1Malaysia concept. Najib said that KPIs were implemented to ensure the peoples satisfaction...whether they are satisfied with our service, whether we have solved their problems. [3] Najib's announcement of the KPI effort was generally well-received. Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin said the KPI formula was a yardstick against which the people could measure the performance of Najib and the government. He said the KPIs would provide motivation for every minister to perform well.[4] The KPIs provide a mechanism for the evaluation of ministries and other government agencies including performance reviews carried out every six months. Each ministry has been required to establish specific KPIs including that focus on policy outcomes over the traditional emphasis on inputs typically found in government performance assessments and planning. KPIs include detailed job descriptions and goals for ministers, deputy ministers, and some other senior government officials.[3] Najib has identified six major policy areas in which KPIs will play an especially important role in improving the effectiveness of the Malaysian government. These are known as National Key Result Areas (NKRAs). The NKRAs include crime prevention, reducing government corruption, increased access to quality education, improvements in the standard of living for low income groups, upgrades to rural infrastructure, and improvements in public transportation.[5] Najib also introduced a new cabinet position to support the Unity and Performance Minister in implementing the KPI system. Idris Jala, the former CEO of Malaysia Airlines, was appointed Minister Without a Portfolio and CEO of Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu), to work with Dr. Koh Tsu Koon in training over 500 government officers to implement the KPI system. As CEO of Pemandu Idris will support the work of Koh, who is the minister in charge of National Unity and Performance Management.[6]

National campaign
The 1Malaysia concept is being promoted through a wide range of activities. Prime Minister Najib has instructed the National Civics Bureau or Biro Tata Negara (BTN) to use its courses and seminars to educate present and future civil servants, politicians, and community leaders about 1Malaysia and promote national unity. Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad stated, We will ensure that the BTN courses also inculcate the 1Malaysia concept and its eight values, namely high performance culture, accuracy, knowledge, innovation, integrity, strong will, loyalty and wisdom. [7]

Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) and private television channels have incorporated ideas from 1Malaysia into numerous TV programs. The use of multi-lingual hosts and actors from different ethnicities is one of the methods uses to promote national unity.[8]

1Malaysia clinics
Prime Minister Najib's Budget 2010 includes funding for 50 medical clinics to provide basic medical services for illnesses and injuries such as fever, cough, colds, wounds and cuts, diabetes, and hypertension. Malaysia citizens are charged RM1 for treatment and medication. Non-citizens are charged RM15.[9]

NGOs
1Malaysia Foundation
The 1Malaysia Foundation (Y1M) Foundation was established in 2009 to promote and develop the idea of 1Malaysia. Y1M works to coordinate and supplement government and private-sector activities related to 1Malaysia. Chairman of the Y1M Board of Trustees, Dr Chandra Muzaffar said, "Y1M is planning to expand and strengthen the commitment from all Malaysians towards national unity through various activities to increase public awareness and community development."[10]

1Malaysia Youth Fund

The 1Malaysia Youth Fund was launched in order to provide financial support for young people to undertake creative projects that nurture national unity. RM20 million was allocated for the fund under Malaysia's budget passed in 2010. The fund was proposed by the Barisan Nasional Youth Lab.[11] Prime Minister Najib said that 1Malaysia Youth Fund reflected the government's commitment to empowering young people. "The scope and the projects should address three criteria focus on nurturing unity in Malaysia, have a multiplier effect on the general community, and be led by young people. The objective is to encourage youths to use their imagination to the fullest. We want them to be creative and innovative. Maybe their ability may exceed our expectations and maybe they can do something which has not been thought of by us, said Najib.[11]

Response to 1Malaysia
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (November 2010)

Interpretation
A year after the concept's introduction, Mahathir Mohammad reportedly said he "still doesn't understand (masih tidak faham)" the concept.[12] Almost two years later, the public similarly, based on an opinion poll in July 2010, were wary of the concept. In particular, the non-Malays surveyed, according to The Malaysian Insider, "were almost split on the Najib administration's national unity agenda with 46 per cent of the respondents believing that the 1Malaysia concept is only a political agenda to win the non-Malay votes," and "only 39 per cent of the non-Malays believed that the concept introduced by Najib after he took over the government was a sincere effort to unite all races in Malaysia".[13]

