Jan 2008 - U1,2,3,4

Mark Scheme January 2008
GCE
GCE Biology (8040/9040)

GCE Biology (Human) (8042/9042)
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January 2008
Publications Code UA019777
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Edexcel Ltd 2008
Contents
General Introduction p ii
Unit Codes and Unit Titles p iii
General Information p iv
Mark Schemes
Unit 1 6101 Molecules and cells p1
Unit 2 6102 Exchange, transport and reproduction p 10

6112 Exchange, transport and reproduction in p 18
humans
Unit 3 6103/03 Energy and the environment p 26
Unit 4 Core material Respiration and coordination p 31

Option A Microbiology and biotechnology p 37
Option B Food science p 41
Option C Human health and fitness p 45
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiners and revised, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of senior examiners and subject teachers. The schemes are further
amended at the Standardisation meetings attended by all examiners. The Standardisation
meeting ensures as far as possible that the mark scheme covers the candidates' actual responses
to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same way.
The schemes in this document are the final mark schemes used by the examiners in this
examination and include the amendments made at the meeting. They do not include any details
of the discussions that took place in the meeting, nor do they include all of the possible
alternative answers or equivalent statements that were considered to be worthy of credit.
It is emphasised that these mark schemes are working documents that apply to these papers in
this examination. Every effort is made to ensure a consistent approach to marking from one
examination to another but each marking point has to be judged in the context of the
candidates' responses and in relation to the other questions in the paper. It should not be
assumed that future mark schemes will adopt exactly the same marking points as this one.
Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the marking of
individual scripts. Any enquiries about the marks awarded to individual candidates can be
dealt with only through the official Enquiry about Results procedure.
ii
Unit Codes and Unit Titles
These Mark Schemes cover the units offered in this examination for Advanced Subsidiary
Biology and Biology (Human) (8040 and 8042) and Advanced Biology and Biology (Human)
(9040 and 9042). The units available in this examination series for the complete
qualifications are listed in the table below.
Level Unit Biology Biology (Human)
AS 1 6101 Molecules and cells 6101
Exchange, transport and Exchange, transport and

2 6102 6112
reproduction reproduction in humans
3 6103 Energy and the environment 6103
A2 4 6104 Respiration and coordination and Options 6104
Cashing in
The following tables show the units that must be taken in order to obtain an award for AS or
Advanced GCE Biology, or for AS or Advanced GCE Biology (Human).
Advanced Subsidiary
Level Unit 8040 Biology 8042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 6101
2 6102 6112
3 6103 6103
Advanced GCE
Level Unit 9040 Biology 9042 Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 6101
2 6102 6112
3 6103 6103
A2 4 6104 6104
5 6105* 6115*
6 6106* 6106*
* Only available in Summer examination series.
iii
GENERAL INFORMATION
The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions:
Symbol Meaning of symbol

; semi colon Indicates the end of a marking point
Indicates that credit should be given for other correct
eq alternatives to a word or statement, as discussed in the
Standardisation meeting
Words or phrases separated by an oblique are alternatives
/ oblique
to each other
Indicate the beginning and end of a list of alternatives
{} curly brackets (separated by obliques) where necessary to avoid
confusion
Words inside round brackets are to aid understanding of
() round brackets
the marking point but are not required to award the point
Words inside square brackets are instructions or guidance
[] square brackets
for examiners
[CE] or [TE] Consecutive error / transferred error
Crossed out work
If a candidate has crossed out an answer and written new text, the crossed out work can be ignored. If the
candidate has crossed out work but written no new text, the crossed out work for that question or part
question should be marked, as far as it is possible to do so.
Spelling and clarity
In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs but not subsequently.
The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in later parts of the question by correct
reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer.
No marks are awarded specifically for quality of language in the written papers, except for the essays in
the synoptic paper. Use of English is however taken into account as follows:
• the spelling of technical terms must be sufficiently correct for the answer to be unambiguous
e.g. for amylase, ‘ammalase’ is acceptable whereas ‘amylose’ is not
e.g. for glycogen, ‘glicojen’ is acceptable whereas ‘glucagen’ is not
e.g. for ileum, ‘illeum’ is acceptable whereas ‘ilium’ is not
e.g. for mitosis, ‘mytosis’ is acceptable whereas ‘meitosis’ is not
• candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.
• a correct statement that is contradicted by an incorrect statement in the same part of an answer gains
no mark – irrelevant material should be ignored
iv
Unit 1 (6101)
Question Answer Mark
Number
1
Statement Glycogen Cellulose
Consists of ß glucose X 9
Contains 1,4 glycosidic bonds 9 9
Is a branched molecule 9 X
Is a structural carbohydrate X 9 max

4
Any two correct boxes for one mark

Number
2 1. (simple ) diffusion ;
2. facilitated diffusion ;
3. active transport ;
4. ATP ; 4
1
Number
3 (a)(i) the {sequence / order} of amino acids ; 1

