 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

٢١٠
    ٢١٠  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?   ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 W،E١J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KE‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬٪١–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


  


 W ‫א‬    W  ‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬    W  ‫א‬ 
 W  ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK    KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 K
 KKKKKKKKKK L KKKKKKK L KKKKKKK   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKKLKKKKKKK
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  KE‫א‬‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬       
 
 ‫א‬      




 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣J ١F، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


  
 
 W ‫א‬    W  ‫א‬ 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬    W  ‫א‬ 
 W  ‫א‬



 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK             
   ،   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬      


 ‫א‬       


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬٥J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥
K،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬K––
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، – ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١J ٢J ١
– J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬ –J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥،‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬٪١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ١J ٢J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ١J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ١
 –‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K––W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KEF‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،،British Standard (B.S)‫א‬
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،–‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٪٢٠–١٠

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬
–E٤J ١F– ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F
 
 ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW  ‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈــــــﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ‬ 
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺠﺎز‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺬة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻵن‬
‫اﻟﻮاردة ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ 

 ٢١٠
 ‫א‬

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       ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬      KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬      KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬      KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬      KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

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 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬
     W ‫א‬‫א‬
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 W ‫א‬    W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W ‫א‬    W ‫א‬ 
 W  ‫א‬    W ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ 
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW E٪F‫א‬‫א‬G
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪FG
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬E٪FG
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     ‫א‬E٪FG
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬G 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬      ‫א‬G 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKKKLKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬ 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬ 
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬       
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬     



 EFWE٥J ١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
K‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F

  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


‫א‬ 


‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬

‫א‬ W ‫א‬ 

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E‫א‬F E‫א‬F  E‫א‬F 

  

   

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١J ٢F

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F،‫א‬


- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  





‫א‬











‫א‬ 




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢J ٢F  

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  



‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 


 




‫א‬ 





‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣J ٢F

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬–W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥J ٢FE٤J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  



‫א‬
 


‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤J ٢F 



‫א‬ 


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 




‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٥J ٢F  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،KKK–‫א‬–W‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬E٦J ٢F


 ........................‫ﻓﻨﺪﻕ‬

  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ WE٦J ٢F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KKK
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KComponents‫א‬Raw materials‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KK‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
_‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٧
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬Production moral ‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Hot orders ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KJ J 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١J ٣F ،‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 



 
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


‫א‬WE١J ٣F 

 ‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 B‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A‫א‬
‫א‬،C‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬، D‫א‬K‫א‬
،
E٢J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬W––‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٠٠  ٪٥         

 ٩٠  ٪١٠         

٪١٥
 ٨٠          

 ٧٠          

 ٦٠          

 ٥٠          

 ٤٠          

 ٣٠          

 ٢٠          
A B C D

 ١٠          

   ١٠  ٢٠  ٣٠  ٤٠  ٥٠  ٦٠ ٧٠  ٨٠  ٩٠ ١٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬٪١٥ W A
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬٪٢٥ W B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬٪٣٠ W C 
‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥ ‫א‬ ٪٣٠ W D

 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫ א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Supply?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Supply Quantities   ‫א‬J ١
 Supply Timing   ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Uncertain ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KProbabilities‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Usage rate
?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ KDemand
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬J ١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 KE٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
?–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬J J   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
 K?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٦ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬


٥ ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

٤ ٢ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
٣ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬

Purchasing Cycle ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٣F 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
 KE٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٥J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
 ،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Load Leveling ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١J ٣F
،٤٨‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 

 ٥  ٤  ٢٣٠٤  ٢J ١  
 ٥  ٨  ٩٦٠  ٤J ١   
 ٦  ٥  ٢٣٥٢  ٣J ١   
 ٤  ٢  ٧٢٠  ٥J ٢  

 ٨  ٥  ١٠٠٨  ٥J ٤  
 ٧  ٧  ٦٧٢  ٦J ٤   
 ٧  ٦  ٤٦٠٨  ٧J ٣   
 ٤  ٦  ٣٣٦٠  ٨J ٦  

 ٣  ٣  ١١٥٢  ٨J ٥  
 ٥  ٣  ١٦٨٠  ٨J ٧  


 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،٢١J J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


٣،‫ط‬ ٥ ٢،‫د‬ ٢ ٤،‫أ‬ 
٣ ٤ ٥
٥،‫هـ‬ 
٨
٦،‫ح‬ ٧،‫و‬ ٨،‫ب‬ 
٨ ٦ ٤ ١
٤ ٧ ٥ 

٣،‫ي‬ ٦،‫ز‬ ٥،‫ج‬
٥
٧ ٧
٣ ٨ 

E١J ٣FW‫א‬ WE٦J ٣F 


 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
        
 ١٢  ١٦  ٤  ١٢     
   ٨  ٨      

 ٧  ١٢  ٥  ٧    
 ١٢  ١٨  ٦  ١٦  ٤  

 ٥  ١٨  ١٣  ١٣  ٨   
   ١٥  ١٥  ٨  ٨   
 ٧  ١٨  ١١  ١٢  ٥  

   ٢١  ٢١  ١٥  ١٥  
 ٥  ٢١  ١٦  ١٨  ١٣   
 ٧  ٢١  ١٤  ١٨  ١١   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٣F

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ٢٠  
 K،
E٧J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
––‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

٥
              
  ٦          

             
   ٤          
              
      ٨       

             
    ٦        

              
    ٣         
             

        ٥     
              
   ٥           
             
٧ 
           
              
         ٤    
             

            

