Alcatel Optimization

B8
Introduction to Radio Fine Tuning

BSS release B8
Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02
1.1
TYPICAL MODULE STRUCTURE objective(s) theoretical presentation training exercises and/or cases study + feedback
Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02
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B8
PROGRAM
1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS 2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 3 OTHER ALGORITHMS 4 ALGORITHMS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR 5 CASE STUDIES
1.2
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1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS
1.3
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1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS Session presentation
Objective: to be able to characterize typical radio problems in order to trigger an intervention of the appropriate team Program: 1.1Theoretical presentation 1.2 Coverage problem 1.3 Interference problem 1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem 1.5 TCH Congestion problem 1.6 Deducing the right team for intervention 1.7 Exercises
1.4
S1: TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS S2: ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS S3: OMC-R RADIO PARAMETERS S4: ALGORITHMS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR S5: CASE STUDIES
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1.1 Theoretical presentation
1.5
Theoretical presentation Coverage problem Interference problem Unbalanced power budget problem TCH Congestion problem Deducing the right team for intervention Exercises
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1.1 Theoretical presentation Justification
Several sources of information can alert RFTM team: QoS indicators Customers complaints Drive tests Other teams information (NSS statistics) As many symptoms are common to several causes, it can be necessary to: Consolidate standard sources of information Carryout specific examinations Deduce the appropriate team for intervention
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1.2 Coverage problem
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1.2 Coverage problem Definition and symptoms Definition: Bad coverage A network or cell facing coverage problems presents a bad RxLev and RxQual in the same time on some areas. Symptoms: Customers complain about dropped calls or/and no network OMC QoS indicators TCH failure rate Call drop rate Low proportion of better cell HO High rate of DL quality HO A interface indicators High rate of Clear Request messages, cause radio interface failure
1.8
w No information is available on non-covered parts of the network, as there are non-mobiles making calls over there! w Nevertheless, cells in border of non-covered zones do have a particular behavior:
B A
w Cell A will mainly perform Better Cell handovers towards its neighbors, whereas cell B, bordering the non-coverage area, will perform emergency handovers for MSs exiting the network. For these MS, mainly DL Quality HO will be triggered: DL because MS antenna is less efficient than BTS one, Quality rather than Level since Qual has a greater priority in Alcatel HO causes.
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1.2 Coverage problem Examination
Depending on the information sources you have: Radio Measurement Statistics (RMS) (RxLevel , RxQuality) matrix Radio Link Counter S vector Number of calls with DL/UL bad coverage (bad RxLev, bad RxQual) Abis interface (for example with COMPASS) bad quality > 5% bad level RxLev < - 95 dBm and RxQual > 4 OMC-R or A interface unexpected high traffic, induced by call repetition Billing information High recall rate detected
1.9
w RMS: new PM type in B7 Provides statistics from any area in the network which are available at any time. Cost-effective. Easier and cheaper to perform than Drive test or Abis Trace. The operator can tune 54 parameters (based on RxLev, BFI, C/I, Radio Link Counter S, Path Balance, etc.) to define up to 16 templates (depending on cell type rural, urban, etc. for example). Trigger from the OMC-R. NPA can save up to 15 days of RMS for the complete network. Templates can be designed in RNO. Result reports are available in RNO and NPA.
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1.2 Coverage problem Typical causes
If the actual coverage is not the one predicted by RNP tools check antenna system increase or decrease antenna down-tilt check BS_TXPWR_MAX to be increased if value different to RNP power budget If the actual coverage is OK compared to the predicted ones indoor traffic, to be handled by specific means if black spot close to cell border, ease outgoing HO
1.10
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1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with Abis trace (1/2)
Example of an Abis trace analysis
Frequency RxLev_UL RxLev_DL RxQual_UL RxQual_DL Path_loss_UL Path_loss_DL delta_Path_loss delta_quality AV_MS_PW R nb_of samples 119 -89.29 -84.67 0.42 0.43 123.82 123.67 0.15 -0.01 34.53 3074 92 -89.77 -89.09 0.41 0.38 124.87 128.09 -3.21 0.03 35.11 10253 111 -83.15 -79.15 0.17 0.33 116.05 121.22 -5.16 -0.16 32.9 5339 DISTRIBUTION OF UPLINK QUALITY Frequency Qual0 Qual1 Qual2 119 86.50% 3.19% 2.50% 92 88.11% 1.82% 1.91% 111 77.70% 4.30% 4.30% DISTRIBUTION OF DOW NLINK QUALITY Frequency Qual0 Qual1 Qual2 119 88.29% 1.82% 2.05% 92 87.50% 2.98% 2.60% 111 71.30% 3.82% 4.02%
Qual3 2.57% 2.51% 4.36%
Qual4 1.92% 2.14% 3.56%
Qual5 2.08% 2.17% 3.56%
Qual6 0.98% 1.15% 1.70%
Qual7 0.26% 0.19% 0.17%
Bad_Quality 3.32% 3.51% 5.43%
Qual3 2.37% 2.43% 4.89%
Qual4 1.30% 2.11% 4.16%
Qual5 1.46% 1.14% 4.30%
Qual6 1.76% 0.74% 4.23%
Qual7 0.94% 0.50% 3.16%
Bad_Quality 4.16% 2.38% 11.73%
1.11
w It could have been coverage problems if this trace was made for 3 mono-TRX cells. In this case, the 3 lines are uncorrelated. Anyway, delta path loss of frequency 111 is greater than 5dB, showing a problem on this TRX. w If this is a 3-TRX cell, it cannot be a coverage problem as the three TRXs are not impacted. It will be either interference or malfunction of one TRE. w If the trace is done on 3 mono-TRX cells, in that case, it could be a coverage problem. Be careful when interpreting this result table: even if average levels in the UL and the DL are high and a lot of Quality problems are seen, nobody can say that samples with bad quality have a good level ! The level seen is just an average w One should have a look to the next slide
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1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with Abis trace (2/2)

5 7 11 1 12 BC_D L: 115 3 .7 4 % N e ig h _ C e ll_ N b 0 10 5 7 F r e q u e n c y :9 2 N u m b e r _ U L :1 0 2 5 3 N u m b e r _ D L :1 0 2 5 3 In t_ U L : 2 BC_UL: 358 I n t_ D L : 0 % BC_D L: 244 2 .3 8 % N e ig h _ C e ll_ N b 0 1 F r e q u e n c y :1 1 1 N u m b e r_ U L :5 3 3 9 N u m b e r_ D L :5 3 3 9 In t_ U L : 0 BC_UL: 290 I n t_ D L : 0 % BC_D L: 626 1 1 .7 3 % N e ig h _ C e ll_ N b 10 < R x L e v _ S e r v i n g > = - 1 0 6 .5 6 d B m B S IC 2 < L ev> - 1 0 1 .5 4 S a m p le s 63 0 .0 0 % 5 .4 3 % < R x L e v _ S e r v i n g > = - 1 0 6 .1 7 d B m B S IC 2 5 < L ev> - 1 0 4 .6 4 - 1 0 7 .5 0 S a m p le s 67 48 0 .0 2 % 3 .4 9 % 6 3 3 6 3 B S IC 2 2 6 3 - 8 8 .0 0 - 9 5 .3 3 - 7 1 .0 0 - 8 0 .0 0 - 8 0 .0 0 < L ev> - 1 0 0 .5 3 - 9 8 .7 1 - 9 8 .0 3 - 9 8 .6 1 3 3 1 1 1 S a m p le s 57 45 34 33
< R x L e v _ S e r v i n g > = - 1 0 2 .1 7 d B m
Thresholds
t Bad Coverage
RxLev -95 RxQual > 4

t Interference
RxLev > -95 RxQual > 4
1.12
w All samples are Bad Coverage samples (BC). None is interference, showing that this cell is not facing any interference problem. w By the way, if the cell is mono-TRX, this is a coverage problem. w If the cell is 3 TRXs, this is a malfunction of the TRE (shown also by the high value of delta_path_loss).
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1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with RMS (1/2)
Suspecting a cell coverage problem Distribution of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
Not acceptable coverage limit: Too low level Too bad quality
Distribution of samples per RxLev band
1.13
w A coverage problem is observed when a significant amount of the traffic of a cell is suffering from both low level and bad quality (RxQual). w To confirm, distribution of samples per RXLEV band should be also considered to know the proportion of calls which are experiencing a low signal level. w If a lot of samples of low level and bad quality are observed for only a sub-part of the TRXs (can be one only) then a BTS hardware problem or a problem on the antennae should be suspected. w If all the TRXs are experiencing a lot of samples of low level and bad quality then a coverage problem must be suspected. w These RMS indicators are provided on RNO tool per TRX, per Cell: Matrix of Number of Measurement Results per DL RxQual value and per DL RxLev band RMQLDSAM = RMS_DL_RxQuality_RxLevel_sample Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxLev band RMQLDLVDV = RMS_DL_RxLevel_distrib Vector of Percentage of Samples per DL RxQual band RMQLDQUDV = RMS_DL_RxQuality_distrib
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1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with RMS (2/2)
Suspecting a cell coverage problem Average TA values per RxQual value and RxLev band
Not acceptable coverage limit: Too low level Too bad quality
Acceptable coverage limit: Sufficient level and good quality
% of TA value over TA threshold has also to be considered
1.14
w In order to know if the coverage problem is due to a big amount of traffic at the cell border or rather to indoor calls, the average TA value per RXQUAL value and RXLEV band as well as the Percentage of TA values over TA threshold should be observed. Matrix of Average TA per UL RxQual value and per UL RxLev band RMQLUTAM = RMS_UL_RxQuality_RxLevel_TimingAdvance Rate of Measurements Results whose TA is greater than the TA threshold RMTAGTR = RMS_TimingAdvance_greater_threshold_rate Maximum TA value of all values reported in Measurement Results RMTAMXN = RMS_TimingAdvance_max
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1.3 Interference problem
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1.3 Interference problem Definition and symptoms Definition: Interference A network facing interference problems presents good RxLev and bad RxQual in the same time on some areas. Symptoms Customers complain about bad speech quality (noisy calls) and/or call drops OMC QoS indicators SDCCH/TCH Drop Low proportion of better cell HO High rate of DL/UL quality HO and interference HO Low HO success rate A interface indicators High rate of Clear Request messages, cause radio interface failure
1.16
w DL/UL depends on the way on which the interference is present. w Mainly, interferences are in the DL, due to bad frequency planning introducing interferences in the network. And this problem will not change till the frequency plan is not returned w Sometimes, interference can be in the UL in very dense area (for example, microcell area), since MSs are very close. w Finally, sometimes interferences are not coming from BS or MS but from another radio equipment, either in the UL or the DL.
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1.3 Interference problem Examination with RMS (1/3)
Radio Measurement Statistics (RMS) RxQual/RxLev matrix CFE/RxLev matrix C/I vectors for neighbors C/I vectors for MAFA frequencies
MAFA is a new standardized GSM feature for mobiles MAFA mobiles can provide C/I measurements from non-neighbor cells
Number of calls with DL/UL interference (good RxLev, bad RxQual) Number of noisy calls (bad RxQual) with bad voice quality (bad FER)
1.17
w The feature Radio Measurement Statistics (RMS) is designed to make far easier the work for planning and optimization of the network by providing the operator with useful statistics on reported radio measurements. w In fact these statistics give directly the real cell characteristics by taking into account the MS distribution. w Thanks to this feature, the operator is able to: detect interfered frequencies. assess the quality of the cell coverage. detect and quantify cell unexpected propagation. assess the traffic distribution in the cell from statistics on reported neighboring cells. evaluate the voice quality in the cell. etc. w In regards to the RTCH Measurements Observation (measurement type 11), the Radio Measurement Statistics (RMS) bring the following advantages: smaller report files. the report files always have the same maximum length whatever the measurement duration is. every measurement is taken into account (no sampling). no more need for measurement post-processing tools for statistics. Directly available with RNO or NPA.
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Suspecting a cell interference problem Number of samples per RxQual value and RxLev band
Average DL RxQuality = 2.81
Quality problems are obvious at any level of RMS data Interference highlighted
Average RxQual value per RxLev band has also to be considered
Network fine tuning needed

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Suspecting a Voice Quality problem Number of samples per BFI band and RxLev band
Consecutive Frame Erasure (BFI) is a measurement based on loss of consecutive speech frames over one SACCH mf
It is directly linked to Voice Quality RxQual to be compared with CFE since Bad RxQual does not always mean bad VQ
1.19
w These RMS indicators are provided on RNO tool per TRX, per Cell: Matrix of Number of Measurements Results per CFE band (or BFI band) and per UL RxLev band RMFEM = RMS_UL_ConsecutiveFrameErasure_RxLevel_sample Vector of Average number of Consecutive Frame Erasure per UL RxLev band RMFEBFAV = RMS_UL_ConsecutiveFrameErasure_avg_per_RxLevel Vector of Average UL RxQual per RxLev band RMQLUQUAV = RMS_UL_RxQuality_avg_per_RxLevel
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1.3 Interference problem Typical causes
GSM interference co-channel adjacent Non GSM interference other Mobile Networks other RF sources
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: adjacent channel (1/2)
Adjacent channel interference +6 dB are sufficient to interfere (9 dB according GSM)
Level
F(BTS1) F(BTS2)
6 dB
F(BTS1)=F(BTS2)+1
Frequency
1.21
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: adjacent channel (2/2)
Adjacent channel interference: usually 20% of GSM interferences

Symptom Usually downlink interference High rate of quality HO, call drop (due to HO but mainly due to radio) and TCH assignment failure Examination Neighbor cells in Abis trace (only for BCCH) Non-neighbor cells in RMS (MAFA frequencies) Frequency planning C/(I adjacent) < -6 dB Correction Downtilt increase of interferer, or even change of antenna orientation Reduction of BS power if necessary, Change of frequency (best solution) Concentric cell implementation (1 extra TRX needed if traffic cannot be supported by Outer+Inner configuration)
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: co-channel (1/2)
GSM Interference Co-Channel interference -12 dB are sufficient (-9 dB according GSM)
Level
-12 dB
F(BTS1)=F(BTS2)
Frequency
1.23
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: co-channel (2/2) Co-channel interference (usually 80% of GSM interferences) Symptom Usually downlink interference High rate of quality HO, call drop and call failure Examination Neighbor cells in Abis trace (only for BCCH) Non-neighbor cells in RMS (MAFA frequencies) Frequency planning C/I < 12 dB Correction Downtilt increase of interferer, or even change of antenna orientation Reduction of BS power, Change of frequency Concentric cell implementation (1 extra TRX needed if traffic cannot be supported by Outer+Inner configuration)
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: cellular
GSM interference: cellular

BTS1: ARFCN 5 BTS2: ARFCN 6 MS1 indoor RxLev_UL: - 90 dBm
BTS2 MS2 1
2 BTS1 MS1 3
MS2 outdoor, connected to BTS2 1: no level on BTS1 (BTS 1 under-roof) 2: - 80 dBm on BTS1: interferer UL/DL 3: no level on BTS1 cell algo prevents BTS2->BTS1 HO
1.25
w When interferences are created by frequency plannig, its not so hard to detect them. But frequency planning tools mainly consider DL C/I and coverage. w Some problems are more difficult to predict. For example, lets consider a microcell layer:
B A
A and B are 2 microcells with the coverage described before in dense urban environment. Even if both cells A & B are using adjacent frequencies (5 and 6), the overlapping area is far from cell A antenna. Thus, in this area C/I is lower than 6 dB. A red MS is connected on cell A. When the MS starts its call, it transmits full power and a PC algorithm quickly reduces MS power as the received level is very good (microcell coverage). When MS A enters the building, it faces a loss of signal of 20 dB. Then, MS power increases to MS_TXPWR_MAX. A second mobile B is connected to cell B and moves down in the coverage area of cell B. MS power of B decreases quickly down to MS_TXPWR_MIN as the MS is close to the antenna. But when MS B arrives outside the building where A is sitting, A and B are close and transmitting on adjacent frequencies Then B has to increase its power to avoid dropping its call. By the way, global level of freq B is increased in all cell B creating interference in the UL.
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1.3 Interference problem GSM interference: Forced Directed Retry
GSM Interference: Forced Directed Retry The MS should connect to cell2, but no TCH available The MS connects to cell 1 with forced directed retry The MS is emitting at high level (far from BTS1) UL interference for BTS 3 BTS 1 is emitting at high level DL interference at BTS 3
cell 1 : 24
cell 2 : 45 cell 3 : 23
1.26
w Another more difficult case of interference: FDR When examining the preceding situation of planning tool: no problem of C/I. No risk of interference. The FDR algorithm allows an MS connected on an SDDCH on a cell without any free TCH to make an SDCCHTCH handover (cause 20) so that it takes a TCH on its neighbor. As seen from the user, this is not a handover (call establishment phase, no impact on speech quality), and this algorithm is very efficient to avoid cell congestion cases. This algorithm is mainly based on neighbor level compared to parameter L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR (n). If the level greater than this threshold, the TCH is to be seized on neighbor. FDR is mandatory for dual layer or dual band networks (and very easy to configure in this case), since we have capture handovers. Capture handovers send traffic to lower or preferred band cells. In case these cells are congested, calls may not be established, even if upper or non-preferred band cells are free (due to MS idle mode selection, advantaging microcell for example). With the FDR algorithm, the MS takes an SDCCH in the preferred cell, and FDR is used to take a TCH on the non-preferred cell in case of congestion. This situation highlights a good network behavior, since the MS is at the same time in the coverage area of both cells (preferred and not preferred). umbrella capture FDR microcell
w The situation described on the slide corresponds to the usage of FDR in a single layer network. This is in that case a heavy-to-tune algorithm presenting of lot of interference and bad quality call risks, since the mobile will be connected to a cell when being not in its service area.
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1.3 Interference problem Non-GSM interference
Other mobile networks: TACS/AMPS/NMT900 Inter-modulation with GSM BS/MS receiver spurious RACH for AMPS (AMPS Tx bands close to GSM uplink band) examination TASC: coverage hole with 600 m from TASC BTS AMPS => 50% reduction of range if AMPS/GSM BTS collocated Other RF interferers (Radar, shop anti-theft mechanisms, medical device ...)
1.27
w Other RF interferers: medical devices: GSM equipments disturb them more than the opposite ! anti-theft mechanisms. Example:
Microcell antenna
shop
The Microcell is showing a very high call drop rate. On one frequency, very small call duration. No problem seen in the frequency plannig. No potential interferer. Abis trace: Qual Qual DL
UL
Level
Level
interference
The Spectrum analyzer connected on the antenna feeder highlights a peak on GSM freq 6 in the UL Anti-theft mechanism turned off: no more problem
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem Definition and symptoms Definition: Unbalanced power budget A cell facing unbalanced power budget problems presents a too high pathloss difference between UL and DL (often DL>UL) Rule: try to have delta as small as possible to avoid access network possible only in 1 direction (usually BTS->MS: OK and MS->BTS: NOK) Symptoms: OMC QoS indicators High rate of Uplink quality Handover causes Low incoming HO success rate (no HO Access triggered on the uplink) Degradation of TCH failures and OC call drop indicators A interface indicators High rate of Clear Request messages, cause radio interface failure O&M Alarms Voltage Standing Wave Ratio BTS Alarm (VSWR) TMA Alarm (in case of G2 BTS or Evolium BTS with high power TRE)
1.29
w UL Quality HO is triggered: UL since the problem is in the UL. Quality as Quality has greater priority than level.
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem Examination
wExamination: RMS Path Balance vector per TRX Number of calls with abnormal bad FER (good RxQual & bad FER) Abis monitoring:
|delta path-loss| > 5dB)

check if problem is occurring for 1 TRX or all
1.30
w Problem on 1 TRX: FU/CU or TRE problem or ANY problem or cables connected to this equipment. w All TRXs: problem on antenna, feeder, jumper or common equipment (ex: ANX, ANC).
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem Abis trace

delta_Path_loss nb_of samples 2066 2001 3193 2931 AV_MS_PWR 33.03 31.03 32.46 31.59 Path_loss_UL Path_loss_DL delta_quality 0.18 0.21 0.04 -0 . 3 7 RxQual_UL RxQual_DL 0.25 0.44 0.41 0.67 Frequency RxLev_UL RxLev_DL -8 7 . 1 9 -7 5 . 1 7 -8 3 . 3 6 -8 5 . 3 0
106 89 118 124
-9 4 . 5 2 -8 4 . 2 9 -9 0 . 7 5 -8 8 . 8 9
0.43 0.65 0.46 0.29
127.55 115.32 123.22 120.48
130.19 118.17 126.36 128.30
-2 . 6 4 -2 . 8 5 -3 . 1 4 -7 . 8 2
D IS TR IB U TIO N O F U P L IN K Q U A L ITY F re q u e n c y Q u a l0 Q u a l1 Q u a l2 106 84.75 % 4.07 % 3.68 % 89 81.41 % 1.70 % 2.95 % 118 83.62 % 4.23 % 4.23 % 124 90.79 % 1.06 % 2.18 %
Q u a l3 3.19 % 3.65 % 3.35 % 2.35 %
Q u a l4 1.36 % 6.35 % 1.57 % 1.77 %
Q u a l5 1.50 % 2.55 % 1.79 % 1.30 %
Q u a l6 0.92 % 1.30 % 0.97 % 0.48 %
Q u a l7 B a d _ Q u a lit y 0.53 % 2.95 % 0.10 % 3.95 % 0.25 % 3.01 % 0.07 % 1.84 %
D IS TR IB U TIO N O F D O W N L IN K Q U A L ITY F re q u e n c y Q u a l0 Q u a l1 Q u a l2 Q u a l3 106 90.27 % 3.44 % 2.08 % 1.55 % 89 80.16 % 6.45 % 7.00 % 3.85 % 118 86.78 % 2.72 % 3.95 % 1.82 % 124 77.14 % 4.37 % 5.87 % 5.94 %
Q u a l4 0.92 % 1.50 % 1.41 % 3.48 %
Q u a l5 1.36 % 0.50 % 1.13 % 1.36 %
Q u a l6 0.34 % 0.45 % 1.19 % 0.82 %
Q u a l7 B a d _ Q u a lit y 0.05 % 1.74 % 0.10 % 1.05 % 1.00 % 3.32 % 1.02 % 3.21 %
1.31
Example of Computation of delta path loss based on Abis measurements BTS transmitted power combiner loss measured received DL level DL Path loss delta path loss computed on Abis 45,4 -4,4 -93 134 MS transmitted power measured received UL level UL path loss -3 dBm 33 -98 131
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem RMS data
Suspecting a TRX hardware problem Average Path Balance

Average Cell Path Balance = -0. 9 dB
Fair average Path Balance at Cell level can hide a bad value for one TRX
1.32
w These RMS indicators are provided on RNO tool per TRX, per Cell: Vector of the Number of Measurement Results per Path Balance band RMPBV = RMS_PathBalance_sample Average Path Balance value RMPBAN = RMS_PathBalance_avg
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1.4 Unbalanced power budget problem Typical causes
Antennae or common RF components, TMA (pb common to all TRXs of the BTS)
TRX RF cables/LNA ... if problem located on only 1 FU
1.33
w Every BTS has its proper architecture and the diagnosis must be adapted.
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1.5 TCH Congestion problem
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1.5 TCH Congestion problem Definition and symptoms Definition: TCH Congestion TCH Congestion rate (TCH Assignment Phase) is too high (more than 2%) Rule: try to meet the offered traffic (asked by users) by providing the right number of resources (TRX extension) Symptoms: Customers complain about Network busy OMC QoS indicators High TCH Congestion rate Low incoming Intra/Inter BSC HO success rate (no TCH available) High Directed Retry rate if activated A interface indicator: BSS Congestion failure in OC High rate of Assignment Failure messages, No radio resource available
1.35
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1.5 TCH Congestion problem Examination and typical causes Examination: TCH Congestion On a per cell basis examination, check the evolution of the TCH Congestion rate. Typical causes: Special events: Foreseeable: football match, important meeting Activate some TRXs already installed (and use Synthesized FH) Add special moving BTSs
Not foreseeable: car crash on the highway
1.36
w Cells on wheel operational by several operators around the world for special events coverage & capacity IRMA (SFR) connected to Caens BSC. Orange coverage / Football WC 1998 for Paris Stade de France : Specific cells covering Paris Stadium. During games, only small capacity (using joker frequencies). During breaks, some TRX off cells around are turned off, and frequencies are reused for stadium cells.
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1.5 TCH Congestion problem Typical causes (1/2)
Daily periodic problems At peak hour, the cell is not correctly dimensioned.
Hardware solution (refer to Annex 1)
Annex 1
Estimate the offered traffic: At OMC-R level: Traffic in Erlang/(1- TCH Congestion rate) Use the B-Erlang law to estimate the number of TCHs required for a 2% blocking rate, thus the target configuration Add TRXs to reach the new target configuration and find joker frequencies and / or implement concentric cells.
1.37
w Warning: offered traffic is not the capacity delivered by the system but the traffic asked by the users.
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1.5 TCH Congestion problem Typical causes (2/2)
Daily periodic problems At peak hour, the cell is not correctly dimensioned.
Software solution
Use specific densification features Half Rate Forced Directed Retry Traffic handover Fast Traffic handover Candidate Cell Evaluation (FREEFACTOR /
LOADFACTOR)
1.38
w Half rate may not only mean SW solution. Need of G2 BSC/TC, Evolium TRE or G2 DRFU.
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1.6 Deducing the right team for intervention
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1.6 Deducing the right team for intervention Process

QOS team Drive test team Problem characterization Make assumption causes
END DHCP
QOS alarm on the network, on a BSC or some cells - Indicators (% call drop) - Field measurements/planning - Subscriber complains No Investig problem ? Yes Yes No
RFT team - Interferences - Coverage (indoor) - Power budget - Congestion (TCH, SDCCH) - BSS problem
Recurrent problem ? Yes Planning/BSS causes No
Correction action
Check the tuning of default radio parameters Planning team Maintenance team Standard parameters ?
Dimensionning team Consult the config. db On purpose Cell corrected ? Neighbor cell ? NOK Check ? With QOS ? OK No Impact estimation System problem ? Yes Standard setting ?
END DHCP
No Yes
Yes
Choose an (other) classical algo Identify the tunable parameters Impact simulation of a parameter modification
No
N times =N Call expert
No
Simulation OK ? Yes Parameters modification Database updating
- Microcell, multiband - Concentric
- Hopping - Marketing
1.40
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1.6 Deducing the right team for intervention Coverage problem Coverage problem:
If the field reality does not match the RNP prediction Maintenance team to change physical configuration (tilt, azimuth, antenna height, etc.) and drive test team to check it If the field reality matches the RNP prediction Deployment team to add sites (tri-sector, micro cellular, indoor cells)
1.41
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1.6 Deducing the right team for intervention Others problems Interference problem:
Planning team to identify the interference source and correct it (joker frequency, new frequency planning, etc.)
Unbalanced power budget problem:
Maintenance team to check the impacted BTS (Antennae, TMA, RF cables, LNA, diversity system, etc.)
TCH Congestion problem:
Traffic team (theoretically always in relation with the marketing team) to manage the need of TRX extension, densification policy, etc.
1.42
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1. Typical radio problems Training exercise

Unbalanced Bad Coverage Power Budget High rate of UL QUAL HO causes Good RXLEV and Bad RXQUAL alarm VSWR alarm (OMC-R) (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) Bad RXLEV and Bad RXQUAL High Path-loss difference between UL and DL Low incoming HO success rate OMC QOS indicators: %TCH ASS failure high %call drop high %QUAL HO %call drop %call failure Interferences TCH Congestion
Time allowed: 10 minutes
1.43
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2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS
1.44
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2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS Session presentation
Objective: to be able to describe the Power control and Handover algorithms and list the associated parameters Program: 2.1 Theoretical presentation 2.2 Radio measurements principles 2.3 Averaging windows and book-keeping 2.4 Radio Link Supervision and Power control 2.5 Handover Detection 2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation 2.7 Handover Management 2.8 Exercise
1.45
Page 1.45
2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.1 Theoretical presentation
1.46
Theoretical presentation Radio measurements principles Radio measurements data processing Radio Link Supervision and Power control Handover Detection Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Handover Management Exercise
Page 1.46
2.1 Theoretical presentation Justification
JUSTIFICATION
When the detected problem does not concern another team (Network planning and
frequency planning, Dimensioning, Radio engineering, Maintenance) or
when the other teams cannot give any solution (too tight frequency planning, no
additional TRX available, no financial budget for new sites, etc.)
the Radio Fine Tuning team has to find a compromise between:

