Mc lc

Mc lc .................................................................................................................................1 1 Gii thiu v SQL Server 2005 ...................................................................................... 5 1.1 Ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition .............................................................. 5 1.1.1 Cc yu cu cho h thng 32bit .......................................................................5 1.1.2 Cc bc ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition .......................................7 1.2 Mt s thao tc c bn trn SQL Server 2005 Express Edition. .......................... 16 1.2.1 To mt CSDL mi ....................................................................................... 16 1.2.2 1.2.3 To bng mi .................................................................................................17 Xa bng, xa CSDL ..................................................................................... 19

1.2.4 M mt query editor vit cu lnh SQL ................................................... 19 2 Structured Query Language (SQL) ..............................................................................20 2.1 SQL l ngn ng ca c s d liu quan h ......................................................... 20 2.2 Vai tr ca SQL ....................................................................................................20 2.3 Gii thiu s lc v Transact SQL (T-SQL) ...................................................... 21 2.3.1 Ngn ng nh ngha d liu ( Data Definition Language DDL) ..............22 2.3.2 Ngn ng iu khin d liu (Data control language DCL) ...................... 22 2.3.3 Ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data manipulation language DML)................23 2.3.4 C php ca T-SQL ....................................................................................... 24 2.3.5 Cc kiu d liu ............................................................................................. 25 2.3.6 Bin (Variables) ............................................................................................. 26 2.3.7 Hm (Function) .............................................................................................. 27 2.3.8 Cc ton t (Operators) .................................................................................27 2.3.9 Cc thnh phn iu khin (Control of flow) ................................................28 2.3.10 Ch thch (Comment) ................................................................................... 28 2.3.11 Gi tr NULL ................................................................................................ 28 3 Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML ...............................................................................29 3.1 Cu lnh SELECT .................................................................................................29 3.1.1 Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT ...................................................... 30 3.1.2 Mnh FROM ............................................................................................. 34 3.1.3 Mnh WHERE - iu kin truy vn d liu ............................................34 3.1.4 Php hp (UNION)........................................................................................ 38 3.1.5 Php ni .........................................................................................................41 3.1.6 Cc loi php ni ........................................................................................... 43 1

3.1.7

Php ni theo chun SQL-92.........................................................................45

3.1.8 Mnh GROUP BY .................................................................................... 47 3.1.9 Truy vn con (Subquery) ...............................................................................50 3.2 Thm, cp nht v xa d liu ..............................................................................51 3.2.1 3.2.2 Thm d liu ..................................................................................................52 Cp nht d liu ............................................................................................. 53

3.2.3 Xa d liu.....................................................................................................54 4 Ngn ng nh ngha d liu DDL............................................................................56 4.1 To bng ................................................................................................................56 4.2 Cc loi rng buc.................................................................................................58 4.2.1 Rng buc CHECK........................................................................................ 58 4.2.2 Rng buc PRIMARY KEY ..........................................................................59 4.2.3 Rng buc FOREIGN KEY ..........................................................................60 4.3 Sa i nh ngha bng ........................................................................................ 61 4.4 Xa bng ...............................................................................................................63 4.5 Khung nhn - VIEW .............................................................................................. 63 4.6 Thm, cp nht, xa d liu trong VIEW ............................................................. 65 4.7 Thay i nh ngha khung nhn ...........................................................................65 4.8 Xa khung nhn .....................................................................................................66 5 Th tc lu tr, hm v trigger..................................................................................... 67 5.1 Th tc lu tr (Stored procedure) .......................................................................67 5.1.1 To th tc lu tr ......................................................................................... 68 5.1.2 Li gi th tc................................................................................................ 69 5.1.3 Bin trong th tc lu tr ..............................................................................69 5.1.4 Gi tr tr v trong th tc lu tr.................................................................70 5.1.5 Tham s vi gi tr mc nh .........................................................................71 5.1.6 Sa i th tc ............................................................................................... 72 5.1.7 Xa th tc.....................................................................................................72 5.2 Hm do ngi dng nh ngha (User Defined Function -UDF)........................... 72 5.2.1 Hm v hng - Scalar UDF .........................................................................73 5.2.2 Hm ni tuyn - Inline UDF ..........................................................................74 5.2.3 Hm bao gm nhiu cu lnh bn trong Multi statement UDF .................. 75 5.2.4 Thay i hm .................................................................................................76 5.2.5 Xa hm .........................................................................................................77 5.3 Trigger ................................................................................................................... 77 2

