Ultra Wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications 0470032553

Sections

Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems
1.2.1 Large Absolute Bandwidth
1.2.2 Large Relative Bandwidth
1.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation
References
Introduction to Part I
Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory
2.2.1 Differential Formulation∗
2.2.3 Key to Antennas and Propagation∗
2.2.4 Solving Maxwell’s Equations
2.2.5 Harmonic Representation
2.3 Resulting Principles
Basic Antenna Elements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hertzian Dipole∗
3.2.1 Far-Field – Fraunhofer Region
3.2.2 Near-Field – Fresnel Region
3.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology∗
3.3.1 Polarisation
3.3.2 Power Density
3.3.3 Radiated Power
3.3.4 Radiation Resistance
3.3.5 Antenna Impedance
3.3.6 Equivalent Circuit
3.3.7 Antenna Matching
3.3.8 Effective Length and Area
3.3.9 Friis’ Transmission Formula
3.3.10 Radiation Intensity
3.3.11 Radiation Pattern
3.3.12 (Antenna) Bandwidth
3.3.13 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain
3.3.14 Radiation Efﬁciency
3.4 Basic Antenna Elements
3.4.1 Finite-Length Dipole∗
3.4.2 Monopole∗
3.4.3 Printed Antennas∗
3.4.4 Wideband and Frequency-Independent Elements∗
Antenna Arrays
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Point Sources
4.2.1 Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and Phase
4.2.2 Point Sources with Equal Amplitude and 180 Degrees Phase Difference
4.2.3 Point Sources of Unequal Amplitude and Arbitrary Phase Difference
4.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication
4.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements
4.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions
4.5.1 The Binomial Distribution
4.5.2 The Dolph–Tschebyscheff Distribution
4.6 Planar Arrays
4.6.1 Rectangular Arrays
4.6.2 Circular Arrays
4.7 Design Considerations
4.7.1 Mutual Coupling
4.7.2 Array Gain
4.8 Summary
Beamforming
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Historical Aspects∗
5.1.2 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing∗
5.2 Antenna Arrays∗
5.2.1 Linear Array∗
5.2.2 Circular Array∗
5.2.3 Planar Array∗
5.2.4 Conformal Arrays∗
5.3 Adaptive Array Systems
5.3.1 Spatial Filtering∗
5.3.2 Adaptive Antenna Arrays∗
5.3.3 Mutual Coupling and Correlation∗
5.4 Beamforming∗
5.4.1 Adaptive Antenna Technology∗
5.4.2 Beam Steering∗
5.4.3 Grating Lobes∗
5.4.4 Amplitude Weights
5.4.5 Window Functions∗
5.5 Summary
Antenna Diversity Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Review of Fading
6.2.1 Signal Fading
6.2.2 Channel Distribution
6.3 Receive Diversity
6.3.1 Single Branch without Diversity
6.3.2 General Combining Schemes for Receive Diversity
6.3.3 Maximum Ratio Combining
6.3.4 Equal Gain Combining
6.3.5 Selection Combining and Switched Diversity
6.3.6 Fading Correlation
6.4 Transmit Diversity
6.4.1 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter
6.4.2 Channel Known to the Transmitter
6.5 MIMO Diversity Systems
Introduction to Part II
Theory of UWB Antenna Elements
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas
7.2.1 Basic Features of a CPW-Fed Disc Monopole
7.2.2 Design Analysis
7.2.3 Operating Principle of UWB Monopole Antennas
7.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas
7.3.1 CPW-Fed Circular Disc Monopole
7.3.2 Microstrip Line Fed Circular Disc Monopole
7.3.3 Other Shaped Disc Monopoles
7.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas
7.4.1 Microstrip/CPW Feed Slot Antenna Designs
7.4.2 Performance of Elliptical/Circular Slot Antennas
7.4.3 Design Analysis
7.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles
7.5.1 Time-Domain Performance of Disc Monopoles
7.5.2 Time-Domain Performance of Slot Antenna
7.6 Summary
Acknowledgements
Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio
8.1 Introduction
8.2 UWB Antenna Classiﬁcation and Design Considerations
8.2.1 Classiﬁcation of UWB Antennas
8.2.2 Design Considerations
8.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs
8.3.1 Omnidirectional Roll Antenna
8.3.2 Directional Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
8.4 Summary
Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques
9.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model
9.4 Planar Dipoles
9.4.1 Bowtie Dipoles
9.4.2 Elliptical Element Dipoles
9.4.3 Fan Element Dipoles
9.4.4 Diamond Dipoles
9.5 Practical Antennas
9.5.1 Printed Elliptical Dipoles
9.5.2 Line-Matched Monopoles
9.5.3 Vivaldi Antenna
9.6 Summary
UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation
10.2.1 FDTD Modelling
10.2.2 UWB Antenna Characterisation by Spatio-Temporal Transfer Functions
10.2.4 Example
10.3 Antenna Design and Integration
10.3.1 Antenna Element Design and Optimisation
10.3.2 Antenna Integration into a DVD Player
10.3.3 Antenna Integration into a Mobile Device
10.3.4 Conclusion
10.4 Propagation Modelling
10.5 System Analysis
10.6 Conclusions
Ultra-wideband Arrays
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Linear Arrays
11.2.1 Broadside Array