Number
3 (a)(ii) hydrolysis ; 1

Number
3 (b) H
H O
N C C
H CH2 OH
OH ; 1

Number
3 (c) Collagen Insulin

1. fibrous globular ;
2. three {polypeptide chains} / two {polypeptide chains} /
triple helix reference to A and B chains ;
3. chains not held together by chains held together by
disulphide bonds / chains held disulphide bonds / eq ;
together by hydrogen bonds
4. large / about 1000 amino small / 51 amino acids
acids OR length can be OR fixed / precise length ;
variable
5. repetitive / repeating no repetitive sequence ; max
sequence / eq 3
2
Number
4 (a) 1. reference to (same / similar) cells ;
2. of similar {structure / common origin / function} / eq ; 2

Number
4 (b) 1. correct dimensions ;
2. folded inner lining ;
3. 5 or 6 tissues shown with no cell details ; 3
3
Number
5 (a)(i) cell in anaphase correctly identified ; 1

Number
5 (a)(ii) cell in telophase correctly identified ; 1

Number
5 (a)(iii) 2/3 ; 1

Number
5 (b) 1. idea that during prophase {chromosomes / chromatids} (becoming)

visible ;
2. idea of centrioles move to opposite poles ;
3. reference to formation of {spindle /spindle-fibres /

microtubules} ;
4. disappearance of nucleolus / nucleoli ;
5. breaking down of nuclear {envelope / membrane} (in prophase) or

nuclear envelope is broken down by metaphase / eq ;
6. (at metaphase) {chromosomes / centromeres} attached to spindle

(fibres) ;
max
7. idea of {chromosomes / chromatids} lined up at equator ; 5
4
Number
6 (a) 1. {envelope / double membrane} clearly shown ;
2. granum clearly shown ;
3. {granum / thylakoid(s)} labelled ;
4. {stroma / ribosomes / starch grain / DNA / lipid droplet / {double

/ inner / outer} membrane / envelope / intergranal lamellae}
correctly labelled ; 4

Number
6 (b)(i) 1. correct length ;
2. divided by 50 000 ;
3. correct length in µm ; 3

Number
6 (b)(ii) vacuoles / vesicles / lysosomes / glycogen granules / ribosomes / lipid

droplets / centrioles / spindle fibre / microtubules ; 1

Number
6 (b)(iii) {resolution not high enough / eq} / damage / {angle of section / eq} / {poor
printing of photograph / eq} ; 1
5
Number
7 (a) 1. reference to use of {iodine solution / iodine in potassium iodide} ;
2. {observation / colour change} described ;
3. credit any valid experimental details ; 3

Number
7 (b) 1. overall decrease in activity ;
2. increasing concentration up to 4 au increases the activity of

amylase ;
3. increasing concentration from 4 au (to 32 au) reduces activity ;
4. reference to change in activity at 20 au ;

max
5. correct manipulation of data ; 3

Number
7 (c) 1. {copper ions / inhibitor} block the active site / eq ;
2. idea that inhibitor is the same shape as substrate ;
3. preventing {starch / substrate} binding with {amylase / active site /

enzyme} ;
4. the more {copper ions / inhibitor} the more active sites are blocked ;
max
5. reduces enzyme activity / eq ; 3
6
Number
7 (d)(i) 1. it allows a comparison to be made (with and without copper ions) ;
2. reference to {starch / substrate} concentration being the same (with

and without copper ions) ;
3. the rate of reaction changes with time /eq ;

max
4. because substrate is being used up / eq ; 2

Number
7 (d)(ii) idea that the {maximum rate/ Vmax} (with copper ions present) is lower (than
without inhibitor) / if it was active site-directed it would take longer to reach
same maximum rate ; 1
7
Number
8 (a) A phosphate
B deoxyribose ; 1

Number
8 (b)(i) Adenine 29, Guanine 21, Cytosine 21 ; 1

Number
8 (b)(ii)
1. a purine always bonds to a pyrimidine ;
2. % thymine must equal % adenine / eq ;
3. guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq ;
max
4. % guanine = % cytosine / eq ; 3

Number
8 (c) 1. DNA contains genetic information / eq ;
2. DNA codes for protein / eq ;
3. a change in DNA could produce a different {protein / mRNA} / eq ;
4. idea that it is required throughout life (or {cell / organism} ) ;
5. idea that it is needed to pass on to next generation (of {cell / max

organism}) ; 2
8
Number
8 (d) 1. part of the DNA (molecule) unwinds ;
2. DNA strands separate / {hydrogen / H} bonds break ;
3. idea only one strand acts as a template ;
4. (free) nucleotides line up against DNA ;

OR reference to complementary base pairing / correct description ;
5. correct reference to RNA polymerase ;
6. reference to {nucleotides joining together / formation of

phosphodiester bonds} ;
7. (to form) mRNA ;
8. exits through nuclear pore / from nucleus to cytoplasm / movement to max

ribosomes ; 5
PAPER TOTAL: 60 MARKS
9
Unit 2B (6102)

Number
1 1. monocytes ;
2. antibodies / immunoglobulins ;
3. eosinophils / basophils ;
4. nucleus ; 4
10
Number
2 (a) A red blood (cell) / erythrocyte ;
B (alveolar) epithelial cell / epithelium / squamous epithelium / ; 2