5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6

Cc c im ca trigger ...............................................................................77 Cc trng hp s dng trigger .....................................................................77 Kh nng sau ca trigger ...............................................................................78 nh ngha trigger .......................................................................................... 78 Kch hot trigger da trn s thay i d liu trn ct..................................82 S dng trigger v Giao tc (TRANSACTION) ...........................................83

5.4 DDL TRIGGER ....................................................................................................84 5.5 Enable/ Disable TRIGGER ................................................................................... 85 6 Sao lu v phc hi d liu (Backup and Restore) ...................................................... 87 6.1 6.2 Cc l do phi thc hin Backup ..........................................................................87 Cc loi Backup ....................................................................................................87

6.2.1 Full backup v Differential backup ............................................................... 87 6.2.2 Transaction log backup .................................................................................. 88 6.3 Cc thao tc thc hin qu trnh Backup v Restore trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edition........................................................................................................................ 89 6.3.1 Sao lu (Backup) ........................................................................................... 89 6.3.2 Phc hi (Restore) ......................................................................................... 91 7 Cc hm quan trng trong T-SQL ................................................................................94 7.1 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu s ...................................................................94 7.1.1 Hm ISNUMERIC......................................................................................... 94 7.1.2 Hm ROUND ................................................................................................ 94 7.2 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu chui .............................................................. 95 7.2.1 Hm LEFT .....................................................................................................95 7.2.2 Hm RIGHT ..................................................................................................95 7.2.3 Hm SUBSTRING ........................................................................................ 95 7.2.4 Hm LEN .......................................................................................................96 7.2.5 Hm REPLACE ............................................................................................. 96 7.2.6 Hm STUFF...................................................................................................96 7.2.7 Hm LOWER/UPPER ................................................................................... 97 7.2.8 Hm LTRIM/RTRIM .................................................................................... 97 7.3 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu Ngy thng/ Thi gian ..................................97 7.3.1 Hm GETDATE ............................................................................................ 97 7.3.2 Hm DAY/ MONTH/ YEAR ........................................................................97 7.3.3 Hm DATEPART .......................................................................................... 98 7.3.4 Hm DATENAME ........................................................................................ 99 3

7.4

Hm CAST v CONVERTER ..............................................................................99

Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................101

1 Gii thiu v SQL Server 2005

SQL Server 2005 l mt h thng qun l c s d liu (Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) ) s dng Transact-SQL trao i d liu gia Client computer v SQL Server computer. M t RDBMS bao gm databases, database engine v cc ng dng dng qun l d liu v cc b phn khc nhau trong RDBMS. SQL Server 2005 c ti u c th chy trn mi trng c s d liu rt ln (Very Large Database Environment) ln n Tera-Byte v c th phc v cng lc cho hng ngn user. SQL Server 2005 c th kt hp "n " vi cc server khc nh Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), E -Commerce Server, Proxy Server.... Cc phin bn ca SQL Server 2005: Enterprise: H tr khng gii hn s l ng CPU v kch thc Database. H tr khng gii hn RAM (nhng ty thuc vo kch thc RAM ti a m HH h tr) v cc h thng 64bit. Standard: Tng t nh bn Enterprise nhng ch h tr 4 CPU. Ngoi ra phin bn ny cng khng c trang b mt s tnh nng cao cp khc. Workgroup: Tng t bn Standard nhng ch h tr 2 CPU v ti a 3GB RAM Express: Bn min ph, h tr ti a 1CPU, 1GB RAM v kch thc Database gii hn trong 4GB. Chi tit c th tham kho ti a ch: http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/features/compare -features.mspx

1.1 Ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition

1.1.1 Cc yu cu cho h thng 32bit

Chi tit yu cu h thng cho cc phin bn Microsoft SQL Server 2005 c th tham kho ti a ch: http://www.microsoft.com/sql/prodinfo/sysreqs/default.mspx Download v ci t Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0: ci t thnh cng SQL Server Express Edition hay cc phin b n SQL Server 2005 khc, Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 phi c ci t trc. G b cc phin bn Beta, CTP hoc Tech Preview ca SQL Server 2005, Visual Studio 2005 v Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0. Download v ci t 6

Ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition: Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express Edition l phin bn min ph, d s dng v nh ca Microsoft SQL Server 2005. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express Edition c tch hp trong Visual Studio 2005 to ra s d d ng trong vic pht trin cc ng dng h ng CSDL. SQL Server 2005 Express Edition c t do s dng trong cc ng dng th ng mi v d dng cp nht ln cc phin bn cao hn khi cn thit. Ci t SQL Server Management Studio Express: SQL Server Managemen t Studio Express cung cp giao din ngi dng d dng tng tc vi cc thnh phn ca Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express Edition. Trc khi ci t SQL Server Management Studio Express, MSXML 6.0 phi c ci t Download ti a ch: http://www.microsoft.com/express/sql/download/default.aspx

1.1.2 Cc bc ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition

Double click vo file ci t Microsoft SQL Server Express Edition .