Bumiputera rights
Prime Minister Najib's efforts to liberalise government policies and create a more open policy towards all races with 1Malaysia led Malay rights group Perkasa to seek further clarification on the policy, as they feared that his 1Malaysia would undermine Malay or Bumiputera rights in favour of minorities in Malaysia.[14]

PRIME MINISTERS
1.Tunku Abdul Rahman 2.Tun Abdul razak 3.Tun Hussein Onn 4.Tun Mahathir Mohamad 5.Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 6.Dato Najib RazaK

MINISTERS
NEW CABINET LINE-UP: Prime Minister and Finance Minister 1 Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Deputy PM and Education Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin Ministers in Prime Ministers Department Unity and Performance Dr Koh Tsu Koon Law and Parliament Datuk Seri Mohamed Nazri Aziz Religious Affairs Brig. Gen. (Rtd) Datuk Jamil Khir Baharum Economic Planning Unit Tan Sri Nor Mohamed Yakcop

Deputies: Datuk Liew Vui Keong, Senator Datuk Dr Mashitah Ibrahim, Datuk SK Devamany, Ahmad Maslan, Senator T. Murugiah Finance Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Finance Minister II: Datuk Ahmad Husni Hanadziah Deputies: Datuk Chor Chee Heung, Datuk Dr Awang Adek Hussein Education Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin Deputies: Datuk Wee Ka Siong, Datuk Puad Zarkashi Transport Datuk Seri Ong Tee Keat Deputies: Datuk Abdul Rahim Bakri, Datuk Robert Lau Home Datuk Seri Hishammuddin Hussein Deputies: Datuk Wira Abu Seman Yusop, Jelaing Mersat Information, Culture, Arts and Communications Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim Deputies: Datuk Joseph Salang Gandum, Senator Heng Sai Kee Energy, Green Tech & Water Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui Deputy: Noriah Kasnon Plantation Industries and Commodoties Tan Sri Bernard Dompok Deputy: Datuk Hamzah Zainuddin Rural and Regional Development Datuk Seri Shafie Apdal Deputies: Datuk Hassan Malek, Datuk Joseph Entulu Higher Education Datuk Seri Khaled Nordin Deputies: Dr Hou Kok Chung, Saifuddin Abdullah International Trade and Industry Datuk Mustapa Mohamed Deputies: Datuk Muhkriz Mahathir, Datuk Jacob Dungau

Science, Tech and Innovation Datuk Dr Maximus Ongkili Deputy: Fadillah Yusof Natural Resources and Environment Datuk Douglas Uggah Embas Deputy: Tan Sri Joseph Kurup Tourism Datuk Seri Dr Ng Yen Yen Deputy: Datuk Seri Sulaiman Abdul Rahman Abdul Taib Agriculture and Agro-based Industries Datuk Noh Omar Deputies: Johari Baharum, Rohani Abdul Karim Defence Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi Deputy: Datuk Dr Abdul Latif Works Datuk Shaziman Abu Mansor Deputy: Datuk Yong Khoon Seng Health Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai Deputy: Datuk Rosnah Rashid Shilin Youth and Sports Datuk Ahmad Shabery Cheek Deputies: Datuk Razali Ibrahim, Wee Jeck Seng Human Resources Datuk Dr S. Subramaniam Deputy: Datuk Maznah Mazlan Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Deputy: Datuk Tan Lian Hoe Housing and Local Government Datuk Kong Cho Ha Deputy: Lajim Ukin

Women, Family and Community Development Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil Deputy: Datin Paduka Chew Mei Fun Foreign Affairs Datuk Anifah Aman Deputies: Datuk Lee Chee Hong, Senator A. Kohilan Federal Territories Datuk Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Deputy: M. Saravanan HRH Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah ibni Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah[1] (born 24 October 1930 at Istana Mangga Tunggal, Pekan) was the seventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong (roughly equivalent to King) of Malaysia from 29 March 1979 to 25 April 1984, and fifth Sultan of modern Pahang.