Number
2 (b) 1. {thin / eq} cells ;
2. decreases diffusion distance ;
3. permeable (to respiratory gases) ;
4. (collectively) have a large surface area ;
5. increases diffusion ;
6. of respiratory gases / oxygen / carbon dioxide ;
7. (surrounded by) capillaries ;
8. idea that movement of blood maintains {diffusion / concentration}

gradient ;
max
9. reference to {the presence of / a description of} surfactant ; 4

Number
2 (c) 8.1 (dm3) ; 1
11
Number
3 (a) Carbohydrate Enzyme Products
amylase ;
glucose and
galactose ;
sucrose ; sucrase ;
4

Number
3 (b) 1. reference to active uptake / active transport (of glucose) ;
2. reference to sodium-glucose co-transport ;
3. reference to (specific) glucose carrier proteins / fewer transport

proteins for fructose / more transport proteins for glucose /
fructose is absorbed by diffusion (only) ; 3
12
Number
4 (a) A aorta / aortic arch ;
B (right) atrioventricular valve / tricuspid valve ; 2

Number
4 (b) 1. reference to coronary circulation ;
2. reference to coronary artery / coronary arteries ;
3. reference to capillaries (in wall of heart) ;
4. oxygen {transported / eq} by {red cells / haemoglobin} ;
5. oxygen diffuses out of {blood / red cells / capillaries} (to heart max
muscle) ; 3

Number
4 (c) 1. pacemaker / SAN sends {impulse / eq} (to atria) ;
2. {causing/ eq} atria to contract ;
3. {impulse / eq} reaches AVN ;
4. reference to delay at the AVN ;
5. idea that the impulse travels to ventricles via {bundle of His / max
Purkyne tissue / eq} ; 3

Number
4 (d) 1. increased {demand for / eq} {oxygen / glucose} / increased

respiration ;
2. increased heart rate / heart beats faster / eq ;
3. increased stroke volume / cardiac output ;
4. increased production of carbon dioxide ;
5. reference to dilation of blood vessels in muscle ;

max
6. reference to adrenaline ; 3
13
Number
5 (a)(i) 1. presence of gills ;
2. to increase surface area / increase uptake of oxygen ;
3. presence of haemoglobin / respiratory pigment ;
4. with high affinity for oxygen ;
5. presence of siphon / (breathing) tube / eq ;

max
6. to obtain oxygen (directly) from the air ; 4
NB paired points

Number
5 (a)(ii) 1. presence of claws / hooks / suckers ;
2. to attach to substrate / eq ;
3. {flattened / streamlined / eq} body /reference to burrowing ;

max
4. less resistance to water flow / less likely to be washed away ; 2
NB paired points

Number
5 (b) 1. inverse relationship / eq ;
2. credit a manipulated quantitative comment ; 2
14
Number
6 (a) 1. insect ;
2. large petals / coloured petals ;
3. scent / nectar / nectary ;
4. to attract insects ;
5. correct reference to position of anthers ;

max
6. correct reference to position of stigma ; 3

Number
6 (b) 1. increased (from 30) to 90 minutes ;
2. decreased from 90 (to 180) minutes ;
3. reached a max. at 90 minutes / reached a peak at 90 minutes ;

max
15
Number
7 (a) xylem (vessel) ; 1

Number
7 (b) 1. endodermal cells have Casparian strip ;
2. reference to {suberin / eq} ;
3. which is waterproof / eq ;
4. stops movement of water in apoplast pathway / description ;
5. water directed into symplast pathway / description ;
6. reference to {control of uptake / active transport of ions (into max

xylem)} ; 3

Number
7 (c)(i) 1. concentration increases as temperature increases / eq ;
2. credit a manipulated quantitative reference ; 2

Number
7 (c)(ii) 1. uptake is active / eq ;
2. concentration in cells is higher than concentration in solution /

converse ;
3. ions are taken up against concentration gradient ; 3
16
Number
8 (a) E D C B A ;;
NB All correct = 2 marks, 1 error (i.e. one letter out of sequence) = 1 mark 2

Number
8 (b) (i) 46 ;
(ii) 23 ; 2

Number
8 (c) 1. {primordial (germ) cells / oogonia} divide by mitosis ;
2. oogonia (develop to) form primary oocytes ;
3. primary oocytes divide by meiosis I ;
4. to form a secondary oocyte ;
5. and a polar body ;
6. secondary oocyte divides by meiosis II ;

max
7. to form an ovum ; 4
17
Unit 2H (6112)

Number
1 1. monocytes ;
2. antibodies / immunoglobulins ;
3. eosinophils / basophils ;
4. nucleus ; 4
18
Number
2 (a) A red blood (cell) / erythrocyte ;
B (alveolar) epithelial cell / epithelium / squamous epithelium / ; 2

Number
2 (b) 1. {thin / eq} cells ;
2. decreases diffusion distance ;
3. permeable (to respiratory gases) ;
4. (collectively) have a large surface area ;
5. increases diffusion ;
6. of respiratory gases / oxygen / carbon dioxide ;
7. (surrounded by) capillaries ;
8. idea that movement of blood maintains {diffusion / concentration}

gradient ;
max
9. reference to {the presence of / a description of} surfactant ; 4