Click Next:

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Lu : SQL Server 2005 c hai ki u authentication (kim tra ngi dng). Windows authentication mode: Vi c kim tra ngi dng ca SQL Server 2005 s ph thuc vo vic kim tra ngi dng ca Windows. Khi ngi dng c quyn ng nhp vo Windows, ngi dng s c quyn ng nhp vo SQL Server. Kiu kim tra ngi dng ny thng c s dng khi ng dng khai thc d liu v SQL Server c ci trn cng mt my tnh. SQL Server authentication mode: Vic kim tra ngi dng ca SQL Server 2005 s khng ph thuc vo vic kim tra ngi dng ca Windows. Khi ngi dng c quyn ng nhp vo Windows, ngi dng cha chc s c quyn ng nhp vo SQL Server. ng nhp vo SQL Server, ngi dng ny phi c mt b username v password do SQL Server qun l. Kiu kim tra ngi dng ny thng c s dng khi ng dng khai thc d liu v SQL Server khng c ci trn cng mt my tnh. Khi chn Mixed mode, SQL Server c th d ng bt k kiu kim tra ngi dng no khi cn thit. y l mt thit lp thc s rt hu ch khi xy dng cc ng dng CS DL. Ngoi ra, ta cng phi nh password v o hai bn di c th ng nhp vo SQL Server khi ta xy dng mt ng dng truy xut v o CSDL my ny khi ta ang my khc. Click Next ba ln:

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Ci t SQL Server Management Studio Express . Sau khi ci t, ng nhp vo SQL Server 2005 Express Edition nh sau:

Khi ng nhp c th chn Windows Authentication hoc SQL Server Authentication . Nu chn SQL Server Authentication th phi nhp password. Password ny c thit lp trong qu trnh ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition. Nu trong qu trnh ci t SQL Server 2005 Express Edition chng ta khng cho php SQL Server kch hot ngay khi khi ng my, bm nt Connect s gy ra li. khc phc vo Start->Run nh services.msc->Enter. Tm service SQL Server (SQLExpress), double click v trong comboxbox Startup type chn Automatic -> Apply - >Start -> OK. Giao din sau khi ng nhp thnh cng

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1.2 Mt s thao tc c bn trn SQL Server 2005 Express Edition.

Microsoft SQL Server Management S tudio cung cp mt giao din thn thin gip cho ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc mt cch d d ng. Mt s cc thao tc c bn bao gm: to CSDL mi, xa CSDL, to bng, xa bngCng cn l u rng cc thao tc thc hin thng qua giao din th u c th c thc hin c bng cc cu lnh SQL.

1.2.1 To mt CSDL mi

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t tn Database trong Textbox Database Name, click OK .

1.2.2 To bng mi

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Bng gm cc cc ct. Mi ct gm tn ct (Column Name), kiu d liu (Data Type) v mt gi tr cho bit ct c t h cha gi tr NULL hay khng. Trong bng s c t nht mt ct lm kha chnh (primary key) . Ct lm kha chnh s c biu tng cha kha trc tn ct. Sau khi to xong tt c cc ct ca bng, tin h nh Save -> OK

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1.2.3 Xa bng, xa CSDL

Click chut phi ln bng hay CSDL mun xa -> Delete - >OK. Trong trng hp xa mt CSDL, nn chn du tch vo Close existing connections. Khi SQL Server 2005 s ngt tt c cc kt ni vo CSDL ny v vic xa s khng gy bo li.