TSUNAMI IN JAPAN
The 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami ( Thoku Chih Taiheiyoki Jishin[6]?, literally "Thoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake"[fn 1]) was caused by a 9.0-magnitude undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March, 2011.[2][3][7] The epicenter was approximately 72 kilometers (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Thoku, with the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (19.9 mi).[2][8] The earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 30 m (98 ft)[9] that struck Japan minutes after the quake, in some cases traveling up to 10 km (6 mi) inland,[10] with smaller waves reaching many other countries after several hours. Tsunami warnings were issued and evacuations ordered along Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 other countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[11][12][13] The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 11,232 deaths,[4][5] 2,778 injured,[4][5] and 16,361 people missing[4][5] across eighteen prefectures, as well as over 125,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.[4][5] The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe structural damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.[10][14] Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.[15] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure. On 18 March, Yukiya Amanothe head of the International Atomic Energy Agencydescribed the crisis as "extremely serious."[16] Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. Estimates of the Thoku earthquake's magnitude make it the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern

record-keeping began in 1900.[7][17][18] Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[19] The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (7.9 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by almost 10 cm (3.9 in).[20][21] Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[22] The Bank of Japan offered 15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions.[23] On 21 March, the World Bank estimated damage between US$122 billion and $235 billion.[24] Japan's government said the cost of the earthquake and tsunami that devastated the northeast could reach $309 billion, making it the world's most expensive natural disaster on record.[
NUCLEAR

The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Video footage of the worst affected towns shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.[136] Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars; before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many regions.[137][138] Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on antitsunami seawalls which line at least 40% of its 34,751-kilometer (21,593 mi) coastline and stand up to 12 meters (39 ft) high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.[139]

Nuclear power plants

Further information: 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents

The Fukushima I, Fukushima II, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tkai nuclear power stations, consisting of a total eleven reactors, were automatically shut down following the earthquake.[140] Higashidri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat for several days after a plant has been shut down. The cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators, as in the case of Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.[141] At Fukushima I and II tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems including two large explosions at Fukushima I and leakage of radiation. Over 200,000 people have been evacuated.[142] On 16 March, it was reported that favorable winds were carrying radioactive particles from the incidents out to sea, mitigating some of the negative effects.[143] Further into the crisis, helicopters were used to dump water on the Fukushima I plant to further attempt to cool the reactors.[144] Europe's energy commissioner Guenther Oettinger, in remarks to the European Parliament on 15 March, ignored the damage wrought by the tsunami along the coast and called the nuclear disaster an "apocalypse", saying that the word was particularly well chosen, and that Tokyo had almost lost control of events at the Fukushima power plant.[145]
Fukushima I and II Nuclear Power Plants Main articles: Fukushima I nuclear accidents and Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[146][147] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels,[148] and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels.[149] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km (7 mi) south.[150] This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six.[151]

Destruction at the Fukushima site

On 12 March, a large explosion, thought to be caused by the buildup of hydrogen gas, blew away the roof and outer walls of the Reactor 1 building, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapor, but the reactor itself was not damaged in the explosion.[152][153][154] A BBC journalist reported being stopped 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the blast site by police.[152] On Sunday, 13 March, Japanese authorities admitted that a partial nuclear meltdown could be occurring in Reactors 1 and 3.[155] On 12 March at 01:17 JST (16:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 07 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES),[156] below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness.[157] This was questioned by the French ASN nuclear safety authority. They said the accident could be classed as a 5 or 6, which would be comparable to or worse than the Three Mile Island accident.[158] On 18 March, Japan's nuclear safety agency raised the severity level of the crisis from 4 to 5.[159] Another explosion occurred at Reactor 3 of the Fukushima I plant just after 11:00 JST on 14 March.[160] An exterior wall of the building collapsed, but the reactor vessel was not damaged according to a government spokesperson.[161] At 16:29 UTC on Monday 14 March (14 March 01:29 UTC), the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency announced that the explosion had occurred. The local population was advised by the authorities to stay home until the radioactive situation of the environment is totally clarified.[162] Unlike the other five reactor units, reactor 3 runs on mixed uranium and plutonium oxide, or MOX fuel, making it potentially more dangerous in an incident due to the neutronic effects of plutonium on the reactor and the carcinogenic effects in the event of release to the environment.[163][164][165] Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) is trying to reduce the pressure within the plants by venting contaminated steam from the reactor vessels into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami, of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[166] Residents living within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[167][168][169]