High traffic density (Erl/km/Hz) High quality of service (Call drop, CSSR, Speech quality, indoor, etc.)
Its role: take charge of radio resources management process

This process can be fully described by Power Control and Handover algorithms. In-depth knowledge of these algorithms is required for tuning
1.47
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2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.2 Radio measurements principles
1.48
Page 1.48
2.2 Radio measurements principles Radio measurement mechanisms (1/2) MS connected (TCH or SDCCH) The serving cell gives the MS the list of the neighbor cells to listen to Every SACCH, the MS reports to the serving cell: measurement report message Received level of 6 best cells (which can change) DL level and quality of serving cell
1.49
w The BTS sends a SYS_INFO_5 message that contains the list of neighbor cells for connected mode. (The SYS_INFO_2 message contains the list of neighbor cells for idle mode). Sys info 2bis, 2ter, 5bis and 5ter are also used for multiband networks. MS reporting depends on EN_INTERBAND_NEIGH and on MULTIBAND_REPORTING parameters. The MS may report: 6 strongest cells of any band (MULTIBAND_REPORTING=0), or 5 strongest cells of the serving band + 1 strongest cell of another band (MULTIBAND_REPORTING=1), or 4+2 (MULTIBAND_REPORTING=2), or 3+3 (MULTIBAND_REPORTING=3). w RXLEV Range: [-110dBm, -47dBm] Binary range: [0, 63]; 0=-110dBm, 63=-47dBm The higher the physical or binary value, the higher the receiving level w RXQUAL Range: [0.14%, 18.10%] Binary range: [0, 7]; 0=0.14%, 7=18.10% The lower the physical or binary value, the lower the bit error rate, the better the quality 0-2=excellent; 3=good; 4=ok; 5=bad; 6=very bad; 7=not acceptable
Page 1.49
2.2 Radio measurements principles Radio measurement mechanisms (2/2) For each MS connected to the BTS (TCH or SDCCH) UL received level and quality is measured every SACCH
BSC
The Timing Advance (TA) is computed The UL information is gathered into the measurement report This is the message result sent by the BTS to the BSC
Measurements Active channel preprocessing
DL measurements measurement report
UL+DL measurements measurement result
PC execution
HO & PC decision
Candidate cell evaluation
HO execution
The BSC is computing algorithms usually using average value (sliding window) of these measurements
1.50
w The BTS starts sending MEASUREMENT RESULT messages as soon as it receives the RL ESTABLISH INDICATION message from the MS. w The BTS stops sending MEASUREMENT RESULT messages upon receipt of one of the two following messages: DEACTIVATE SACCH RF CHANNEL RELEASE w Every SACCH multiframe, the BTS: receives the MEASUREMENT REPORT message from the MS. For power control and handover algorithms, this message contains downlink measurements and, in the layer 1 header, the power used by the MS. does uplink measurements. reports the uplink and downlink measurements to the BSC in the MEASUREMENT RESULT message. Input flows Uplink radio signal: radio signal received on the Air interface. BS_TXPWR_CONF: BS transmit power currently used by the BS. DTX_DL: indicator of downlink DTX use. Output flows Abis MEASUREMENT RESULT message Internal flows Radio measurements: Air MEASUREMENT REPORT message (DL) containing DL MS radio measurements. Uplink radio measurements (quality and level) and a flag indicating whether DTX was used in the downlink (DTX/DL). Timing advance: last TA calculated by the BTS. MS_TXPWR_CONF: last reported value of MS power (reported by the MS). BS_TXPWR_CONF: value of the BS transmit power currently in use. BFI_SACCH: bad frame indicator of the SACCH block produced every SACCH multiframe (# 480ms): 0 = SACCH frame successfully decoded 1 = SACCH frame not successfully decoded
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2.2 Radio measurements principles Structure of a measurement result
L1 Info
L3 Info Measurement Report From the MS
1.51
w Basically, the MEASUREMENT RESULT message is composed of: L1 info: SACCH Layer 1 header containing MS_TXPWR_CONF and TOA. L3 info: MEASUREMENT REPORT from the MS. This message contains the downlink measurements and neighbor cell measurements. Uplink measurements performed by the BTS. BTS power level used. w SUB frames correspond to the use of DTX if the mobile is in DTX, the rxlevsub or rxqualsub is used to avoid measuring the TS where there is nothing to transmit in order not to distort measurements. else rxlevfull is used that is to say all TSs are measured. w MS TXPOWER CONF: which is the actual power emitted by the MS. w TOA is timing advance. w SACCH BFI: bad frame indicator; 2 values 0 or 1; 0 means that the BTS succeeded in decoding the measurement report. w How the neighbor cells are coded: BCCH1 index in BA list / BSIC1; BCCH2 index in BA list / BSIC2 why? because it does not receive LAC/CI (too long ) but BCCH and replies with BCCH/BSIC
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2.2 Radio measurements principles Extended Measurement Reporting (EMR)
Extended Measurement Reporting mechanisms

MS BTS BSC TCH ASSIGNMENT PHASE (OC or TC) MSC
< ----------------------------------ASSIGNMENT REQUEST < -------------------------------------------------------PHYSICAL CONTEXT REQUEST -------------------------------------------------------- > PHYSICAL CONTEXT CONFIRM < -------------------------------------------------------CHANNEL ACTIVATION (TCH) (EMO included) -------------------------------------------------------- > CHANNEL ACTIVATION ACKNOWLEDGE . . TCH establishment. . ------------------------------------------------------- > ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
Extended Measurement Order includes the MAFA frequencies the MS is asked to measure EMO sent once to the MS on SACCH after TCH seizure Extended Measurement Results include the average signal level measured on each MAFA frequency over one SACCH mf duration EMR received once per call on SACCH
--------TCH---------> ASSIGNT COMPLETE <------SACCH---------------SACCH------> <------SACCH---------------SACCH------> <-------SACCH-------EMO (MAFA freq. List) . . . --------SACCH------> EMR (MAFA freq. RxLev)
----------------------------------- > ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE
1.52
w When the BTS receives a CHANNEL ACTIVATION with the Extended Measurement Order (EMO) included, it must send this information on the SACCH to the corresponding mobile only once. w When the BTS has to send this information, it must replace the sending of system information 5, 5bis, 5ter or 6 by this information. At the next SACCH multiframe, the BTS must resume the sending of this system information by the replaced one. w The EMO must be sent after 2 complete sets of SYS_INFO5 and 6, i.e. after the 2nd SYSINFO 6 after the reception of SABM. This guarantees the MS has received a complete set. w Then, the BTS normally receives from the MS an EXTENDED MEASUREMENT RESULT with the level of the frequencies to monitor. The BTS must make the correlation between these levels and the frequencies contained in the latest EMO information, after having decoded them, according to the order of the ARFCN. The EXTENDED_MEASUREMENT_RESULT is NOT forwarded to the BSC, instead a MEASUREMENT_RESULT with indication no_MS_results is sent to the BSC. w In particular, the BTS must identify the level of the BCCH frequency of the serving cell (which must always be part of the frequencies to monitor) and apply it as the RXLEV_DL in the Radio Measurement Statistics. The other frequencies will be considered in the same way as the BCCH frequency of neighbor cells: they will be linked to the neighbor level and C/I statistics.
Page 1.52
2.2 Radio measurements principles Training exercise (1/2)
(BSIC, BCCH index)/(LAC, CI) problem As LAC and CI information take up too much space, the MS only reports the decoded BSIC and the BCCH index when it sends measurement on the adjacent cell The BSC makes the correspondence between the couple (BSIC, BCCH index) and the real neighbor cell concerned [completely defined by (LAC,CI)] WHAT IS THE RISK? Time allowed: 5 minutes
1.53
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2.2 Radio measurements principles Training exercise (2/2)
Explain why cell 2 has a very high outgoing HO unsuccessful rate and a high call drop
Cell 3 (7, 62)
CI=6169 GSM900
CI=6169 GSM900
Cell 2 (3,46)
CI=1964 GSM900
Cell 1 (7, 62)

1.54
Page 1.54
2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.3 Radio measurements data processing
1.55
Page 1.55
2.3 Radio measurements data processing Functional entities
BTS
BSC
Radio Link Measurements
Active Channel Pre-processing
the Assignment of radio measurements data processing functions in the ALCATEL BSS
1.56
w The active channel pre-processing function calculates average values of signal levels, qualities and timing advance provided by the radio link measurements function. w The pre-processing is based on a sliding window averaging technique. The averaging is either weighted or unweighted depending on the type of the input parameters.
Page 1.56
2.3 Radio measurements data processing Active channel pre-processing Active channel pre-processing ACTIVATED EACH TIME A MEASUREMENT IS RECEIVED
AVERAGING VALUES OF SIGNAL LEVELS, QUALITIES, TIMING ADVANCE USING SLIDING WINDOW TECHNIQUE
BUILDING A BOOK-KEEPING LIST OF NEIGHBOR CELLS The MS is reporting the 6 best cells at one time They can change from 1 measurement to another Maximum for 1 call: last 32 best ones (among 64 maximum declared as neighbor)
1.57
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2.3 Radio measurements data processing Active channel pre-processing - Principles Active channel pre-processing Principles HANDLED by the BSC ACTIVATED when the BSC receives: ESTABLISH INDICATION from the MS on SAPI 0, or HANDOVER FAILURE from the MS, or ASSIGNMENT FAILURE from the MS (in case of intracell handover) STOPPED when a HANDOVER COMMAND is emitted in the serving BSC AVERAGING VALUES OF SIGNAL LEVELS, QUALITIES, TIMING ADVANCE USING SLIDING WINDOW TECHNIQUE BUILDING A BOOK-KEEPING LIST OF NEIGHBOR CELLS
1.58
w The pre-processing function is stopped when a HANDOVER COMMAND is emitted by the serving BSC. At this time, the MEASUREMENT RESULT messages are ignored by the pre-processing function and no update of the bookkeeping tables or averaging is done anymore. w The pre-processing function is enabled again (in case of failure of an intracell or intercell handover) after reception of either messages listed above, and the old measurements are kept in the book-keeping list and taken into account in the new averaging. w The pre-processing function is completely handled by the BSC. The input parameters of this function are provided by the BTS every SACCH multiframe in the MEASUREMENT RESULT message. w The function calculates average values of levels, qualities and timing advance. The pre-processing method is based on a sliding window averaging technique. The pre-processing is done for every measurement sample, i.e. every SACCH multiframe. The averaging intervals are expressed in terms of SACCH multiframe periods and their range is between 1 and 31. w The averaging process for any variable can start as soon as A_YYYY_XX (YYYY stands for LEV, QUAL, PBGT or RANGE and XX for HO, DR, PC or MCHO) samples, each with MEAS_VALID bit set to 0 (validity indicator reported by the MS in the MEASUREMENT REPORT message), are actually available except in case of the averaging of the received level from the neighbor cells and the averaging of AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO, AV_BS_TXPWR_HO and AV_BS_TXPWR_DR.
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2.3 Radio measurements data processing Measurement averaging (1/2)
Avoid reacting too early to some atypical measurement(s)

sliding window effect
105,00 100,00 95,00 90,00 85,00 80,00 75,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 level average (w indow 4) average (w indow 8) 7 8 9
1.59
w The calculation of levels, qualities and timing advance (i.e. distance information) uses a variety of averaging window sizes as well as specific weighting factors for quality estimates. w One separate window exists for: power control on the uplink and the downlink (A_LEV_PC , A_QUAL_PC), emergency handover (A_LEV_HO , A_QUAL_HO , A_RANGE_HO), fast emergency handover for microcells (A_LEV_MCHO), better cell handover and better zone handover (A_PBGT_HO) for intra-layer, interlayer and interzone handovers, forced directed retry (A_PBGT_DR), neighbor filtering and ranking for all HOs (A_PBGT_HO), codec adaptation (A_QUAL_CA_HR_FR , A_QUAL_CA_FR_HR).
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2.3 Radio measurements data processing Measurement averaging (2/2)
Objective: average measurements to avoid reacting to transient degradation Principle: sliding window: level/quality/distance values are averaged for N last samples
N = A_LEV_HO N = A_QUAL_HO N = A_RANGE_HO N = A_PGBT_HO samples for uplink and downlink level samples for uplink and downlink quality samples for distance for level used in power budget equation
Example (A_LEV_HO=6, A_QUAL_HO=4, A_PBGT_HO=8)

Meas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -90 -92 -93 -98 -100 -99 -98 -90 -80 DL Level -95 -97 -96 -94 AV-RXLEV -95 -94 AV-LEV-PGBT 2 3 3 4 7 7 7 5 2 DL Qual 3 4 5 6 7 5 AV-RXQUAL 10 -75 -90 -92 1 4 11 -72 -86 -89 1 2 12 13 14 15 -71 -110 -70 -69 -81 -83 -80 -78 -86 -87 -83 -80 0 6 0 0 1 2 2 2 16 -68 -77 -77 0 2 17 -78 -78 -77 0 0 18 -88 -81 -78 1 0 19 -95 -78 -81 2 1 20 21 22 23 24 -98 -100 -110 -110 -110 -83 -88 -95 -100 -104 -85 -83 -88 -93 -99 3 6 7 7 7 2 3 5 6 7
Experiences
some experiments have shown that the number of HOs is very sensitive to modification of these values
1.60
w At BSC level, Input flows MEASUREMENT RESULT Control flows active channel pre-processing configuration parameters for PC: A_LEV_PC, W_LEV_PC, A_QUAL_PC and W_QUAL_PC, active channel pre-processing configuration parameters for HO: A_LEV_HO, W_LEV_HO, A_PBGT_HO, W_PBGT_HO, A_QUAL_HO, W_QUAL_HO, A_RANGE_HO, A_LEV_MCHO, W_LEV_MCHO, A_PBGT_DR. cells list for book-keeping: BA_IND_SACCH: indicator of the change of the BA_allocation, NBR_ADJ: number of declared adjacent cells of the serving cell denoted by n, for n=1 to NBR_ADJ: BSIC(n) and FREQ(n). Output flows Averaged measurements for power control: AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC ; AV_RXLEV_UL_PC: MS power control/threshold comparison, AV_RXQUAL_DL_PC ; AV_RXLEV_DL_PC: BS power control/threshold comparison. Averaged measurements for handover detection: AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO, AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO, AV_RXLEV_UL_MCHO, AV_RXLEV_UL_HO, AV_RXLEV_DL_HO, AV_RXLEV_DL_MCHO, AV_LOAD , averaged traffic load AV_BS_TXPWR_HO, AV_RANGE_HO, AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO, AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n), AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n). AV_RXLEV_PBGT_DR, AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n), n=1..BTSnum. BFI_SACCH AV_RXQUAL_xx_CA_HR_FR, AV_RXQUAL_xx_CA_FR_HR MS_TXPOWER_CONF / BS_POWER: last power level reported by the MS and transmit power currently used by the BS.
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2.3 Radio measurements data processing neighbor cell measurement book-keeping
BUILDING A BOOK-KEEPING LIST OF NEIGHBOR CELLS The MS reports the measurements of the NO_NCELL_M ( 6) best cells every multi-frame The adjacent cells reported by the MS can change from one measurement to another The book-keeping function keeps a table of the last 32 reported adjacent cells Clearing process of non-reported neighbors during 10s (signal level=0)
1.61
w An MS is required to measure the BCCH power level of a number of BCCH frequencies. These measurements are used for the power budget computation in the BSC and the candidate cell evaluation in the BSC. w The MS reports to the BTS, in the MEASUREMENT REPORT message, the measurements of the NO_NCELL_M (NO_NCELL_M <= 6) best cells it receives (RXLEV_NCELL, BCCH frequency index and BSIC number) for each multiframe. In case of multiband capability, the mobile reports the best cells of each supported frequency band (if available). This reporting is allowed at BSS level by the flag EN_INTERBAND_NEIGH and it is specified by the parameter MULTIBAND_REPORTING. w The adjacent cells reported by an MS can change over the averaging interval. The book-keeping function keeps a table composed of the last 32 reported adjacent cells, the maximum number of which is NBR_ADJ. The total number of adjacent cells for which measurements reported by the MSs are available within the average interval is BTSnum. w The BSC G1 maintains a table of up to 150 cells, from which up to 64 can be declared as adjacent cells to a given cell. w The BSC G2 maintains a list of up to 1000 cells, from which up to 64 can be declared as adjacent cells to a given cell. w Because the maximum number of adjacent cells may be greater than 32, the number of adjacent BCCH frequencies is limited to 32. Moreover, a mechanism for overwriting obsolete entries in the bookkeeping table, when new cells are reported, is provided. w When the variable BTSnum reaches its maximum value of 32 and at least one new cell has to be entered in the list, then the BSC sorts out all cells in the bookkeeping list, which have been reported with signal level = 0 for the last 20 measurements (10 seconds). w This is done by summing the raw measurement values over the last 20 samples. All the corresponding cell entries are cleared from the bookkeeping list, BTSnum is decreased by the number of cleared entries and some of the vacant entries are used to include the new cells. The end of the comment is on the next page...
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2.3 Radio measurements data processing Training exercise Measurements averaging With averaging window excel sheet... Compute averaging on quality, distance and level Make charts with different sliding averaging windows

1.62
w Fill up the table with average function. The chart will be automatically processed w The fact that there may not be enough cleared entries to store new measurements is excluded, see justification below: w Because the MS must resynchronize at most every 10s with the neighbor cells it monitors, it is useless to keep cells in the bookkeeping list which have not been reported for more than 10s, it will be impossible to makkes an handover towards these cells. w Therefore, the overwriting mechanism described above will function correctly if there are less than 32 cells reported in every 10s, which makes an average rate of 3 new cells per second. w The potentiality of overflow of the book-keeping list is therefore excluded. w The book-keeping is performed according to the BSIC and BCCH frequency couple. This function updates the table every multiframe except if the measurement report is missing or Measurement Valid Bit is set to not valid. When the level of a cell is not reported, a zero must be entered as measurement value. For each multiframe and for each of the NO_NCELL_M cell measurements it receives, the function has to check the BSIC number and the BCCH frequency index (FREQ(n)). w When the couple (BSIC, BCCH frequency) is not in the reference list (received from the OMC), the corresponding measurements should be discarded. w The BTSnum variable is updated every multiframe except if the measurement report from the MS is missing. It is incremented by the number of new couples (BSIC number, BCCH frequency index) registered as described above. w Remark: Two cells can have the same BSIC number or the same BCCH frequency index. Therefore, the couple of these parameters is needed to define a cell.
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2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.4 Radio Link Supervision and Power Control
1.63
Page 1.63
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Functional entities
BTS
BSC
Radio Link Supervision
Radio Link Command
PC Threshold Comparison
PC Command
Assignment of PC functions in the ALCATEL BSS
1.64
w The two main functions specified in this document and implemented in the ALCATEL BSS are: Radio link supervision and radio link command: These functions handle the detection of the radio link failure so that calls which fail either from loss of radio coverage or unacceptable interference are satisfactorily handled by the network. The radio link supervision is responsible for detection of the loss of the radio link, based on incorrectly received SACCH frames. The radio link command is responsible for commanding to set the power at a maximum level for radio link recovery or to clear the call when the radio link has failed. The radio link recovery can be activated or not, depending on a configuration flag (EN_RL_RECOV). The radio link failure procedure is always running and clears the call when the radio link has failed. Power control: This function handles the adaptive control of the RF transmit power from the MS and the BS. The RF power control aims at minimizing the co-channel interference and also at reducing the DC power consumption of the MS. This function is in charge of detecting a need for a power command and then of applying this power command. Therefore it can be divided into two processes: PC threshold comparison and PC command. MS and BS power control are operating independently, they can be activated or not, depending on configuration flags (EN_MS_PC and EN_BS_PC). w All these functions require directly or indirectly input parameters provided by the function in charge of the radio link measurements. w Most of the input data required by the power control functions are provided by Active channel pre-processing function. w The figure depicts in a general way: the interconnections between all these functions, the implementation of these functions in the ALCATEL BSS.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Radio link supervision Principles Detection (by BTS) of a radio link failure with an MS notification to BSC for radio resource release Try to recover an MS when radio becomes poor optional mechanism radio link recovery by requiring BTS and MS to transmit at maximum power Equivalent mechanism in MS for Radio Link Failure detection
1.65
w The determination of the radio link failure is based on a counter. According to the GSM Technical Specification 05.08 for the BSS, the criterion for incrementing/decrementing this counter should be based: either on the error rate on the uplink SACCH, or on RXLEV/RXQUAL measurements of the MS. w In the ALCATEL BSS, it is based on the number of SACCH frames which cannot be decoded. w It must be stressed that this criterion is related to the first one recommended above but it is not exactly the same. The ALCATEL criterion is in fact the one recommended by the GSM Technical Specification 05.08 for the MS.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Principles of radio uplink supervision For each active radio channel, a counter S is
decremented by 1 each time an SACCH frame cannot be decoded (BFI=1) incremented by 2 each time a valid SACCH frame is received
RLTO_BS RLTO (T100) S 0 Radio link Failure
The value of S gives a measure of the quality of uplink radio link Initial value of S = BS_RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT
18 16 SACCH block lost: - 1
N_BS_TXPWR_M
if S reaches N_BSTXPWR_M, a radio link recovery is triggered (optional) if S reaches 0, a radio link failure is detected
13 Radio link Recovery
SACCH block received: + 2
RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT is important because the mobile must release the radio channel first.
S 0
1.66
w The radio link supervision function is performed in the BTS and it uses three parameters given to the BTS in the TRX configuration data message: EN_RL_RECOV: flag enabling/disabling the sending of CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION by the BTS when the need for radio link recovery is detected, N_BSTXPWR_M: threshold for the radio link recovery, RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS: threshold (number of SACCH messages) for the radio link failure. w In addition, the function handles a counter named S. RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS is the initial and maximum value of S. For each SACCH not decoded, S is decremented by 1 while for each SACCH decoded, it is incremented by 2. The incrementation or decrementation is performed if the following condition is met: RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS >= counter S >= 0. As soon as the counter S is equal to the threshold N_BSTXPWR_M, the radio link recovery is triggered if EN_RL_RECOV = ENABLE. Therefore, in the case where the shadowing is so strong that all SACCH frames are lost, the radio link recovery will be triggered after (RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS - N_BSTXPWR_M) SACCH periods. w The parameter N_BSTXPWR_M must be set according this simple behavior. w If the radio link recovery is not successful, as soon as S reaches 0, the radio link failure procedure is applied. w As soon as a radio link failure is detected, the radio link supervision must be started again in the BTS.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control S counter for radio link supervision
25
S = f [ BFI(t) ]
RAD IO_LIN K_TIM EOU T_B S
N_BSTXPW R_M S value 15 BFI S 10
0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 SA C C H n u m b er 19 21 23 25 27 29
1.67
w Received events Activate supervision: activation of the radio link supervision from the BTS telecom layer 3, SACCH, BFI = 1: not decoded SACCH frame, SACCH, BFI = 0: decoded SACCH frame, Note: the BFI flag is internal to the BTS and does not deal with the BFI flag defined by the GSM. Deactivate supervision: deactivation of the radio link supervision by the BTS telecom layer 3. w Transmitted events Radio link recovery: indication sent to the radio link command function in order to set the BS and MS powers to the maximum. Radio link failure: indication sent to the radio link command function in order to release the call. w These events are sent to the BSC in the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message: In case of Radio link recovery, the BTS sends only once (to avoid overload of the Abis interface) the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message to the BSC with cause "set MS/BS-TXPWR-M (value: '001 1111', reserved for National use). This action (message formatting) is performed by the GSM layer 3. In case of Radio link failure, the BTS sends the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message with cause 'Radio link Failure' to the BSC. w Thus, the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message on Abis is not showing any call drop. One should look at the cause of CONFAIL.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Radio link recovery
The BTS is sending a Connection Failure Indication message cause 001 1111 reserved for national usage (ALCATEL: RLR) On K1205: set MS/BS_TXPWR_MAX (Alcatel only) The BSC is sending BS and MS POWER CONTROL messages required for maximum possible values The MS required level is embedded in the SACCH header in the downlink Optional mechanism EN_RL_RECOV =ENABLE useless without power control master vs. power control
1.68
w The action consists in increasing the power of the MS and of the BTS to their maximum, in a single step, if the link is failing, i.e. the BTS is not able to decode the SACCH anymore for some period of time. w This functionality is performed upon reception of the CONNECTION FAILURE INDICATION message (cause set MS/BS-TXPWR-M) from the BTS. This message can be sent by the BTS only if EN_RL_RECOV = ENABLE. Upon reception of this message, the radio link command function: 1. sends to the BTS a power increase command up to BS_TXPWR_MAX (BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER if the MS is on the inner zone of a concentric or multiband cell) in the BS POWER CONTROL message. 2. sends to the MS a power increase command up to min(MS_TXPWR_MAX,P) (min (MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER,P) if the MS is in the inner zone of a concentric or multiband cell) in the message MS POWER CONTROL. w When a radio link recovery occurs, the radio link command function gives an indication to the power control function once the power increase has been commanded. w The maximum power increase of the MS is 2dB per 60 ms. Thus, if MS_TXPWR_MAX=33dBm and MS_TXPWR_MIN=13dBm, the MS coming from MIN to Max will take 600 ms. Note: the BS Power Control process does not interfere with the recovery procedure since the former comes to a halt when no SACCH multiframe is received. Thus, the BS power control process does not take into account the radio link recovery event.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Radio link failure
Radio link failure The BTS is sending a Connection Failure Indication message Cause radio link failure The BSC is notifying the loss to the MSC Usually Clear Request radio interface failure The BSC is releasing locally the radio resource (TCH or SDCCH) Radio frequency Channel Release message sent to BTS The call is dropped !
1.69
w The task of the radio link command consists in informing the call control function to release the call. w Concentric cell or multiband cell w The power value BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER is applied in case of radio link recovery for an MS in the inner zone. The power value BS_TXPWR_MAX is applied in case of radio link recovery for an MS on an outer zone channel. w Note: the radio link supervision procedure will function also if SACCH frames are not lost continuously, but with a longer reaction time.
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Radio link supervision: training exercise With the RLS excel sheet... Taking into account the measurements with BFI and the parameter values (N_BSTXPWR_M and RADIOLINK_TIMEOUT_BS) Indicate when
A radio link recovery is triggered A radio link failure is triggered

1.70
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2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power control
Aims of Power control