1.2.4 M mt query editor vit cu lnh SQL

Cn ch l cu lnh SQL s c tc dng tr n CSDL ang c chn trong ComboBox. Do cn ch la chn ng CSDL cn t ng tc. 19

2 Structured Query Language (SQL)

2.1 SQL l ngn ng ca c s d liu quan h
SQL, vit tt ca Structured Quer y Language (ngn ng hi c cu trc), l cng c s dng t chc, qun l v truy xut d liu uc lu tr trong cc c s d liu. SQL l mt h thng ngn ng bao gm tp cc cu lnh s dng t ng tc vi c s d liu quan h. Kh nng ca SQL vt xa so vi mt cng c truy xut d liu, mc d y l mc ch ban u khi SQL c xy dng nn v truy xut d liu vn cn l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca n. SQL c s dng iu khin tt c cc chc nng m mt h qun tr c s d liu cung cp cho ng i dng bao gm: nh ngha d liu: SQL cung cp kh nng nh ngha cc c s d liu, cc cu trc lu tr v t chc d liu cng nh mi quan h gia cc thnh phn d liu. Truy xut v thao tc d liu: Vi SQL, ngi dng c th d dng thc hin cc thao tc truy xut, b sung, cp nht v loi b d liu trong cc c s d liu. iu khin truy cp: SQL c th c s dng cp pht v kim sot cc thao tc ca ngi s dng trn d liu, m bo s an ton cho c s d liu m bo ton vn d liu: SQL nh ngha cc rng buc ton vn trong c s d liu nh m bo tnh hp l v chnh xc ca d liu trc cc thao tc cp nht cng nh cc li ca h thng. Nh vy, c th ni rng SQL l mt ngn ng hon thin c s dng trong cc h thng c s d liu v l mt thnh phn khng th thiu trong cc h qun tr c s d liu. Mc d SQL khng phi l mt ngn ng lp trnh nh C, C++, Java,... song cc cu l nh m SQL cung cp c th c nhng vo trong cc ngn ng lp trnh nhm xy dng cc ng dng tng tc vi c s d liu. Khc vi cc ngn ng lp trnh quen thuc nh C, C++, Java,... SQL l ngn ng c tnh khai bo. Vi SQL, ngi dng ch cn m t cc yu cu cn phi thc hin trn c s d liu m khng cn phi ch ra cch thc thc hin cc y u cu nh th no. Chnh v vy, SQL l ngn ng d tip cn v d s dng.

2.2 Vai tr ca SQL

Bn thn SQL khng phi l mt h qun tr c s d liu, n khng th tn ti c lp. SQL thc s l mt phn ca h qun tr c s d liu, n xut hin trong cc h qun tr c s d liu vi vai tr ngn ng v l cng c giao tip gia ngi s dng v h qun tr c s d liu. 20

Trong hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu quan h, SQL c nhng vai tr nh sau: SQL l ngn ng hi c tnh tng tc: Ngi s dng c th d dng thng qua cc trnh tin ch gi cc yu cu di dng cc cu lnh SQL n c s d liu v nhn kt qu tr v t c s d liu SQL l ngn ng lp trnh c s d liu: Cc lp trnh vin c th nhng cc cu lnh SQL vo trong cc ngn ng lp trnh xy dng nn cc chng trnh ng dng giao tip vi c s d liu SQL l ngn ng qun tr c s d liu: Thng qua SQL, ngi qun tr c s d liu c th qun l c c s d liu, nh ngha cc cu trc l u tr d liu, iu khin truy cp c s d liu,... SQL l ngn ng cho cc h thng khch/ch (client/server) : Trong cc h thng c s d liu khch/ch, SQL c s dng nh l cng c giao tip gia cc trnh ng dng pha my khch vi my ch c s d liu. SQL l ngn ng truy cp d liu trn Internet: Cho n nay, hu ht cc my ch Web cng nh cc my ch trn Internet s dng SQL vi vai tr l ngn ng tng tc vi d liu trong cc c s d liu. SQL l ngn ng c s d liu phn tn: i vi cc h qun tr c s d liu phn tn, mi mt h thng s dng SQL giao tip vi cc h thng khc tr n mng, gi v nhn cc yu cu truy xut d liu vi nhau. SQL l ngn ng s dng cho cc cng giao tip c s d liu: Trong mt h thng mng my tnh vi nhiu h qun tr c s d liu khc nhau, SQL th ng c s dng nh l mt chun ngn ng giao tip gia cc h qun tr c s d liu.