Number
2 (c) 8.1 (dm3) ; 1
19
Number
3 (a) Carbohydrate Enzyme Products
amylase ;
glucose and
galactose ;
sucrose ; sucrase ;
4

Number
3 (b) 1. reference to active uptake / active transport (of glucose) ;
2. reference to sodium-glucose co-transport ;
3. reference to (specific) glucose carrier proteins / fewer transport

proteins for fructose / more transport proteins for glucose /
fructose is absorbed by diffusion (only) ; 3
20
Number
4 (a) A aorta / aortic arch ;
B (right) atrioventricular valve / tricuspid valve ; 2

Number
4 (b) 1. reference to coronary circulation ;
2. reference to coronary artery / coronary arteries ;
3. reference to capillaries (in wall of heart) ;
4. oxygen {transported / eq} by {red cells / haemoglobin} ;
5. oxygen diffuses out of {blood / red cells / capillaries} (to heart max
muscle) ; 3

Number
4 (c) 1. pacemaker / SAN sends {impulse / eq} (to atria) ;
2. {causing/ eq} atria to contract ;
3. {impulse / eq} reaches AVN ;
4. reference to delay at the AVN ;
5. idea that the impulse travels to ventricles via {bundle of His / max
Purkyne tissue / eq} ; 3

Number
4 (d) 1. increased {demand for / eq} {oxygen / glucose} / increased

respiration ;
2. increased heart rate / heart beats faster / eq ;
3. increased stroke volume / cardiac output ;
4. increased production of carbon dioxide ;
5. reference to dilation of blood vessels in muscle ;

max
6. reference to adrenaline ; 3
21
Number
5 (a) Frostbite:
1. reference to tissue / skin damage ;
2. due to exposure to (dry) cold / freezing ;
Trench foot:
1. damage to toes / feet ;
2. due to immersion in cold water ; 4

Number
5 (b)(i) 1. increase in body temperature ;
2. credit manipulated quantitative comment ;

max
3. due to conduction of heat from water to body ; 2

Number
5 (b)(ii) 1. reduction in body temperature ;
2. credit manipulated quantitative comment ;
3. heat lost by {radiation / conduction / evaporation of water / max

convection / lower {air / room / chair} temperature} ; 2
22
Number
6 (a) 1. colostrum contains antibodies / eq ;
2. reference to imparting (passive) immunity / eq ; 2

Number
6 (b)(i) 1. colostrum has more protein (than human milk) ;
2. calculated difference (e.g. 5.7 times more protein) ;
3. colostrum has less lactose (than human milk) ;

max
4. calculated difference (e.g. half the concentration of lactose) ; 2

Number
6(b)(ii) 1. cows’ milk has more protein ;
2. protein is required for (tissue) growth / eq ;
3. cows’ milk has less fat ;

max
4. appropriate reference to benefit of less fat in diet ; 2
23
Number
7 (a)(i) 1. as altitude increases, partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli

decreases / eq ;

Number
7 (a)(ii) 1. reference to low partial pressure of oxygen (at high altitudes) ;
2. haemoglobin poorly saturated with oxygen ;
3. insufficient {oxygen to maintain consciousness / oxygen reaching

the brain} ;
max
4. reference to hypoxia ; 2

Number
7 (a)(iii) 1. wind speed ;
2. solar radiation ; 2

Number
7 (b) THREE of:
1. increased lung volume /eq ;
2. increased pulmonary capillaries / eq ;
3. increased cardiac output /eq ;
4. increased numbers of red cells / eq ;
5. increased haemoglobin ;
6. increased affinity of haemoglobin (for oxygen) ;
7. increased melanin / skin pigmentation ;

max
8. reference to short stature / eq ; 3
24
Number
8 (a) E D C B A ;;
all correct = 2 marks, 1 error (i.e. one letter out of sequence) = 1 mark 2

Number
8 (b) (i) 46 ;
(ii) 23 ; 2

Number
8 (c) 1. {primordial (germ) cells / oogonia} divide by mitosis ;
2. oogonia (develop to) form primary oocytes ;
3. primary oocytes divide by meiosis I ;
4. to form a secondary oocyte ;
5. and a polar body ;
6. secondary oocyte divides by meiosis II ;

max
7. to form an ovum ; 4
25
Unit 3 Paper 3 (6103/03)

Number
1 (a)(i) 1. reference to external digestion /eq ;
2. feed on organic material / both are heterotrophic /eq ;
3. reference to hypha(e) {secrete / eq} enzymes / absorb {digested max

products / named product} / eq ; 2

Number
1 (a)(ii) 1. (Rhizopus) is {saprobiontic / saprophytic} / eq ;
2. (Rhizopus) {feeds on / eq} {dead / eq } material ;
3. reference to importance of Rhizopus as {a decomposer / involved in

recycling of nutrients} and Phytophthora causing {harm / loss of crops max
/ eq} ; 2