Reduce emitted power to the minimum possible Minimum power levels: GSM: 11dBm, 9dBm, 7dBm and 5dBm DCS: 2dBm, 0dBm Ensuring quality and received level of peer entity Adapted in real-time For Uplink PC: decrease UL interference and save MS battery For Downlink PC, decrease DL interference
BS_TXPWR
d ow nlin
RXLEV_UL
up
lin k
RXLEV_DL
MS_TXPWR
GSM-900 Power level 14 15 16 17 18 19 Output Power(dBm) 15 13 11 9 7 5
DCS-1800 Output Power(dBm) 2 0 -
1.71
w The main objective of the power control, in connection with handover algorithms, is to allow a maximum number of MSs to operate in the network while maintaining a minimum interference level. w The algorithms must ensure that any mobile is connected with the cell in which the output powers from the MS and the BS are as low as possible (to reduce MS power consumption and interference in the network) while keeping a satisfactory link quality. w When on a sufficient duration, the propagation conditions keep worsening, then action must be taken. w The first action is to increase the output power levels at the MS or the BS. When the maximum allowed value has been reached, a handover may become necessary. w To reflect this philosophy in macrocells (not in microcellular environment), the algorithm allows for handover on quality and strength reasons only when the last step of power control has been reached. If propagation conditions worsen rapidly when the MS is at low power, the power control algorithm allows to reach quickly the maximum power. w Nevertheless great care must be taken in choosing the relative values of the thresholds for power control and handover as well as the averaging window sizes (smaller window size and higher threshold for power control than for handover). It must be remembered that, although it is desired that the MS transmits with the lowest possible power, it is more important not to lose a call. Thus early triggering for the power control is possible, by choosing, small values for the averaging window sizes and higher comparison thresholds.
Page 1.71
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power Control principles
Based on a threshold comparison mechanism Decrease emitted power when received level AND quality measured by peer entity are better than a given value Increase emitted power when the received level OR quality is lower than a given value Does not decrease power if the resulting level is below the low level threshold
FEATURE REAL FAST PC GIVES REACTIVITY TO THE ALGORITHMS
1.72
w The threshold comparison process detects the need to change the MS power level. This detection is done by comparison between the averaged values produced by the active channel pre-processing function and thresholds.
Page 1.72
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power Control detection
MS Power control (for BS PC, replace MS by BS and UL by DL)
U_RXQUAL_UL_P 1
L_RXQUAL_UL_P 2
-95 L_RXLEV_UL_P
-93 POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
-85 U_RXLEV_UL_P
1.73
w A need for a PC command is detected when one of the conditions above is true. Then, the information for the execution of the PC command is given to the PC command process. w The MS power control function can be disabled with a flag EN_MS_PC. This flag is changeable from the OMC-R. Note: The GSM coding of quality is contra-intuitive, since the value 0 codes for the best quality and 7 for the worst. Thus, the comparison between two quality values must be understood in the opposite way in terms of quality. Note: POW_RED_STEP_SIZE is used in two ways: for PC_COMMAND (decrease of MS power) and for PC_THRESHOD_COMPARISON (to avoid ping-pong effect).
Page 1.73
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control MS PC Threshold comparison
Power increase: If
AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC > L_RXQUAL_UL_P + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC L_RXQUAL_UL_P + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_UL_PC < L_RXLEV_UL_P Then PC_COMMAND(MS, INC, MS_P_INC dB, <min(MS_TXPWR_MAX, P))
Power decrease: If
AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC < U_RXQUAL_UL_P and AV_RXLEV_UL_PC >= L_RXLEV_UL_P + POW_RED_STEP_SIZE AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC L_RXQUAL_UL_P + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC U_RXQUAL_UL_P and AV_RXLEV_UL_PC > U_RXLEV_UL_P Then PC_COMMAND(MS, RED, MS_P_RED dB, >MS_TXPWR_MIN)
1.74
w OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH is an internal variable that is equal to 0 in case of Non-Hopping cell and OFFSET_HOPPING_PC in case of BBH or RH.
Page 1.74
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control MS Power Control Command
Power command philosophy: Target received level TARGET_RXLEV_UL

middle threshold between U_RXLEV_UL_P and L_RXLEV_UL_P
Adaptive power step size According to the average received level Limited power step size to MAX_POW_INC and MAX_POW_RED If only Quality problem: fixed power step size
POW_INC_STEP_SIZE and POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
Two weighting factors to modify the algorithm reactivity when level problem
POW_INC_FACTOR for power increase POW_RED_FACTOR for power decrease
1.75
w Whenever any of the threshold conditions occurs, a PC command must be sent to the MS over the air interface. w In order to compute the adaptive power step size, the middle threshold between the upper threshold U_RXLEV_UL_P and the lower threshold L_RXLEV_UL_P is considered. w This threshold is regarded as the target received level around which the MS should always stay. The following algorithm tries to maintain and bring the MS power closer to this target threshold. The size of the power step is limited to MAX_POW_INC for an increase of the MS power and MAX_POW_RED for a decrease of the MS power. w When the received level is between the two thresholds U_RXLEV_UL_P and L_RXLEV_UL_P (i.e. no need to change the level) and a power control on quality cause is triggered, fixed power step sizes are applied: POW_INC_STEP_SIZE for power increase and POW_RED_STEP_SIZE for power decrease. w Two weighting factors POW_INC_FACTOR (for power increase) and POW_RED_FACTOR (for power decrease) allow to modify the reactivity of the algorithm (the more POW_INC_FACTOR is nearby 1, the greater the reactivity of the algorithm is and the larger the power step size is). w The target received level is TARGET_RXLEV_UL for the uplink path. w TARGET_RXLEV_UL corresponds to the next higher multiple of 1 dB from (U_RXLEV_UL_P + L_RXLEV_UL_P)/2.
Page 1.75
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control

Fast and Normal PC comparison
w Example
4 SACCH=1 Measurement Report (MR) 2. MR 3. MR 4. MR Need for PC command detected PC Command 20dB POW_INC_STEP_SIZE=6dB -100 -110 0 t/ms 480 960 1440 1920 t/ms 60 0 180 120 300 420 480 Normal Power Control Fast Power Control
p/dBm -80 -90
240
360
1.76
Page 1.76
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control MS Power Increase Command computation
PC_COMMAND (MS, INC, MS_P_INC dB, < power max)

If MS_TXPWR < power max then increase MS_TXPWR by min(MS_P_INC, MAX_POW_INC, powermaxMS_TXPWR)
where MS_P_INC is evaluated by the following algorithm: if (AV_RXLEV_UL_PC < L_RXLEV_UL_P) (problem of level) if (AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC L_RXQUAL_UL_P + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH) (sufficient quality) then MS_P_INC = roundup[ POW_INC_FACTOR* (TARGET_RXLEV_UL AV_RXLEV_UL_PC)] else MS_P_INC = roundup[ MAX ( POW_INC_FACTOR * (TARGET_RXLEV_UL - AV_RXLEV_UL_PC ), POW_INC_STEP_SIZE )] else (problem of quality) MS_P_INC = POW_INC_STEP_SIZE
1.77
w In the equations: MS_TXPWR is the last MS_TXPWR_CONF value reported by the BTS. roundup means round to its next higher multiple of 2 dB. rounddown means round to its next lower multiple of 2 dB. w The rate of change of MS power is required to be one nominal 2 dB step every 60 msec. Thus a 30 dB step change should be accomplished in 900 msec. The operator should be warned of this as it may impact on the choice of settings for MS_P_CON_ACK and MS_P_CON_INT. w Then the ordered value of the MS transmit power, called MS_TXPWR, is sent to the MS as follows: The BSC sends the MS POWER CONTROL message to the BTS (i.e. to the TRX handling the relevant channel) which then forwards the PC command to the MS in the Layer 1 header. The MS applies the PC command and confirms this action by transmitting the applied power value (MS_TXPWR_CONF) on the uplink SACCH in the layer 1 header. w On SACCH channel, the MS may not send the MEASUREMENT REPORT message (e.g. in case of transmission of Short Message). In this case, the BSC receives a MEASUREMENT RESULT message which does not contain the MEASUREMENT REPORT. The BSC takes into account the MS_TXPWR_CONF variable.
Page 1.77
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control MS Power Decrease Command computation
PC_COMMAND (MS, RED, MS_P_RED dB, > power min)

If MS_TXPWR > power min then decrease MS_TXPWR by min(MS_P_RED, MAX_POW_RED, MS_TXPWR- power min)
where MS_P_RED is evaluated by the following algorithm: if (AV_RXLEV_UL_PC > U_RXLEV_UL_P) (good level) if (AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC U_RXQUAL_UL_P) (sufficient quality) then MS_P_RED = roundup[ MAX(POW_RED_FACTOR* (AV_RXLEV_UL_PC- TARGET_RXLEV_UL)), 2dB] else MS_P_RED = roundup[ MAX ( POW_RED_FACTOR * (AV_RXLEV_UL_PC- TARGET_RXLEV_UL), POW_RED_STEP_SIZE )] else (good quality) MS_P_RED = POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
1.78
Page 1.78
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Frequency Hopping cases
OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH This variable allows to take into account the frequency hopping in the RxQual evaluation (see Annex 2) Defined on a per cell basis
Annex 2
Algorithm: If Frequency hopping applied then OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = Offset_hopping_PC Else OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = 0
1.79
w In order to take into account the frequency hopping in the RXQUAL evaluation, the variable OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH is introduced. w If on the corresponding channel, Frequency hopping is applied then OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = Offset_Hopping_PC otherwise OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = 0 w Offset_Hopping_PC is a parameter defined on a per cell basis. w PC Downlink in Frequency hopping case In this case, the BSC inhibits the BS power control on all the channels which use the BCCH carrier. The entity performing the BS power control in the BSC gets all the information concerning a new channel and decides whether to activate the BS power control for this channel. The power control must be inhibited when the frequency used by the new channel is the same as the frequency used for the BCCH in the BTS (cell) in which the channel is activated. For any channel which has the BCCH frequency in its hopping sequence (MA), the MS is measuring a very good downlink level each time it hops on the BCCH. To avoid that this results in a too optimistic average, it is possible to require from the MS not to include the BCCH measurement in the averages. This is achieved by setting the PWRC flag to 1 in the SYSTEM INFORMATION type 6 message sent by the BSS on the SACCH. If the channel is hopping only on the BCCH frequency (after a transmitter failure), it is considered as a nonhopping channel and it is concerned by the non-frequency hopping case.
Page 1.79
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power Control timers (1/2)
Timers T_SDCCH_PC allows the inhibition of PC on SDCCH When a new power is required, the confirmation is awaited: MS_P_CON_ACK BS_P_CON_ACK As soon as the new power is acknowledged, a fixed duration is awaited to trigger a new change of power, if necessary: MS_P_CON_INT BS_P_CON_INT
1.80
w The timer T_SDCCH_PC allows to inhibit the MS and BS power control on SDCCH. This timer is changeable at the OMC-R level on a per cell basis. It is triggered upon receipt of the ESTABLISH INDICATION message after SDCCH activation for immediate assignment procedure. As long as the timer runs, the power control is inhibited on SDCCH. If the timer expires, the power control will be enabled again on SDCCH. If the timer is running at the sending of the RF CHANNEL RELEASE message, the timer is stopped. w T_SDCCH_PC is useful in case of long SDCCH phases. w During SDCCH for call establishment, PC disabled should be preferred with a view to secure call setup. Nevertheless, if SMS usage is very high, SDCCH phases may be long. In this case, to avoid interference, PC will be enabled after T_SDCCH_PC expiry (about 5s). w After any PC command is sent to the MS, some time must be expected before MS_TXPWR_CONF (power confirmation sent by the MS on the uplink SACCH) can reach the desired value. The timer MS_P_CON_ACK is triggered after any power modification command to monitor that the desired transmission power MS_TXPWR is reached. If MS_P_CON_ACK elapses before the expected value of MS_TXPWR_CONF is received, the power control decision process is resumed immediately with the last MS_TXPWR_CONF received. If the expected value of MS_TXPWR_CONF is received before the timer MS_P_CON_ACK is elapsed, the timer MS_P_CON_ACK is stopped and the timer MS_P_CON_INT is triggered. Then the MS PC threshold comparison process is resumed with MS_TXPWR_CONF for the same MS as soon as MS_P_CON_INT expires.
Page 1.80
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power Control timers (2/2)
IF xx_P_CON_ACK is expiring, it is a system problem: Wrong setting of xx_P_CON_ACK (too short) No reception of power command by the MS a radio link recovery can be activated Problem on Abis repetition of BS power command The expiry of P_CON_INT is a normal mechanism
1.81
Page 1.81
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Extra information
LEVEL and QUALITY USED in EQUATION are average ones with window size A_QUAL_PC and A_LEV_PC BS POWER CONTROL INHIBITED ON BCCH frequency BCCH must be emitted at the maximum level MS dynamic constraint minimum 2dB every 60 ms Emitted power can be changed by radio link supervision algorithm Radio link supervision has a greater priority Activation of power control can slow down HO decision some causes can be triggered only if the MS (BTS) is emitting at the maximum power
1.82
w Interaction with radio link command The MS power control function is informed of a radio link recovery by the radio link command function. Once the indication is received, the PC command process is resumed immediately: timer MS_P_CON_ACK is started (or reset and started if running), If MS_P_CON_ACK elapses before the expected value of MS_TXPWR_CONF is received, the power control decision process is resumed immediately with MS_TXPWR_CONF = min(MS_TXPWR_MAX,P). w According to GSM Technical Specification 05.08 section 7.1, the BCCH carrier must be broadcast with a constant power in the cell. In this release of the ALCATEL BSS, this constant value is set to the maximum power allowed in the cell that is defined by the parameter BS_TXPWR_MAX. This means that all dedicated channels (TCH, SDCCH) which are on the BCCH frequency must always be transmitted with the maximum power, i.e. the BCCH power must not be changed by the BS power control function.
Page 1.82
2.4 Radio link supervision and power control Power Control: Training exercise (1/3)
Power control UL (Remark: Use the default parameters document) What happens if we do not use Frequency Hopping? Why is it better to have A_LEV_PC=A_LEV_HO/2? Thresholds: Lower QUAL of RX uplink = 3 High QUAL of RX uplink = 2 Lower LEV of RX uplink = -90dBm Upper LEV of RX uplink = -75dBm POW_RED_STEP_SIZE= 4 POW_INC_STEP_SIZE= 6 Put the right threshold in the next slide chart
1.83
Page 1.83
Power control UL
Qual QUESTION For each case PC triggered? Step size value? With POW_INC_FACTOR=0,6 And POW_RED_FACTOR=0,6 and MAX_POW_INC=MAX_PO W_RED=8
6 4 -91
Lev
Nb of case ---> 1 AV_RXQUAL_UL_PC AV_RXLEV_UL_PC Power control Delta value 0 -98 2 1 -80 3 2 -73 4 6 -69 5 3 -86
1.84
Page 1.84
Power control DL
Thresholds:
L_RXLEV_DL_P = -85dBm U_RXLEV_DL_P = -75dBm L_RXQUAL_DL_P = 2.9 U_RXQUAL_DL_P = 1 A_QUAL_PC = 4 A_LEV_PC = 4 POW_INC_FACTOR = 0.6 POW_RED_FACTOR = 0.8 MAX_POW_INC = 16dB MAX_POW_RED = 16dB BS_P_CON_ACK = 3s BS_TXPWR_MIN = -16dB
Using the Trace Abis Excel file, find each parameter value: POW_INC_STEP_SIZE = ? BS_P_CON_INT = ? POW_RED_STEP_SIZE = ? OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = 0 or 1 ? Which phenomenon can you observe as regards the successive PC commands?
1.85
Page 1.85
2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.5 Handover Detection
1.86
Page 1.86
2.5 Handover Detection Handover main objective
SEND CONNECTED MS TO ANOTHER CELL

When needed: rescue/emergency handover If useful: better cell handover
TOWARD THE BEST CELL

From a radio point of view power budget level From a traffic point of view less loaded target From a dynamic point of view MS speed history of the call From an operator point of view
1.87
w Emergency intercell handovers: These handovers are triggered when the call conditions deteriorate significantly in order to rescue the call. The causes are: "too low quality" , "too low level", " too long MS-BS distance", too short MS-BS distance, "consecutive bad SACCH frames", "level dropping under high threshold". w Better cell HO: These handovers are triggered to improve the overall system traffic capacity. This spans: interference reduction, signaling load reduction, traffic unbalance smoothing. The basic assumption for these handovers is that they should respect the cell planning decided by the operator. The causes are: "power budget" , "high level in neighbor lower layer cell for slow mobile", "high level in neighbor cell in the preferred band" and traffic handover.
Page 1.87
2.5 Handover Detection Principles
The BSC is analyzing averaged measurement results active channel pre-processing (measurements averaging and book-keeping) To detect need/utility to handover Handover detection process To choose/rank target cells according to several criteria Candidate cell evaluation process To perform the handover Handover management process
1.88
Page 1.88
2.5 Handover Detection Functional entities

BTS BSC
HO Preparation Radio Link Measurements Active Channel Pre-processing HO Candidate Cell Evaluation
HO Detection
HO management
HO protocol
MSC
Assignment of HO functions in the ALCATEL BSS
1.89
w The HO Preparation function can also be named "handover algorithms" as the algorithms described are the "heart" of this function. The ALCATEL handover preparation is derived from the basic algorithm found in Annex A of the GSM Technical Specification 05.08. The handover preparation is in charge of detecting a need for handover and proposing a list of target cells. Therefore it can be divided into two processes: handover detection and handover candidate cell evaluation. w The handover detection process analyzes the radio measurements reported by the BTS and triggers the candidate cell evaluation process each time a handover cause (emergency or better cell type) is fulfilled. w The handover candidate cell evaluation works out a list of possible candidate cells for the handover. This list is sorted according to the evaluation of each cell as well as the layer they belong to (in a hierarchical network) and the frequency band they use (in a multiband network). w Once the handover preparation is completed, the handover decision and execution (handover management entity) is performed under the MSC or BSC control. The directed retry preparation is performed by the handover preparation function. Once the directed retry preparation is completed, the directed retry is performed either under the BSC control (internal directed retry) or under the MSC control (external directed retry). w An example of implementation of these functions except for directed retry is given in the GSM Technical Specification 05.08. w The handover preparation requires indirectly input parameters provided by the function in charge of the radio link measurements. w Most of the input data required by the handover functions are provided by a function called: Active channel preprocessing. w The figure above depicts in a general way: the interconnections between these functions, the implementation of these functions in the ALCATEL BSS.
Page 1.89
2.5 Handover Detection Handover causes detection
Based on the contents of the measurement results The BSC is computing the need or utility to trigger a handover HO causes 25, split into 2 main categories: emergency handover quality, level, distance, etc. better cell handover power budget, traffic, etc. Some are specific to hierarchical and concentric architectures
1.90
w The process is achieved in the BSC. w Each time a set of pre-processed (averaged) measurements is available, this process checks whether a handover is needed. If the need for a handover is detected, the target cell evaluation process is triggered. w In case of a handover alarm, the handover detection process gives to the cell evaluation process: the preferred target cell layer: lower, upper or none. the raw candidate cell list, which can be either all neighbors, or the subset which verify the handover causes (plus other specific cells in particular cases). With each cell is given one of the handover causes which have been verified. The cause of handover. w Four main handover categories are provided, depending on the cause of handover and the context of application. The context of application for a handover is either "intercell" (the handover is performed between two different cells) or "intracell" (the handover is performed in the same cell). w The detection of a need for handover is performed through handover causes which are going to be detailed. w The cause of handover is based either on a situation of emergency (this cause is therefore called "emergency cause") or on the existence of better conditions. In this last case, the name of the cause depends on the context of application: for intercell handovers, it is called "Better cell cause". For intracell handovers, it is called "Better zone cause", as it is applied only in the case of interzone handovers in concentric or multiband cells.
Page 1.90
B8
HO causes for standard networks
cause 2 cause 3 cause 4 cause 5 cause 6 cause 10 cause 11 cause 15 cause 16 cause 26 cause 24 cause 12 cause 23 cause 13 cause 27 cause 20 cause 28 cause 29
2.5 Handover Detection Handover causes
: too low quality on the uplink Emergency HO : too low level on the uplink : too low quality on the downlink : too low level on the downlink : Too long distance between the MS and the BTS : too low level on the uplink in the inner zone : too low level on the downlink in the inner zone : high interference on the uplink (intracell HO) : high interference on the downlink (intracell HO) : AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR) : general capture Modified in B8 : power budget evaluation : traffic Modified in B8 : Outer zone level Uplink & Downlink : AMR channel adaptation HO (FR to HR) : forced directed retry Better conditions HO : Fast traffic HO : TFO HO
1.91
w HO causes for Extended Cells: Emergency causes cause 22: too short MS-BTS distance w HO causes for hierarchical or multiband network: Emergency causes cause 7: consecutive bad SACCH frames received in a microcell cause 17: too low level on the uplink in a microcell compared to a high threshold cause 18: too low level on the downlink in a microcell compared to a high threshold Better causes cause 14: high level in neighbor lower layer cell for slow mobile cause 21: high level in neighbor cell in the preferred band
Page 1.91
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 2: UL Quality
CAUSE 2: too low quality on the Uplink

QUAL
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO > L_RXQUAL_UL_H + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO <= RXLEV_UL_IH and MS_TXPWR = min (P, MS_TXPWR_MAX) and EN_RXQUAL_UL= ENABLE
LEV
Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
1.92
w Quality and Level causes (2, 3, 4, 5, 15, 16) w The aim of these causes is to keep the call going when the radio link is degrading otherwise the radio link failure might be detected and the call released. These causes wait generally for the power control process to increase the BTS and MS power to their maximum values, except for the causes specific to microcellular environment. w Handover on "too low level" is used to avoid situations where the interference level is low, while the attenuation is quite high. These conditions may appear for example in big city streets which enable a line of sight propagation from the BTS antenna. There is in this case a risk of abrupt quality degradation, if the MS moves away from the line of sight street. w In case of simultaneous low-level and low-quality signals, an intercell handover is requested.
Page 1.92
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 3: UL Level
CAUSE 3: too low level on the uplink

QUAL
AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO <= L_RXQUAL_UL_H + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO < L_RXLEV_UL_H and MS_TXPWR = min (P, MS_TXPWR_MAX) and EN_RXLEV_UL= ENABLE Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
LEV
1.93
Page 1.93
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 4: DL Quality
CAUSE 4: too low quality on the downlink

QUAL
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO > L_RXQUAL_DL_H + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO <= RXLEV_DL_IH and BS_TXPWR = BS_TXPWR_MAX and EN_RXQUAL_DL= ENABLE Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
LEV
1.94
Page 1.94
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 5: DL Level
w CAUSE 5: too low level on the downlink

QUAL
AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO <= L_RXQUAL_DL_H + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AV_RXLEV_DL_HO < L_RXLEV_DL_H BS_TXPWR = BS_TXPWR_MAX and EN_RXLEV_DL= ENABLE Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
LEV
1.95
Page 1.95
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 6: Distance
CAUSE 6: Too long distance between the MS and the BTS AV_RANGE_HO > U_TIME_ADVANCE and EN_DIST_HO= ENABLE
Size of window for distance averaging: A_RANGE_HO

1.96
w This cause is used when a dominant cell provides a lot of scattered coverages inside other cells, due to propagation conditions of the operational network. The consequence of these spurious coverages is the probable production of a high level of co-channel interference. w This cause is different from the others as it is more preventive. It does not make use of the propagation conditions of a call. It just does not allow an MS to talk to a BTS if it is too far away. w It may happen for example that some peculiar propagation conditions exist at one point in time that provide exceptional quality and level although the serving BTS is far and another is closer and should be the one the mobile should be connected to if the conditions were normal. w It may then happen that these exceptional conditions suddenly drop and the link is lost, which would not have happened if the mobile had been connected to the closest cell. So for these reasons, this cause does not wait for the power control to react.
Page 1.96
2.5 Handover Detection Handover algorithms for concentric cells
Emergency handovers specific to concentric cells

Intracell handovers from inner to outer zone cause 10: too low level on the uplink in inner zone cause 11: too low level on the downlink in inner zone
May be triggered From inner zone of a concentric cell Towards outer zone, same cell
OUTER
INNER
1.97
Page 1.97
2.5 Handover Detection Handover algorithms for concentric cells: cause 10
CAUSE 10: too low level on the uplink in the inner zone AV_RXLEV_UL_HO < RXLEV_UL_ZONE and MS_TXPWR = min (P, MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER)
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
1.98
Page 1.98
2.5 Handover Detection Handover algorithms for concentric cells: cause 11
CAUSE 11: too low level on the downlink in the inner zone AV_RXLEV_DL_HO < RXLEV_DL_ZONE and BS_TXPWR = BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER
Averaging window: A_LEV_HO
1.99
Page 1.99
2.5 Handover Detection Handover algorithms for concentric cells: cause 13 (1/6)
CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone

Better condition intracell handover If the cell is a multi-band cell, cause 13 is checked only for multi-band MSs
May be triggered
From outer zone of a concentric cell Towards inner zone, same cell
OUTER
INNER
1.100
Page 1.100
CAUSE 13: too high level on UL and DL in the outer zone AV_RXLEV_UL_HO > RXLEV_UL_ZONE + + ZONE_HO_HYST_UL + + (MS_TXPWR - MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) + + PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO > RXLEV_DL_ZONE + + ZONE_HO_HYST_DL + + (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) + + PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) and AV_RXLEV_NCELL_BIS(n) <= neighbour_RXLEV(0,n) and EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE (B7) and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE Averaging windows: A_LEV_HO and A_PBGT_HO (for n)
1.101
Page 1.101
ZONE_HO_HYST_UL UL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner

In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of propagation between GSM and DCS
Added to cause 10 threshold RXLEV_UL_ZONE ZONE_HO_HYST_DL DL static hysteresis for interzone HO from outer to inner
In case of multi-band cell, should take into account the difference of propagation between GSM and DCS and the difference of BTS transmission power in the two bands
Added to cause 11 threshold RXLEV_DL_ZONE
1.102
Page 1.102
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) Penalty PING_PONG_HCP put on cause 13 if