11.2.2 End-ﬁre Array
11.2.3 End-ﬁre Array with Increased Directivity
11.2.4 Scanning Arrays
11.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays
11.3.1 Null Directions
11.3.2 Maximum Directions
11.3.3 Circle Representations
11.4 Phased Arrays
11.4.1 Element Spacing Required to Avoid Grating Lobes
11.5 Elements for UWB Array Design
11.6 Modelling Considerations
11.7 Feed Conﬁgurations
11.7.1 Active Array
11.7.2 Passive Array
11.8 Design Considerations
11.9 Summary
UWB Beamforming
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic Concept
12.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array
12.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes
12.3.2 Inter-null Beamwidth
12.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays
12.4.1 Problem Formulation
12.4.2 Computed Results
12.5 Summary
Introduction to Part III
Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics
13.3 The Materials Under Test
13.4 Experimental Campaign
13.4.1 Equipment Conﬁguration
13.4.2 Results
13.5 Conclusions
Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Deterministic Models
14.2.1 Free-space Pathloss – Excluding the Effect of Antennas
14.2.2 Free-space Pathloss – Considering the Effect of Antennas
14.2.3 Breakpoint Model
14.2.4 Ray-tracing and FDTD Approaches
14.3 Statistical-Empirical Models
14.3.1 Pathloss Coefﬁcient
14.3.2 Shadowing
14.4 Standardised Reference Models
14.4.1 IEEE 802.15.3a
14.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4a
14.5 Conclusions
Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling
15.2.1 Statistical Characterisation of the Channel Impulse Response
15.2.2 Deconvolution Methods and the Clean Algorithm
15.2.3 The Saleh-Valenzuela Model
15.2.4 Other Temporal Models
15.3 Spatial Modelling
15.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model
15.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model
15.6 Summary
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics
16.2.1 Antenna Element Design Requirements for WBAN
16.2.2 Antennas for UWB Wireless BAN Applications
16.2.3 On-Body Radio Channel Measurements
16.2.4 Propagation Channel Characteristics
16.3 WBAN Channel Modelling
16.3.1 Radio Channel Modelling Considerations
16.3.2 Two-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels
16.3.3 Three-Dimensional On-Body Propagation Channels
16.3.4 Pathloss Modelling
16.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks
16.4.1 System-Level Modelling
16.4.2 Performance Analysis
16.5 Summary
Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Preliminaries
17.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation
17.4 Characterisation Techniques
17.5 Increase in the Communication Rate
17.5.1 UWB Channel Capacity
17.5.2 Capacity with CSIR Only
17.5.3 Capacity with CSIT
17.5.4 Statistical Characterisation
17.5.5 Experimental Evaluation of Capacity
17.6 Signal Quality Improvement
17.6.1 UWB SNR Gain
17.6.2 SNR Gain with CSIR Only
17.6.3 SNR Gain with CSIT
17.6.6 Coverage Range Extension
17.7 Performance Parameters
17.7.1 Spatial Fading Correlation
17.7.2 Eigen Spectrum
17.7.3 Angular Spread
17.7.4 Array Orientation
17.7.5 Channel Memory
17.7.6 Channel Information Quality
17.8 Summary
Introduction to Part IV
Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework
18.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming
18.4 Beamloc Approach
18.5 Algorithmic Framework
18.6 Time-delay Estimation
18.7 Simulation Results
18.8 Conclusions
Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar
19.1 Introduction
19.2 GPR Example Applications
19.2.1 GPR for Demining
19.2.2 Utility Location and Road Inspection
19.2.3 Archaeology and Forensics
19.2.4 Built-structure Imaging
19.3 Analysis and GPR Design
19.3.1 Typical GPR Conﬁguration
19.3.2 RF Propagation in Lossy Media
19.3.3 Radar Waveform Choice
19.3.4 Other Antenna Design Criteria
19.4 Antenna Elements
19.4.1 Dipole, Resistively Loaded Dipole and Monopoles
19.4.2 Bicone and Bowtie
19.4.3 Horn Antennas
19.4.4 Vivaldi Antenna
19.4.5 CPW-fed Slot Antenna
19.4.6 Spiral Antennas
19.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation
19.5.1 Antenna Measurement
19.5.2 Antenna Analysis and Simulation
19.6 Conclusions
Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Detection and Imaging
20.2.1 Breast Cancer Detection Using Radio Waves
20.2.2 Radio-wave Imaging of the Breast
20.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria
20.4 Antenna Elements
20.4.1 Dipoles, Resistively Loaded Dipoles and Monopoles
20.4.2 Bowtie
20.4.3 Horn Antennas
20.4.4 Spiral Antennas
20.4.5 Stacked-patch Antennas
20.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation
20.5.1 Antenna Measurement
20.5.2 Antenna Analysis and Simulation
20.6 Conclusions
UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar
21.3 UWB Reﬂector Antennas
21.3.1 Deﬁnitions
21.3.2 Equivalent Aperture Model for Impulse Radiation
21.3.3 Parabolic Antenna
21.4 UWB Feed Designs
21.4.1 Feed Pattern Effects
21.4.2 Phase Centre Location
21.4.3 Input Impedance

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