Number
1 (b) 1. {less / eq} photosynthesis possible ;
2. (because) {leaves / palisade cells / photosynthetic cells /

chloroplasts} damaged / eq ;
3. less {glucose / starch / organic compounds} produced /eq / idea of

fungus using up the plants’ organic material ;
max
4. reference to {blocked stomata / inefficient gas exchange / eq} ; 2
26
Number
2 (a) 1. bacteria / fungi / saprophyte / saprobiont / decomposer / suitable,

correct organism ;
2. reference to respiration ; 2

Number
2 (b)(i) photosynthesis ; 1

Number
2 (b)(ii) 1. reference to respiration (of some of the organic material) ;
2. idea that energy is required ;

max
3. for synthesis of {molecules / eq} / movement / active transport} ; 2

Number
2 (c) 1. idea of {carbon / carbon dioxide} {locked away / stored} / eq ;
2. for {many years / a long time / eq} ; 2

Number
2 (d) 24 391 ÷ 37.98 ;
642.2 x 106 ha ; 2
27
Number
2 (e) 1. (different) {climates / rainfall / temperatures / eq} ;
2. (different) {species / types} of {tree / forest} ;
3. (different) {ages / maturity / size / eq} of forests ;
4. (different) tree density / number of trees ;
5. reference to (different) day lengths ;
6. reference to (different) light intensity ;
7. (different) carbon dioxide concentration / eq ;

max
8. any two other valid reasons ;; 2

Number
2 (f) 1. idea of less carbon dioxide {fixed / taken up / eq} by photosynthesis ;
2. {respiration / combustion of {fossil fuels / trees}} continues to release

carbon dioxide ;
3. carbon dioxide builds up in {upper atmosphere / troposphere} ;
4. reference to carbon dioxide as greenhouse gas ;
5. description of the greenhouse effect ;
6. reference to {enhanced / eq} greenhouse effect ;
7. reference to global warming / increase in mean temperature (of max

Earth’s surface) ; 4
28
Number
3 (a)(i) {total biomass / eq} produced / {total energy / eq} taken in ;
by {plants / producers / photosynthesis / eq} ; 2

Number
3 (a)(ii) 1. light intensity ;
2. light duration / eq ;
3. light wavelength ;
4. temperature ;
5. {carbon dioxide / carbonate} concentration ;
6. pH ;
max
7. named aquatic pollutant ; 2

Number
3 (b) 1. (dead plant material) is decomposed / eq ;
2. by action of {bacteria / microoorganisms / eq} ;
3. idea that aerobic respiration involved ;
4. (more) dead material provides more nutrients which leads to an max

increase in microorganisms / eq ; 3

Number
3 (c)(i) 1. CR in winter {usually greater/eq} than in summer ;
2. both show increase as distance (from headwaters) increases ;
3. in winter CR increases {greatly / eq}, in summer only {slight increase /

eq} ;
max
4. use of manipulated data ; 2
29
Number
3 (c)(ii) 1. idea that {more leaves / detritus / eq} added with distance from
source / more leaves shed in winter / (more dead material because)
algae die down in winter ;
2. far increased {bacterial / eq} activity ; 2

Number
3 (d)(i) 1. GPP {increases as distance (from headwaters) increases / higher in

Motueka River} ;
2. high GPP indicates {high algal population / eq} ;
3. (because) algae release oxygen by photosynthesis ;
4. more algae means more {grazing invertebrates / eq} ;

max
5. more food (for fish / trout) ; 3

Number
3 (d)(ii) 1. CR {higher / increases} (in winter) ;
2. (higher CR indicates) more {detritus / eq} ;
3. {algae / eq} may die down in winter ;
4. reference to {decay / eq} (of detritus and/or algae) uses up oxygen ;

max
5. fish population {falls / eq} ; 3
30
Unit 4 Core (6104)

Number
1 (a) B = medulla (oblongata) ;
C = cerebellum ; 2

Number
1 (b) 1. to receive sensory input / eq ;
2. idea of {interpretation/coordination} (of information) ;
3. {initiates / transmits} impulses to effector ;
4. idea of control of voluntary action / eq ;
5. reference to {thought / learning / intelligence / memory } ;
6. reference to speech ;
max
7. reference to {personality / emotion} ; 2
31
Number
2 (a) 1. idea of a deviation from the {norm / normal level / eq } triggers

mechanism to eliminate the deviation ;
2. increase in level of cortisol inhibits {CRH secretion /hypothalamus} ;
3. (which) reduces secretion {of ACTH / from (anterior) pituitary} ;

max
4. this causes drop in level of cortisol ; 3

Number
2 (b) {follicle stimulating hormone / FSH / luteinising hormone / LH / thyroid

stimulating hormone / TSH / growth hormone / prolactin } ; 1

Number
2 (c) 1. effect is longer lasting / eq ;
2. effect is slower / eq ;
3. effect is (often) not reversible / eq ;
4. reference to involvement of transport in blood system ;
5. reference to {several target organs/diffuse effect / eq} ;
6. hormonal involves chemical control, nervous involves electrical (and max

chemical) control ; 3
32
Number
3 (a) 1. reference to influx of calcium ions(into pre-synaptic knob) / eq ;
2. vesicles move to pre-synaptic membrane / eq ;
3. fuse with pre-synaptic membrane / eq ;

max
4. (acetylcholine released) by exocytosis ; 3

Number
3 (b)(i) value between 0.85 and 1.95 (ms) ; 1

Number
3 (b)(ii) 3.0 ± 0.05 (ms) ; 1

Number
3 (b)(iii) 1. correct reading from graph of duration of one action potential ;
2. 1000 / reading from graph ; 2