The immediately preceding zone in which the call has been is the inner zone of the serving cell And The last handover was not external intracell And T_HCP is still running
PING_PONG_MARGIN(0,call_ref) = 0
If the call was not previously in servings inner zone Or T_HCP has expired
OUTER
INNER
1.103
Page 1.103
neighbour_RXLEV(0,n)
INNER zone interferer 1
OUTER INNER
INNER zone interferer 2
Concentric cells are designed to create an INNER zone

protected from external interferers and creating no interferences on other cells to be able to face more aggressive frequency reuse in INNER zone TRXs
neighbour_RXLEV(0,n) tuning enables to avoid handovers if the MS position will lead to interferences the condition is checked towards all neighbor cells belonging to the same layer and band than the serving cell
1.104
Page 1.104
EN_CAUSE_13 Load balance between inner and outer zones may be allowed by setting EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = ENABLE
If INNER zone is less loaded than OUTER, EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE If INNER zone is more loaded than OUTER, EN_CAUSE_13 = DISABLE
If EN_LOAD_BALANCE = DISABLE
EN_CAUSE_13 = ENABLE
1.105
Page 1.105
2.5 Handover Detection Outgoing intercell handovers from concentric Cell
Outgoing intercell handovers from concentric cells As explained here before, the MS located in a concentric cell can make intercell, emergency or better condition HO regardless their current zone
For example, an MS located in the INNER zone of a concentric cell can make directly a HO cause 12 towards another cell, WITHOUT having to trigger any cause 10 or 11 to the OUTER zone before
1.106
w The only restrictions are linked to EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO and EN_BI-BAND_MS parameters.
Page 1.106
2.5 Handover Detection Incoming intercell handovers towards a Concentric Cell (1/2)
Incoming intercell handovers towards a concentric cell In case an MS is making an incoming handover towards a concentric cell (due to outer PBGT measurements,etc.), a TCH may be allocated
either in the INNER or in the OUTER zone, as for call setup depending on radio conditions In case of a multi-band cell, if the MS is not multi-band, it will always be sent to the OUTER zone
OUTER
INNER
1.107
Page 1.107
2.5 Handover Detection Incoming intercell handovers towards a Concentric Cell (2/2)
Use part of Handover cause 13 algorithm on each potential target IF Cell(n) is external The MS is directed to the OUTER zone of (n) ELSE (cell(n) is internal) IF
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_DL_ZONE + ZONE_HO_HYST_DL + + (BS_TXPWR - BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER) and EN_BETTER_ZONE_HO = ENABLE
The MS is directed towards the INNER zone ELSE The MS is directed towards the OUTER zone
1.108
Page 1.108
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 12: Power Budget (1/11)
CAUSE 12: Power budget Decision based mainly on comparison of serving and neighbor cells for: downlink level of serving and neighbor cells maximum emitting level of MS Aiming at decreasing UL & DL emitted power Should be the normal handover type no matter of emergency
1.109
w In this case, there is another cell with a better power budget i.e., the link quality can be improved or maintained with a reduced transmit power of both the MS and the BTS. The radio link is not degraded but there is the opportunity to decrease the overall interference level by changing the serving cell of the given MS. w In conjunction with power control, it presents the advantage to keep the interference as low as possible, since it minimizes the path loss between the BTS and the MS. w This cause is especially designed to cope with the requirement that the mobile should be connected with the cell with which the lowest possible output powers are used. To assess which of the cells is this "best cell", the algorithm performs every measurement reporting period the comparison of the path loss in the current and in the neighbor cell. This is a feature special to GSM which is made possible because the mobile measures the adjacent cell signal levels and reports the six best ones. w This power budget gives the difference in path loss between the current cell and the adjacent cells reported by the mobile. w When PBGT(n) is greater than 0, then the path loss from cell n is less than the path loss from the serving cell and thus the radiated power in the downlink direction, and therefore in the uplink direction as well, will be lower in cell n than in the current cell. w However it would not be advisable to hand over the MS to another cell as soon as PBGT is greater than 0, because the MS would probably oscillate between the two adjacent cells as the propagation conditions vary. An hysteresis mechanism is implemented to avoid this undesirable effect. w No PBGT between different layers. w Ok between different bands if EN_INTERBAND_PBGT_HO = 1
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CAUSE 12: Power budget equation PBGT(n) = AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO - (BS_TXPWR_MAX AV_BS_TXPWR_HO) - (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) MS_TXPWR_MAX) - PING_PONG_MARGIN(n, call_ref)
1.110
w The MS may be handed over from the serving cell indexed 0 to a neighbor cell indexed n only if the power budget exceeds the handover Margin(0,n). The handover Margin(0,n) can be modified according to the traffic situation in the serving cell and the neighbor cell n. In this way, power budget handover can be delayed towards a loaded cell and traffic load handover can be triggered from a loaded cell. Once the MS is handed over, the same algorithm is applied in the new cell, and a new PBGT is computed (which will be close to the opposite value of PBGT in the old cell) and compared to a new HOMargin. (Thus, the global hysteresis (from cell 0 to cell n and back to cell 0) is the sum of the two HOMargins). w However, It is still possible that a ping-pong mechanism is created by different handover causes, for instance a handover may be triggered towards a neighbor cell for bad quality, but in the neighbor cell, a handover back may be triggered for power budget reasons. In order to avoid this, an additional anti-ping-pong mechanism is implemented in the power budget calculation. It enables to penalize for a certain time the cell on which the call has been before. w In case of handover from SDCCH to SDCCH, this cause does not take the traffic situation into account. w In multiband cell environment, the mobile can operate in a different band than the frequency band of the BCCHs. This can lead to circular ping-pong handovers from the inner zone if the new band is DCS 1800 or to the impossibility to trigger PBGT handovers from the inner zone if the preferred band is GSM 900. w To avoid this problem, when the MS is in the inner zone of a multiband cell, it may be handed over from the serving cell indexed 0 to a neighbor multiband cell indexed n only if the power budget exceeds the handover Margin(0,n) plus the offset handover margin which allows to handicap or favor the PBGT (In the inner zone, the cause power budget is only checked between multiband cells, in a way to maintain the MS in the preferred band). w The offset handover margin can possibly be used in concentric cells.
Page 1.110
CAUSE 12: Power budget
PBGT(n) = AV_RXLEV_N CELL(n) AV_RXLEV_P BGT_HO (BS_TXPWR_ MAX AV_BS_TXPW R_HO ) (MS_TXPWR_ MAX(n) MS_TWXPWR_ MAX) PING_PONG_ MARGIN(n, call_ref)
AV_RXLEV_NCELL received level of BCCH of neighbor cell AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO received level of serving cell (BCCH or not) AV_RXLEV_NCELL - AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO the highest is the best neighbor cell but serving might not be at the maximum level (with DL power control) necessity to have a corrective factor
1.111
w BCCH = AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) - (AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO + C)

with C = BS_TXPWR_MAX - AV_BS_TXPWR_HO. w This corresponds to the difference of received BCCH signal levels. A correction factor C is taken into account for the serving cell, because the received signal level (i.e. AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO) may not be measured on BCCH.
Page 1.111
BS_TXPWR_MAX AV_BS_TXPWR_HO BS_TXPWR_MAX are attenuations, not absolute level = (bts_max_power+BS_TXPWR_MAX) (bts_max_power+AV_BS_TXPWR_HO) AV_BS_TXPWR_HO: average of BS_POWER over A_PBGT_HO measurements corrective factor used to compensate for the fact that the serving cell may not emit at the maximum level AV_RXLEV_NCELL-[AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO+(BS_TXPWR_MAXAV_BS_TXPWR_HO)] compare received level of neighbor and serving cells as if the serving one was emitting at the maximum level
1.112
Page 1.112
MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) maximum emitting power for the MS in neighbor cell n MS_TXPWR_MAX maximum emitting power for the MS in the serving cell
MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - MS_TXPWR_MAX
Corrective factor to compensate for the difference of maximum power of each cell MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - MS_TXPWR_MAX = bts_max_power(n) bts_max_power which should be the case if delta_path_loss is equilibrated if not exact, can be corrected with HO_MARGIN(0,n)
1.113
w Then, another correction factor must be taken into account because the maximum BS powers of the serving and neighbor cells may be different:
TXPWR= MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - MS_TXPWR_MAX.

w As the first step of calculation is based on the downlink parameters, this correction factor should be based on the maximum BS powers used in the serving and neighbor cells. w Two reasons (which are not completely de-correlated) for not using the BS powers can be envisaged: for a given cell, the GSM does not specify formally the maximum BS power of the neighbor cells. Only BS_TXPWR_MAX is defined (it is sent on the air interface), it is not easy for the evaluating BSC to know the maximum BS powers of the neighbor cells. w The use of the maximum MS powers requires that the difference of MS powers is equal to the difference of BS powers. This condition is met in most cases. If it is not the case, the difference can be corrected by the operator with the HO_MARGIN(0,n) parameter (HO hysteresis). w PBGT >0: the neighbor cell is more advantageous as the path loss is lower than in the current cell. w PBGT <0: the serving cell is more advantageous than the current cell.
Page 1.113
Hysteresis to avoid ping-pong HO Static hysteresis defined for each couple of cells: HO_MARGIN (0,n) can also be used to correct delta_path_loss Dynamic penalty for call coming from cell n: ping_pong_margin(n,call_ref) penalty applied during a limited duration: T_HCP not used if call arrived with a forced directed retry penalty defined on a cell basis
1.114
w The main drawback of this handover category is the risk of "ping-pong " effect, which is an oscillating back and forth handover between two (or three) cells. As the "better cell" handovers are meant to find the "best cell", the variation of the radio conditions will trigger a big amount of better cell handovers, if the algorithms have a too sensitive reaction. Hence, some mechanisms are forecast, in order to prevent these oscillations from occurring repeatedly at given places. w PING_PONG_MARGIN(n,call_ref) is a penalty put on the cell n if: it is the immediately precedent cell on which the call has been, this cell belongs to the same BSC as the serving cell, the call has not performed a forced directed retry towards the serving cell, less than T_HCP seconds have elapsed since the last handover. In this case PING_PONG_MARGIN(n,call_ref) = PING_PONG_HCP w If the call was not precedently on cell n, or if the preceding cell was external, or if the call has just performed a forced directed retry, or if the timer T_HCP has expired, then PING_PONG_MARGIN(n,call_ref) = 0
Page 1.114
CAUSE 12: Power budget ping_pong_margin example

Case 2: ping-pong in normal case OK with ping_pong_margin Case 3: Not a ping-pong case OK with ping_pong_margin and T_HCP
Case 1: OK
1.115
w This chart shows the efficiency of the anti-ping_pong mechanism. w But, never forget that anti-ping-pong mechanism distorts the serving areas of the cells. w This is why interference problems might occur when enabling this mechanism. Tuning PING_PONG_HCP parameter is thus very important. w Warning: this mechanism is not applied for emergency handovers (new mechanism in B7 exists for capture HO, based on T_INHIBIT_CPT timer).
Page 1.115

If
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)=ENABLE + max(0, DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)) (n=1BTSnum)
Then PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(0,n) + OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
Else
PBGT(n) > HO _MARGIN(0,n) + OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO EN_PBGT_HO = ENABLE
AND
AND
Size of window for level averaging: A_PBGT_HO

1.116
w Cause 12 HO is correlated with HO cause 23. This is why there are two equations according to the activation of HO cause 23 (EN_TRAFFIC_HO).
Page 1.116

Mechanism to avoid PBGT HO if the level from the serving cell is high enough
RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO: threshold above which it is not necessary to trigger a handover on power budget AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO: average of the received levels over A_PBGT_HO measurements
Specific to particular algorithms (not mentioned in this course)

OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER: offset which allows to take into account the radio differences between outer and inner zones (especially in case of multi-band cells)
1.117
w RXLEV_LIMIT_PBGT_HO: Dense Network Handover Regulator features w The feature aims at optimizing the better cell handovers, especially in the microcellular environment. w In very dense networks, there is a lot of overlapping between adjacent cells: a better cell handover will be realized very often. Since B6, the Alcatel BSS tunes the number of handovers performed to the accurate need by taking into account the level received by the serving cell. w Therefore, the best trade-off between quality of speech and intempestive handovers is achieved. w Why? Especially in microcellular environment (where cell radius is smaller), the better cell HO (based on Power Budget) is likely to be performed at a high rate to the detriment of the quality. But it is necessary to maintain the better cell HO. w How? With a modification of the power budget triggering cause. w Principles: HO cause 12 (Power Budget HO) is modified and takes into account the received downlink level of the serving cell (new criterion): if the received level is high enough, there is no need to perform an HO. w Consequence: Less HOs when the number of overlapping cells is high.
W/O B6
WITH B6
Page 1.117
CAUSE 12: Power budget Specific to traffic considerations

DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n): evaluated according to the traffic situation of the serving cell and the neighbor cell n (Traffic_load(n)) in the following way: If Traffic_load(0) = high and Traffic_load(n) = low, DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) = - DELTA_DEC_HO_margin If Traffic_load(0) = low and Traffic_load(n) = high, DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) = DELTA_INC_HO_margin Else DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) = 0
Philosophy This mechanism aims at penalizing cause 12 detection when the traffic in the serving cell is low and is high in the cell n.
1.118
w DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) is evaluated according to the traffic situation of the serving cell and the neighbor cell n (Traffic_load(n)) in the following way: If Traffic_load(0)=high and Traffic_load(n)=low DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)= -DELTA_DEC_HO_margin If Traffic_load(0)=low and Traffic_load(n)=high DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)= DELTA_INC_HO_margin else DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)=0 where DELTA_DEC_HO_margin allows the cause 23 (traffic handover) detection. w When the traffic in the serving cell is high and is low in the cell n: DELTA_INC_HO_margin allows to penalize the cause 12 detection when the traffic in the serving cell is low and is high in the cell n. Note: In the case of concentric or multiband cells, if the channel is in the inner zone (ZONE_TYPE = INNER), BS_TXPWR_MAX and MS_TXPWR_MAX in equation must be replaced by BS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER and MS_TXPWR_MAX_INNER respectively. If the channel is in the outer zone (ZONE_TYPE = OUTER), the formulation of equation is not changed. Note: The value of PBGT(n) is calculated every SACCH period for each neighbor cell n whose measures are kept in the book-keeping list.
Page 1.118
CAUSE 12: Power budget Traffic_load() is a function managed for every cell of a BSC Traffic_load() can have three values: high: cell is loaded low: cell is unloaded indefinite: cell is neither loaded nor unloaded Traffic_load() value is modified according to the long term traffic evaluation algorithm using the following parameters: A_TRAFFIC_LOAD, N_TRAFFIC_LOAD, HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD, IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD, LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD: can be modified per cell TCH_INFO_PERIOD: cannot be modified Annex 3
1.119
w TCH_INFO_PERIOD = 5s period used by the BSC to count the number of free TCHs.
Page 1.119
B8 CAUSE 23: Traffic Handover

DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) < 0dB
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 23: Traffic (1/2)
AND PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(0,n) + OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
+ DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)
AND EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) = ENABLE
(n=1BTSnum)
Size of window for level averaging: A_PBGT_HO New condition for multiband cells in B8 (see comments)
1.120
w The principle of this handover is to reduce the size of the serving cell when it is high-loaded relatively to a low-loaded cell. w When the mobile moves away from the BTS, the power budget will increase and a better cell handover will be triggered earlier. w It is recommended to inhibit Traffic handover towards 1-TRX cells. These cells do not have enough resources to receive incoming handovers due to congestion of neighbor cells. Moreover because of the great variation of traffic in the 1-TRX cells, traffic load is never considered as low. w This cause is inhibited for handover from SDCCH to SDCCH. w Cause 23 is checked over all the neighboring cells belonging to the same layer. It means that it is checked between cells whose CELL_LAYER_TYPE is single or upper, between cells whose CELL_LAYER_TYPE is lower, and between cells whose CELL_LAYER_TYPE is indoor. w In addition to the condition on the cell layer type, the cell frequency band condition for checking Cause 23 is as follows whether or not the MS is in the inner zone of a multi-band cell: a) The MS is not in the inner zone of a multi-band cell If the flag EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO is set to disabled, Cause 23 must not be checked between cells which use different frequency bands (i.e cells having different CELL_BAND_TYPE). If the flag EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO is set to enabled, Cause 23 will be checked over all the neighboring cells without any cell frequency band restriction. b) The MS is in the inner zone of a multi-band cell If the flag EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO is set to disabled, Cause 23 is checked over all the neighboring cell multi-band cells (FREQUENCY_RANGE= PGSM-DCS1800 or EGSM-DCS1800) which belong to the same BSC as the serving cell. If the flag EN_MULTI-BAND_PBGT_HO is set to enabled, Cause 23 will be checked over all the neighboring cells without any cell frequency band restriction.
Page 1.120
B8 CAUSE 23: Traffic Handover
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 23: Traffic (2/2)
DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) computation is already described in Cause 12 HO DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) < 0dB means that The serving cell is loaded The target cell is unloaded PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(0,n) + OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER
+ DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n)
(n=1BTSnum)
This constraint is less discriminative than Cause 12 In specific traffic distribution, this cause is triggered before cause 12
1.121
Page 1.121
B8
2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 12 & 23 interworking
Cause 12 & 23: A dynamic way to handle traffic load
1.122
w The figure represents the triggering areas of PBGT and traffic handovers according to the traffic load in the serving cell and in the neighbor cell.
Page 1.122
2.5 Handover Detection Directed Retry principles
Directed Retry is: an SDCCH to TCH intercell handover Triggered during call setup procedure If the serving cell is completely congested, the MS is allocated an SPCCH If no TCH is available, the MS is queued Under certain conditions, the MS obtains TCH in another cell SDCCH-TCH handover on: better condition or emergency causes = Directed Retry cause 20 = Forced Directed Retry Internal and External Directed Retries are possible (since B6.2)
1.123
Page 1.123
2.5 Handover Detection Directed Retry
Directed Retry Set on a per cell basis with parameter EN_DR Same behavior as TCH HO Intercell handover causes are checked (i.e. all HO causes except 10, 11 and 13 (concentric cells) and causes 15 and 16 (intracell HO)) candidate cell evaluation process: same as for TCH HO
1.124
Page 1.124
2.5 Handover Detection Forced Directed Retry: cause 20
CAUSE 20: Forced Directed Retry AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) > L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) And EN_FORCED_DR = ENABLE
EN_FORCED_DR value is only relevant if EN_DR = true AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is calculated with A_PBGT_DR window if less than A_PBGT_DR samples are available, the average value is calculated with the available samples and the averaging window is filled in with -110 dBm
1.125
Page 1.125
2.5 Handover Detection FDR: Candidate cell evaluation
Pre-ranking using PREF_LAYER, PRIORITY(0,n), frequency band Filtering process

AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) > RXLEVmin(n) +max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - P) Number of free TCHs t(n) > FREElevel_DR(n)
Remaining cells are sorted according their PBGT_DR(n) (averaging window A_PBGT_DR)
PBGT_DR(n) = AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) - AV_RXLEV_PBGT_DR - (BS_TXPWR_MAX - BS_TXPWR) - (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - MS_TXPWR_MAX)
1.126
Page 1.126
2.5 Handover Detection FDR: parameters
L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n): level required in the neighbor cell n The parameter considered is the one set in the neighbor cell The default value depends on network architecture See next slide Freelevel_DR(n): number of free TCH channels required in the neighbor cell n The parameter considered is the one set in the neighbor cell Default value = 0 to 4 TCHs (linked to the nb of TRXs) A_PBGT_DR: Averaging window Default value = 4 SACCHs
1.127
Page 1.127
B8 CAUSE 24: general capture capture handover
2.5 Handover Detection Cause 24: general capture
Modified in B8:Inhibition of capture handovers for Single layer serving cell
May be triggered
From all cells Towards all cells except serving Can be used to capture traffic by any cell, whatever its type, band, etc.
1.128
Page 1.128
B8 CAUSE 24: general capture
2.5 Handover Detection Cause 24: general capture
and and and
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n) + max (0, [MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) - P]) Traffic_load(0) = CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION Traffic_load(n) HIGH EN_GENERAL_CAPTURE_HO = ENABLE Size of window for averaging level: A_PBGT_HO CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION can take 3 values: ANY_LOAD (default), HIGH, NOT_LOW Anti ping-pong: not checked if T_INHIBIT_CPT is running new in B8 for single layer
1.129
Case the serving cell is in the upper or single layer (CELL_LAYER_TYPE(n0) = upper or single):
w Condition 1: The immediately preceding cell n-1 is in the indoor or lower layer, i.e. CELL_LAYER_TYPE(n1) = lower or indoor, or the frequency band of the immediately preceding cell n-1 is different from the frequency band of the serving cell n0, i.e. CELL_BAND_TYPE(n1) <> CELL_BAND_TYPE(n0). w Condition 2: The call has previously performed i) an emergency internal handover on quality (Cause 2, 4, and 7) towards the serving cell or ii) an external handover with the A interface GSM cause uplink quality or downlink quality and there is a bi-directional adjacency link between the preceding external cell n-1and the serving cell n0. If Conditions 1 and 2 are fulfilled the timer T_INHIBIT_CPT is started
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2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 28: Fast Traffic HO (1/4)
CAUSE 28: Fast Traffic HO

Push out of a cell a mobile in dedicated mode to allow a queued request to be served in the serving cell Complement the current traffic HO (Cause 23), for sudden traffic peaks (no averaging window used) More efficient where the overlap of adjacent cells is reduced
New call attempt
Most appropriate MS to be pushed out HO
Congested cell
New call attempt

H O
Upper Layer Cell
Most appropriated MS to be pushed out 1.130

AV_RXLEV_NCELL( n) > L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR( n) + max(0,[MS_TXPWR_MAX( n)-P]) The threshold L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is the observed level from the neighbor cell n at the border of the area where fast traffic handovers are enabled. This threshold fixes the size of the overlapping area where fast traffic handovers can be performed. It should be greater than RXLEVmin(n). And t(n) > FREElevel_DR(n) FREElevel_DR(n) is the minimum threshold of free TCHs in the neighbor cell n for forced directed retry and fast traffic handover. t(n) is the absolute number of free (dual rate) TCHs in the neighbor cell n. For external cells, t( n) is fixed to the arbitrary value t(n) = 255. Therefore, setting FREElevel_DR(n) to 255 for an external cell inhibits outgoing external fast traffic handover towards this cell. Setting FREElevel_DR(n) to any other value will allow outgoing external fast traffic handover towards this cell. EN_CAUSE_28 = enable The flag EN_CAUSE_28 is not an OMC flag but a HOP flag.
Page 1.130
CAUSE 28: Fast Traffic Handover

Cause 28 is only checked if the channel of the candidate MS can support the channel rate (HR or FR) required by the queued request:
QUEUED R EQUEST HR FR C ANDID ATE MS HR or FR on dual rate TR X FR (whatever the TR X type)
HO is triggered when a request is queued at the top of the queue
1.131
Page 1.131
CAUSE 28: Fast Traffic Handover equation AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) > L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) + max(0,[MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P]) t(n) > FREElevel_DR(n) EN_CAUSE_28 = ENABLE EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO = ENABLE
AND AND AND
Size of window for averaging level: A_PBGT_DR Same thresholds and window as Cause 20 (Forced Directed Retry) EN_CAUSE_28 is an internal HOP process variable
1.132
Page 1.132
CAUSE 28: Fast Traffic Handover process

Resource Allocation Management
Assignment request queued
Handover Preparation
Fast Traffic HO Request Queued request reference Channel rate of queued request EN_CAUSE_28=enable
Handover Management
HO alarm Cause 28? Fast Traffic HO Acknowledge Queued request reference Reference of MS can perform HO YES
NO
Request still queued?
EN_CAUSE_28=disable
Start HO Cause number (28) END NO YES

Reference of the call to handover (which corresponds to the first candidate MS received)
Check first 2 OK conditions of Cause 28 NOK END
T_FILTER is started
1.133
w HO cause 28 process: If EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO = enable, when an assignment request (or external emergency HO request) is queued, the RAM process sends to the HOP process a Fast Traffic HO request which contains the queued request reference and its channel rate. Then, HO cause 28 becomes checkable (EN_CAUSE_28=enable). Once an HO alarm for cause 28 is triggered, the flag EN_CAUSE_28 is set to disable so as not to perform more than one handover. In the same time, the HOP process gets back to the RAM process a Fast Traffic HO Acknowledge which contains the queued request reference and the reference of the MS that can perform HO. If several answers are sent to the RAM process, only the first one corresponding to the queued request is taken into account. The RAM process checks if the request is still queued. If that is so, the RAM process asks the HOP process to start HO for this mobile; otherwise the process is stopped. Once the HOP process receives this message, the first two conditions of Cause 28 (good enough level, enough free resources in the target cell) are checked one more time. If the conditions are fulfilled, the HOP process sends an alarm to the HOM entity and the timer T_FILTER is started ; otherwise the process is stopped. Note: the first two conditions of cause 28 are tested twice in order to be sure that the candidate cells are still valid when the cause 28 start HO message is received from the RAM process.
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2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 15: UL Interference
CAUSE 15: High interference on the uplink Intracell HO AV_RXQUAL_UL_HO > THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AND AV_RXLEV_UL_HO > RXLEV_UL_IH AND EN_CAUSE_15 = ENABLE AND [ no previous intracell handover for this connection failed OR EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED = ENABLE ] Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
1.134
w THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 and EN_CAUSE_15 are not parameters but variables defined just after. w In B7: New causes (26 & 27) introduced due to AMR support Cause 26 is an emergency condition: Intracell HO: speech codec from AMR-HR to AMR-FR Cause 27 is a better condition Intracell HO: speech codec from AMR-FR to AMR-HR Causes 15 & 16 are modified due to AMR support Specifics enablers and thresholds for AMR calls AMR emergency HO (cause 26) is triggered if cause 15 or 16 has already been triggered Cause 29 is created for intracell handover due to TFO Codec sharing and optimization for MTM calls
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2.5 Handover Detection Handover Cause 15: DL Interference
CAUSE 16: High interference on the downlink Intracell HO AV_RXQUAL_DL_HO > THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_16 + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AND AV_RXLEV_DL_HO > RXLEV_DL_IH AND EN_CAUSE_16 = ENABLE AND [ no previous intracell handover for this connection failed OR EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED = ENABLE ] Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_HO Size of window for averaging level: A_LEV_HO
1.135
w THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_16 and EN_CAUSE_16 are not parameters but variables defined after.
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2.5 Handover Detection New parameters for causes 15 & 16
CAUSE 15 and CAUSE 16: THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 (or 16) and EN_CAUSE_15 (or 16) are specific to HOP THR_RXQUAL_CAUSE_15 (or 16) = L_RXQUAL_XX_H for a non AMR call (same threshold as CAUSE 2 or CAUSE 4) L_RXQUAL_XX_H_AMR for an AMR call EN_ CAUSE _15 (or 16) = EN_INTRA_XX for a non AMR call EN_INTRA_XX_AMR for an AMR call
1.136
w XX = UL or DL w For a non AMR call, the thresholds used are identical to the ones used for CAUSE 2 and CAUSE 4. w In this case and if EN_INTRACELL_REPEATED = DISABLE, when aN HO CAUSE 15 (or 16) fails, it can be modified as UPLINK (or DOWLINK) QUALITY, HO CAUSE 2 (respectively HO CAUSE 4).
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2.5 Handover Detection Adaptive Multi-rate codec (AMR)
Principles: Two consecutive encodings: speech coding and channel coding With current codecs, the share of each coding is FIXED (not optimized)
13 Kbit/s (FR) 12.2 Kbit/s (EFR) 5.6 Kbit/s (HR) 22.8 Kbit/s (FR TS) 11.4 Kbit/s (HR TS)
Audio
Speech coding
Speech information useful part
Channel coding
Speech protection against degradation
Radio
1.137
w Speech coding contains speech information (the useful part). w Channel coding protects speech information (against radio degradations).
w The main speech codec currently used in GSM networks, speech Full Rate, is quite old. It has been specified more than 10 years ago. Around 1992, to increase network capacity, GSM has specified a half rate speech codec. But this codec showed strong limitations in terms of speech quality, especially for mobile to mobile calls (double transcoding degrades very much the speech quality of the half rate codec) and under poor radio conditions. w Recently, studies on AMR have been launched to provide a solution to: Increase speech quality in full rate and half rate, Increase network capacity by offering a good half rate solution, Use a long-term solution, to avoid adding more and more codecs handled independently from the others.
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR: codec and channel adaptation
AMR uses a variable balance between speech coding and channel coding (CODEC Mode Adaptation)
12.2 10.2 7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75
22.8 Kbit/s (FR TS) 11.4 Kbit/s (HR TS)

AMR HR 7.95 not supported
Audio
Speech coding
Variable speech coding rate
Channel coding
Variable channel coding rate
Radio
Choice between FR and HR Codecs: Channel Mode Adaptation

1.138
w In order to adapt the intermediate rate, a set of speech codecs has been defined by ETSI to be used by AMR: When radio conditions are good, increases speech information. When radio conditions are bad, protects speech information. w Full Rate: Alcatel implementation is fully compliant with GSM recommendations. All these AMR FR codec modes are supported. In particular, the Alcatel BSS has implemented the 7.95, 5.9 and 4.75 codec modes which use polynomials of constraint length 7 to ensure a high protection. w Half Rate: Alcatel implementation supports 5 out of 6 AMR HR codec modes (AMR HR 7.95 is not supported) which are fully compliant with GSM recommendations. In particular, the Alcatel BSS has implemented the 4.75 codec mode which uses polynomials of constraint length 7 to ensure a high protection. w During a call, only a subset out of these 8 codecs is used. The subset can include from 1 to 4 codecs. It is up to the operator to define its own codec subset. In particular, he can define a codec subset limited to the common codec modes supported by all the BSSs of its network (some BSSs may not be able to support all of them due to implementability problems). The codec subset defined by the operator is the same in the uplink and in the downlink.
w Codec Mode adaptation: dynamic change from one codec to another, using the same channel (FR or HR). metric used: C/I (Carrier over interference ratio). w Channel Mode adaptation: change from one FR channel to an HR one and vice-versa independently from the codec mode. metric used: RX_QUAL uplink and downlink.
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR codec adaptation objective
Based on adaptive trade-off between the share of throughput given to speech coding and the one given to channel coding (speech protection) Depends on radio conditions estimated in real-time
Medium radio conditions Bad radio conditions Good radio conditions
Speech coding = speech information Channel coding = speech protection
1.139
w The AMR principle is to have a set of codecs and, for any radio conditions, to use the one with the best speech quality. Under good radio conditions, a codec with a high bit rate is used. Speech is encoded with more information so the quality is better. In the channel coding, only little place is left for redundancy. Under poor radio conditions, a codec with a low bit rate is chosen. Speech is encoded with less information, but this information can be well protected due to redundancy in the channel coding. w The BSS adapts dynamically the codec in uplink direction and in downlink direction, taking into account the C/I measured by the BTS (for uplink adaptation) and by the MS (for downlink adaptation). w The codec used in the uplink and used in the downlink can be different: the adaptation is independent in each direction. w This permits to use an optimal codec for each C/I value of each direction, as indicated in the figure below.
Speech Quality [dBQ] or [MOS] High bit rate (for example 12.2 kbit/s: EFR) Medium bit rate (for example 7.95 kbit/s) Low bit rate (for example 5.90 kbit/s) AMR-FR with codec subset (12.2, 7.95, 5.90)
C/I [dB]
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR: codec mode adaptation (1/3)
Codec mode adaptation Only a subset out of these codecs can be used This subset may include from 1 to 4 codecs The same codec subset is used for both the Uplink and the Downlink Uplink codec mode adaptation: For each SACCH frame, the BTS compares C/I value to the threshold corresponding to the current codec (belonging to the codec subset defined by the operator) Downlink codec mode adaptation: Same process as uplink adaptation Nevertheless, the BTS remains the master Unrelated processes uplink and downlink codecs may be different at a given time
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR codec mode adaptation (2/3) The Codec mode can be modified on one frame out of two (CMI / CMC-CMR). Decision based on thresholds (OMC-R settable), for the uplink and the C/Inorm downlink
High
AMR_FR_THR_3 + AMR_FR_HYST AMR_FR_THR_3 CODEC_MODE_3 AMR_FR_THR_2 + AMR_FR_HYST AMR_FR_THR_2 CODEC_MODE_2 AMR_FR_THR_1 + AMR_FR_HYST AMR_FR_THR_1 CODEC_MODE_1 (most robust) CODEC_MODE_4 (less robust)
Low
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR: codec mode adaptation (3/3)
Codec mode adaptation

