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unit #3 power system control
the automatic voltage regulator
the exciter is the main component in the avr loop. it delivers the dc power to the generator field.it must have adequate powe capacity and sufficient speed of response. the basic role of the avr is to provide constancy of the generator terminal voltage.during normal small and slow changes in the load. however, it is common to design the exciter with enough margin to give boosts in the excitation level also during emergency situations.
exciter types: in older power plants, the exciter consisted of a dc generator driven by the main
generator shaft. this arrangement required the transfer of the dc power to the generator field via
slip rings and brushes.
modern exciters tend to be of either brushless or static design. a typical brushless avr loop is shown in fig. 3.1 where the exciter consists of an inverted three phase synchronous generator. the latter has it 3-ph armature on the rotor and its field on the stator.its ac armature voltage is rectified in diodes mounted on the rotating shaft and then fed directly into the main genereator field. this design eliminates the need for slip rings & brushes.
fig. 3.1 brushless avr loop
in a static avr loop , the excitation power is otained directly from the generator terminals or from
the station service bus. the ac power is rectified in thyristor bridges and fed into the main
generator field via slip rings.
exciter modelling
assume thatV would decrese. this immediately results in an increased error voltage "e" which
in turn causes increased values of vr , i.e., vf and if. the d axis generator flux increases as a result
of the boost in if thus raising the magnitude of the internal generator emf e and terminal voltage v.
e
V
Vref
∆
=
∆
−
∆
e
K
v
A
R
∆
=
∆
where ka is the amplifier gain.
)
(
)
(
)
(
s
e
s
V
s
Vref
∆
=
∆
−
∆
A
R
A
K
s
e
s
v
G
=
∆
∆
=
)
(
)
(
ga is the amplifier transfer function. in reality , the amplifier will have a delay that can be
represented by a time constant ta and its transfer function is of the form
A
A
R
A
sT
K
s
e
s
v
G
+
=
∆
∆
=
1
)
(
)
(
if re and le respectively represent the resistance and inductance of the exciter field , we have
( )
e
e
e
e
R
i
dt
d
L
i
R
v
∆
+
∆
=
∆
measured across the main field exciter k1 armature volts per ampere of field current ie , that is,
e
f
i
K
v
∆
=
∆
1
e
e
Rf
e
sT
K
s
v
s
v
G
+
=
∆
∆
=
1
)
(
)
(
where
e
e
R
K
K
1
=
e
e
e
RL
T=
the time constant ta & te have values in the ranges of 0.02-0.10 sec & 0.5-1.0 sec respectively. fig.
3.2 shows a linear model of the of the avr loop.
V
∆
-
ref
V
∆
+
GA
Ge
e
∆
R
v
∆
F
v
∆
GF
V
∆
∑
fig.3.2 block diagram of avr loop
generator modelling: there is a relation between field voltage vf and the generator voltageV .
the relationship depends on the generator loading. the simplest possible relationship exists at low
or zero loading in which case v equals approximately the internal emf e
'
0
1
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
d
F
F
f
sT
K
s
v
s
V
s
v
s
E
+
=
∆∆
≅
∆∆
f
fa
F
R
L
K
2
ω
=
f
ff
d
R
L
T
=
'
0
the open loop transfer function of the loop in fig.3.2 is given by
(
)
{
}
)
1
)(
1
(
1
)
(
'do
e
a
sT
sT
sT
K
s
G
+
+
+
=
where
k= kakekf
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