Number
3 (c) 1. idea that the inside of the (post-synaptic) membrane is becoming

{more negative / hyperpolarised} ;
2. therefore {more Na+ channels must open / more Na+ must enter} ;
max
3. to reach threshold level / eq ; 2
33
Number
4 (a)(i) carbon dioxide / CO2 ; 1

Number
4 (a)(ii) 1. to regenerate the {hydrogen carriers / NAD+ } / oxidise reduced NAD ;
2. NAD+ does not become limiting / eq ;
3. so that glycolysis can continue ;

max
4. to allow ATP to be formed (during glycolysis) ; 2

Number
4 (b)(i) 1. rate is {constant / steady / eq} for the first 6 minutes ;
2. rate {slows / decreases} from {6 to 14 minutes / for next 8 minutes} ;
3. no respiration from 14 – 20 minutes / eq ;

max
4. manipulation of figures e.g. calculation of rate for first 6 minutes ; 3

Number
4 (b)(ii) rate is constant (throughout the 20 minutes) / rate is slower in sucrose than
in glucose (in first 6 to 8 minutes) / respiration does not stop ; 1

Number
4 (b)(iii)
1. to prevent oxygen entering (solution) / keep conditions anaerobic ;
2. to prevent TTC being {oxidised / decolourised} / no TTC would be

2
reduced ;
34
Number
4 (b)(iv) 1. maintain constant temperature / eq ;
2. respiration produces heat (energy) ;
3. change of temperature will affect rate of enzyme activity ;

max
4. idea that the experiment can be performed in 20 minutes ; 2
35
Number
5 (a) 1. (ultrafiltration) occurs in {glomerulus / Bowman’s capsule / renal

capsule} ;
2. reference to high pressure {of blood / in glomerulus} ;
3. because afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole ;
4. {small molecules / eq} forced out (through capillary wall) / {large

molecules / proteins} remain in blood ;
5. reference to {fenestrations / pores} in capillary walls ;
6. reference to basement membrane (acting as a filter) ;

max
7. reference to podocytes in (Bowman’s capsule) ; 4

Number
5 (b) 1. all {glucose / amino acids} are reabsorbed ;
2. by (sodium) co-transport mechanism ;
3. {some / eq} urea is reabsorbed ;
4. by diffusion ;
5. sodium ions are {actively reabsorbed / co-transported} ;
6. {chloride ions / negatively charged ions} (follow) down

electrochemical gradient ;
7. reference to microvilli (on epithelial cells) to increase surface

area ;
8. reference to {many mitochondria for active transport / max

mitochondria produce ATP (for active transport) ; 5
36
Unit 4A (6104/01)

Number
6 Feature λ phage TMV HIV
Nucleic acid DNA ; RNA ; RNA ;
Shape of complex ; helical ; polyhedral ;

protein coat
6
37
Number
7 (a) 1. overall the number of cases caused by Salmonella increased whereas

those caused by Staphylococcus decreased / eq ;
2. between 1985 and (some of) 1988 more cases were caused by
Staphylococcus ;
3. after {1989 / second part of 1988} more cases were caused by

Salmonella ;
4. there was a (very marked) increase in the number of cases caused by

Salmonella from 1995 compared to {very little change / eq} in number
of cases caused by Staphylococcus ;
5. credit correct manipulation of figures to compare numbers of cases in max

a stated time period ; 3

Number
7 (b)
Endotoxin Exotoxin
Lipopolysaccharide protein ;
Released from dead released from living bacteria / eq ;
bacteria/damaged cell wall
Delay in release immediate release ;
Low toxicity / eq high toxicity ;
Released from gram positive released from Gram negative and max
Gram positive ; 2
38
Number
8 (a) 1. Gram positive bacteria / S. aureus {more sensitive to /shows greater

effect / more susceptible to / shows less resistance} to
ampicillin /eq ;
2. S. aureus / Gram positive have thick {cell wall / peptioglycan layer /

eq} ;
3. ampicillin affects cell wall synthesis ;
4. inhibits formation of {peptidoglycan bonds (in cell wall) / eq} ;
5. weakening of cell walls ;

max
6. reference to osmotic shock / cell lysis / eq ; 4

Number
8 (b) 1. correct reason for existence of resistant bacteria ;
2. any resistant bacteria will multiply ;

max
3. (and) pass on {resistance gene/ plasmid} ; 2

Number
8 (c) (48-36) ;
/36 x 100 = 33.33% ; 2

Number
8 (d) ampicillin doesn’t fit active site / allosteric effect / eq ; 1
39
Number
9 (a)(i) 1. L. bulgaricus grew best at pH 5 ;
2. L. bulgaricus could grow at pHs 5, 6 and 7 (and 8) ;
3. E. coli grew best at pH 7 ;
4. E. coli could grow at pHs 6, 7 and 8 (and 5) ;