Uplink adaptation
MS BTS C/I evaluation & thresholds comparison Codec Mode Command (new codec mode) Codec Mode Indication (new codec mode) TC
Codec Mode Indication (new codec mode)
Downlink adaptation
MS C/I evaluation & thresholds comparison Codec Mode Request (new codec mode) BTS TC
Codec Mode Request (new codec mode) Codec Mode Indication (new codec mode)
Codec Mode Indication (new codec mode)
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR: codec and channel mode adaptation
Codec mode adaptation is dynamically performed through a set of pre-defined codec modes: 12.2 In FR mode: 10.2
7.95 7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75 22.8 Kbit/s (FR TS)
From acoustic parts
Speech coding
Channel coding
7.4 6.7 5.9 5.15 4.75
To end of chain
In HR mode:
From acoustic parts
11.4 Kbit/s (HR TS)
Speech coding
Channel coding
To end of chain
Choice between HR and FR (Channel mode adaptation) is done at call setup and during call through HO causes 26 & 27
1.143
w Codec mode adaptation: w The codec mode adaptation is the dynamic change from one codec to another codec, using the same channel (FR or HR). This adaptation is performed by the layer 1 of the BTS. It is transparent for the BSC and the layer 3 of the BTS. w The metric used for codec mode adaptation is the evaluation of the ratio: signal over noise.
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR gain
AMR: always gives end user the best satisfaction Comparison between different codecs in terms of capacity and quality:
SPEECH QUALITY REQUIREMENT FR EFR HR AMR-FR AMR-HR AMR-FR + AMR-HR CAPACITY REQUIREMENT
1.144
w The main speech codec currently used in GSM networks, speech Full Rate, is quite old. It has been specified more than 10 years ago. w Around 1992, to increase network capacity, GSM has specified a half rate speech codec. But this codec showed strong limitations in terms of speech quality, especially for mobile to mobile calls (double transcoding degrades very much the speech quality of the half rate codec) and under poor radio conditions. w A few years later, when GSM started to be introduced in North America, American operators asked for an improved speech codec for full rate channels. Indeed speech quality was a major argument for customers used to have a good speech quality with analog systems. For that issue, EFR was specified for GSM. w Recently, studies on AMR have been launched to provide a solution to: Increase speech quality in full rate and half rate, Increase network capacity by offering a good half rate solution, Use a long-term solution, to avoid adding more and more codecs handled independently from the others, Take into account Tandem Free Operation (TFO), especially between MSs on half rate on one side and on full rate on the other side.
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2.5 Handover Detection AMR: TCH allocation
FR / HR discrimination
cell load AV_LOAD() computed from load samples = NB_BUSY_TS / NB_TS * 100 non sliding window (LOAD_EV_PERIOD) averaging process
AV_LOAD()
100% THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV1 = 80%
THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 =60% THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV1 =50% THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3 =40%
time
1.145
w Load samples are computed by the BSC every TCH_INFO_PERIOD = 5 seconds. w LOAD_EV_PERIOD is the averaging window size for cell load computation. It is equal to 12 but can be changed at the OMC-R level on a per cell basis. w Therefore cell load process has a periodicity of 1mn by default (TCH_INFO_PERIOD*LOAD_EV_PERIOD). w The allocation of Half rate resources is decided upon the load evaluation in the serving cell. w AMR HR (HR SV3) offers a better speech quality than HR SV1. The Alcatel BSS offers thus the possibility to define a set of thresholds specific for AMR. If the load increases, AMR HR capable MSs can be the first to be allocated in HR (HR SV3) for load reasons, and if the load still increases, then all the HR capable MSs can be allocated in HR (HR SV1 & HR SV3) for load reasons. This is why two variables of load are defined: LOAD_SV3 and LOAD_SV1. w Each load variable is calculated through its own threshold set: the thresholds related to the variable LOAD_SV3 (THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 and THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3) are less restrictive than the ones related to the variable LOAD_SV1 (THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV1 and THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV1). As a consequence, if the load of the cell increases, then the variable LOAD_SV3 will first equal TRUE, and if the load still increases, the variable LOAD_SV1 will then equal TRUE. Previous state LOAD_SV1 where LOAD_SV1 = many w The variable LOAD_SV1 corresponds to a level of load= FALSE it is important to put asTRUE MSs on half rate TCH as AV_LOAD possible: HR SV3 or HR SV1.
AV_LOAD THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV1 THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV1 < AV_LOAD THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV1 THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV1 < AV_LOAD LOAD_SV1 = FALSE LOAD_SV1 = FALSE LOAD_SV1 = FALSE LOAD_SV1 = TRUE
LOAD_SV1 = TRUE
LOAD_SV1 = TRUE
w The same computation is done to compute LOAD_SV3 with the thresholds: THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 and THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3 with the following relations: THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3 THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV1 THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3 THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV1
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 26: AMR HR to FR HO (1/4)
CAUSE 26: AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR) Cause 26 is triggered if : Current channel rate is HR Current channel is dual rate and changes are allowed AMR_FR speech codec is allowed: EN_AMR_FR = ENABLE
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CAUSE 26: AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR) equation

[ a previous intracell HO cause 15 or 16 has been triggered for this call in the serving cell OR EN_INTRA_DL_AMR = DISABLE and EN_INTRA_UL_AMR = DISABLE ] AND AV_RXQUAL_UL_CA_HR_FR > THR_RXQUAL_CA + OFFSET_CA + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_UL_HO > RXLEV_UL_IH OR AV_RXQUAL_DL_CA_HR_FR > THR_RXQUAL_CA + OFFSET_CA + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH and AV_RXLEV_DL_HO > RXLEV_DL_IH AND EN_AMR_CA = ENABLE Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_CA_HR_FR
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CAUSE 26: AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR) THR_RXQUAL_CA and OFFSET_CA are set as follows : if LOAD_SV3(0) = false then THR_RXQUAL_CA = THR_RXQUAL_CA_NORMAL OFFSET_CA = OFFSET_CA_NORMAL if LOAD_SV3(0) = true then THR_RXQUAL_CA = THR_RXQUAL_CA_HIGH OFFSET_CA = OFFSET_CA_HIGH
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CAUSE 26: AMR channel adaptation HO (HR to FR) Calculation of LOAD_SV3(0): If previous value of LOAD_SV3 = false then if AV_LOAD > THR_FR_LOAD_U_SV3 then LOAD_SV3 = true else LOAD_SV3 = false Else (if previous value of LOAD_SV3 = true then) if AV_LOAD <= THR_FR_LOAD_L_SV3 then LOAD_SV3 = false else LOAD_SV3 = true
Annex 3
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 27: AMR FR to HR HO (1/2)
CAUSE 27: AMR channel adaptation HO (FR to HR) Cause 27 is triggered if : Current channel rate is FR Current channel is dual rate and changes are allowed AMR_HR speech codec is allowed: EN_AMR_HR = ENABLE
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 27: AMR FR to HR HO (2/2)
CAUSE 27: AMR channel adaptation HO (FR to HR) equation AV_RXQUAL_UL_CA_FR_HR <= THR_RXQUAL_CA + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AND AV_RXQUAL_DL_CA_FR_HR <= THR_RXQUAL_CA + OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH AND EN_AMR_CA = ENABLE Size of window for averaging quality: A_QUAL_CA_FR_HR
1.151
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 26 & 27 interworking
Cause 26 & 27 interaction

Quality good quality: 0 Half Rate HO cause 27
THR_RXQUAL_CA_NORMAL THR_RXQUAL_CA_NORMAL + OFFSET_CA_NORMAL
Half Rate
HO cause 26
THR_RXQUAL_CA_HIGH THR_RXQUAL_CA_HIGH + OFFSET_CA_HIGH
HO cause 27
Full Rate HO cause 26 bad quality: 7 Load = FALSE
Full Rate
Load = TRUE
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2.5 Handover Detection Introduction to TFO (1/2)
Tandem Free Operation (TFO) solution

TC TC
Codec GSM (a) (8 or 16 Kbit/s)
A/ law (64 Kbit/s)
Codec GSM (b) (8 or 16 Kbit/s)
Double transcoding without TFO
TC
TC
Codec GSM (8 or 16 Kbit/s)
No transcoding with TFO
1.153
w The Tandem Free Operation (TFO) feature is a way to avoid double transcoding in mobile to mobile speech calls. w Indeed without TFO, one GSM codec type is used between the first mobile and the first transcoder, then the speech is transcoded into A/ law between transcoders and finally this speech is transcoded again into a second GSM codec type (which may be the same as the first one) between the second transcoder and the second mobile. w With TFO, after call establishment, both BSSs at each side are able to negotiate a common GSM codec type which is then used from one mobile to the other mobile. This negotiation is performed through in-band signaling between transcoders.
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2.5 Handover Detection Introduction to TFO (2/2)
Applicability: Only MS to MS speech calls TFO is based on information exchanged between transcoders
BTS
BSC
MSC IPE IPE
MSC
BSC
BTS
MS
TRAU
TRAU
MS
64 kbit/s Speech Samples carrying - TFO Frames on the LSB containing - Compressed speech samples - Control bits - TFO Messages - Original PCM speech samples on the MSB
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2.5 Handover Detection TFO principles
In the case of first allocation (normal assignment at call setup, interBSS handover, intra-BSS handover where no TFO was previously ongoing):
New call setup
Exchange of codec capabilities
Codec mismatch
No common codec found
Common codec found Exchange of codec capabilities
Intracell HO
Normal operation
Codec match
Exchange of codec capabilities
TFO mode ON
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 29: TFO HO
CAUSE 29: TFO HO Intracell HO used in case of codec mismatch between two MSs calling, in order to match their speech codec No radio measurements needed triggered at any time Conditions: HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = ENABLE AND EN_TFO_MATCH = ENABLE No priority and may be
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 29: TFO parameters (1/5)
EN_TFO
enables/disables the feature, per cell
EN_TFO_MATCH
enables/disables resolution of codec mismatch, per cell
EN_TFO_OPT
enables/disables codec optimization, per cell
FORCE_TFO_VS_AMR
enables/disables the basic functions of TFO for GSM EFR, FR and HR codec types when the current codec is AMR FR or AMR HR
FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED
controls the establishment of TFO in HR when the cell is loaded
KEEP_CODEC_HO
indicates if the BSC tries to keep the same codec in case of internal intercell HO
1.157
w Codec mismatch: At call setup for a mobile to mobile speech call, when both BSSs do not use the same codec type, a codec mismatch occurs. If a common codec type can be found, either one or possibly both BSSs perform an intracell handover to use the common codec type found. Afterwards TFO can be started using this common codec type. Codec mismatch resolution is authorized in the BSC using an O&M flag: EN_TFO_MATCH. This flag is forwarded to the TC, via the BTS. w Codec optimization: At call setup for a mobile to mobile speech call, it can occur that a first common codec type can be found but a better speech quality would be provided with another common codec type. Once both BSSs operate in Tandem Free, they exchange their complete codec capabilities, to try to find a better codec type than the current one. Codec optimization is authorized in the BSC using an O&M flag : EN_TFO_OPT. This flag is forwarded to the TC, via the BTS. w Classification of codec types : In all cases, TFO is considered better as any tandeming configuration. In TFO, EFR is considered as better than FR, considered as better than HR. w Force TFO vs. AMR : TFO + AMR is not supported in this implementation of TFO. In the normal operation, a call established with AMR will not initiate a TFO negotiation. The goal of the function Force TFO vs. AMR is to allow a call, established with AMR to initiate a TFO negotiation and, if possible, to change of codec type to FR, HR or EFR to establish TFO. w In-Path Equipments (IPEs): TFO can only be activated if TFO frames (at 8 or 16 Kbit/s) can be sent transparently through the public switching network. In-path equipments are equipments such as echo cancelers or A/ law converters that modify the 64 Kbit/s speech signal. Such equipments need to be deactivated for TFO calls.
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EN_TFO_OPT: enables/disables codec optimization, per cell Allows new TFO negotiation on an on-going MTM call to find a better common codec For example, HR is used at both sides, but FR is possible too HO cause 29 will be triggered on both sides towards best codec
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FORCE_TFO_VS_AMR: TFO AMR not specified Call setup in AMR is not followed by TFO negotiation FORCE_TFO_VS_AMR enables HO cause 29 after AMR call establishment towards best TFO codec
MS / cell cap: AMR/HR/EFR/FR MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR
The MS using AMR, could use HR/EFR/FR

DISABLED (ETSI implementation) ENABLED (Alcatel patent)
FORCE_TFO_VS_AMR
The MS can use HR/EFR/FR The MS can only use HR/EFR/FR The MS can use HR/EFR/FR
TFO not possible EFR + TFO

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FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED: Gives control on load regulation precedence vs. TFO 3 values: TFO_HR_NOT_FORCED, TFO_HR_ONLY, TFO_HR_PREFERRED enable different behaviours in case of loaded cell
Loaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR Unloaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR
The MS can use HR/EFR/FR

DISABLED (ETSI implementation) ENABLED (Alcatel patent)
FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED 1.160
The MS can use HR/EFR/FR The MS can only use HR The MS can use HR/EFR/FR
EFR + TFO HR + TFO
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2.5 Handover Detection Cause 29: TFO parameters (5/5) KEEP_CODEC_HO keeps the same codec type in the new cell in case of internal intercell HO in order to avoid resolving a new mismatch codec situation Avoids double speech quality transition: TFO --> non-TFO --> TFO 3 possible behaviors: TFO_CALLS_ONLY: codec is preferably kept in case of internal intercell HO for TFO calls only ALL_CALLS: codec is preferably kept in case of internal intercell HO for all calls (whatever the TFO state) FREE: the choice of the codec type is free and depends on the situation in the target cell
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2.5 Handover Detection Handover causes priorities

HANDOVER PRIORITIES
EMERGENCY HANDOVER
BETTER CONDITION HANDOVER
UPLINK QUALITY CAUSE 2
CAPTURE HANDOVER CAUSE 24
DONWLINK QUALITY CAUSE 4
POWER BUDGET CAUSE 12
UPLINK LEVEL CAUSE 3
TRAFFIC CAUSE 23
DOWNLINK LEVEL CAUSE 5
OUTER UL/DL LEVEL CAUSE 13
DISTANCE CAUSE 6
FR to HR CHANNEL ADAPTATION CAUSE 27 Intracell
TOO LOW LEVEL UL INNER CAUSE 10
FORCED DIRECTED RETRY CAUSE 20 FAST TRAFFIC HO CAUSE 28
TOO LOW LEVEL DL INNER CAUSE 11
HR to FR CHANNEL ADAPTATION CAUSE 26 Intracell
UPLINK INTERFERENCE CAUSE 15 Intracell
DONWLINK INTERFERENCE CAUSE 16 Intracell XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
1.162
w The causes 24, 12 and 23 have the same priority. Nevertheless, if a cell is a candidate for both causes, triggered in the same time, it is kept only for cause 12. w Dealing with all available causes, we get the following list: Emergency: 7 > 17 > 18 > 2 > 4 > 3 > 5 > 6 > 22 > 10 > 11 > 26 > 15 > 16 Better conditions: 21=14=24=12=23 > 13 > 27 > 20 > 28 29 has no priority
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2.5 Handover Detection Training exercises (1/16)
Emergency causes
1- What is the HO cause 2? 2- Which is the flag to activate the HO cause 2?
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Emergency causes
Complete the diagram below and fill in the chart with: L_RXQUAL_UL_H = 3 RXLEV_UL_IH = -70 dBm
---> Nb of case --- > AV_RXQ UAL_UL_HO AV_RXLEV_UL_HO Current MS Power HO cause 2 : YES/NO ?
1 4 - 81 33
2 1 - 79 33
3 3 - 75 33
4 4 - 70 33
5 4 - 69 33
6
QUAL
4 - 72 29 (0,8 w)
LEV
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Better condition causes (simple case)

There are only 2W cells and 2W MS
EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)=Disable
No Ping-Pong margin HO_MARGIN(0,n)=5 dB
Serving cell
MS
Ncell
Fill up the chart:

Nb of case ---> AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO PBGT(n) HO cause 12: YES/NO ? 1 - 70 - 80 2 - 70 - 70 3 - 80 - 75 4 - 70 - 75 5 - 70 - 79 6 - 75 - 96
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Better condition causes (ping-pong case)

EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)=Disable Ping-Pong margin PING_PONG_HCP=15db
Ncell Serving cell
MS
T_HCP =15s HO_MARGIN(0,n)=5 dB A_PBGT_HO = 8 SACCH A n to 0 HO has just been triggered, what happens after 4s?
---> Nb of case --- > 1 AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO PBGT(n) a only HO cause 12: YES/NO ? PBGT > HO margin PING_PONG_HCP=15 - > PBGT(n) HO cause 12: YES/NO ? - 70 - 80 10 YES
2 - 70 - 70 0 NO
3 - 80 - 75 -5 NO
4 - 70 - 75 5 NO
5 - 70 - 79 9 YES
6 - 75 - 96 21 YES
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2.5 Handover Detection Training exercise (5/16)
Training exercise: Handover Detection Better condition causes (traffic case)

EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n)=Enable No Ping-Pong margin HO_MARGIN(0,n)=5 dB DELTA_DEC_HO_margin=5dB DELTA_INC_HO_margin=5dB
Serving cell
MS
Ncell
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Better condition causes (traffic case)

Fill up the chart:
Serving cell
MS
Ncell
Number of case AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) AV_RXLEV_PBGT_HO Traffic distribution PBGT(n) DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0, n) Cause 12 HO: YES/NO? Cause 23 HO: YES/NO?
1
-71 dBm -80 dBm 0: tr low N: tr high
2
-71 dBm -80 dBm 0: tr high N: tr low
3
-76 dBm -80 dBm 0: tr high N: tr low
4
-71 dBm -80 dBm 0: tr low N: tr low
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Channel adaptation (cause 26 and cause 27) 12Why is it recommended to have A_QUAL_CA_FR_HR A_QUAL_CA_HR_FR ?
An operator may be willing to: - Under normal load, use only HR calls for quality 0 - Under high load, use HR calls for qualities 0 to 3, with an hysteresis of 1
Find the thresholds and offsets for normal and high load:
THR_RXQUAL_CA_NORMAL = ? THR_RXQUAL_CA_HIGH = ? OFFSET_CA_NORMAL = ? OFFSET_CA_HIGH = ?
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Channel adaptation (cause 26 and cause 27)

EN_INTRA_XX_AMR = Disable RXLEV_XX_IH = -110 dBm OFFSET_RXQUAL_FH = 0 A_QUAL_CA_FR_HR =4 and A_QUAL_CA_HR_FR = 2
Use the previous thresholds and fill up the chart:
UL_QUAL DL_QUAL LOAD_SV3 AV_RXQUAL_UL_CA_HR_FR AV_RXQUAL_DL_CA_HR_FR AV_RXQUAL_UL_CA_FR_HR AV_RXQUAL_DL_CA_FR_HR CHANNEL TYPE
0 1 2 3 0 0 1 1 false false false false
3 1 true
1 0 true
1 0 true
0 2 true
0 4 true
1 3 true
FR
FR
FR
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capture HO (Cause 24 )
There are only 2W cells and 2W MS
L_RXLEV_CPT_HO(0,n) = -85dBm EN_GENERAL_CAPTURE_HO = ENABLE

Ncell
Fill up the chart:

---> Nb of case ---> 1 AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) CAPTURE_TRAFFIC_CONDITION TRAFFIC_LOAD(0) TRAFFIC_LOAD(n) 24: YES/NO HO cause 24: YES/NO ? - 70 NOT_LOW HIGH HIGH 2 - 70 HIGH LOW LOW 3 - 80
Serving cell
MS
4 - 70 HIGH HIGH LOW
5 - 70 HIGH LOW LOW
6 -85 HIGH HIGH LOW
ANY_LOAD INDEFINITE INDEFINITE
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Fast Traffic HO (cause 28)

Find the appropriate candidate MS for this queued request:
Channel rate required: HR L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) = -85 dBm (whatever n) FREElevel_DR(n) = 1 (whatever n) Channel rate: MS1 FR on Full rate TRX, MS2 HR, MS3 FR on Dual rate TRX t(n) for neighbor cells: t(1)=1, t(2)=2, t(3)=2 AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) in dBm:
Neighbors 1 2 3
MS
1 -82 -79 -90
2 -85 -86 -82
3 -78 -92 -89
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TFO HO (cause 29): after call setup

Find the 2 speech version types of the following MS to MS call
EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_NOT_FORCED
Loaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR Unloaded cell MS / cell cap: EFR/FR
After call setup After TFO negotiation
TCH = ? TCH = ?
TCH = ? TCH = ?
1.173
Page 1.173

EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_ONLY
TCH = ? TCH = ?
TCH = ? TCH = ?
1.174
Page 1.174

EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_PREFERRED
TCH = ? TCH = ?
TCH = ? TCH = ?
1.175
Page 1.175

EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_ONLY
Loaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR Unloaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR
TCH = ? TCH = ?
TCH = ? TCH = ?
1.176
Page 1.176
TFO HO (cause 29): after handover

Find the speech version types of the following MS to MS call
EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_ONLY 1. KEEP_CODEC_HO = TFO_CALLS_ONLY 2. KEEP_CODEC_HO = FREE
Unloaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR Loaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR
TFO? ? MS1 TFO? 1.177 MS2 MS2 call setup + TFO negotiation ? HO ?
Unloaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR
Page 1.177
TFO HO (cause 29): after handover

Find the speech version types of the following MS to MS call
EN_TFO = enable, EN_TFO_MATCH = enable FORCE_TFO_HR_WHEN_LOADED = TFO_HR_ONLY KEEP_CODEC_HO = TFO_CALLS_ONLY 1. EN_TFO_OPT = disable 2. EN_TFO_OPT = enable
MS2 MS2 HO ?
Loaded cell MS / cell cap: HR/EFR/FR

TFO? ? MS1
call setup + TFO negotiation ?
TFO? 1.178
Page 1.178
2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation
1.179
Page 1.179
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Principles
Used to rank potential target cells: Ranking based on radio characteristics Ranking based on operator preferences Ranking based on traffic intensity
1.180
w Handover candidate cell evaluation The process is performed in the BSC. Once a need for handover is detected, this process looks for possible target cells (except if it is an intracell handover or an interzone handover) and provides the BSC entity in charge of the HO decision and execution entity with a list of candidate cells and their respective HO cause.
BTS
BSC
HO Preparation
HO Detection
HO Candidate Cell Evaluation
HO management
HO protocol
MSC
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2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Evaluation process

Raw cell list
MEASUREMENT PREPROCESSING Measurement result according A_LEV_HO A_QUAL_HO A_PBGT_HO A_RANGE_HO HO_DETECTION max Every SACCH cause 2: uplink quality cause 3: uplink level cause 4: downlink quality cause 5: downlink level cause 6: distance cause 12: power budget Performed every SACCH cell 1: cause C2 cell 2: cause C2 cell 3: cause C2 cell 4: cause C2 cell 5: cause C2 cell 6: cause C2 cell 7: cause C2 cell 8: cause C2 Max 32 cells Preprocess measurement
Performed every SACCH
PBGT_FILTERING PRE-RANKING Priority (0,n) = 0 cell 2: cause C2 cell 3: cause C2 cell 4: cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 1 cell 1: cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 2 Priority (0,n) = 3 cell 5: cause C2 cell 6: cause C2 cell 7: cause C2 cell 8: cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 4 Priority (0,n) = 5 HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n) CELLS EVALUATION PROCESS Order or Grade
Priority (0,n) = 0 cell 2: cause C2 cell 3: cause C2 cell 4: cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 1 Priority (0,n) = 2 Priority (0,n) = 3 cell 6: cause C2 cell 8: cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 4 Priority (0,n) = 5
Grade Priority (0,n) = 0 cell 4 cause C2 cell 2 cause C2 Cell 3 cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 1 Priority (0,n) = 2 Priority (0,n) = 3 cell 6: cause C2 cell 8 cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 4 Priority (0,n) = 5 HO CANDIDATE CELLS EVALUATION
Order Priority (0,n) = 0 cell 4 cause C2 cell 3 cause C2 cell 2 cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 1 Priority (0,n) = 2 Priority (0,n) = 3 cell 6: cause C2 cell 8 cause C2 Priority (0,n) = 4 Priority (0,n) = 5
1.181
w The HO candidate evaluation process is run after all intercell handover alarms. w In case of intracell handover alarm (HO causes 10, 11, 13, 15, 16), the candidate cell evaluation process is skipped: the target cell is the serving cell. w The handover detection gives as indication the raw cell list (built from book-keeping list) and the preferred layer for the handover. In case of emergency handover alarms or cause 20 alarm, the cell evaluation will order the cells given in the raw list, putting in the first position the cells belonging to the preferred layer, having the highest priority (if EN_PRIORITY_ORDERING=ENABLE) and/or having the same frequency band type as the serving cell. In case of an intercell handover alarm, if the serving cell belongs to the raw cell list (emergency handover from the DCS 1800 inner zone of a multiband cell), this cell is put at the end of the candidate cell list with the MS zone indication OUTER. w In case of better condition handover alarms (except cause 20), the cell evaluation will order the cells given in the raw list, putting in the first position the cells belonging to the preferred layer and having the highest priority (if EN_PRIORITY_ORDERING=ENABLE).
Page 1.181
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Pre-ranking
Pre-ranking in hierarchical or multi-band networks:

Cell_band_type = serving cell Priority(0,n) = 0 Cell_layer_type = Pref_layer Priority(0,n) = 1 Cell_band_type serving cell
List of candidate cells n
Priority(0,n) = 5 Priority(0,n) = 0
Cell_layer_type Pref_layer
Priority(0,n) = 1
Priority(0,n) = 5
1.182
Page 1.182
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Pre-ranking

w with priority(0,n) settings the operator can, for each couple of cells: settings, tag the target cell with a defined priority (from 0 = max to 5 = min) this definition has an higher priority than usual order/grade ranking w especially useful for multi band/hierarchical architectures: architectures a simple way to force a target cell whatever its RxLev level and PBGT nevertheless can be skipped over by filtering processes low interest for standard networks
Candidate cell 1: RxLev: - 70 dBm, pbgt: + 10 dB P1
Serving cell
P0 Candidate cell 2: Rxlev: - 90 dBm, PBGT: + 5dB
1.183
w Cell ordering according to target layer and target band w In hierarchical or multiband environment, cells are characterized by the layer they belong to or/and the frequency band they use. The candidate cell evaluation process takes into account these characteristics in the candidate cell ordering. w In hierarchical environment, the HO detection process can indicate a preferred layer where the handover must be directed to. If this indication is used, the candidate cell evaluation puts in the first places of the list, the candidate cells belonging to the preferred layer. They are followed by the cells of the other layer, providing they are also correct candidates. w After this possible distinction, in each part of the list, the candidate cell evaluation sorts the candidate cells according to the parameter PRIORITY(0,n) (parameter on line changeable from the OMC-R). w The cells having the highest priority are put in the first place of the list. They are followed by the cells having the lowest priorities. The PRIORITY(0,n) is only used when the flag EN_PRIORTY_ORDERING is set to enable. w In case of emergency handover, for each category (preferred layer and other layer) and between cells having the same priority, the candidate cell evaluation sorts the candidate cells according to the frequency band they use: the cells which use the same frequency band as the serving cell are put first and they are followed by the cells which use the other frequency band. w The cell evaluation function is then applied to the different candidate cell lists defined from the preferred layer indication, the PRIORITY(0,n) parameter and the frequency band of the serving cell (only in case of emergency handover).
Page 1.183
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation PBGT Filtering

w PBGT filtering: optional, flag EN_PBGT_FILTERING filter out cells from the target list inhibited for better cell handovers based on power budget per couple of cells was needed for multiband architecture PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN_XX (0,n) + OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER HO_MARGIN_XX (0,n) = HO_MARGIN_QUAL (0,n) HO_MARGIN_XX (0,n) = HO_MARGIN_LEV (0,n) HO_MARGIN_XX (0,n) = HO_MARGIN_DIST (0,n) for cause 2,4 for cause 3,5 for cause 6
OFFSET_HO_MARGIN_INNER is only applied when the MS is in the inner zone of a concentric or multi band cell The averaging window is A_PBGT_HO
1.184
w The filtering process allows to filter out cells from the target list before sending them to the ORDER or GRADE evaluation process. w It can be enabled/disabled on-line on a per cell basis from the OMC-R with the flag EN_PBGT_FILTERING. w The candidate cells are filtered on their power budget in relation to a handover margin threshold based on the handover cause. Note: the averaging window used for this process is A_PBGT_HO (even for emergency handovers, where a handover alarm could have been raised through A_LEV_HO or A_QUAL_HO samples)
Page 1.184
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation ORDER evaluation

ORDER cell evaluation process Cell "n" is ranked among other accordingly: If EN_LOAD_ORDER = ENABLE and cell n is internal to the BSC ORDER (n) = PBGT(n) + LINK_FACTOR(0,n) + FREEfactor(n) - FREEfactor(0)HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n) Link_factor (0,n) is an operator parameter to give a bonus/penalty to a cell ex: avoid external HO, decrease incoming flow of HO to a cell from another FREEfactor is TCH traffic based bonus/penalty to rank cells If EN_LOAD_ORDER = DISABLE or cell n is external to the BSC ORDER (n) = PBGT(n) + LINK_FACTOR(0,n) - HO_MARGIN_XX(0,n) Cell "n" is kept if: AV_RXLEV_NCELL (n) > RXLEVmin (n) + max [0;(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)] [dBm]
1.185
w Two types of cell evaluation algorithms can be used: ORDER and GRADE. w ORDER and GRADE are two different methods of cell ranking. They both consist in giving a mark or figure of merit to each candidate cell. w The basic differences between ORDER and GRADE are that: with ORDER The candidate cell evaluation process interacts with the handover detection by use of cause-dependent handover margins. The candidate cell evaluation process takes into account the number of free TCHs in the candidate cells. with GRADE The candidate cell evaluation process does not interact with the handover detection. The candidate cell evaluation process takes into account the relative load of traffic channels in the candidate cells. w The type of cell evaluation is chosen by the operator on a (serving) cell basis and is provided to the BSC with the parameter CELL_EV. w For any handover cause, the first cell in the list is taken as a target cell, i.e. the cell with the highest value of ORDER(n). The cells do not need to fulfil any other condition. w If no cell fulfils the condition and the serving cell does not belong to the target cell list, the target cell list is empty and no further action is carried out. Note: the A_PBGT_HO averaging window is used for this process.
Page 1.185
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation GRADE Evaluation

GRADE cell evaluation process Cell "n" is ranked among other accordingly: If EN_LOAD_ORDER = ENABLE and cell n is internal to the BSC GRADE (n) = PBGT(n) + LINK_FACTOR(0,n) + LOADfactor(n) Link_factor (0,n) is an operator parameter to give a bonus/penalty to a cell LOADfactor(n) is a weighting factor that takes into account the relative load of traffic channels in a cell If EN_LOAD_ORDER = DISABLE or cell n is external to the BSC GRADE (n) = PBGT(n) + LINK_FACTOR(0,n) Cell "n" is kept if:
Annex 4
AV_RXLEV_NCELL (n) > RXLEVmin(n) + max [0;(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P)]
1.186
w LINKfactor(0,n) is a parameter set by OMC command for each cell(n). w LINKfactor(n1,n2) allows the operator to handicap or to favor the cell n1 with respect to its neighbor cell n2. In particular, it can be used to disadvantage an external cell when an internal cell is also a possible candidate. w For any handover cause, the first cell in the list is taken as a target cell, i.e. the cell with the highest value of GRADE(n). If no cell fulfils the condition and the serving cell does not belong to the target cell list, the target cell list is empty and no further action is carried out. Note: the A_PBGT_HO averaging window is used for this process
Page 1.186
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Training exercise (1/2)
Emergency HO detected
With the Candidate evaluation.xls excel sheet...
Filtering simulation for a list of candidate cells Ranking simulation for a list of candidate cells
1Time allowed: 15 minutes
Book-keeping list
1.187
Page 1.187
2.6 Handover Candidate Cell Evaluation Training exercise (2/2)
Emergency HO detected
2Averaging measurement
? 34PBGT Filtering
?
GRADE evaluation process
? 5Target Cell
1.188
Page 1.188
2 ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS 2.7 Exercise
1.189
Page 1.189
2.8 Exercise
List all the parameters involved in the detection of cause 23 List all the causes impacted by the parameter DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN
List all the causes impacted by the parameter L_RXQUAL_UL_H List all the causes impacted by the parameter BS_TXPWR_MAX List all the causes impacted by the parameter BS_P_CON_ACK
1.190
Page 1.190
B8
3 OTHER ALGORITHMS
1.191
Page 1.191
B8
3 OTHER ALGORITHMS Session presentation
Objective: to be able to describe LCS, SDCCH Dynamic allocation, TCH resource allocation, MS reselection algorithms and list the associated parameters
Program: 3.1 LCS 3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation 3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm 3.4 MS Reselection algorithms
1.192
S1: TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS S2: ALGORITHMS AND ASSOCIATED PARAMETERS S3: OTHER ALGORITHMS S4: ALGORITHMS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR S5: CASE STUDIES
Page 1.192
B8
3 OTHER ALGORITHMS
3.1 LCS
1.193
LCS Dynamic SDDCH allocation MS Reselection algorithms
Page 1.193
B8
3.1 LCS Definitions
New end-user services which provide the geographical location of an MS: On MS request to know its own location On network request (especially during Emergency calls) On external request (LCS Client)
Several positioning methods:
Cell-ID or Cell-ID + TA (Timing Advance) Conventional (standalone) GPS Assisted GPS (with A-GPS server help to compute location) MS-based (MB): the MS is able to perform a precomputation
MS-assisted (MA): the MS sends info, Network computes

1.194
w Assisted GPS Method: Mobile-based: The MS performs OTD signal measurements and computes its own location estimate. In this case, the network provides the MS with the additional information such as BTS coordinates and the RTD values. These assistance data can be either broadcast on the CBCH (using SMSCB function) or provided by the BSS in a point-to-point connection (either spontaneously or on request from the MS). Mobile-assisted: The MS performs and reports OTD signal measurements to the network and the network computes the MSs location estimate. With OTD: Observed Time Difference: the time interval that is observed by an MS between the receptions of signals (bursts) from two different BTSs. RTD: Real Time Difference: This means the relative synchronization difference in the network between two BTSs. w Finally, 4 methods are possible for positioning: Cell ID+ TA, This is the simplest method for determining the location of a mobile. It relies on the hypothesis that the geographical coverage of a cell corresponds to that predicted by radio coverage studies. When an active mobile is connected to a base station, the mobile is assumed to be located geographically within the area predicted to be best served by this base station Conventional (MS equipped with GPS System), MS-based Assisted GPS, MS-Assisted GPS.
Page 1.194
B8 LCS function: Architecture

Emergency call Where am I? BTS
1
Abis BSC
A
3.1 LCS LCS architecture

Where is the accident?
2
MSC
Lg
GMLC
Le
External LCS client
Lb
MS
GPS reference network
OSP
Lh
Where is my son?
Abis
BTS
SMLC
SAGI
MFS
SMLC function integrated in MFS:
A-GPS server
HLR
- receives the loc. Request from the GMLC through the MSC/BSC - Schedules all the necessary actions to get MS location - Computes MS location
1 MS Request 2 Network Request 3 External Request
- Provides the result back to the GMLC
LCS: Location Services SMLC: Serving Mobile Location Center GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Center A-GPS: Assisted GPS 1.195
Page 1.195
B8
4. Paging, authentication, ciphering, notification
3.1 LCS LCS Positionning procedure
3. Provide subscriber location
8. Location response
LCS Client
BSC
MSC
GMLC
1. Location request
5. Provide subscriber location
OSP GMLC
7. Location report 2. Routing information
6. Individual positioning
HLR
SMLC
MFS 1.196
w If the MS is in idle mode, the MSC first performs a CS paging, authentication and ciphering in order to establish an SDCCH with the MS. The MS subscriber is not aware of it, i.e. no ringing tone, except towards GPRS MS in Packet Transfer Mode which may suspend its GPRS traffic in order to answer to the CS Paging (i.e. not fully transparent for the subscriber). w w When the MS is in dedicated mode (after a specific SDCCH establishment for location, or during an on-going call), the MSC sends the location request to BSC in the existing SCCP connection for the current call, which forwards it to the SMLC
Page 1.196
B8
3.1 LCS LCS protocol (1/2)
Signaling Protocols between the SMLC and the MS (CS domain)
1.197
Page 1.197
B8
3.1 LCS LCS protocol (2/2)
Example: Mobile terminated location request success (External request)

MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC HLR
LCS Client
LCS Service Request Send_Routing_Info rqst Send_Routing_Info resp Provide_Subscriber_Location Paging Authentication + Ciphering
.
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
Starts T_location Adequate positioning method chosen by SMLC with optional additional scenario
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Response
Stop T_location
Provide_Subscriber_Location Result BSSMAP Clear Command and Release LCS Service Response
1.198
w T_location_Longer used in case of optional additional scenario (see graph): Upon receipt of the MS POSITION COMMAND message from the SMLC (optional additional scenario), the BSC stops the T_Location timer, and starts instead the T_Location_Longer timer. This timer is stopped only at the end of the location procedure in the BSC, i.e. when an 08.08 PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message is sent back to the MSC. w Aborts: Abort by MSC Depending on the location procedure and its current state of execution, upon PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message receipt, the BSC sends immediately to the MSC a PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE message (when no exchange on the Lb interface is on-going), or to the SMLC either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT or an ABORT message. The BSC starts the timer T_Loc_abort to supervise the SMLC response. Abort by BSS If an ongoing location request is interrupted at the BSC level for the following reasons: by an inter-BSC handover, or if the main signaling link to the target MS is lost or released, or the SCCP connection on the A interface is released, or if the timer T_Location expires, the BSC must send either a PERFORM LOCATION ABORT message or a ABORT message to the SMLC and starts the timer T_Loc_abort w The useful B8 content of the received PERFORM LOCATION REQUEST message is: Location type, Classmark information 3, Requested QoS: provides service requirement concerning geographic positioning and response time accuracy, the response time category (Low Delay or Delay Tolerant), Current Cell Id + TA information are always provided to the SMLC. w The time of transfer of the assitance data on the SDCCH is estimated about 14s for a 1000 octets information,
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B8
3.1 LCS Positioning methods : CI+TA positioning
Principles of CI + TA Positioning Method

am y Be b in en Ma n giv th tio rec azimu Di the
553 m
Site Geographical Information (Lat/Long)
w With the TA positioning method, no signalling exchange is required between the SMLC and the MS (i.e. RRLP protocol is not required). The TA positioning method is applicable to all the MSs (supporting LCS or not). w Based on: Cell Identity (CI) of the serving cell and Timing Advance (TA) value reported by MS intersection point of a line from the BTS antenna in their main direction with a circle which radius is corresponding with the propagation delay (timing advance) is the MS estimated position Omni-directional cells: MS position = site position w Parameters: w EN_LCS flag to enable/disable the Location Services per BSS 0 = Enabled; 1= Disabled; Default = 0 IF EN_LCS=1, CI+TA method is enabled in all the BSS cells
LCS_LATITUDE
Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell

LCS_LONGITUDE
Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell

LCS_AZIMUTH
Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell

HALFPWR_BEAM_WIDTH
Antenna half power beamwidth for the sector supporting the cell w Optimization parameters:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02
A TA
3dB points given by the azimuth and the HPBW
MS Estimated Location
Annex 5
1.199
Page 1.199
B8
3.1 LCS Positioning methods : Conventional GPS
Conventional GPS location procedure This optional location procedure is chosen by the SMLC (if the MS support it) upon reception of a Perform Location Request message from the BSC
MS BTS BSC
(X,Y)
SMLC Perform Location Request
Location Request
Location Request
Measurement Position Request
Location Response
Location Response
(X,Y)
Measurement Position Response (X,Y)
(X,Y) :
Computed position
Perform Location Response (X,Y)
1.200
The MS continiously computes its position Terminal searches for satellites, acquires all the GPS data, computes its own position and finally provides the location estimation to the SMLC
Page 1.200
B8
3.1 LCS Positioning method : Assisted GPS Positioning 1/3
Assisted GPS Positioning Method (A-GPS) Assistance GPS Positioning Method is split into: MS Based A-GPS method MS Assisted A-GPS method
GPS reference network
Assistance data on request

GPS acquisition assistance Navigation model (almanac, ephemeris) Ionospheric model Time integrity
GPS MS
1.201
A-GPS Server
w Assistance data gathered from a GPS reference network receiver is broadcasted to the GPS MS w Flags/Parameters EN_LCS = 1 EN_MS_BASED_AGPS enables/disables the positioning method MS Based A-GPS per CELL 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0 EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS enables/disables the positioning method MS Assisted A-GPS per CELL 0 = disabled; 1 = enabled; default = 0
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B8
A-GPS location procedure / MS Based A-GPS
MS
BTS
BSC
SMLC
Perform Location Request
A-GPS Server GPS info Request GPS info Response Location Request
Assistance Data Assistance Data Ack
Assistance Data
Position Request
Position Response
(X,Y)
Measurement Position Response (X,Y) Perform (X,Y) Location Response
Location Response
POSITIONING CALCULATION latitude, longitude (and altitude)
(X,Y) :
Computed position
1.202
w Using assistance data, MS computes by itself the position and sends it back to the SMLC
Page 1.202
B8
A-GPS location procedure / MS Assisted A-GPS
MS
BTS
BSC
SMLC
Perform Location Request
A-GPS Server GPS info Request GPS info Response Location Request
Assistance Data Assistance Data Ack
Assistance Data
Position Request
Position Response
Pseudo-range MEASUREMENTS
Measurement Position Response (M)
GPS Location Request (M) GPS Location
Location Response
Response (X,Y) Perform (X,Y) Location Response
(X,Y)
(X,Y) :
Computed position
1.203
Using a reduced set of assistance data, the MS makes pseudorange measurements and sends the result to the A-GPS server, which fixes the position in the end
Page 1.203
B8 HO preparation Inhibition of better cell handovers Other HO

MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC GMLC
3.1 LCS LCS impact on HO 1/3
HLR
LCS Client
LCS Service Request Send_Routing_Info rqst Send_Routing_Info resp Provide_Subscriber_Location Paging Authentication + Ciphering
.
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Request
Starts T_location
BSSLAP - Reset
EMERGENCY HO DETECTION
1.204
HO needed during LCS procedure
Page 1.204
B8 HO management Internal HO
MS BTS BSC SMLC MSC
GMLC
HLR
LCS Client
INTRA BSC HO On going

.
BSSMAP Perform_Location_Request
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
BSSLAP-Reset BSSMAP PERFORM LOCATION RESPONSE (Cause = Intra-BSC Handover Complete)
HO COMPLETE
1.205
Mobile in communication
Page 1.205
B8 HO management external HO
MS
BTS
SERVING BSC
SMLC
MSC
GMLC
HLR
LCS Client
external BSC HO BSSMAP HO REQUIRED
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Abortt
BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response BSSAP-LE Perform_Location_Response
1.206
Page 1.206
B8
FLAGS Timers
3.1 LCS BSS Parameters
EN_LCS T_Location EN_SAGI T_Location_longer T_Loc_Abort
OPTIMIZATION DATA
T_LCS_delay_tolerant T_LCS_LowDelay
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
T_RRLP_low_delay T_RRLP_delay_tolerant
1.207
w BSS PARAMETERS EN_LCS (BSC)

Flag which enables or disables the LCS feature in the BSS. EN_SAGI Flag indicating whether SAGI is configured or not for this BSS T_Location: BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Request, when no RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS.
T_Location_longer:
BSC timer on a per call basis to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Request, when an RRLP exchange is triggered with the MS. Replace T_Location timer in case of Conventional GPS, MSAssisted A-GPS, MS-Based A-GPS.
T_Loc_Abort
BSC timer to guard the response from the SMLC in case of Location Abort. T_LCS_LowDelay SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request. T_LCS_DelayTolerant SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Delay Tolerant Location Request. T_LCS_LowDelay
SMLC timer to guard the calculation of the MS position (including the RRLP message exchange with the target MS) in case of a Low Delay Location Request. T_RRLP_Low_delay Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS . T_RRLP_delay_tolerant Timer to guard the RRLP exchange between the SMLC and the MS.
Optimization data: ARC_SIZE_FACTOR Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method. MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
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B8
FLAGS
EN_CONV_GPS EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS EN_MS_BASED_AGPS
3.1 LCS Cell Parameters SITE DATA
LCS_LATITUDE LCS_LONGITUDE LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC LCS_AZIMUTH HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH
1.208
w CELL PARAMETERS EN_CONV_GPS Flag to enable/disable the Conventional GPS positioning method. EN_MS_ASSISTED_AGPS Flag to enable/disable the MS Assisted A-GPS positioning method. EN_MS_BASED_AGPS Flag to enable/disable the MS Based A-GPS positioning method. LCS_LATITUDE Latitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method). LCS_LONGITUDE Longitude of the BTS supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method). LCS_SIGNIFICANT_GC Indicates whether latitude and longitude are significant or not LCS_AZIMUTH Antenna direction orientation for the sector supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method). HALF_POWER_BANDWIDTH Half power beam width of the antenna for the sector supporting the cell (used by the MFS to compute location estimate based on TA positioning method). Remark: To have LCS supported for a cell, the operator must activate LCS on the BSS handling this cell but he must also activate GPRS for this cell (i.e. setting of MAX_PDCH to a value > 0, the cell being kept locked for GPRS if the operator does not want to have GPRS running on this cell) and configure all the required transmission resources (Ater and Gb resources) on the GPU(s) connected to this BSC
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3.1 LCS Exercise
Where is implemented the SMLC function?

What are the LCS impacts on cell dimensioning?
1.209
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3 OTHER ALGORITHMS
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation
1.210
Page 1.210
B8 SDCCH/8 time slots can be dynamically allocated on demand on a cell-by-cell basis. Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots. Static SDCCH time slots
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation Purpose
Allocated Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots Static Min SDCCH time slots
Max
TCH Capacity
1.211
w Definitions A Static SDCCH timeslot is a physical timeslot fixed allocated on the air interface. It contains 3, 4, 7 or 8 SDCCH subchannels depending on whether the timeslot is an SDCCH/3, SDCCH/4, SDCCH/7, or SDCCH/8 timeslot.
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3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation Principle (1/2)
Principles Too few SDCCH time slots could result in high blocking rate on SDCCH (Configuration 1) Too many SDCCH time slots could lead to a lack of TCH resources (Configuration 2)
Configuration 1 SDCCH time slots TCH Capacity Configuration 2 SDCCH time slots TCH Capacity
1.212
w Definition An SDCCH is a logical SDCCH sub-channel mapped on a Static SDCCH timeslot or a Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot. w Signaling load cases Timeslot split between signaling and traffic channels depends on the network signaling load. The main cases are: - Normal signaling load cells: Rural area cells in center of Location Areas (e.g. 1 SDCCH timeslot for a 3-TRX cell) - High signaling load cells: Urban or suburban area cells in the center of a Location Area Rural area cells at the border of Location Areas (e.g. 2 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell) - Very high signaling load cells: Urban or suburban area cells at the border of a Location Area Cells with high SMS load (more than one SMS per call) (e.g. 3 SDCCH time slots for a 3-TRX cell)
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3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation Principle (2/2)
Allocation and de-allocation of Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is allocated by the BSC if there is no SDCCH sub-channel free in the cell. A dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated by the BSC after T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD (10s) delay if all of its SDCCH sub-channels become free
+ -
BCC TCH SDD TCH SDD
SDC SDC TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
TCH TCH TCH
BCC: BCCH SDC: Static SDCCH SDD: Dynamic SDCCH
1.213
w The location of the Dynamic SDCCH/8 time slots are fixed by O&M configuration.
Page 1.213
B8 NEW TIMESLOT TYPES :
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation TIMESLOT types
SDCCH Pure SDCCH or static SDCCH TCH Pure TCH TCH/SDCCH dynamic SDCCH TCH/SPDCH MPDCH
1.214
wThe OMC-R provides the BSC with the following O&M type of radio timeslots: Main BCCH timeslot (BCC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH. Main combined BCCH timeslot (CBC): It is a timeslot carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4. Static SDCCH timeslot (SDC): It is a timeslot carrying SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8. Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (SDD): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 TCH timeslot (TCH): It is a timeslot carrying TCH + SACCH or PDCH wIn RAM point of view, a radio timeslot can be defined as: Pure BCCH timeslot: The BCCH timeslot is the radio timeslot configured as BCC by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries common CS signalling. Pure SDCCH timeslot: A pure SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as a CBC or SDC by O&M. Such a timeslot can carry SDCCH traffic. Pure TCH timeslot: A pure TCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot only carries TCH traffic. TCH/SDCCH timeslot: A TCH/SDCCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as SDD by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated as TCH or as SDCCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or SDCCH traffic. TCH/SPDCH timeslot: A TCH/SPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot is dynamically allocated as TCH or as SPDCH depending on the usage of the timeslot. It can carry TCH traffic or PS traffic. MPDCH timeslot: A MPDCH timeslot is a timeslot configured as TCH by O&M. Such a timeslot can only carry common PS signalling. wA pure SDCCH timeslot can carry x SDCCH sub-channels where x equal to: 4 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is not configured on the timeslot, 7 in case of non-combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot, 3 in case of combined CCCH and when CBCH is configured on the timeslot, 8 for a normal SDCCH timeslot. wWhen allocated as SDCCH, a TCH/SDCCH timeslot can carry up to 8 SDCCH sub-channels.
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SDCCH mapped on TCU very high load state removal
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation Allocation algorithm
SDCCH REQUEST
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channel among Static SDCCH timeslots ?
No
Are they any free SDCCH sub-channel among Dynamic SDCCH/8 already allocated ?
No
Are they any Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslots available and free in the cell ?
Yes
?
Yes
?
Yes
No
?
SDCCH request rejected !!!
Allocate one dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot
Selection of one SDCCH sub-channel
Select one SDCCH sub-channel
1.215
Principle 1 : Preference is given to pure SDCCH timeslots Principle 2 : Balance TCU processor load between different TCUs in fact before entering in this algorithm ( see slide) the first step is : Removal of all the SDCCH subchannels mapped on TCU in Very High Overload state Principle 3 : FR TRX preference
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3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation SDCCH sub-channel selection

TS with LOWEST TCU LOAD
Pure SDCCH Timeslots TCH/SDCCH TS allocated as SDCCH TCH/SDCCH allocated as TCH
TS with MAXIMUM FREE SDCCH Sub channels
TS on FR TRX
TS with lowest index on TRX with lowest TRX_ID

1.216
Note that a SDCCH request can not access the timeslots reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO. If all remaining TCH/SDCCH timeslots are reserved by NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO, then the SDCCH request shall be rejected.
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all SDCCH sub-channels of a TCH/SDCCH timeslot in the cell are free ?
Yes
No
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation De allocation algorithm

At least one TCH/SDCCH allocated
T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD
?
No
started
Yes
T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD
No
running ?
Yes
?
Yes
T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD Expires ?
No
?
TCH/SDCCH deallocated
1.217
T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD stopped
The de-allocation algorithm ensures that : TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not allocated too fast to TCH after de-allocating them TCH/SDCCH timeslots are not re-allocated too frequently to SDCCH
Note : while T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is running: the dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot marked as HOLD is still considered as allocated to SDCCH (and can not be allocated to TCH); If a subsequent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (used as SDCCH and in the same cell) becomes free: a) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has a higher priority, T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-started and precedent dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot in HOLD state is de-allocated immediately; b) If this just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot has lower priority, and T_DYN_SDCCH_HOLD is re-started and the just freed dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot is de-allocated immediately.
Page 1.217
B8 selection of static or dynamic SDCCH Timeslot configuration menu
3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation O&M configuration 1/2
Massive modification by script 10 templates Template customization Template launched through PRC
3 4 2 7 9 12 1 6 10 8 11 5
1.218
wDynamic sdcch rules wThe CBCH must be configured on a static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot. wCombined SDCCHs (SDCCH/4 + BCCH) are always static. wTo avoid incoherent allocation strategy between SDCCH and PDCH, a dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot cannot have the characteristic of being a PDCH (it cannot carry GPRS traffic). wThe operator must configure at least one static SDCCH/8 or SDCCH/4 timeslot on BCCH TRX in a cell. wIn cells with E-GSM, only the TRX, which do not belong to the G1 band, can support dynamic and static SDCCHs. wIn multiband and concentric cells, only the TRX, which belongs to the outer zone, can support dynamic and static SDCCHs. wUp to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels can be configured per TRX.
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3.2 Dynamic SDCCH allocation O&M configuration 2/2
Default configuration for a cell which has only Full rate TRX
1.219
Note1: For one TRX, dynamic SDCCHs are over-dimensioned because of the granularity of 8. According to the Alcatel traffic model, all dynamic SDCCHs will not be used. Note2: An additional dynamic SDCCH/8 must be provided for each DR TRX (these are expected mainly on small cells).
w rules: At least one static SDCCH/4 or SDCCH/8 on BCCH TRX Up to 24 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TRX Up to 32 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per TCU Up to 88 static/dynamic SDCCH sub-channels per CELL
Page 1.219
3 OTHER ALGORITHMS
3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm
1.220
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Radio Allocation and Management
Radio resource allocation and management (RAM) aims at: Managing pools of TCH radio resources by: defining TCH radio timeslots as a function of the cell radio configuration from the operator sorting these TCH TS according to their radio capabilities (FR or DR, frequency band (G1 or GSM/DCS)) Allocating dedicated TCH radio resources by: selecting the TCH pool in which the TCH should be chosen according to: the requested channel rate (FR or HR) the radio capability of the mobile the TRE DR capability and the TRE band selecting the best TCH resource among the available TCH channels of this pool according to several criteria
1.221
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Radio Timeslot of a cell : Operator view
On the OMC-R the operator can configure the following Radio TS per cell: Main BCCH timeslot (BCC): TS carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH Main combined BCCH timeslot (CBC): TS carrying FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 Static SDCCH timeslot (SDC): TS carrying SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 Dynamic SDCCH/8 timeslot (SDD): TS carrying TCH + SACCH or SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 TCH timeslot (TCH): TS carrying TCH + SACCH or used as a PS timeslot (PDCH)
1.222
w The operator has to choose between a Combined BCCH (CBC TS) or a Non-combined BCCH configuration (BCC TS). w A PDCH is a radio timeslot used for PS traffic or signalling. w It can carry either PS traffic or PS signalling but not both. If it carries traffic it is called a Slave PDCH (SPDCH) TS and it carries the logical channels PDTCH+PACCH+PTTCH. If it carries signalling it is called a Master PDCH (MPDCH) TS and it carries: either the logical channels PBCCH+PPCH+PAGCH+PRACH: it is then called a Primary MPDCH or only PPCH+PAGCH+PRACH: it is then called a Secondary MPDCH w SDD TS can carry either TCH or SDCCH channels but not both at the same time. w TCH TS can carry either CS traffic channel TCH or PS logical channels but not both at the same time.
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Radio Timeslot of a cell : RAM view
In the BSS the RAM software module maps the OMC-R cell radio configuration to its own types of TS : Pure BCCH timeslot: BCC TS carrying only common CS signalling (BCCH+CCCH) Pure SDCCH timeslot: CBC or SDC TS carrying only dedicated CS signalling (SDCCH) Pure TCH timeslot: TCH TS carrying only TCH traffic TCH/SDCCH timeslot: SDD TS carrying either CS traffic (TCH) or dedicated CS signalling (SDCCH) TCH/SPDCH timeslot: TCH TS carrying either CS traffic (TCH) or PS traffic (SPDCH channels) MPDCH timeslot: TCH TS carrying common PS signalling (PBCCH+PCCCH or PCCCH only)
1.223
w TCH/SDCCH timeslots are allocated as TCH or SDCCH according to an SDCCH dynamic allocation algorithm presented in the Introduction to Radio Fine Tuning B8 training course. w TCH/SPDCH timeslots are allocated as TCH or SPDCH according to a SPDCH dynamic allocation algorithm presented in the Introduction to GPRS & E-GPRS Quality of Service Monitoring B8 training course.
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OMC-R radio TS BCC CBC SDC SDD TCH
3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Radio Timeslot : OMC-R / RAM mapping
RAM radio TS Pure BCCH Pure SDCCH
TCH/SDCCH TCH/SPDCH MPDCH Pure TCH
NB_TS_MPCH MPDCH TS are defined on the BCCH TRX : on the timeslots configured as TCH TS on the OMC-R having the lowest timeslot index TCH/SPDCH TS are defined as being part of an SPDCH group Pure TCH timeslots are OMC-R TCH TS neither defined as MPDCH TS nor in an SPDCH group
1.224
w MPDCH TS are defined on the BCCH TRX even if the corresponding TRX_PREF_MARK is different than 0.
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Definition of a TCH/SPDCH TS
For PS traffic resource allocation, an SPDCH group is defined on a per TRX basis and is made of consecutive timeslots: mapped on OMC-R TCH TS located on a PS capable TRX (TRX_PREF_MARK = 0) not defined as MPDCH TS having the same radio configuration (MA, MAIO) If several SPDCH groups can be defined on a given TRX, the BSS chooses the SPDCH group of timeslots having the highest number of consecutive timeslots. A radio timeslot belonging to one of the different SPDCH groups of the cell is identified in RAM as a TCH/SPDCH timeslot.
1.225
w The timeslots shall be consecutive on a given TRX means that there shall be no hole in the SPDCH group. w If several SPDCH groups can be defined on the same TRX and having the same number of consecutive timeslots then the group that is located on the left side of the TRX (i.e. the timeslots having the lowest index) shall be chosen.
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Exercise 1
A non hopping cell is configured on the OMC-R

