CalculusofMultivariable

Vector
Representedbyanarrowsegment: Magnitude Length Direction Arrowpoint
A

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Thevectorsumoftwo The vector sum of two vectorsAandB

Intwodimensionalalgebraic,vectorisrepresentedby x andy components

Magnitudeofthevector

Angle betweenvectorandxaxis

Inthreedimensionalalgebraic,vectorisrepresented byx ,y andz components

Magnitudeofthevector

Directionangles: Anglebetweenvectorandaxis:

Example Calculatethedistancesofthepointsi)(1,0,2),ii)( 2,1, 3)from theorigin.Calculatethedistancebetweenthesetwopoints Solution

zerovectorandunitvector
Zerovector:0 Unitvector:magnitude 1andrepresentedby Fortwodimensional,theunitvectorshavingthe directionsofx andy axis.

Ifwehaveanyvectorv=(vx,vy),wecanwriteitintocomponentform:

Intwodimensional,

Similartothetwodimensional,unitvectorsparalleltothex,y andz axisare

where Thus,

Example Ifisavector,findtheunitvectorwhichhasthesame directionasthatofv Solution

Additionandscalarmultiplicationvector
Undergeometricvectoraddition breakthevectors intox andycomponents

Combinethex andycomponentsseparately

Ifu=(ux,uy),v=(vx,vy)andisascalar

Inalgebraicproperty,if[u,v&w]arevectorsand[&] arescalarsand0isthezerovector

(i)DotProduct Thedotproduct(multiply) oftwovectors toobtainascalar:

Lengthofavector:

Anglebetweentwovectors:

PropertiesofDotProduct:

Example Findthescalarproductsofthefollowingpairsofvectors

Example Findtheanglesbetweenthepairsofvectors i) ii)

(ii)CrossProduct Thecrossproductusmultiplyoftwovectorstoobtaina vectorandonly definedfor3dimensionalspace. Lets Let betheangle betweenvectorsv between vectors v andu,andassume that0< <,then |u xv|=|u||v|sin

Recall:

PropertiesofCrossProduct:

whenthetwovectorsuandvareorthogonal (perpendiculartoformarightangle),thesumof (perpendicular to form a right angle) the sum of theproducts oftheircorrespondingelementsis0 (vi)Ifu andv areparallel,theanglebetweenthem either0or180degrees,thenvxv=0

Fortriplescalarproducts:

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Example Findthecrossproductofuv,ifu=(2,4,5)andv=(3,2,1)

Example Ifa=i j 2k,b=2i+j+3kthenfindaxbwithunitvector

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(ii)VectorGradient Thegradientofafunctionf=f(x,y)isdefined:

whichwillpointsinthedirectionofthegreatestrateof changeofthefunctionf greatestrateofchange g f g g

Example Findthegradientoff(x,y)=x2 y+3y

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