2.3 Gii thiu s lc v Transact SQL (T-SQL)

Transact-SQL l ngn ng SQL m rng da trn SQL chun ca ISO (International Organization for Standardization) v ANSI (American National Standards Institute) c s dng trong SQL Server khc vi P -SQL (Procedural-SQL) dng trong Oracle. SQL chun bao gm khong 40 cu lnh. Trong cc h qun tr c s d liu khc nhau, mc d cc cu lnh u c cng dng v cng mc ch s dng song mi mt h qun tr c s d liu c th c mt s thay i n o . iu ny i khi dn n c php chi tit ca cc cu lnh c th s khc nhau trong cc h qun tr c c s d liu khc nhau. T-SQL c chia lm 3 nhm:

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2.3.1 Ngn ng nh ngha d liu ( Data Definition Language DDL)

y l nhng lnh dng to (create), thay i (alter) hay xa (drop) c c i tng trong CSDL. Cc cu lnh DDL thng c dng: Create object Alter object Drop object Trong object c th l: table, view, storedprocedure, function, trigger V d: Cu lnh Create sau s to mt bng mi c t n l Nhanvien trong CSDL Test. Bng Nhanvien ny gm c ba ct: manv, tennv, diachi . Lu : Nu trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edition ch a c CSDL Test, hy to mt CSDL c tn Test theo h ng dn trong Chng 1. create table Nhanvien ( manv int primary key, tennv nvarchar(50) not nu ll, diachi nvarchar(50) not null ) chy cu lnh SQL trn, m mt Query Editor, copy cu lnh vo Query Editor, bi en ton b cu lnh v bm F5. Tip theo, dng lnh alter thay i cu trc bng Nhanvien.C th l mt thm mt ct mi c tn ghichu vo bng Nhanvien. alter table Nhanvien add ghichu nvarchar(50) not null Cui cng, dng lnh drop xa hon ton bng Nhanvien ra khi CSDL, ngha l ton b nh ngha bng v cc d liu bn trong u b xa. drop table Nhanvien Lu : Lnh drop khc vi lnh delete. Lnh delete ch xa cc d ng d liu c trong bng

2.3.2 Ngn ng iu khin d liu (Data control language DCL)

y l cc lnh qun l quyn truy cp l n cc object (table, view, storedprocedure) . Bao gm: Grant Deny Revoke 22

V d: Lnh grant s cp quyn Select trn bng Nhanvien trong CSDL Test cho cc Users thuc Role public grant select on nhanvien to public Sau khi thc hin lnh ny, c Users trong Role public c th thc hin cu lnh Select trn bng Nhanvien trong CSDL Test. Dng lnh deny t chi quyn select trn bng Nhanvien trong CSDL Test ca cc Users thuc Role public deny select on nhanvien to public Sau khi thc hin lnh ny, c Users trong Role public s khng th thc hin cu lnh Select trn bng Nhanvien trong CSDL Test. Dng lnh revoke xa b cc quyn c cp hay t chi trc . revoke select on nhanvien to public Sau khi thc hin lnh ny, cc quyn c gn hay t chi ca Users trong Role public trn bng Nhanvien trong CSDL Test s c xa hon ton.

2.3.3 Ngn ng thao tc d liu (Data manipulation language DML)

y l cc lnh ph bin dng x l d liu. Bao gm: Select Insert Update Delete V d: Cu lnh sau s lc ra cc nhn vin c tn bt u bng ch A trong bng Nhanvien. select * from Nhanvien as nv where nv.tennv like 'A%' Du * hm l la chn tt c cc ct ca bng Nhanvien . Ton t like v k t i din s c ni trong phn sau. Cu lnh sau s thm d liu v mt nhn vin mi vo trong bng Nhanvien. 23

insert into Nhanvien values(1, N'Nguyn Vn An', N'22 Nguyn Thin Thut') Cu lnh sau s cp nht lai a ch ca nhn vi n c manv l 1 update Nhanvien set diachi = N'22 Nguyn Th Minh Khai' where manv = 1 Cu lnh sau s xa thng tin ca nhn vi n c manv l 1 trong bng Nhanvien delete Nhanvien where manv = 1