max
5. neither species could grow at pH 9 ; 3

Number
9 (a)(ii) 1. idea that pH affects enzyme activity ;
2. enzymes can only work in narrow pH range ;
3. enzymes needed to {replicate DNA/make protein} ;
4. L. bulgaricus adapted to grow in acidic conditions due to lactic acid

production ;
max
5. E. coli adapted to live in alkaline conditions ; 3

Number
9 (b) 1. use sterile conditions / eq ;
2. could have seen more colonies (on any one plate) as contaminants grew
too / could have seen colonies on plates where none were found before
as the contaminants could grow at these pHs / could have seen fewer
colonies due to inhibition/competition ;
3. shake culture before sampling ;
4. fewer colonies, as bacteria would have settled to bottom of container ;
5. spread samples over agar thoroughly ;
6. fewer colonies seen due to bacteria on top of each other / inaccurate max
counting due to overcrowding in one place ; 4
40
Unit 4B (6104/02)

Number
6 Enzyme Enzyme Product(s) Industrial use

substrate of the
reaction
Glucose isomerase Glucose fructose ; confectionery / soft

drinks ;
Amyloglucosidase (liquid) starch ; Glucose brewing / bread

making / fruit
sorbets ;
Lactase Lactose glucose and {lactose free / low

galactose ; lactose} products /
whey syrup /ice
cream ; 6
41
Number
7 (a) 1. between 16 and 34 diabetes is more common in women than men/eq ;
2. more common in men over 35 / eq ;
3. increase in prevalence in women with age / eq ;
4. increase in number of men with diabetes as age increase up to 74 /

eq;
max
5. credit correct manipulation of data ; 3

Number
7 (b) 1. obesity ;
2. genetic ;
3. viral infection ;
4. high fat ;
5. high calorie ;
6. high sugar ;
max
7. reference to less insulin / inactivity of insulin ; 2
42
Number
8 (a) supplies respiratory substrate / eq ; 1

Number
8 (b) fungus / mould/ Aspergillus / Saccharomyces / yeast ;
bacteria / Lactobacillus /Bacillus / Pediococcus ; 2

Number
8 (c) 1. changes due to activity of mould / eq ;
2. enzymes or named enzyme produced / eq ;
3. (amylases convert) carbohydrates into simple sugars / eq ;
4. (proteases convert) protein into amino acids / eq ;
5. reference to named product of fermentation ;

max
6. pH falls / eq ; 3

Number
8 (d)(i) 0.73-0.07 ;
/0.07 x 100 ; 2

Number
8 (d)(ii) ethanoic / formic / acetic / lactic / methanoic / carbonic ; 1
43
Number
9 (a)(i) 1. chilled vegetables have a higher vitamin C content throughout / eq ;
2. faster loss of vitamin C in vegetables at room temperature ;
3. both methods of storage result in a {greater / faster} loss of vitamin C

in the first 2 - 3 days ;
4. at 7 days there is no vitamin C left in the vegetables stored at room

temperature, but some vitamin C still remains in the chilled ones ;
5. there is still some vitamin C left in the chilled vegetables at the end of
20 days ;
max
6. comparative manipulation of figures to give quantitative comparisons ; 3

Number
9 (a)(ii) 1. vegetables should be chilled ;
2. because the vitamin C content stays higher ;
3. quantitative comparison of chilled with frozen ;
4. quantitative comparison of chilled with room temperature ;

max
5. freezing can result in damage to vegetables / or ref. to energy cost ; 3

Number
9 (b) 1. vitamin C is a reducing agent ;
2. DCPIP is a dye ;
3. blue in oxidised & pale yellow / brown / colourless in reduced state ; 2

Number
9 (c) 1. reference to use as antioxidant / eq ;
2. prevents oxidation of {fats / oils} ;
3. no rancid flavours develop /eq ;

max
4. correct description of prevention of rancidity ; 2
44
Unit 4C (6104/03)

Number
6 White blood Type of immune One role in the immune

cells response response
B-lymphocytes humoral / antibody reference to antibody

mediated / specific ; production by plasma cells /
reference to plasma cells /
reference to of memory cells ;
T-lymphocytes cell-mediated / act as memory cells / killer T

specific ; cells {destroy infected cells /
destroy cancer cells / attract
macrophages / activate
phagocytosis } /
/ T helper cells activate {B-
cells / antibody production} /
T suppressor cells suppress
{killer T cells /B-cells} ;
Macrophages non-specific / phagocytosis / engulf bacteria

phagocytosis ; / antigen presentation ;
6
45
Number
7 (a) 1. both have a {heavier /eq} left ventricle ;
2. both have a {thicker / eq} wall ;
3. both have a larger volume (left ventricle) ;

max
4. manipulation of figures to quantify one of the comparisons ; 3

Number
7 (b) 1. reference to {epicardium / pericardium}, myocardium and

endocardium ;
2. outer {epicardium / pericardium}, inner endocardium and myocardium

in between / eq ;
3. reference to cardiac muscle ;

max
4. reference to {epithelial cells / connective tissue} ; 2
46
Number
8 (a) 1. age;
2. gender;
3. level of fitness / eq ;
4. resting pulse rate ;
5. diet / weight ;
6. heart conditions / eq ;
7. high blood pressure ;
8. drugs ;
max
9. height / eq ; 2