USN sailors on humanitarian duty are checked for radiation exposure

Additionally, it was reported on 14 March at 07:00 EDT that the fuel rods of Reactor 2 at the Fukushima I plant were now fully exposed, and a meltdown of the fuel rods, with the risk of damage to the reactor vessel and a possible radioactive leak, could not be ruled out.[170] As of 14 March 2011, about 160 people have been exposed to dangerous radiation levels near the power stations. One plant employee was killed while operating a crane, eight others have been injured.[171] An additional eleven employees were injured when the Reactor 3 building exploded.[172] Several people received some radiation doses.[173] On 15 March, at 6:10 am JST an explosion occurred at Reactor 2 of the Fukushima I plant.[174] After the explosion, the radiation level spiked to 8,217 microsieverts (Sv) per hour.[175] The government admitted it was "very probable" that the cores of Reactors 1, 2 and 3 had experienced (partial) meltdowns due to high temperatures.[176] A fourth Fukushima I reactor, Reactor 4, was also rocked by an explosion on 15 March.[177] Radiation levels of up to 400 Sv per hour were recorded near Reactor 4; up to 100 millisieverts (mSv), or 100,000 Sv, per year is considered safe.[178]
Iodine distribution to recovery workers in Japan

A US Navy relief group moved from the immediate area after its helicopters detected low-level radiation while returning to their aircraft carrier from a search and rescue mission, 160 km (99 mi) offshore. The flight absorbed the equivalent amount of earthbound background radiation for a month in the span of about an hour.[179][180] On 15 March, the radiation level in Tokyo reached 20 times the normal level. The highest level in the Kant region was 40 times the normal level in Saitama at 11:00 JST but then receded to ten times the normal level. Local officials have assured the public that this is not a threat to human health.[181][182] On 15 March, at 11:51 JST Japan suspended operations at the stricken Fukushima I nuclear plant after a surge in radiation made it too dangerous for workers to remain at the facility.[183] However, workers returned about an hour later after radiation levels decreased.[178] As of 16 March 2011, five plant workers have died and 22 others have been injured. Two others are reported missing.[184] The government raised the national safety standard governing radiation exposure from 100 to 250 mSv per year, so plant workers could continue their work.[185]
A map showing epicenter of earthquake and position of nuclear power plants

It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Toshigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive cesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma.[186][187][188] Radioactive cesium and iodine were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil.[189]

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant A fire from the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake was reported by Kyodo News.[141][190] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor,[146] and was soon extinguished.[191] On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant by TEPCO, as radioactivity readings temporarily[192] exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.[193][194] TEPCO stated this was due to radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and not from the Onagawa plant itself.[195]
Tkai Nuclear Power Plant

The number 2 reactor at Tkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically.[140] On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working;[196] however, the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling system, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.[197] Muammar Muhammad al-Gaddafi[1][variations] (Arabic: Muammar al-Qaf audio (helpinfo); born 7 June 1942), commonly referred to as Colonel Gaddafi, has been the leader of Libya since a military coup on 1 September 1969 where he overthrew King Idris of Libya and established the Libyan Arab Republic.[2] His 42 years in power make him one of the longestserving rulers in history.[3] Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Gaddafi's government was considered a pariah state by the West,[4][5] denounced for oppressing internal dissidence, acts of state-sponsored terrorism, assassinations of expatriate opposition leaders, and crass nepotism which amassed a multi-billion dollar fortune for himself and his family.[6] Gaddafi renamed the Libyan Arab Republic to Jamahiriya in 1977, based on his socialist and nationalist political philosophy published in Green Book. In 1979, he relinquished the title of prime minister, and was thereafter called "The Brother Leader" or "The Guide" in Libya's Socialist Revolution.[7][8] Gaddafi was a firm supporter of OAPEC and led a Pan-African campaign for a United States of Africa.[9] After the 1986 Bombing of Libya and the 1993 imposition of United Nations sanctions, Gaddafi established closer economic and security relations with the west, cooperated with investigations into previous Libyan acts of state-sponsored terrorism and paid compensation, and ended his nuclear weapons program, resulting in the lifting of UN sanctions in 2003. In early February 2011, major political protests, inspired by recent pro-democracy events in Tunisia, Egypt and other parts of the Arab world, broke out in Libya against Gaddafi's government and quickly turned into a general uprising. Gaddafi vowed to "die a martyr" if necessary in his fight against the rebels and external forces.[10][11]