2.3.4 C php ca T-SQL

Cc i tng trong c s d liu da trn SQL (table, view, index, storedprocedure) c xc nh thng qua tn ca i tng (hay cn gi l identifier). Tn ca cc i tng l duy nht trong mi c s d liu. Tn c s dng nhiu nht trong cc truy vn SQL v c xem l nn tng trong c s d liu quan h l tn bng v tn ct. C hai loi Identifiers mt loi thng th ng (Regular Identifier) v mt loi gi l Delimited Identifier, loi ny cn c du "" hay du [] ngn cch. Loi Delimited c dng i vi cc ch trng vi t kha ca SQL Server (reserved keyword) hay cc ch c khong trng. V d: Select * From My table Where [sum] = 10 Trong cc c s d liu ln vi nhiu ngi s dng, khi ta ch nh t n ca mt bng no trong cu lnh SQL, h qun tr c s d liu hiu l tn ca bng do ta s hu (tc l bng do ta to ra). Thng th ng, trong cc h qun tr c s d liu ny cho php nhng ngi dng khc nhau to ra nhng bng trng tn vi nhau m khng gy ra xung t v tn. Nu trong mt cu lnh SQL ta cn ch n mt bng do mt ng i dng khc s hu (hin nhin l phi c php) th tn ca bng phi c vit sau tn ca ngi s hu v phn cch vi tn ngi s hu bi du chm: tn_ngi_s_hu.tn_bng Mt s i tng c s d liu khc (nh khung nhn, th tc, hm), vic s dng tn cng tng t nh i vi bng. Ta c th s dng tn ct mt cch bnh thng trong cc cu lnh SQL bng cch ch cn ch nh tn ca ct trong bng. Tuy nhi n, nu trong cu lnh c lin quan n hai ct tr 24

ln c cng tn trong cc b ng khc nhau th bt buc phi ch nh th m tn bng trc tn ct; tn bng v tn ct c phn cch nhau bi du chm V d: Gi s chng ta c CSDL nh sau:

tm ra khch hng c tn Nguyn Vn An t hng vo ngy no, cu truy v n nh sau: Select orderid, orderdate from orders, customers where orders.customerid = customers.customerid and customername = N'Nguy n Vn An'

2.3.5 Cc kiu d liu

Bng di y lit k mt s kiu d liu thng dng c s dng trong SQL. Char(n) Nchar(n) Varchar(n) Nvarchar(n) Int Tinyint Smallint Kiu chui vi di c nh Kiu chui vi di c nh h tr UNICODE Kiu chui vi di chnh xc Kiu chui vi di chnh xc h tr UNICODE S nguyn c gi tr t -231 n 231 - 1 S nguyn c gi tr t 0 n 255. S nguyn c gi tr t -215 n 215 1 25

Bigint Numeric Decimal Float Real Money Bit Datetime Smalldatetime Binary Varbinary Image Text Ntext

S nguyn c gi tr t -263 n 263-1 Kiu s vi chnh xc c nh. Tng t kiu Numeric S thc c gi tr t -1.79E+308 n 1.79E+308 S thc c gi tr t -3.40E + 38 n 3.40E + 38 Kiu tin t Kiu bit (c gi tr 0 hoc 1) Kiu ngy gi (chnh xc n phn trm ca giy) Kiu ngy gi (chnh xc n pht) D liu nh phn vi di c nh (ti a 8000 bytes) D liu nh phn vi di chnh xc (ti a 8000 bytes) D liu nh phn vi d i chnh xc (ti a 2,147,483,647 bytes) D liu kiu chui vi d i ln (ti a 2,147,483,647 k t) D liu kiu chui vi d i ln v h tr UNICODE (ti a 1,073,741,823 k t)

V d: Mi ct trong bng s cha nhng d liu thuc v duy nht mt kiu d liu trong SQL Server. Ct no cha nhng d liu thuc kiu n o s c quy nh lc nh ngha bng. Create table Nhanvien ( MANV NVARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, HOTEN NVARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, GIOITINH BIT, NGAYSINH SMALLDATETIME, NOISINH NCHAR(50), HSLUONG DECIMAL(4,2), MADV INT )

2.3.6 Bin (Variables)

Bin trong T-SQL cng c chc nng tng t nh trong cc ngn ng lp trnh khc ngha l cn khai bo trc loi d liu trc khi s dng. Bin c bt u bng du @ ( i vi cc bin ton cc - global variable - th c hai du @@)

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V d: V d di y khai bo mt bin c t n @numberOfCustomers thng qua t kha declare. Bin ny lu s khch hng m c thng qua hm count. Sau in ra gi tr ca bin. declare @numberOfCustomers int select @numberOfCustomers = count(*) from Customers print @numberOfCustomers

2.3.7 Hm (Function)
C 2 loi hm: mt loi l c xy dng sn trong SQL Server 20005 Express Edition (built-in) v mt loi do ngi dng t nh ngha (user-defined) Cc hm Built-In c chia lm 3 nhm: Rowset Functions : Loi ny thng tr v mt object v c i x nh mt table. V d nh hm OPENQUERY s tr v mt recordset v c th ng v tr ca mt table trong cu lnh Select. Aggregate Functions : Loi ny lm vic trn mt s gi tr v tr v mt gi tr n hay l cc gi tr tng. V d nh hm AVG s tr v gi tr trung bnh ca mt ct. Scalar Functions : Loi ny lm vic trn mt gi tr n v tr v mt gi tr n. Trong loi ny li chia lm nhiu loi nh nh cc hm v ton hc, v thi gian, x l kiu d liu String....V d nh hm MONTH('2002-09-30') s tr v thng 9. Cc hm User-Defined (c to ra bi cu lnh CREATE FUNCTION v phn body thng c gi trong cp lnh BEGIN...END) cng c chia lm cc nhm nh sau: Scalar Functions : Loi ny cng tr v mt gi tr n bng cu lnh RETURNS. Table Functions : Loi ny tr v mt table