TRX_PREF_MARK
0
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 BCC SDD SDC TCH TCH
1
TCH TCH TCH TCH
2
SDC SDC TCH TCH
3
TCH TCH TCH TCH
4
TCH TCH TCH TCH
5
TCH TCH TCH TCH
6
TCH TCH TCH TCH
7
TCH TCH TCH TCH
0 0 0 1
Find the radio TS configuration in RAM if NB_TS_MPDCH= 2

PBC: Pure BCCH PSD: Pure SDCCH TSD: TCH/SDCCH TSP: TCH/SPDCH MPD: MPDCH PTC: Pure TCH TRX4 1.226
w The timeslots shall be consecutive on a given TRX means that there shall be no hole in the SPDCH group. w If several SPDCH groups can be defined on the same TRX and having the same number of consecutive timeslots then the group that is located on the left side of the TRX (i.e. the timeslots having the lowest index) shall be chosen.
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 SDC
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH pools
3 pools of TCH resources are managed per cell: G1 pure TCH pool: contains all the free TCH sub-channels (FR or HR) free on the pure TCH TS of the G1 TRXs GSM/DCS pure TCH - TCH/SPDCH pool: contains all the free TCH sub-channels (FR or HR) free on the pure TCH TS and on the TCH/SPDCH TS of the GSM/DCS TRXs GSM/DCS TCH/SDCCH pool: contains all the free TCH subchannels (FR or HR) free on the TCH/SDCCH TS of the GSM/DCS TRXs any pure TCH, TCH/SPDCH, TCH/SDCCH TS can be: Busy: if it is not free to serve a FR TCH request Free: if it is free to serve a FR TCH request
1.227
w A DR TS (timeslot on a DR TRX) is free if no FR TCH or HR TCH is allocated for a call on this timeslot. w A DR TS is busy if at least one TCH is allocated for a call on this timeslot: 1 FR TCH or 1 HR TCH (HR 0 TCH or HR 1 TCH) or 2 HR TCHs (HR 0 TCH and HR 1 TCH)
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH sub-pools
FR TCH channels can be allocated on both FR and DR TRXs whereas HR TCH channels can only be allocated on DR TRXs Each of the three TCH pools is divided in three sub-pools: FR sub-pool: contains all the free FR TCH sub-channels available on the FR TRX DR: sub-pool: contains all the free FR TCH sub-channels available on the DR TRX HR sub-pool: contains all the free HR TCH sub-channels whose mate HR TCH sub-channel is busy (always located on the DR TRX)
1.228
w Inputs for TCH allocation function:
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH allocation process 1/2
TCH request
cell channel type capability cell codec type capability cell load radio capability of the mobile channel type (FR,HR,DR) speech version (FR, HR, EFR, AMR FR, AMR HR) request type (NA or HO)
TCH allocation
no yes
TCH free?
yes
no
Queuing?
Select a TCH sub-pool Select a TCH in this sub-pool
TCH rejected
TCH queued TCH selected

1.229
Inputs for TCH allocation function: w radio capability of the MS: the BSS knows the radio capability of the mobile from the MS CLASSMARK after the Radio Link Establishment procedure w requirements from the MSC: channel type (mandatory) is one of the following:
FR HR DR FR P NCA DR FR P CA DR HR P NCA DR HR P CA DR SV P NCA DR SV P CA Full Rate only Half Rate only Dual Rate Full Rate Preferred No Changes Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request Dual Rate Full Rate Preferred Changes Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request Dual Rate Half Rate Preferred No Changes Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request Dual Rate Half Rate Preferred Changes Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request Dual Rate No Changes of channel rate Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request Dual Rate Changes of channel rate Allowed after first channel allocation as a result of the request
list of preferred speech version (optional): GSM full rate speech version 1 = FR GSM full rate speech version 2 = EFR GSM full rate speech version 3 = AMR FR GSM half rate speech version 1 = HR GSM half rate speech version 3 = AMR HR w capabilities of the cell: FR TCHs only if only FR TRXs / FR+HR TCHs if some DR TRXs codec supported among: FR, EFR, AMR FR, HR, AMR HR
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH allocation process 2/2
NUM_TCH_EGNCY_HO T_QHO
TCH allocation
no yes
ALLOC_ANYWAY T11 T11_ FORCED
TCH free?
yes
no
Queuing?
Select a TCH sub-pool Select a TCH in this sub-pool
TCH rejected
TCH queued TCH selected
1.230
The timer T11 corresponds to normal assignment with queuing authorised. The timer T11_FORCED corresponds to normal assignment i) when the queuing is not authorised by the MSC but forced by the BSC (QUEUE_ANYWAY = TRUE), or ii) when the queuing is not authorised but the request has its pre-emption indicator set and has already forced the release of a lower priority pre-emptable on-going call. The QUEUE_ANYWAY flag is checked by the Normal Assignment (NASS) entity. - The timer T_qho corresponds to an external channel change with queuing authorised or to an external channel change when the queuing is not authorised but the request has its pre-emption indicator set and has already forced the release of a lower priority pre-emptable on-going call. -
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH sub-pool selection
The BSS selects the TCH sub-pools in which a TCH channel can be allocated according to: the requested channel rate and the cell load situation favour HR if cell is loaded a priority given to generic resources 1. G1 pool (E-GSM mobile only) 2. GSM/DCS pure TCH - TCH/SPDCH pool 3. GSM/DCS TCH/SDCCH pool an optimisation of FR/HR resources favour FR pool over DR pool for a FR TCH request favour HR pool over DR pool for an HR TCH request the availability of a TCH channel in the sub-pool
1.231
w TCH allocation without list of preferred speech versions FR request: FR pool DR pool HR request: HR pool DR pool DR FR Preferred request: cell load=False: FR pool DR pool HR pool cell load=True: HR pool DR pool FR pool DR HR Pref. request: HR pool DR pool FR pool w TCH allocation with a list of preferred speech versions FR SV then HR SV: FR pool DR pool HR HR SV then FR SV: HR pool DR pool FR FR SV only: FR pool DR pool HR SV only: HR pool DR pool w favour G1 pool for an E-GSM mobile (penetration of E-GSM mobile is low and GSM/DCS traffic is high) w disfavour TCH allocation on TCH/SDCCH TS (favour signalling over traffic) w Example : E-GSM mobile / DR FR P NCA / no sub-pool is empty BSS selects a TCH in the G1 pure TCH pool / FR sub-pool
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH selection
sub-pool of the GSM/DCS pure TCH - TCH/SPDCH pool optimise CS/PS traffic resources 1. Favour TCH allocation on pure TCH TS 2. Optimise PS traffic on TCH/SPDCH TS TCH allocated on TRX of highest TRX rank and on TS of highest TS index SPDCH allocated on TRX of lowest TRX rank and on TS of lowest TS index 2 modes of TCH selection on pure TCH or TCH/SDCCH timeslots on TCH/SPDCH timeslots
1.232
w TCH selection on pure TCH or TCH/SDCCH timeslots if: there is at least one candidate TCH free on pure TCH TS OR there is no candidate TCH free on TCH/SPDCH TS only the candidate TCH sub-channels available on pure TCH TS and on TCH/SDCCH TS are kept as candidate w TCH selection on TCH/SPDCH timeslots if: there is at least one candidate TCH free on a TCH/SPDCH TS AND there is no candidate TCH free on pure TCH TS only the candidate TCH sub-channels available on TCH/SPDCH TS are kept as candidate
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH selection on pure TCH or TCH/SDCCH TS
The TCH is chosen from the selected sub-pool according to the following criteria:
EN_MA_SELECTION = true
TCH candidates of the selected TCH sub-pool
Highest TRX_PREF_MARK
Biggest Mobile Allocation
Best Interference Band
non hopping cell
Selected TCH
HR 0 TCH sub-channel
Highest TS index
Highest TRX identity
FR allocation or HR allocation on busy TS 1.233

w The BSS attempts to offer the best quality of service for TCH calls in accordance with the privileged order between the groups of TRXs (if any) defined by the operator. Among a group of TRXs the BSS attempts to allocate traffic channels that have the best quality characteristics (channels using frequency with low reuse factor, large hopping frequency sets, low measured interference). w The benefits from this type of allocation are that the operator has the possibility to define groups of TRXs and to favour (or to disadvantage) them on the other if he wants to do so. Among a group of pure TCH or TCH/SDCCH timeslots, the overall interference is kept as low as possible, thus the user will perceive a better quality of service. w The BSS chooses the best TCH among the sub-channels of the selected TCH sub-pool applying criteria below in the specified order of priority: 1. TCH on TS with the highest TRX Preference Mark According to the frequency plan, the coverage and interference probability of a cell (or according to measurements), the operator may know which TRX should be a priori favored for TCH selection. For that purpose, it is possible for operators to give a preference mark to each TRX of a cell. This mark is given through the parameters TRX_PREF_MARK (TPM) changeable at OMC-R side per TRX. The range of TRX_PREF_MARK will be from 0 (lowest priority) to 7 (highest priority). The TCH selection function favours the channels with the highest TPM. Note that a few Pure TCH TS should be available in a cell on a TRX of TRX_PREF_MARK value of 0 since TCH/SPDCH TS may also be defined on this TRX according to PS radio resource configuration. 2. TCH on TS with the biggest Mobile Allocation (for hopping cell only) Considering that the number of frequencies is a key factor for the average quality of channels, the TCH selection function favors the TS with the biggest MA (i.e. with the most frequencies in their frequency hopping sequence). This selection criterion is enabled/disabled via the flag EN_MA_SELECTION changeable at the OMC-R side on a per cell basis. 3. TCH on TS from the best Interference Band Considering that the uplink received level measured by the BTS on an idle channel is a means to assess the quality when in connected mode, the TCH selection function favours the TS belonging to the best Interference Band (IB). Five IBs are defined through 5 parameters INTFBD1 to INTFBD5 where INTFBD(i)< INTFBD(i+1) and INTFBD5 = -47 all changeable at the OMC-R side on a per BTS basis. 4. TCH on TRX with the highest TRX identity 5. TCH on TS with the highest TS index 6. HR 0 TCH if the two sub-channels remaining candidates are the 2 HR TCH of the same free TS
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm TCH selection on TCH/SPDCH TS
The TCH is chosen from the selected sub-pool according to the following criteria:
TCH candidates of the selected TCH sub-pool
Highest TRX rank
Highest TS index
HR 0 TCH sub-channel
Selected TCH
FR allocation or HR allocation on busy TS
TRX rank is determined by the TRX Ranking algorithm described in the GPRS & EGPRS Radio Algorithms Description training course
1.234
w The BSS tends to allocate to the MFS the TCH/SPDCH timeslots so as to avoid conflicts between CS and PS allocations on PS capable TRX. w In order to be able to allocate as much slave PDCHs as possible to a given TBF, it is important to avoid any mix of allocation between TCHs and SPDCHs (e.g. avoid on a TRX a configuration such as TCH TCH SPDCH SPDCH TCH SPDCH SPDCH SPDCH). For that purpose, a TRX rank is assigned to each PS capable TRX. The TRX having the highest TRX rank is preferentially selected for TCH allocations, whereas TRX having the lowest TRX rank is preferentially selected for SPDCH allocations w This rule only applies on PS capable TRX. On a given PS capable TRX, TCH are preferentially allocated on the right side of the TRX (highest TS index), whereas SPDCH are preferentially allocated on the left side (lowest TS index).
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3.3 TCH resource allocation algorithm Exercise 2 - 1/3
A cell is configured on the OMC-R and TRE are mapped by BSS

TRX_PREF_MARK
0
BCC SDD SDC SDC TCH TCH
1
SDC TCH TCH TCH TCH
2
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
3
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
4
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
5
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
6
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
7
TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
TRE G4 MP FR G4 MP DR G3 DR G4 MP FR G3 DR
0 0 1 0 1
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TRX5

1.235
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B8
Find the radio TS configuration in RAM if NB_TS_MPDCH= 2

Pure BCCH TS Pure SDCCH TS TCH/SDDCH TS TRX_PREF_MARK PBC PSD TSD PTC TSP MPD Pure TCH TS TCH/SPDCH TS MPDCH
TRE G4 MP FR
0 0 1 0 1
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TRX5 SDC
G4 MP DR G3 DR G4 MP FR G3 DR
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B8

Pure TCH TS TCH/SPDCH TS TCH/SDDCH TS as TCH TS P: SPDCH TS
Find which TCH sub-channel is allocated:

1. For MS1: E-GSM, DR 2. For MS2: GSM/DCS, DR 3. For MS3: GSM, FR 4. For MS4, MS5, ., MSn: E-GSM, DR
TRX Rank
n=? 4
P
F: FR TCH call H: HR TCH call Cell load = true
0
TRX1 TRX2 TRX3 TRX4 TRX5 H P H H SDC TSD
5
P H F P H
6
P
TRE GSM/FR
2 3 1 -
P F P H
P F P
P F P
P F P F
F F P F H H
GSM/DR GSM/DR GSM/FR G1/DR 1.237
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3 OTHER ALGORITHMS
3.4 MS Reselection algorithms
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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms Selection and reselection principles
At startup (IMSI Attach), the MS is selecting a cell with best C1 once camped on one cell (in idle mode) the MS can decide to reselect on another one if: C1 criteria is too low the MS cannot decode downlink messages the current cell is becoming forbidden (e.g. barred) the MS cannot access the cell there is a better cell, regarding C2 criteria
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w Idle mode Status null: the mobile station (MS) is off Status search BCCH: the MS searches a broadcast channel with the best signal level (cell selection and reselection) BCCH list: up to 36 BCCH frequencies plus BSIC can be saved on SIM per visited network. Look if frequencies of the BCCH list can be used. No entries in the BCCH list, or the location is completely different: scan frequency band. Status BCCH: the MS is synchronized on a BCCH. The MS camps on a cell. The BTS sends the neighbor cells list (BCCH allocation BA) on BCCH in System Information (SI) 2, 2bis and 2ter if BSS parameter EN_INTERBAND_NEIGH in dual band networks: GSM900 serving cell - GSM900 neighbor cells put into SI 2 - GSM1800 neighbor cells put into SI 2ter/2bis GSM1800 serving cell - GSM900 neighbor cells put into SI 2ter - GSM1800 neighbor cells put into SI 2/2bis The MS measures RXLEV from BCCH of the serving and neighbor cells. Camping on a cell is performed using C1 criteria only (the chosen cell is the one with the best C1) The MS needs to have access to the network. The MS needs to be accessible by the network. Reselection is done using the mechanisms referenced above handover algorithms in idle mode
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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms C1 criteria (1/2)
C1 ensure that, if a call was attempted, it would be done with a sufficient downlink and uplink received level based on 2 parameters, broadcast on BCCH RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN [dBm] minimum level to access the cell MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH [dBm] maximum level for MS emitting
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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms C1 criteria (2/2)
C1 evaluated every 5 sec (minimum) C1 = A - MAX(0,B) > 0 A = RxLev - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN assess that the MS received level is sufficient B = MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - P P maximum power of MS assess that the BTS received level will be sufficient if MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH < P If A > 0 & B < 0 OK, if B > 0, it can be compensated by A A >> 0 means that the MS is closer to the BTS
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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms C2 criteria
C2
CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND= not present THEN C2=C1 else C2 = C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET - TEMPORARY_OFFSET (T) (if PENALTY_TIME 31) if T > PENALTY_TIME, TEMPORARY_OFFSET(T) = 0 used to avoid locating on transient cell CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET used to favor cell among other (e.g. micro-cell vs. umbrella, once T > PENALTY_TIME) Or C2 = C1 - CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET (if PENALTY_TIME = 31) CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET used to handicap some cells among others One reselection criterion is compared to C2s C2neighbor > C2current if cells belong to same LA C2neighbor > C2current+Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis if cells from a different LA
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w Note: CRO: from 0 to 126 dB, step 2dB PENALTY_TIME: from 1=20s to 30=600s, step: 20s; 31=infinite TEMPORARY_OFFSET: from 1=10dB to 6=60dB; 7 = infinite w The use of a second formula (Penalty_time = 31) is restricted to very special cases, as we do not like to penalize a cell. If a cell is parametered with PT=31, it will be penalized compared to ALL its neighbors. To penalize a cell compared to one neighbor, one should better boost the neighbor cell (using the first formula). w The first formula is very useful for favoring indoor cell or microcell. w Cell selection and cell reselection considering CELL_BAR_QUALIFY in case of phase 2 MS and CELL_RESELECT_PARAM_IND=1, it is possible to set priorities to cells CELL_BAR_QUALIFY Two values: 0 = normal priority (default value) 1 = lower priority Interacts with CELL_BAR_ACCESS (barring cell) A phase 2 MS selects the suitable cell with the highest C2 (C1>0) belonging to the list of normal priority. If no cell with normal priority is available then the MS would select the lower priority cell with the highest C2 (C1>0).
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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms Training Exercise (1/2)
On this network example

List the parameters involved in the selection / reselection process
CI=1823 GSM900
CI=6271 GSM900
Cell (8557, 1823)

CI=6270 GSM900
CI=6169 GSM900
Cell (8564,6169)
CI=1964 GSM900
Cell (8564, 1964)

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3.4 MS Reselection algorithms Training Exercise (2/2)
Find the selected cell by the MS

CI=1823 GSM900 CI=6271 GSM900
Cell 3 (8557, 1823)

CI=6270 GSM900
Measurements
1 2 3 4 5
RxLev (1)
RxLev (2)
RxLev (3)
-80 -84 -88 -88 -89
-96 -90 -90 -87 -85
-104 -100 -87 -82

CI=6169 GSM900
-78
Cell 2 (8564,6169)
CI=1964 GSM900
Cell 1 (8564, 1964)
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4 ALGORITHMS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
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4 ALGORITHMS DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR Session presentation
Objective: to be able to Estimate qualitatively the impact of parameters change Program: 4.1 Theoretical presentation 4.2 Examples and exercises
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Theoretical presentation Examples and Exercises
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4.1 Theoretical presentation Session objectives
SESSION OBJECTIVES Be able to estimate qualitatively the impact of a parameter change JUSTIFICATION Tuning is not an exact science The optimizer has to control every parameter change and predict qualitatively what the consequences will be v Note: Each change of parameter and its justification have to be registered in a database for operation convenience DETAILED PROGRAM Three Example/Exercises
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4.1 Examples and Exercises
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Theoretical presentation Examples and Exercises
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Overview
Example 1: Optimization of handover algorithms Sliding averaging window Example 2: Optimization of power control algorithms Sliding averaging window Example 3: Traffic load sharing Parameters qualitative influence
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 1: Optimization of Handover Algorithms (1/4)
Search for best tuning of HO parameters to decrease call drop
Call drop
HO/Call
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Main Objective: make the HO algorithm as efficient as possible Minimize call drop rate trigger HO soon enough toward the best neighbor while keeping a good speech quality avoid HO due to quality: too late avoid having HO/call rate too high
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 1: Optimization of Handover Algorithms (3/4) Method Collect Abis trace chart Search for HO level to avoid quality lower than 4 (or even 3) sufficient number of bad quality samples low standard deviation problem when HO already activated
< R x Q u a l _ D L > = f(A V _ R x L e v_ D L )
< R x Q u a l_ U L > = f(A V _ R x L e v_ U L )
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
N b_sam ples
N b_ sa m ple s
600 400 200 0
1000 800 600 400 200 0
S ta n d a rd D e vi a ti o n
S ta n d a rd D e vi a ti o n
2 1 .5 1 0 .5 0
3 2 1 0
Then tune according to QoS indicators (OMC-R) by repetitive process A_PBGT_HO/A_LEV_HO/A_QUAL_HO L_RXLEV_UL_H, L_RXLEV_DL_H, L_RXLEV_UL_P, L_RXLEV_DL_P OK as soon as HO success rate stabilized
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w Never forget that Abis information takes into account the traffic distribution in the cell. Any parameter tuning done after an Abis study has to be checked periodically as the distribution in the cell can change from one week to another. w Use the pivot table function (Excel) to build this graph.
RxQUAL 7
4 RxQUAL 3
0
11 0 10 8 10 6 10 4 10 2 10 0 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 78 76 74 72 70
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neighboring relationship cleanup Remove useless relationships (A interface statistics, PM Type 180) Remove the common BCCH/BSIC couple Add new relationships when a new site is created Finally, check the main QoS indicators Call drop rate HO failure rate HO/call rate
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 1: training exercise
According to the Abis results and some parameters already set, tune qualitatively the sliding averaging windows: A_QUAL_HO A_LEV_HO
Level at RxQual=3 L_RXLEV_DL_H A_QUAL_HO A_LEV_HO
-80dBm -85dBm 6 ?
-96dBm -90dBm 6 ?
-90dBm
Time allowed:
-90dBm ? 4
5 minutes
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 2: Optimization of Power Control Algorithms (1/2)
Optimization of Downlink Power Control Decrease of downlink interference Risks of delay of HO (without fast power control) Optimization of Uplink Power Control Decrease of Uplink interference MS battery saving Risks of delay of HO (without fast power control)
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 2: Optimization of Power Control Algorithms (2/2)
The main tuning problem is the interaction with handover, which can slow down HO decision, and debase call drop rate Power control threshold must be within HO ones Dynamic step size must be activated if possible
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w In the example below, a dynamic MS PC is activated. The MS power changes are really reactive and control the UL level between -80 and -90dBm. In this example, the HO threshold is -98 dBm.
RxLev_UL
39
77
115
153
191
229
267
305
343
381
419
457
495
533
571
609
647
685
723
761
799
837
875
913
951
989 1027
-70
-75
-80
-85
RxLev_UL
-90
-95
-100
33
31
29
27
25
23
MS_PwrLevel
21
19
17
15
13
1 40 79 118 157 196 235 274 313 352 391 430 469 508 547 586 625 664 703 742 781 820 859 898 937 976 1015
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 2: Training Exercise
Explain qualitatively the impacts of some parameter changes
What happens if:
we increase POW_INC_FACTOR? we increase MAX_POW_INC? We increase A_LEV_PC?