ASIA
Asia, one of the seven continents, is the worlds largest continent. Asia is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the east, on the west by the landmass known as Eurasia, by the Indian Ocean on the south and the Arctic Ocean on the north. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, having over four billion people. That is, statistically, the continent is home to more than 60% of the worlds current population. The earliest Asian Civilization dates back to 2500 BC. China is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. The Great Wall of China, a massive structure on the hills of northern China and one of the seven wonders of the world is the only man-made structure visible from outer space. The Asian continent has been through the World War II, the Vietnam War and Gulf War during the 20th century. Some of the major languages of Asia are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindi and Javanese. English is considered as an international language. The various religions practiced in Asia are Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, Zoroastrianism and Shintoism. A few largest cities of Asia are Seoul, Mumbai (Bombay), Jakarta, Tokyo, and Shanghai. The Asian countries are divided broadly into South Asia, North Asia, East Asia and West Asia regions. Here we list the Asian countries and their capitals. South Asia Countries Country Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia India Indonesia Laos Malaysia Capital Kabul Dacca Thimpu Bandar Seri Begawan Phnom Penh New Delhi Jakarta Vientiane Kuala Lumpur

Maldives Myanmar Nepal Pakistan

Male Yangon Kathmandu Islamabad

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Manila Singapore Colombo Bangkok Hanoi

North Asia Countries Country Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Capital Astana Bishkek Dushanbe

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Uzbekistan Tashkent

East Asia Countries Country China Capital Beijing

Japan

Tokyo

North Korea Pyongyang South Korea Seoul Mongolia Taiwan Ulan Bator Taipei

West Asia Countries Country Bahrain Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Capital Manama Tbilisi Teheran Baghdad Tel Aviv Amman Kuwait City Beirut Muscat Doha

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Syria U.A.E. Damascus Abu Dhabi

Yemen

Sanaa

ASIA PACIFIC Asia-Pacific, Asia Pacific or Asia Pacific and Japan (abbreviated as Asia-Pac, Asia Pac, Apac, APAC, APJ, JAPA or JAPAC) is the part of the world in or near the Western Pacific Ocean. The region varies in size depending on context, but it typically includes at least much of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. The term may also include Russia (on the North Pacific) and countries in North and South America which are on the coast of the Eastern Pacific Ocean; the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, for example, includes Canada, Chile, Russia, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. Alternatively, the term sometimes comprises all of Asia and Australasia as well as small Pacific island nations, e.g. when dividing the world into large regions for commercial purposes (e.g. into Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific). Even though imprecise, the term has been popular since the late 1980s in commerce, finance and politics because, though the economies within the region are heterogeneous, they are mostly emerging markets experiencing rapid growth.

Brunei Cambodia China Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore South Korea Thailand Vietnam

PIF

Australia Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Niue Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Samoa

Palau Papua New Guinea Marshall Islands Vanuatu Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu

Others

American Samoa Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hong Kong Macau Mongolia New Caledonia North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Taiwan Timor-Leste Tokelau Wallis and Futuna

Main Countries and territories data

Country or territory Australia Brunei Burma Cambodia China Timor-Leste Canberra Bandar Seri Begawan Naypyidaw Phnom Penh Beijing Dili Capital

Hong Kong Indonesia Japan Laos Macau Malaysia Mongolia New Zealand North Korea

Jakarta Tokyo Vientiane Kuala Lumpur Ulan Bator Wellington Pyongyang

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Manila City of SingaporeDowntown Core Seoul Taipei Bangkok Hanoi

PENGENALAN DAN SEJARAH

Pengenalan

Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), sebuah agensi Kementerian Kemajuan Luar Bandar Dan Wilayah, ditubuhkan pada 1 Mac 1966 di bawah Akta Parlimen sebagai sebuah badan berkanun hasil daripada resolusi Kongres Ekonomi Bumiputera pertama pada tahun sebelumnya.