2.3.8 Cc ton t (Operators)

Trong SQL Server cc biu din (expression) c th xut hin nhiu ton t. u tin ca ton t s quyt nh th t thc hin ca cc php tnh. Th t thc hin nh hng rt ln n kt qu. Bng di y m t cc ton t trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edititon v mc u tin ca cc ton t . Level 1 2 Operators * (Multiply), / (Division), % (Modulo) + (Positive), - (Negative), + (Add), (+ Concatenate), - (Subtract), 27

3 4 5 6 7

=, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>, !< (Comparison operators) NOT AND ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, OR, SOME = (Assignment)

2.3.9 Cc thnh phn iu khin (Control of flow)

Nh BEGIN...END, BREAK, CONTINUE, GOTO, IF...ELSE, RETURN, W HILE

2.3.10 Ch thch (Comment)

T-SQL dng k hiu -- ch thch cho mt dng n v k hiu /**/ ch thch cho mt nhm dng V d: /* Minh ha ch thch Ch thch cho mt dng n v mt nhm cc dng*/ DECLARE @MyNumber int -- khai bo bin SET @MyNumber = 4 - 2 + 27 -- kt qu l 29 SELECT @MyNumber

2.3.11 Gi tr NULL
Mt c s d liu l s phn nh ca mt h thng trong th gii thc, do cc gi tr d liu tn ti trong c s d liu c th khng xc nh c. Mt gi tr khng xc nh c xut hin trong c s d liu c th do mt s nguy n nhn sau: Gi tr c tn ti nhng khng bit. Khng xc nh c gi tr c tn ti hay khng. Ti mt thi im no gi tr cha c nhng ri c th s c. Gi tr b li do tnh ton (trn s, chia cho khng,...) Nhng gi tr khng xc nh c biu din trong c s d liu quan h bi cc gi tr NULL. y l gi tr c bit v khng nn nhm ln vi chui rng (i vi d liu k iu chui) hay gi tr khng (i vi gi tr kiu s). Gi tr NULL ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc c s d liu v hu ht cc h qun tr c s d liu quan h hin nay u h tr vic s dng gi tr ny.

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3 Ngn ng thao tc d liu DML

SQL c xem nh l cng c hu hiu thc hin cc y u cu truy vn v thao tc trn d liu. Trong chng ny, ta s bn lun n nhm cc cu lnh trong SQL c s dng cho mc ch ny. Nhm cc cu lnh ny c gi chung l ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML: Data Manipulation Language) bao g m cc cu lnh sau: SELECT: S dng truy xut d liu t mt hoc nhiu bng. INSERT: Thm d liu. UPDATE: Cp nht d liu DELETE: Xo d liu Trong s cc cu lnh ny, c th ni SELECT l cu lnh tng i phc tp v c s dng nhiu trong c s d liu. Vi cu lnh n y, ta khng ch thc hin cc yu cu truy xut d liu n thun m cn c th thc hin c cc yu cu thng k d liu phc tp. Cng chnh v vy, phn u ca chng ny s tp trung tng i nhiu n cu lnh SELECT. Cc cu lnh INSERT, UPDATE v DELETE c bn lun n cui chng

3.1 Cu lnh SELECT

Cu lnh SELECT c s dng truy xut d liu t cc d ng v cc ct ca mt hay nhiu bng, khung nhn. Cu lnh ny c th dng thc hin php chn (tc l truy xut mt tp con cc dng trong mt hay nhiu bng), php chiu (tc l truy xut mt tp con cc ct trong mt hay nhiu bng) v php ni (tc l lin kt cc dng trong hai hay nhiu bng truy xut d liu). Ngoi ra, cu lnh ny cn cung cp kh nng thc hin cc thao tc truy vn v thng k d liu phc tp khc. C php chung ca cu lnh SELECT c dng: SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT][TOP n] danh_sch_ch n [INTO tn_bng_mi] FROM danh_sch_bng/khung_nhn [WHERE iu_kin] [GROUP BY danh_sch_ct] [HAVING iu_kin] [ORDER BY ct_sp_xp] [COMPUTE danh_sch_hm_gp [BY danh_sch_ct]] iu cn lu u tin i vi cu lnh ny l cc thnh phn trong cu lnh SELECT nu c s dng phi tun theo ng th t nh trong c php. Nu khng, cu lnh s c xem l khng hp l. 29