Number
8 (b) 1. 152 x 85, 142 x 96 ;
2. / 1000 ;
3. subtraction = 0.71 ; 3

Number
8 (c) 1. description of systolic and diastolic ;
2. systolic increases ;
3. (after training programe) stroke volume increases / greater volume

of blood entering arteries / heart contracts with greater force ;
4. (due to) greater stretching of ventricles during filling / increased

filling / increased end diastolic volume ;
5. diastolic decreases ;
6. due to greater emptying ;

max
7. reference to Starling’s law ; 4
47
Number
9 (a) A alveolus
B blood vessel
C bronchiole ;;
NB All correct for 2 marks, 2 correct for 1 mark 2

Number
9 (b)(i) 1. number of deaths greater in men than women (in all years) ;
2. between 1930 and 1960 increase in death rate in men but {stayed
constant in women / only increased slightly} ;
3. between 1960 and 1980/1990 death rate increased in men and women ;
4. linear increase in women but not linear in men ;
5. after 1990 number of deaths fell in men but still rose in women ;
max
6. manipulated comparative quantitative comment ; 3

Number
9 (b)(ii) 1. lung cancer caused by smoking ;
2. increase in lung cancer due to increase in smoking ;
3. men smoke more than women ;
4. women started to smoke about 1930 ;
5. reference to polluted work environment causing lung cancer ;
6. idea of women {smoking being more socially acceptable / having max

money / going out to work} ; 3

Number
9 (c) 1. removal of tumour / lung ;
2. radiotherapy ;
max
3. chemotherapy ; 2
48
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Edexcel Publications, Adamsway, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 4FN
Telephone 01623 467467
Fax 01623 450481
Email publications@linneydirect.com
Order Code UA 019777 January 2008
For more information on Edexcel qualifications, please visit www.edexcel.org.uk/qualifications

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Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London, WC1V 7BH
49

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Mark Scheme January 2008

GCE Biology (8040/9040)

Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750

Unit 1 6101 Molecules and cells p1

Unit 2 6102 Exchange, transport and reproduction p 10

Unit 3 6103/03 Energy and the environment p 26

Unit 4 Core material Respiration and coordination p 31

Level Unit Biology Biology (Human)

AS 1 6101 Molecules and cells 6101

Exchange, transport and Exchange, transport and

3 6103 Energy and the environment 6103

A2 4 6104 Respiration and coordination and Options 6104

Level Unit 8040 Biology 8042 Biology (Human)

Level Unit 9040 Biology 9042 Biology (Human)

* Only available in Summer examination series.

Symbol Meaning of symbol

Crossed out work

Spelling and clarity

Contains 1,4 glycosidic bonds 9 9

Is a structural carbohydrate X 9 max

Any two correct boxes for one mark

Question Answer Mark

3 (a)(i) the {sequence / order} of amino acids ; 1

Question Answer Mark

Question Answer Mark

Question Answer Mark

3 (c) Collagen Insulin

4 (a) 1. reference to (same / similar) cells ;

2. of similar {structure / common origin / function} / eq ; 2

Question Answer Mark

4 (b) 1. correct dimensions ;

2. folded inner lining ;

3. 5 or 6 tissues shown with no cell details ; 3

5 (a)(i) cell in anaphase correctly identified ; 1

Question Answer Mark

5 (a)(ii) cell in telophase correctly identified ; 1

Question Answer Mark

Question Answer Mark

5 (b) 1. idea that during prophase {chromosomes / chromatids} (becoming)

2. idea of centrioles move to opposite poles ;

3. reference to formation of {spindle /spindle-fibres /

4. disappearance of nucleolus / nucleoli ;

5. breaking down of nuclear {envelope / membrane} (in prophase) or

6. (at metaphase) {chromosomes / centromeres} attached to spindle

6 (a) 1. {envelope / double membrane} clearly shown ;

2. granum clearly shown ;

3. {granum / thylakoid(s)} labelled ;

4. {stroma / ribosomes / starch grain / DNA / lipid droplet / {double

Question Answer Mark

6 (b)(i) 1. correct length ;

Question Answer Mark

6 (b)(ii) vacuoles / vesicles / lysosomes / glycogen granules / ribosomes / lipid

Question Answer Mark

7 (a) 1. reference to use of {iodine solution / iodine in potassium iodide} ;

2. {observation / colour change} described ;

3. credit any valid experimental details ; 3

Question Answer Mark

7 (b) 1. overall decrease in activity ;

2. increasing concentration up to 4 au increases the activity of

3. increasing concentration from 4 au (to 32 au) reduces activity ;

4. reference to change in activity at 20 au ;

Question Answer Mark