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Chemical Nomenclature(REQUIRED FOR CREDIT!) Atomic Structure Periodic Table Lewis Structure where the symbol represents the element (in this case, hydrogen, helium, and carbon) and the dots Chemical Reactions represent the electrons in the outer shell (in this case, one, two, and four). These diagrams are Stoichiometry based on the electron structures learned in the Atomic Structure and Periodic Table chapters. Acid-Base Chemistry Advanced Concepts Section Tests Pre-test Post-test Useful Materials Glossary Online Calculators Redox Calculator Kinetics Arrhenius Calculator Thermodynamics Calculator Nuclear Decay Calculator Linear Least Squares Regression Newton's Method Equation Solver Compressibility Calculator Units Conversion Calculator Nomenclature Calculator Incorrect Structure Correct Structure are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The Lewis structure of each of these atoms would be as follows:
One good example is the water molecule. Water has the chemical formula of H2 O, which means Related Information Links there Texas Instruments Calculators
Lewis Structure
Casio Calculators Sharp Calculators Hewlett Packard Calculators Credits Contact Webmaster We can now see that we have eight valence electrons (six from oxygen and one from each hydrogen). With few exceptions, hydrogen atoms are always placed on the outside of the molecule, and in this case the central atom would be oxygen. Each of the two unpaired electrons of the oxygen atom will form a bond with one of the unpaired electrons of the hydrogen atoms. The bonds formed by the shared electron pairs can be represented by either two closely places dots between two element symbols or more commonly by a straight line between element symbols:
Let us try another one. Example: Write the Lewis structure for methane (CH 4 ). Answer: Hydrogen atoms are always placed on the outside of the molecule, so carbon should be the central atom.
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 8 [4 from carbon + 4(1 from each hydrogen] = 8. Each hydrogen atom will be bonded to the carbon atom, using two electrons. The four bonds represent the eight valence electrons with all octets satisfied, so your structure is complete.
Example: Write the Lewis structure for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Answer: Carbon is the lesser electronegative atom and should be the central atom.
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 16 [4 from carbon + 2(6 from each oxygen)] = 16. Each oxygen atom has two unshared electrons that can be used to form a bond with two unshared electrons of the carbon atom, forming a double bond between the two atoms. The remaining eight
Lewis Structure
electrons will be place on the oxygen atoms, with two lone pairs on each.
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 9 [5 from nitrogen + 4(1 from each oxygen)] = 9. The charge of +1 means an electron should be subtracted, bringing the total electron count to 8. Each hydrogen atom will be bonded to the nitrogen atom, using two electrons. The four bonds represent the eight valence electrons with all octets satisfied, so your structure is complete. (Do not forget your brackets and to put your charge on the outside of the brackets)
Example: Write the Lewis structure for the hydroxide ion (OH-). Answer: Since there are only two atoms, we can begin with just a bond between the two atoms.
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 7 [6 from Oxygen + 1 from each Hydrogen)] = 7. The charge of -1 indicates an extra electron, bringing the total electron count to 8.
Lewis Structure
Oxygen will be bonded to the hydrogen, using two electrons. Place the remaining six electrons as three lone pairs on the oxygen atom. All octets are satisfied, so your structure is complete. (Do not forget your brackets and to put your charge on the outside of the brackets)
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 23[5 from nitrogen + 3(6 from each oxygen)] = 23. The charge of -1 indicates an extra electron, bringing the total electron count to 24. Each oxygen atom will be bonded to the nitrogen atom, using a total of six electrons. We then place the remaining 18 electrons initially as 9 lone pairs on the oxygen atoms (3 pairs around each atom).
Although all 24 electrons are represented in the structure (two electrons for each of the three bonds and 18 for each of the nine lone pairs), the octet for the nitrogen atom is not satisfied. To satisfy the octet rule for the nitrogen atom, a double bond needs to be made between the nitrogen and one of the oxygen atoms. Because of the symmetry of the molecule, it does not matter which oxygen atoms is chosen. Because there are three different oxygen atoms that could form the double bond, there will be three different resonance structures showing each oxygen atom with a double bond to the nitrogen atom. Double-headed arrows will be placed between these three structures. (Do not forget your brackets and to put your charge on the outside of the brackets)
Lewis Structure
Example: What is the Lewis structure for the nitrite ion (NO2 )? Answer: Nitrogen is the least electronegative atom and should be the central atom.
After counting the valence electrons, we have a total of 17 [5 from nitrogen + 2(6 from each oxygen)] = 17. The charge of -1 indicates an extra electron, bringing the total electron count to 18. Each oxygen will be bonded to the nitrogen, using two electrons. Place the remaining 16 electrons initially as nine lone pairs on the oxygen atoms (3 pairs around each atom) and the nitrogen (one pair).
Although all 18 electrons are represented in the structure (2 electrons for each of the two bonds and 14 for each of the seven lone pairs), the octet for the nitrogen atom is not satisfied. To satisfy the octet rule for the nitrogen atom, a double bond needs to be made between the nitrogen atom and one of the oxygen atoms. Because of the symmetry of the molecule, it does not matter which oxygen is chosen. Because there are two different oxygen atoms that could form the double bond, there will be two different resonance structures showing each oxygen atom with a double bond to the nitrogen atom. A double-headed arrow will be placed between these structures. (Do not forget your brackets and to put your charge on the outside of the brackets)
The total number of electros is 40 [5(7 from each fluorine) + 5 from the phosphorus] = 40. Using a single bond between the phosphorus atom and each of the fluorine atoms and filling the remaining electrons to satisfy the octet rule for the fluorine atoms accounts for all 40 electrons. Note that there are five bonds around the central atom.
http://www.shodor.org/unchem/basic/lewis/index.html[2/4/2011 10:52:59 AM]
Lewis Structure
The total number of electron is 24 [3(7 from each fluorine) + 3 from boron] = 24. Using a single bond between the boron and each of the fluorine atoms and filling the remaining electron as lone pairs around the fluorine atoms to satisfy the octets accounts for all 24 electrons.
The boron atom is two electrons shy of its octet. You may ask about the formation of a double bond (and even resonance). But, fluorine and boron are not in the list that can form double bonds (C, N, O, P, S) and so the compound is electron poor.
Try It Out!
Draw the Lewis structure for the following: 1. Hydronium ion (H3 O + ) 2. Hypochlorite ion (ClO-) 3. Carbonate ion (CO 3 -2 ) 4. Ammonia (NH3 ) 5. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 6. Ozone (O 3 ) 7. Xenon difluoride (XeF 2 ) [Basic Index] [Chemical Nomenclature] [Atomic Structure] [Periodic Table]
http://www.shodor.org/unchem/basic/lewis/index.html[2/4/2011 10:52:59 AM]
Lewis Structure