h e U -tu b e is g e n e ra lly th e lo w e s t-p ric e d h e a t e x c h a n g e r a v a ila b le , h ig h e r a n d m a in te n a n c e c o s ts te n d to b e h ig h e r th a n o th e r e x c h a n g e rs , s in c e th e U -bend

and related process operations. Each of a s s e s a re a p p lic a b le to s h e ll-a n d -tu b e h e a t e x c h a n g e rs w ith th e fo llo w in g ns: (1) Shell diam eter does not exceed

e x c h a n g e r . These standards (A PI 614,660 and 661) specify the m echanical design x c h a n g e r a n d lis t s p e c ific m a te ria ls th a t c a n b e u s e d

a p a ir o f ric s p ira l p a s s a g e s . S p a c in g is m a in ta in e d u n ifo rm ly a lo n g th e le n g th o f a l b y s p a c e r s tu d s w e ld e d to th e p la te .

a lte rn a te s a t b o th s id e so f th e s p ira l p la te (F ig u re8 ). In s o m e a p p lic a tio n s , o n e o f n n e ls is le ft c o m p le te ly o p e n o n b o th e n d s a n d th e o th e r c lo s e d a t b o th th e p la te (F ig u re9 ). T h e s e tw o ty p e so f c o n s tru c tio n p re v e n t th e flu id s ix in g .

late exchangers are fabricated from any m aterial that can b e cold w orked d e d . M a te ria ls c o m m o n ly u s e d in c lu d e : c a rb o s te e l, s ta in le s s s te e l, n ic k e l k e l a llo y s , tita n iu m , H a s te llo y s , a n d c o p p e r a llo y s . B a k e d p h e n o lic -re s in a re s o m e tim e s a p p lie d . E le c tro d e s c a n a ls o b e w o u n d in to th e a s s e m b ly ically protect surfaces against corrosion.

uids in spiral flow , (2 )o n e flu id in s p ira l flo w a n d th e o th e r in a x ia l flo w th e s p ira l, a n d(3 )o n e flu id in s p ira l flo w a n d th e o th e r in a c o m b in a tio n l and spiral flow .

ira l f lo w in b o th c h a n n e ls , th e s p ira l a s s e m b ly in c lu d e s fla t c o v e rs a t b o th F ig u relo ).In th is a rra n g e m e n t, th e flu id s u s u a lly flo w c o u n te r-c u rre n tly , e c o ld flu id e n te rin g a t th e p e rip h e ry a n d flo w in g to w a rd th e c o r e , a n d th e i d

s p ira l e ith e r l o r h o riz o n ta l. T h is a rra n g e m e n t fin d s w id e a p p lic a tio n in liq u id -to -liq u id , and for gases or condensing vaporsi f the volum es are not too large for x im u m

s id e so fth e p la te . E x c h a n g e rs w ith th is m ent are suitable for services in w hich there is a large difference in the s o f th e tw o flu id s . T h is in c lu d e s liq u id -liq u id s e rv ic e , h e a tin g o r c o o lin g c o n d e n s in g v a p o rs , o r b o ilin g liq u id s . F a b ric a tio n c a n p ro v id e fo r s in g le m u ltip a s s o n th e a x ia l-flo w s id e . T h is a rra n g e m e n t c a n b e m o u n te d w ith i s