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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 3: Traffic Load Sharing (1/12) Used to unload cell with too high traffic, without HW extension Trade-off between traffic sharing/radio quality Different algorithm Fast Traffic Handover: Cause 28 Traffic Handover: Cause 23 and 12 with DELTA_HO_MARGIN(0,n) Static (couple of cells): HO_MARGIN, LINK_FACTOR On a local traffic basis: Load_Factor/Free_Factor Forced Directed Retry
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 3: Traffic Load Sharing (2/12)
Fast Traffic HO Useful in case of sudden traffic peaks as the process response is instantaneous (no averaging window) The principle is to force handover towards neighbor cells which have lower traffic when a request is queued in the serving cell. Interaction with Forced DR due to the use of same thresholds Optimization method (repetitive process) Tunes L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n), FREElevel_DR(n) Applies new values, checks traffic peaks, QoS indicators
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The Pros and cons of Fast Traffic HO Efficiency depends on

traffic location in the loaded cell capacity of neighbor cells
increase of the number of HO/call increase of incoming HOs fail rate (risk of ping-pong effect)
in case of internal HO: use PING_PONG_HCP with T_HCP or/and enable HO CAUSE 23
heavy to tune (has to be done for each couple of cells) Adapted to instantaneous traffic modification can be used to send traffic towards a cell external to the serving BSC adapted to hierarchical network, but also to standard ones
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DELTA_HO_MARGIN (0,n) CHANGE DYNAMICALLY TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION WITH HO: Traffic HO Cause 23 Ease outgoing better condition HO on a traffic point of view Slow down outgoing better cell HO (to be tuned for a given couple of cells) When the better cell in radio condition is the worst cell in traffic terms Optimization method (repetitive process) Tune DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN and DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN Apply new values, check traffic, QoS indicators and possibly speech quality
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The Pros and cons of DELTA_HO_MARGIN (0,n) method Efficiency depends on

traffic location in the loaded cell cells overlap capacity of neighbor cells
increase the number of HO/call cannot be used to send traffic toward a cell external to the serving BSC the call has to be first established on a loaded cell, before being exported
it can be rejected
Easy to tune (dynamic process) Adaptability to instantaneous and long term traffic modifications
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HO_MARGIN / LINK_FACTOR CHANGE STATICALLY TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION WITH HO: Ease outgoing better cell HO (to be tuned for a given couple of cells) Decrease HO_MARGIN (can make a cell candidate) Increase LINK_FACTOR (used to rank candidate cells) Optimization method (repetitive process) Look for neighbor cells able to carry extra traffic Use Abis trace to check if these cells are candidate if yes, use LINK_FACTOR to favor them if not, use HO_MARGIN and LINK_FACTOR Apply new values, check traffic, QoS indicators and possibly speech quality
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The Pros and cons of LINK_FACTOR/HO_MARGIN can be efficient (up to 20% increase of capacity) in some cases cell overlap capacity of neighbor cells increase the number of HO/call the call has to be first established on a loaded cell, before being exported it can be rejected heavy to tune (has to be done for each couple of cells) no adaptability to instantaneous and long term traffic modifications can be used to send traffic toward a cell external to the serving BSC
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FREE_FACTOR/LOAD_FACTOR
Taking into account the current load of cells, send the MS toward the less loaded cell with HO Ease outgoing better cell HO, according to Load_Factor (% of TCH occupancy) of serving and target cells Free_Factor (number of free TCHs) of serving and target cells (order only) cannot make a candidate cell, only change ranking Tuning method (repetitive) to be activated locally for each cell with default parameter setting look for QoS indicators (esp. traffic intensity and blocking rate) tune tables accordingly
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The Pros and cons of load/free factors method Lower efficiency compared to LINK_FACTOR/HO_MARGIN No increase of HO/call rate Calls have to be established on a loaded cell before being exported Tuning is performed on a cell-per-cell basis Cannot be used to send traffic toward an external cell Adapted to dynamic change of traffic and capacity (for Load_Factor)
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Forced directed retry method Mechanisms the MS is connected on an SDCCH of cell1 it must switch on TCH no TCH is free on cell1 there is at least 1 neighbor cell which has sufficient DL level seen by the MS enough free TCHs the MS is handed over to TCH towards this cell if there are several cells, the one with the best PBGT is selected
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method: trade-off between traffic and radio quality mainly L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) parameter to tune the lower, the better the traffic sharing the lower, the higher the interference risks QoS indicators and field tests (speech quality) are necessary for tuning
cell 1 : 24
cell 2 : 45
cell 3 : 23
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w Forced directed retry The following condition is checked every measurement reporting period and if at least one input pre-processed parameter AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is available. CAUSE = 20 (high level in neighbor cell for forced directed retry) AV_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) > L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) (n = 1 ... BTSnum) and EN_FORCED_DR = ENABLE The threshold L_RXLEV_NCELL_DR(n) is the observed level from the neighbor cell n at the border of the area where forced directed retry is enabled. This threshold fixes the size of the overlapping area where forced directed retry can be performed. It should be greater than RXLEVmin(n).
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The Pros and cons of Forced directed retry highest efficiency (up to 30%) no increase of HO/call rate can be used to send traffic toward an external cell adapted to dynamic change of traffic adapted to hierarchical networks, but also to standard ones tuning is performed on a cell-per-cell basis
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4.2 Examples and Exercises Example 3: training exercise (1/3)
Draw qualitatively the new serving areas on the pseudo map when enabling traffic HO with:
DELTA_DEC_HO_MARGIN=6dB DELTA_INC_HO_MARGIN=4dB
Loaded cell 0 PBGT(0)=PBGT(n)= 0 Unloaded cell n
Cause 12
Cause 12
EN_TRAFFIC_HO = 0
PBGT(0) = 5
PBGT(n) = 5
Solution
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What happens when EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO = ENABLE and EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) = DISABLE

Loaded cell 0 PBGT(0)=PBGT(n)=0 Unloaded cell n
Queued Ass Req
Av_Rxlev_Ncell(n) = -82dBm
Av_Rxlev_Ncell(0) = -74dBm Av_Rxlev_PBGT_HO = -82dBm
L_RLEV_NCELL_DR(n) = -85dBm PBGT(0) = 5 PBGT(n) = 5

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What happens when EN_FAST_TRAFFIC_HO = ENABLE and EN_TRAFFIC_HO(0,n) = ENABLE

Loaded cell 0 Unloaded cell n
Queued Ass Req Av_Rxlev_Ncell(0) = -74dBm Av_Rxlev_PBGT_HO = -82dBm Av_Rxlev_Ncell(n) = -82dBm PBGT(n) = -1 PBGT(0) = 5
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PBGT(0) = 9
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5 CASE STUDIES
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5 CASE STUDIES Session presentation
Objective: to be able to propose a set of parameters to solve typical radio problems Program: 5.1 Theoretical presentation 5.2 TUNNEL Case 5.3 RADAR Case 5.4 TOWER Case 5.5 RESURGENCE Case 5.6 FOREST Case 5.7 HIGHWAY Case 5.8 TCH/SDCCH CONGESTION Case 5.9 INDOOR CELL CONGESTION Case
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5 CASE STUDIES
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Theoretical presentation TUNNEL Case RADAR Case TOWER Case RESURGENCE Case FOREST Case HIGHWAY Case TCH/SDCCH CONGESTION Case INDOOR CELL CONGESTION Case
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5.1 Theoretical presentation Session objectives
SESSION OBJECTIVES Be able to propose an appropriate set of parameters to solve typical field problems JUSTIFICATION Some typical problems due to particular field configuration always occur in a GSM network DETAILED PROGRAM Eight typical case studies
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.2 Tunnel Case
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5.2 Tunnel Case
Radiating cable in a tunnel Question: Risks of such a configuration tune the right parameters for the tunnel cell catch quickly car traffic avoid the pedestrian traffic
Indoor BTS
Repeater Radiating cable
Tunnel
Outdoor BTS
Pedestrian mobile
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.3 Radar Case
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5.3 Radar Case
Radar situation
A radar cell situated on top of a hill provides a wide coverage area. An industrial zone in the valley is covered by small cells but also by the radar cell. The serving areas in the IZ are not clearly defined.
Objective
Give a parameter set to prevent the radar cell from catching any traffic in the industrial zone by HO assignment
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.4 Tower Case
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5.4 Tower Case
Tower situation
The indoor mobile selects in idle mode the outdoor cell (same LA)
Objective
Define a set of parameters to avoid that effect
Indoor Antenna
BS1
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.5 Resurgence Case
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5.5 Resurgence Case
Resurgence situation
In rural network, especially in hilly landscape, many resurgences occur from very far cells.
Objective
Define a set of parameters to avoid radio link establishment to those cells and TCH traffic on those cells
Cell A
Cell B
Resurgence from cell A 25 km
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.6 Forest Case
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5.6 Forest Case
Forest situation: A highway crosses a forest

High call drop rate (radio cause) on the cell and drive tests: strong level attenuation at the entrance of the forest
Objective
Define a set of parameters to avoid radio link failure
ATT=10dB every 100m

-75dBm
Forest
-90dBm
Highway BTS
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.7 Highway Case
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5.7 Highway Case
Highway situation:
A highway is slightly covered (best coverage on 200m) by an orthogonal cell (cell C on the map)
Objective
Define a set of parameters to avoid traffic in the orthogonal cell
Cell C Cell B
Cell A
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.8 TCH/SDCCH congestion case
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5.8 TCH/SDCCH Congestion Case
SDCCH congestion situation

A railway station is located at the frontier of two LAs. Every train stopping in this station comes from LA 1 and then return to LA 1 after the stop.
Objective
Define a set of parameters to avoid SDCCH congestion on cell B (LA 2)
Cell B LA2 LA1

LA frontier
Cell A
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5 CASE STUDIES
5.9 Indoor cell congestion case
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5.9 Indoor cell congestion
An indoor microcell has been introduced within a multi-layer network (macro + micro) When the indoor microcell is congested, FDR may not be working as some the MSs can be covered only by this cell
Define parameter settings to find a good solution in case of indoor cell congestion
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END SESSION
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ANNEXES
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TYPICAL MODULE STRUCTURE objective(s) theoretical presentation training exercises and/or cases study + feedback
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ANNEXES
Annex.1 Erlang B law
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Erlang B law Frequency hopping influence on PCHO process Load & Traffic evaluation Training exercises solutions
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Annex.1 Erlang B law Erlang definition
ERLANG: unit used to quantify traffic T = (resource usage duration)/(total observation duration) [ERLANG] Example: 1 TCH is observed during 1 hour one can observe 1 call of 80 sec and 1 call of 100 sec the observed traffic is T = (80+100)/3600 = 0.05 ERLANG
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Annex.1 Erlang B law Call mix definition
ERLANG <-> CALL MIX CALL MIX EXAMPLE 350 call/hour 3 LU/call TCH duration: 85 sec SDCCH duration: 4.5 sec ERLANG COMPUTATION TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8.26 ERLANG SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4.5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
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w 350 calls * 85 sec / 1 hour(3600 sec): TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8.26 ERLANGS w 350 calls means 350 SDCCH phases. w 3 LU/call means 3 * 350 LUs so 1050 SDCCH phases more. w 1 SDCCH phase is 4.5 sec: SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4.5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
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Annex.1 Erlang B law Erlang B (1/5)
ERLANG B LAW relationship between offered traffic number of resources blocking rate In a telecom system, call arrival frequency is ruled by the POISSON LAW
ca ll/se cond ca ll/se cond

10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 3
1 7
2 1
2 5
2 9
3 3
3 7
4 1
4 5
4 9
5 3
5 7
6 1
6 5
6 9
7 3
7 7
8 1
8 5
8 9
9 3
1 3
1 7
2 1
2 5
2 9
3 3
3 7
4 1
4 5
4 9
5 3
5 7
6 1
6 5
6 9
7 3
7 7
8 1
8 5
8 9
9 3
9 7
9 7
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w The offered traffic is the traffic asked by the customers. w The graph gives the number of connection requests per second during 35 seconds. w 83/30s => 83 * 2 * 60 = about 10 000 / hour w Real example in Paris on 1 BSC (LA FOURCHE).
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call request arrival rate (and leaving) is not stable number of resources = average number of requests * mean duration is sometime not sufficient => probability of blocking => Erlang B law Pblock: blocking probability N: number of resources E: offered traffic [Erlang]
P b lo c k =
E
N k =0
N!
k!
good approximation when the blocking rate is low (< 5%)

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There is two different ways to use this law Using Abacus Using SW (here Excel) Pblock = f (T, Nc) Offered = f (Nc, Pblock) Channels = f (T, Pblock)
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Example: We have a BTS of 8 TRXs (about 60 channels (Nc)) We do not want more than 2% of blocking (Pblock) => The traffic is not to be greater than 50 Erlangs (T) 83% of resources used to reach 2% of blocking
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But be careful, the law is not linear: In B4, we use for example a combined BCCH with a micro BTS. 4 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% => T = 1.1 E 25% of resources used to reach 2% of blocking In B5, if we decide to provide SMSCB (Cell Broadcast information) 1 subchannel SDCCH is therefore used. 3 SDCCHs, Pblock = 2% 25% of resources less => => T = 0.6 E 50% of Traffic less !!
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Annex.1 Erlang B law Cell dimensioning (1/5)
CELL DIMENSIONING Given an Offered traffic, compute the number of TRXs (and SDCCHs) needed to carry it default blocking rate RTCH: 2% SDCCH: 0.5% (TTCH: 0.1%)
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CELL DIMENSIONING to handle an offered traffic of 12 Erlangs (TCH), compute the number of channels, then the number of TRXs Channels (12;2%) = 19 example: 3 TRXs , 21 TCHs, 1 BCCH, 2 SDCCH8
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CELL DIMENSIONING, based on field measurement one is measuring a traffic of 15 Erlangs, with a blocking rate of 10% how to dimension the cell? Offered traffic = 15 / (1-10%) = 16.7 Erlangs !!!! Channels (16.7;2%) -> 25 TCHs -> 4 TRXs needed
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FORECASTING TRAFFIC/CRITICAL TRAFFIC traffic forecasting must be calculated according to offered traffic @ not directly on measured traffic In order to plan necessary actions soon enough, one must calculate regularly the date when the traffic of a cell will become critical critical traffic: when offered traffic will induce 2% of blocking
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WARNING: IN CASE OF TOO HIGH BLOCKING RATE FIRST CHECK THAT THERE IS NO OUTAGE ON THE BTS BEFORE STARTING A DIMENSIONING/TUNING ACTION
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Annex.1 Erlang B law Training exercise
TRAINING EXERCISE
Complete this form in order to get less than 2% of blocking in all cases.
cell 12, 743 call mix info Erlang TCH Offered traffic traffic forecast 30 % offered traffic increase proposed config 13.1 Erlang TCH - > 20 TCH 3 TRX
450 call/hour 10.08 Erlang TCH mean TCH call duration : 80 sec blocking rate TCH : 0.8% 330 call/hour mean TCH call duration 129 sec blocking rate 4% 600 call/hour mean TCH call duration 96 sec blocking rate 8 %
12,675
30 % offered traffic increase
12,865
30 % offered traffic increase
Back
1.309
cell
call m info ix
Erlang TCH
traffic forecast
proposed config
12, 743 450 call/hour 10 Erlang TCH m TCHcall duration : 80 ean sec (450*80)/3600 blocking rate TCH: 0.8% = 10 10/.992= 10.08 1 12,675 330 call/hour (330*129)/360 m TCHcall duration 129 0 ean sec = 11.825/0.96 blocking rate 4% = 12.3177 12,865 600 call/hour (600*96)/3600 m TCHcall duration 96 = ean 16/.92 =17.4 sec blocking rate 8 %
30 % TCHincrease 13,1 Erlang TCH- >20 TCH 10,081*1.3= 13.1 3 TRX
30 % TCHincrease 16 Erlang TCH->24 TCH 12.3177*1.3 = 16 4 TRX 30 % TCHincrease 22.6 Erlang TCH->31 TCH 17.4*1.3 =22.6 5 TRX
Page 1.309
ANNEXES
Annex.2 Frequency Hopping influence on PCHO process
1.310
Page 1.310
Annex.2 Frequency Hopping influence on PCHO process (1/4)
Signal decoding process In a GSM system, the number of frames that are not erased are sent as an input to the voice decoder
DEMOD
DECODER
Deinterleave Error correct.
Frame Erasure Decision
Voice Decoder
RXQUAL Air
ENCODER
Frame Erasure Rate Inside the mobile station
1.311
Page 1.311
Quality impact of frequency hopping on the reception chain In non-hopping networks, the RXQUAL and voice quality are correlated In hopping networks, the voice quality is sooner correlated to the FER. This is due to interferer averaging and due to the non-linear mapping of BER to RXQUAL values.
1.312
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Quality impact of frequency hopping on the reception chain FER is improved when frequency hopping is activated (cyclic or random) RxQual is not impacted whereas the speech quality is better
Average (RxQ & FER)

1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Cycli
RxQ Average FER Average 2,50% 2,00% 1,50% 1,00% 0,50% 0,00% Random
Ref
1.313
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Annex.2 Frequency Hopping influence on PCHO process Conclusion (4/4)
Conclusion When frequency hopping is activated We can accept in Power Control and Handover processes, a threshold increase: OFFSET_HOPPING_PC and OFFSET_HOPPING_HO
Back
1.314
Page 1.314
ANNEXES
Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation
1.315
Page 1.315
Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation Cell TCH radio resource evaluation usage
Load evaluation short term medium term long term
Period TCH_INFO_PERIOD LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD N_TRAFFIC_LOAD x A_TRAFFIC_LOAD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD
Usage FREEfactors LOADfactors Speed discrimination for hierarchical network Full Rate / Half Rate channel allocation Power budget Handover Traffic Handover Multiband capture Handover General capture Handover
Back Cause 12
Back Cause 26
1.316
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Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation Load evaluation (1/5)
medium term measurement of the load of a cell corresponds to function AV_LOAD(cell) a new sample of the Nb free TCH in the cell is available every TCH_INFO_PERIOD seconds AV_LOAD() is a nonsliding window load average from Nb free TCH samples updated every LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD sec
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AV_LOAD(cell n) calculated from N Nb free TCH samples available during LOAD_EV_PERIOD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD sec
1 AV_LOAD(n) = Nsamples
Nsamples
i =1
(1
Nb free TCH (n) ) * 100 Nb Tot TCH (n)
LOADfactors and FREEfactors also determined from Nb free TCH samples every TCH_INFO_PERIOD seconds (short term evaluation) LOADlevels are boundaries of load intervals associating a LOADfactor (db) to a Nb of free TCH samples FREElevels are boundaries of Nb of free TCH intervals associating a FREEfactor (db) to a Nb of free TCH samples
1.318
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LOADfactor determination:
t = (1 - Nb free TCH/Total Nb TCH) x 100 LOADfactor t <= LOADlevel_1 LOADfactor_1 LOADLevel_1< t <= LOADlevel_2 LOADfactor_2 LOADLevel_2< t <= LOADlevel_3 LOADfactor_3 LOADLevel_3< t <= LOADlevel_4 LOADfactor_4 LOADLevel_4< t LOADfactor_5
LOADlevel in % LOADfactor in dB
1.319
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FREEfactor determination:
Nb free TCH t <= FREElevel_1 FREELevel_1< t <= FREElevel_2 FREELevel_2< t <= FREElevel_3 FREELevel_3< t <= FREElevel_4 FREELevel_4< t FREEfactor FREEfactor_1 FREEfactor_2 FREEfactor_3 FREEfactor_4 FREEfactor_5
FREElevel in absolute number of TCH FREEfactor in dB
1.320
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example: cells with 4 TRXs (28 TCHs)
Nb free TCH t <= 3 3 < t <= 8 8 < t <= 15 15 < t <= 21 21 < t
FREEfactor - 16 dB - 8 dB 0 dB +7 dB +10 dB
Load = (1-Nb free TCH/Total TCH)x 100 LOADfactor t <= 10% +10 dB 10% < t <= 25% +5 dB 25% < t <= 50% 0 dB 50% < t <= 80% -10 dB 80% < t -15 dB
Nb free TCHs = 4 Load = 85.7%

Cell 0
HO?
Cell n
Nb free TCHs = 20 Load = 28.6%
FREEfactor(0) = -8 dBm LOADfactor(0) = -15 dBm
FREEfactor(n) = +7 dBm LOADfactor(n) = 0 dBm
in cell evaluation of cell n for outgoing HO from cell 0: in ORDER(n): + FREEfactor(n) - FREEfactor(0) = +7 - (-8) = +15 dB in GRADE(n): + LOADfactor(n) = +0 = 0 dB
1.321
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Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation Traffic evaluation (1/4)
long term measurement of the load of a cell corresponds to function Traffic_load(cell) Traffic_load() value is determined from a number N_TRAFFIC_LOAD of consecutive non-sliding window load averages AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD calculated from Nb of free TCH samples updated every A_TRAFFIC_LOAD x TCH_INFO_PERIOD sec
1.322
Page 1.322
3 possible values for Traffic_load(): high, low, indefinite initialization: Traffic_load() = indefinite Traffic_load() becomes: high if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load averages are all greater than HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold low if the last N_TRAFFIC_LOAD consecutive AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load averages are all lower than LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD threshold
1.323
Page 1.323
Traffic_load() becomes indefinite if: Traffic_load() was high and the last AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is lower than LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if not 0%) Traffic_load() was low and the last AV_TRAFFIC_LOAD load average is greater than HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD (or IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD if not 0%) Traffic_load(n) is always equal to indefinite if cell n is external to BSC HIGH_TRAFFIC_LOAD IND_TRAFFIC_LOAD LOW_TRAFFIC_LOAD
1.324
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Example with N_TRAFFIC_LOAD = 3
Back Cause 12
Back Cause 26
1.325
Page 1.325
Annex.3 Load & Traffic evaluation Cell TCH radio resource evaluation usage
1.326
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ANNEXES
Annex.4 Handover Management
1.327
Page 1.327
Annex.4 Handover Management Principles
Handover Management made up of: Cell Filtering Process (according to call history) Handover Decision (according to the best cell in the list) Handover Management followed by: Handover Protocol
1.328
BTS
BSC
HO Preparation
HO Detection
HO Candidate Cell Evaluation
HO management
HO protocol
MSC
Page 1.328
Annex.4 Handover Management Global Handover Process
Handover Preparation
Handover Management
Handover protocol
Handover Detection
Candidate Cell Evaluation
Cell Filtering Process
Handover Decision External or Internal Channel change
Raw cell list
Ordered target cell list
Filtered target Cell list
Execution target Cell list
1.329
Page 1.329
Annex.4 Handover Management Cell Lists usage
Three cell lists: Ordered target Cell list target cells provided by Candidate Cell Evaluation REJ_CELL_LIST cells internally rejected by the MSC or BSC MS_CELL_REJ_LIST cells to which the MS failed to hand over
1.330
w Since B6 release, some changes have been provided to the HO management process which is in charge of the HO execution triggering, when the need of handover is detected by the HO preparation process. w These changes are : use of the T_FILTER parameter in a different way than for B5, the parameter NBR_HO_ATTEMPTS which was used for internal HO in B5 is removed, use of the T7 parameter and of the REJ_CELL_LIST list also for internal HO in B7, same behavior in case of internal and external HO in B7, immediate attempt after rejection or failure without waiting for a new alarm in case of internal and external HO in B7, implicit rejection of cells in B7 with the help of the target cell identity in the HO command received from the MSC.
Page 1.330
Annex.4 Handover Management Timers usage
T_FILTER: controls the global handover procedure

started: when a cell list is to be sent by Candidate Cell Evaluation expiry empty target cell list sent to the Handover Management
T7: controls the clean-up of REJ_CELL_LIST

started: when a target cell list is to be sent to Handover Protocol expiry empty REJ_CELL_LIST
T_MS_CELL_REJ: clean-up of MS_CELL_REJ_LIST

started: when an MS reports a failure to seize the target channel expiry empty MS_CELL_REJ_LIST
T_HO_REQ_LOST: to supervise answer of MSC (no HANDOVER

REQUIRED REJECT message sent)
Started: HO REQUIRED sent Stopped: HO COMMAND received Expiry external channel change procedure is terminated.
1.331
w If the candidate cell list provided by the candidate cell evaluation process is different from the previous one (the number of cells is different or same number of cells but new cells in the list), an alarm is sent to the HOM process. In B7, if T_FILTER expires, it means that the HO is no more necessary. w For both internal and external HOs in case of HO failure from the MS, the cell is filtered until the expiry of the T_MS_CELL_REJ timer. When the T_MS_CELL_REJ timer expires, the rejected cell may be a candidate. w In B7 release, T7 timer is used to manage the REJ_CELL_LIST list and a subsequent HO REQUIRED can be sent to the MSC before T7 expiry if the target cell list has changed (new cell or removed cell). w The REJ_CELL_LIST list is used for both internal and external Hos. w T_HO_REQD_LOST Expiry This timer is used to supervise response from the MSC. It is started when sending the first HANDOVER REQUIRED to the MSC and it is stopped in the following cases: w when HANDOVER COMMAND is received from the MSC or when HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT is received from the MSC only if the same number of HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT messages have been received from the MSC than the number of HANDOVER REQUIRED messages sent to the MSC for this channel change procedure) (i.e. no message crossing over A interface). In case where more HANDOVER REQUIRED messages have been sent to the MSC, the timer T_HO_REQD_LOST is not stopped upon HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT receipt, as there is no way for the BSC to know if the received HANDOVER REQUIRED REJECT is a response to the last HANDOVER REQUIRED message or a response to a previous one (message crossing over A interface). On expiry, an O&M error report is raised only when no message has been received from the MSC since the last HANDOVER REQUIRED message, and the external channel change procedure is terminated.
Page 1.331
Annex.4 Handover Management Handover Execution Process
Handover Management
Cell Filtering Process
Ordered target cell list
cell 4 cell 2 cell 8 remove cells previously rejected from MSC or BSC remove cells previously rejected for MS failure reason remove cells not suitable due to O&M reason
Handover protocol
Handover decision Internal Handover
Filtered Target cell list

cell 2
relevant handover protocol is chosen according to the type of GSM procedure ongoing and the first target cell of the list T7 is started
External Handover
List of cells previously rejected from MSC or BSC

cell 4
List of cells previously rejected for MS failure

cell 8
REJ_CELL_LIST list cleared at T7 expiry
MS_CELL_REJ_LIST list cleared at T_MS_CELL_REJ expiry
1.332
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Annex.4 Handover Management HO execution example

ordered 1. Cell1 2. Cell2 3. Cell3
HO mgt
MS empty
HO prot
filtered 1. Cell1 2. Cell2 3. Cell3
update
Rej. lists BSC/MSC empty
HO fails on cell1 ROC
Cell1 -> MS rej list
HO mgt
MS cell1
update
filtered Cell1 1. Cell2 2. Cell3
T_MS_CELL _REJ
HO prot
Rej. lists BSC/MSC empty
Expires MS rej list empty
HO fails on cell2 ROC
update Cell2 -> MS rej list Cell1 -> BSC rej list
HO mgt
MS cell2
HO prot
filtered Cell1 Cell2 1. Cell3
Rej. lists BSC/MSC cell1
HO to cell3
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Annex.4 Handover Management T_FILTER controls HO procedure (1/2)
End of Handover procedure = T_FILTER timer expiry T_FILTER restarted each time a target cell list is to be sent by Candidate Cell Evaluation to the Handover Management (same list than the one previously sent or not) The target cell list is sent to the Handover Management if different from the last target cell list previously sent T_FILTER expiry means no handover is needed anymore
1.334
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Annex.4 Handover Management T_FILTER controls HO procedure (2/2)

New candidate list fromthe cell candidate evaluation function cell
No handover is on-going A handover is on-going
Yes
Is T_FILTER running ?
No
A handover is NOW ongoing
Yes
Isthe candidate cell list different from thepreviousone ?
No
Start T_FILTER An HO alarm containing candidate the cell list isent to the HO management s entity
Restart T_FILTER Restart T_FILTER An HOalarm containing candidatecell the list isent to the HO management s entity
T_FILTER is restarted each time the alarm is still on
Back
1.335
Page 1.335
ANNEXES
Annex.5 ellipsoid arc determination
1.336
Page 1.336
B8
Annex.5 ellipsoid arc determination Positioning methods : CI+TA positioning 2/2
Point (o)
ellipsoid arc definition: Point (O)= serving BTS site coordinate North = serving cell antenna azimuth - /2 =A*width of serving cell sector in [], calculated from bisector angles of co-sited antenna azimuths r1= inner radius of TA ring-(B-0.5)*554 in [m] R2=(B+C)*554 in [m]
r1
r2
A: ARC_SIZE_FACTOR B: MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR C: MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Back
1.337
w An ellipsoid arc is a shape characterised by the co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point o (the origin), inner radius r1, uncertainty radius r2, both radii being geodesic distances over the surface of the ellipsoid, the offset angle () between the first defining radius of the ellipsoid arc and North, and the included angle () being the angle between the first and second defining radii. The offset angle is within the range of 0 to 359,999 while the included angle is within the range from 0,0001 to 360. This is to be able to describe a full circle, 0 to 360 w For CI+TA method which is default one , the answer is given by description of "ellipsoid arc". w Optimization parameters:
ARC_SIZE_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the width in degree of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method.
MIN_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the minimum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
MAX_RADIUS_FACTOR
Factor used in the computation of the maximum radius of the ellipsoid arc returned by the MFS when computing location estimate based on TA positioning method
Page 1.337

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B8

Introduction to Radio Fine Tuning

Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS

Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS Session presentation

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS

1.1 Theoretical presentation

Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.1 Theoretical presentation Justification

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS

1.2 Coverage problem

Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Examination

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Typical causes

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with Abis trace (1/2)

Example of an Abis trace analysis

Qual3 2.57% 2.51% 4.36%

Qual4 1.92% 2.14% 3.56%

Qual5 2.08% 2.17% 3.56%

Qual6 0.98% 1.15% 1.70%

Qual7 0.26% 0.19% 0.17%

Bad_Quality 3.32% 3.51% 5.43%

Qual3 2.37% 2.43% 4.89%

Qual4 1.30% 2.11% 4.16%

Qual5 1.46% 1.14% 4.30%

Qual6 1.76% 0.74% 4.23%

Qual7 0.94% 0.50% 3.16%

Bad_Quality 4.16% 2.38% 11.73%

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with Abis trace (2/2)

Example of an Abis trace analysis

RxLev -95 RxQual > 4

RxLev > -95 RxQual > 4

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with RMS (1/2)

Distribution of samples per RxLev band

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.2 Coverage problem Investigation with RMS (2/2)

Acceptable coverage limit: Sufficient level and good quality

% of TA value over TA threshold has also to be considered

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1 TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS

1.3 Interference problem

Alcatel University - 8AS 90200 1485VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.3 Interference problem Examination with RMS (1/3)

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.3 Interference problem Examination with RMS (2/3)

Average DL RxQuality = 2.81

Network fine tuning needed

Alcatel University - 8AS902001485 VH ZZA Ed.02

1.3 Interference problem Examination with RMS (3/3)