  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤
٢٤ 
٢٤            

٢٢     ٢١       
٢٠            

١٨  ١٦            
١٥  ١٥
١٦   ١٤          
١٤       ١٢
     

١٢            
٩
١٠             
 ٨             
 ٦          ٤   

 ٤            

E١J ٣FWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٧J ٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E٨J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬––
،‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

٥
              
   ٦          
              
       ٤      
             

        ٨     
              
        ٦     

             
          ٣   
              
          ٥  

             
   ٥           
              
      ٧       
             
         ٤   

              
             
  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤

٢٤             
٢٢        ٢١      
٢٠         ١٨    
١٧ 
١٨      
١٦      
١٦             
١٤     ١٢     ١٢   
١١
١٢            

١٠            
 ٨             
٥
 ٦            
 ٤            

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٨J ٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Limited Human Resources ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢J ٣F
، ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٣FE٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

٣،‫هـ‬ ٧،‫أ‬ 
٣
٣ ٤ 

٣،‫و‬ ٤ ٣،‫د‬ ٢ ٨،‫ب‬
٦ ١ 
٣ ٤ ٥

٣،‫ز‬
٥
٥،‫ج‬ 
٣ ٢

E٢J ٣FW‫א‬ WE٩J ٣F  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 KE١٠J ٣F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

٤
              
  ٢           
             
     ٣        

              
    ٣          
             

   ٥          
              
     ٦        
             

       ٣      
              
             
  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤ 


 ١٤            

١٢
 ١٢  ١١   ١١
         
 ١٠             
 ٨     ٧       
 ٦            

٤
 ٤       ٣       
 ٢             

E٢J ٣FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠J ٣F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬١١‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE١١J ٣F

            
            

             
             
            

            
             
             
            

            
             
   ٥           
             

            

  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١١J ٣F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١٢J ٣F



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

             
             
            

            
             
             
            

            
             
   ٤           
             

   ٥          
             

             
  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢J ٣F 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE١٣J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


            

            
             
             
            

            
             
     ٢        
             

   ٤          
             

   ٥           
              
            

  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤

‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣J ٣F  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤J ٣F







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

             
             
            

     ٣       
              
     ٢        
             

   ٤          
              
   ٥           
             

     ٤       
             

             
  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤J ٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،W‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE١٥J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

٣ 
             
     ٣       

              
     ٢        
             

   ٤          
              
   ٥           
             

     ٤       
             

       ٣       
              
            

  ٢  ٤  ٦  ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨ ٢٠ ٢٢ ٢٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٥J ٣F 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
– ‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،KKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Partial Replacement   ‫א‬‫א‬J 
٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 Total Replacement‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٪٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 Life Time     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
Maintenance      ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
Running Cost       ‫א‬J ٣
Time Cost    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
Storage Cost    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
Transportation    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٣F
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٦J ٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Bulldozers     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–E١٧J ٣F–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬













‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧J ٣F 

 Scrapers    ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
K‫א‬
  –‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Cranes    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
––W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،K‫א‬٣٠
‫א‬،–
 K‫א‬

 Stationary Cranes     ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Monotower Derricks  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
Tower Cranes    ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
Guy Derricks    ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
Transportable Tower Cranes    ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
Derrick Cranes    ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
Scotch Derrick Cranes   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦

 Climbing Cranes    ‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Mobile Cranes    ‫א‬‫א‬J 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،EF
KE١٨J ٣F،Telescopic Cranes   E‫א‬F J ١















‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ٣FW


Truck Mounted Cranes   J ٢

 Traveling & Rail Mounted Cranes ‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩J ٣F 

 Excavators      ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
J ٣FEquipments Based on a Tractor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠
 W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ١
 EF‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
،KKK––W‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠J ٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 Equipments Based on an Excavator's Wire Rope
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٣F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١J ٣F
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 Trenching Machines     ‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Loading Machines     ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،CrawlerEF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٣F




















W‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Pile Driver & Drill   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pile Drill     E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pile Driver     ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Pre-cast Piles     ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Concrete Mixers     ‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Central Mixers    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E –––F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬

 Batch Mixers    ‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
















‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٦J ٣F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Trans (Truck) Mixers      ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬–‫א‬W



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E –––F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٣F
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢٧J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Dumpers     ‫א‬J 
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
،– ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٣F
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‫א‬ WE٢٨J ٣F  
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 Concrete Pumps     ‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،٤٥٣٠‫א‬،٤٠٣٠‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E٢٩J ٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ WE٢٩J ٣F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
KEF‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬–

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬ 
 WJ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 KE–F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،––‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬E٣٠J ٣F‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW  ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬

      

      
     EF
      

      ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KE‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣٠J ٣F

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫• א‬
K١٩٩٦،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K،‫א‬K، •

 K١٩٩٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK،‫א‬ •

K١٩٩٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
• Addleson, Lyall, Materials for Buildings, Vol. 4. London; Newnes-Butterworths,
1992.
• Barrie, Donald S. & Paulson, Boyd C.; Professional Construction Management, 4th.
Edition, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1994.
• Cantacusino, Sherban, Modern Houses of the World, London; Studio Vista LTD,
1991.
• Civitello, Andrew M. Jr.; Construction Operations Manual of Policies &
Procedures, 2nd. Edition, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1994.
• Fisk, Edward R.; Construction Project Administration, 5th. Edition, Wiley, N.Y.,
1995.
• Freeman-Bell, Gail & Balkwell, James; Management in Engineering Principles
and Practice, Printice Hall, UK, 1993.

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 ‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ 
١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢  
٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤  
٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥  ‫א‬
٢٦  ‫א‬
٢٨  ‫א‬
٣١  ‫א‬
٣٢  ‫א‬
٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧  ‫א‬
٣٨  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩  
٤٠  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢١٠  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨١  ‫א‬
٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
٨٩  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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