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; (
n
a
1
=a
m
; a
0
=1; a
1
=
a
1
) ;
(a
n
)
m
=a
nm
; (ab)
n
=a
n
b
n
;
m
n
n
b
a
b
a
,
_
;
n m
n
m
a a
.
2. Cng thc logarit :
log
a
b = ca
c
=b ( 0<a 1; b>0)
Vi 0<a 1, 0<b 1; x, x
1
, x
2
>0; R ta c:
log
a
(x
1
x
2
)=log
a
x
1
+log
a
x
2
; log
a
2
1
x
x
= log
a
x
1
log
a
x
2
;
x a
x
a
log
; log
a
x
= log
a
x;
x x
a
a
log
1
log
;(log
a
a
x
=x); log
a
x=
a
x
b
b
log
log
;(log
a
b=
a
b
log
1
)
log
b
a.log
a
x=log
b
x; a
log
b
x
=x
log
b
a
.
CC KIN THC CN NH V HNH HC GII TON HNH HC
12
I. T S GC NHN TRONG TAM GIC VUNG
1. sin
=
AB
BC
(I chia HUYN) 2. cos
=
AC
BC
(K chia HUYN)
3. tan
=
AB
AC
(I chia K) 4. cot
=
AC
AB
(K chia I)
II. H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC VUNG
1. BC
2
= AB
2
+ AC
2
(nh l Pitago)=>AB
2
= BC
2
- AC
2
2. AB
2
= BH.BC 3. AC
2
= CH.BC
4. AH
2
= BH.CH 5. AB.AC = BC.AH 6.
2 2 2
1 1 1
AH AB AC
+
III. NH L CSIN
1. a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bccosA 2. b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
2accosB 3. c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
2abcosC
IV. NH L SIN
a b c
2R
sin A sin B sinC
V. NH L TALET MN // BC
a)
AM AN MN
AB AC BC
; b)
AM AN
MB NC
H
C B
A
N
M
C B
A
a) S =
1
ah
2
b) S = p(p a)(p b)(p c) (Cng thc H-rng)
c) S = pr (r: bk .trn ni tip tam gic)
2. Tam gic u cnh a: a) ng cao: h =
a 3
2
; b) S =
2
a 3
4
c) ng cao cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung trc
3. Tam gic vung: a) S =
1
2
ab (a, b l 2 cnh gc vung)
b) Tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic l trung im ca cnh huyn
4. Tam gic vung cn (na hnh vung):
a) S =
1
2
a
2
(2 cnh gc vung bng nhau) b) Cnh huyn bng a
2
5. Na tam gic u:
a) L tam gic vung c mt gc bng 30
o
hoc 60
o
b) BC = 2AB c) AC =
a 3
2
d) S =
2
a 3
8
6. Tam gic cn: a) S =
1
ah
2
(h: ng cao; a: cnh y)
b) ng cao h t nh cng l ng trung tuyn, ng phn gic, ng trung
trc
7. Hnh ch nht: S = ab (a, b l cc kch thc)
8. Hnh thoi: S =
1
2
d
1
.d
2
(d
1
, d
2
l 2 ng cho)
9. Hnh vung: a) S = a
2
b) ng cho bng a
2
10. Hnh bnh hnh: S = ah (h: ng cao; a: cnh y)
11. ng trn: a) C = 2
R
2
(R: bn knh
ng trn)
H v tn : Lp : .
VII. CC NG TRONG TAM GIC
1. ng trung tuyn: G: l trng tm ca tam gic
a) Giao im ca 3 ng trung tuyn ca tam gic gi l trng tm
b) * BG =
2
3
BN; * BG = 2GN; * GN =
1
3
BN
2. ng cao: Giao im ca ca 3 ng cao ca tam gic gi l trc tm
3. ng trung trc: Giao im ca 3 ng trung trc ca tam gic l tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic
4. ng phn gic: Giao im ca 3 ng phn gic ca tam gic l tm ng
trn ni tip tam gic
VIII. HNH HC KHNG GIAN
60
o
30
o
C B
A
G
P
N
M
C B
A
1. Hnh t din u: C 4 mt l cc tam gic u bng nhau.
Chn ng cao trng vi tm ca y (hay trng vi trng tm ca tam gic y).
Cc cnh bn to vi mt y cc gc bng nhau
2. Hnh chp u: C y l a gic u .C cc mt bn l nhng tam gic cn
bng nhau. Chn ng cao trng vi tm ca a gic y .Cc cnh bn to vi mt
y cc gc bng nhau
3. ng thng d vung gc vi mp(
):
a) t d vung gc vi 2 t ct nhau cng nm trn mp(
) Tc l:
d a; d b
a b
a, b
'
d
(
)
b)
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a
a d ( )
'
d (
)
c) t d vung gc vi mp(
)
4. Gc
gia t d v mp(
): d ct (
) ti O v A
d
Nu
AH ( )
H ( )
'
th gc gia d v (
) l
hay
AOH
=
5. Gc gia 2 mp(
) v mp(
):
Nu
( ) ( ) AB
FM AB; EM AB
EM ( ), FM ( )
'
th gc gia (
) v (
) l
hay
EMF
=
): (hnh mc 4)
Nu AH (
) th d(A, (
)) = AH (vi H
))
IX. KHI A DIN:
1. Th tch khi lng tr: V = Bh (B: din tch y; h: chiu cao)
2. Th tch khi chp: V =
1
Bh
3
(din tch y l a gic)
3. T s th tch ca khi chp:
S.AB C
S.ABC
V SA SB SC
. .
V SA SB SC
F
E
M
B
A
O
H
A
d'
d