Adalah menjadi kewajipan Majlis bagi memajukan,menggalakkan,memudahkan serta menjalankan pembangunan ekonomi dan kemasyarakatan dalam persekutuan dan khususnya dalam kawasan-kawasan luar bandar.

PUISI PENUBUHAN MARA AMANAH DAN AMARAH RAKYAT (25 TAHUN MARA) USMAN AWANG NOVEMBER 1991 Setinggi-tinggi penghargaan kepada pencipta, SN Dato' Dr. Usman Awang yang telah menghadiahkan puisi ini kepada MARA. Majlis Amanah Rakyat Sebuah nama keramat Lahir dari percikan amarah suatu bangsa Yang mundur sosio-ekonominya Masih menadah tangan menjadi peminta Di tanah airnya yang hampir sepuluh tahun merdeka. Bermula di zaman penjajah dikenal dengan RIDA - Lembaga Kemajuan Kampung Dan Perusahaan Suatu bayangan tipis cara Inggeris melonggarkan Kritik tajam rakyat terhadap dasar penjajahan. RIDA yang berdetik pada tahun 1953 Ketika bara nasionalisma marak menyala Tidak mampu menampung ghairah rakyat merdeka Suara Bumiputera yang semakin keras bergema Kemunduran dan kemiskinan yang ketara. Tahun seribu sembilan ratus enam puluh lima Kongres Ekonomi Bumiputera Yang Pertama Merumuskan segala duka nestapa bangsa Bahawa kita memiliki telaga Mengapa masih memegang talinya Sedang orang mencapai timba Maka segala gaung amarah dileburkan Menjadi sumpah amanah suatu wawasan Pada detik 1966 yang menentukan RIDA pun dikerandakan dalam sejarah Untuk sebuah nama baru yang keramat Majlis Amanah Rakyat Kini 25 tahun telah berdetik MARA mencapai kedewasaan usia Mungkinkah bakal tiba Kongres Ekonomi Bumiputera Penyelarasan jalur wawasan dua ribuan Menilai kembali keberkesanan AMARAH dan Amanah Rakyat yang dipahatkan.

Ibu Pejabat Pejabat MARA Negeri

-kolej mara -GIATMARA/IKM/institute kemahiran tertingggi mata.kolej politek/bas mara/pjabat mara luar ngre/koleh professional mara

VISI KORPORATMenjadi organisasi amanah yang unggul dan diberkati untuk

mengangkat martabat bangsa

MISI KORPORATMenerajui bidang keusahawanan, pendidikan dan pelaburan untuk

penguasaan ekuiti Bumiputera

OBJEKTIF

Membangunkan usahawan berjaya dan inovatif Melahirkan modal insan global dan berintegriti Menyumbang kepada pemilikan ekuiti Memudahkan sistem penyampaian

STRATEGI Berteraskan Inovasii-Usahawani-Pekerjai-Pelaburani-Organisasi

12 April 1987-MARA building was launched CHAIRMAN-YB.DATO ERI IDRIS MARA-is an agency under the Rural and Regional Development Ministry

In the book Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008 (Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008), the Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined bumiputra as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant[3]:
1. Peninsular Malaysia o "If one of the parents is Muslim Malay as stated in Article 160 (2) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus the child is considered as a Bumiputra" 2. Sabah o "If one of the parents is a Muslim Malay or indigenous native of Sabah as stated in Article 160A (6)(a) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus his child is considered as a Bumiputra" 3. Sarawak o "If both of the parent are indigenous natives of Sarawak as stated in Article 160A (6)(b) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus their child is considered as a Bumiputra"

Article 160 defines a Malay as being one who "professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, conforms to Malay customs and is the child of at least one parent who was born within the Federation of Malaysia before independence of Malaya on the 31st of August 1957." Certain but not all pro-bumiputra policies exist as affirmative action for bumiputras, for NEP is racial-based and not deprivation-based. For instance, all Bumiputra, regardless of their financial standing, are entitled 7 percent discount on houses or property, including luxurious units; whilst

a low-income non-Bumiputra receives no such financial assistance. Other preferential policies include quotas for the following: admission to government educational institutions, qualification for public scholarships, positions in government, and ownership of businesses. Most of the policies were established in the Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP) period. Many policies focus on trying to achieve a bumiputra share of corporate equity, comprising at least 30% of the total. Ismail Abdul Rahman proposed this target after the government was unable to agree on a suitable policy goal.[6] Examples of such policies include:

