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F.4 Computer and Info.

Tech.

Computer Systems and Networking –


CPU
CPU
 Parameters
 Measuring the power of the processor
 Clock rate [MHz / GHz]
 How many signals can be triggered in 1 second?
 Clock rate ↑  No. of instruction processed in 1s ↑
 1MHz = 1,000,000/s; 1GHz = 1,000,000,000/s
 Word length [bit]
 How many bits of data can be processed at one time?
 Word length ↑  More data is processed at one time
 Common word length: 64bits
 E.g. SNES Specification (From Wikipedia)
Basic Hardware Components

Input Unit CPU Output Unit

Main
Memory

Secondary
Storage
Memory System
CPU

 Basic Structure

CU +1 Registers ALU Registers


PC
Main
Memory ACC
IR Instruction
Decoder

CPU
CPU
 Control Unit (CU)
 Send and receive control signals to and from
peripheral devices
 Interpret instructions stored in main memory
 Synchronize all operations performed in the CPU
 Sequence instructions to be executed
 Controls the flow of data between different
components
CPU

 Control Unit (CU)


 Program Counter (PC)
 Hold the address of the next instruction
 Automatically incremented by 1 after a fetch
 Instruction Register (IR)
 Hold current instructions fetched
 Instruction Decoder
 Interprets the current instructions stored in IR
CPU

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)


 Perform all arithmetic and logical operations
 Accumulator (ACC)
 A register which stores the result of one arithmetic or
logical operation temporarily
Bus System

 Bus System
 Group of wires
 Connect different parts within a computer system
 3 Types:
 Data Bus
 Address Bus
 Control Bus
Bus System
 Bus System
 Data Bus
 Carry data/instruction signals
 Bidirectional
 No. of data lines = No. of bits of one data
 Address Bus
 Carry address signals – Memory Address
 e.g. Instruction address, data address
 Unidirectional
 If n is the number of address bus, then:
Max. Addressable Memory Size = 2n
Bus System

 Bus System
 Control Bus
 Carry control signals
 Give the controls of other parts in the computer to CU
 Unidirectional

Main
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Main Memory
 Accessible to CPU without other I/O channels
 Installed on the motherboard
 Faster access
 2 major types:
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM ROM
RAM vs ROM
128 Mb
SDRAM
 RAM
 Volatile
 Data disappeared when the computer is powered off
 Hold data and instructions being used / to be used
temporarily
 Categories:
 SRAM
RDRAM with integrated heatsink
 DRAM
 SDRAM
 DDR/DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
RAM vs ROM
 ROM EPROM
 Non-volatile
 Hold permanent data and instructions provided by the
manufacturer (firmware)
 Bootstrap program: Load and initialize the OS
 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):
Manage data transfers between I/O devices and CPU
 Examples
 P (Programmable) ROM
 E (Erasable) PROM
 E (Electrically) EPROM
 EA (Alterable) ROM
 Flash Memory

Inside a USB flash drive


Other Memories

 CMOS Memory
 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
 Store data for a long time
 Basic information of the computer system
 E.g. Type of HDD, memory capacity, etc.
Other Memories

 Cache Memory
 High speed
 Stores the most frequently used data and
instructions
 CPU search cache first, then RAM

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