Companies listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpur) must have 30% bumiputra ownership of equity to satisfy listing requirements. Foreign companies that operate in Malaysia also must adhere to this requirement. For a limited period, a certain percentage of new housing in any development has to be sold to bumiputra owners. Housing developers are required to provide a minimum 7% discount to bumiputra buyers of these lots. This is required regardless of the income level of the potential buyer. Remaining unsold houses after a given time period are allowed to be sold to non-bumi if the developer proves attempts have been made to fulfill the requirement. There is no bumiputra discount on existing housing. A basket of government-run (and profit-guaranteed) mutual funds are available for purchase by bumiputra buyers only. The Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN) has return rates approximately 3 to 5 times that of local commercial banks. Many government-tendered projects require that companies submitting tenders be bumiputra owned. This requirement has led to non-bumiputras teaming up with bumiputra companies to obtain projects, in a practice known as "Ali Baba". Ali, the bumiputra, is included solely to satisfy this requirement, and Baba (the non-bumiputra) pays Ali a certain sum in exchange. Projects were earmarked for bumiputra contractors to enable them to gain expertise in various fields. Approved Permits (APs) for automobiles preferentially allow bumiputra to import vehicles. Automotive companies wishing to bring in cars need to have an AP to do so. APs were originally created to allow bumiputra participation in the automotive industry, since they were issued to companies with at least 70% bumiputra ownership. In 2004, The Edge (a business newspaper) estimated that APs were worth approximately RM 35,000 each. They also estimated that the late Nasimuddin Amin, the former chairman of the Naza group, received 6,387 in 2003, making him the largest single recipient of APs. More than 12,200 APs were issued in 2003. In addition to APs, foreign car marquees are required to pay between 140% to 300% import duty.

As a result of these policies, many bumiputera with good connections quickly became millionaires. According to Tan Sri Rafidah Aziz, former Minister of Trade and Industry, the policy was to create "Towering Malays". In 2005 she gave a speech that stated: "If there are young Malay entrepreneurs whose companies are successful, then we appreciate their success, we want Towering Malays of glokal (global and local) standard". She also said that the policy of

Approved Permits (APs) had produced many bumiputera entrepreneurs in the automotive industry.[9][dead link] Bumiputras previously received certain privileges in public tertiary education, such as ethnic quotas. In 2004, Dr. Shafie Salleh, the newly appointed Higher Education Minister, stated that he "will ensure the quota of Malay students' entry into universities is always higher."[citation needed] Since 2000, the Government has discussed phasing out certain affirmative action programs and reinstating "meritocracy". In 2003 it began the system of "Malaysian model meritocracy" for university admission. Admission to public universities was not based upon a common examination such as the SAT or A-Levels, but rather upon a two parallel systems of either an one-year matriculation course or a two-year STPM (Malaysian Higher School Certificate) programme. Bumiputras compose an overwhelming majority of entrants to the matriculation programme. Critics say that the public university entry requirements are easier for matriculation students. Quotas also exist for Public Services Department (JPA) scholarships, full scholarships offered to students to study in leading universities worldwide. These scholarships are given on the basis of SPM (Malaysian Education Certificate, the equivalent of O-Levels) results, ethnic group, and certain quotas. The JPA scholars are sent to selected pre-university programmes offered by the government from there, they apply to universities. Malay supremacy and affirmative action are two different concepts, affirmative is time-bound. Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia grants the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) responsibility for safeguard[ing] the special position of the Malays(see note) and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate interests of other communities and goes on to specify ways to do this, such as establishing quotas for entry into the civil service, public scholarships and public education. (8A) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, where in any University, College and other educational institution providing education after Malaysian Certificate of Education or its equivalent, the number of places offered by the authority responsible for the management of the University, College or such educational institution to candidates for any course of study is less than the number of candidates qualified for such places, it shall be lawful for the Yang diPertuan Agong by virtue of this Article to give such directions to the authority as may be required to ensure the reservation of such proportion of such places for Malays and natives of any of the States of Sabah and Sarawak as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may deem reasonable, and the authority shall duly comply with the directions.