Cu lnh SELECT c s dng tc ng l n cc bng d liu v kt qu ca cu lnh cng c hin th di dng bng, tc l mt tp hp cc dng v cc ct (ngoi tr trng hp s dng cu lnh SELECT vi mnh COMPUTE). V d:

V d di y hin th tn khch hng v a ch cc khch hng hin c. select customername, gender, address from customers

3.1.1 Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT

Danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELEC T c s dng ch nh cc tr ng, cc biu thc cn hin th trong cc ct ca kt qu truy vn. Cc tr ng, cc biu thc c ch nh ngay sau t kho SELECT v phn cch nhau bi du phy. S dng danh sch chn trong cu lnh SELECT bao gm cc t rng hp sau: 30

Chn tt c cc ct: Nh ni trong chng 1, chng ta dng du * trong cu lnh Select hm chn ht tt c cc ct. Trong trng hp ny, cc ct c hin th trong kt qu truy vn s tun theo th t m chng c to ra khi bng c nh ngha. V d: Select * from Customers

Chn mt s ct c th: Trong trng hp cn ch nh c th cc ct cn hin th trong kt qu truy vn, ta ch nh danh sch cc t n ct trong danh sch chn. Th t ca cc ct trong kt qu truy vn tun theo th t ca cc trng trong danh sch chn. V d: Select CUSTOMERNAME, ADDRESS From Customers

Lu : Nu truy vn c thc hin trn nhiu bng/khung nhn v trong cc bng/khung nhn c cc trng trng tn th tn ca nhng trng ny nu xut hin trong danh sch chn phi c vit di dng: tn_bng.tn_trng Thay i tiu cc ct: Trong kt qu truy vn, tiu ca cc ct mc nh s l tn ca cc trng tng ng trong bng. Tuy nhin, cc tiu tr nn thn thin hn, ta c th i tn cc tiu ca cc ct. t tiu cho mt ct no , ta s dng cch vit: tiu__ct = tn_trng hoc tn_trng AS tiu__ct hoc tn_trng tiu__ct 31

V d: select [M khch hng] = Customerid, customername as [Tn khch hng], address [a ch] from Customers

S dng cu trc CASEWHEN : Cu trc CASE c s dng trong danh sch chn nhm thay i kt qu ca truy vn tu thuc vo cc trng hp khc nhau. Cu trc n y c c php nh sau: CASE biu_thc WHEN biu_thc_kim_tra THEN kt_qu [ ... ] [ELSE kt_qu_ca_else] END hoc: CASE WHEN iu_kin THEN kt_qu [ ... ] [ELSE kt_qu_ca_else] END V d: Cu lnh SQL di y s hin th gii tnh ca khch h ng ty theo gi tr thc c lu trong CSDL. Nu gi tr trong CSDL l FALSE-> hin th gii tnh N, nu gi tr l TRUE-> hin th gii tnh NAM. select CUSTOMERNAME, ADDRESS, case GENDER when 1 then 'NAM' else N'N' end as [GII TNH] from customers Cu lnh trn cng c th vit nh sau: 32

select CUSTOMERNAME, ADDRESS, case when GENDER = 1 then 'NAM' else N'N' end as [GII TNH] from customers

Loi b cc dng d liu trng nhau: T kha DISTINCT s loi b cc d ng d liu ging nhau. Trong v d tr n, c hai khch hng c tn Cao Van Trung. N u ta ch truy vn tn khch hng, loi b s trng lp ta dng t kha DISTINCT select distinct CUSTOMERNAME from customers

La chn mt s lng gii hn cc dng: T kha TOP n s tr v ch n d ng d liu V d: v d sau ch tr v duy nht hai dng d liu select top 2 Customername from customers

Nu s dung TOP n PERCENT th s tr v n % s dng d liu hin c trong CSDL.

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3.1.2 Mnh FROM

Mnh FROM trong cu lnh SELECT c s dung nhm ch nh cc bng v khung nhn cn truy xut d liu. Sau FROM l danh sch tn ca cc bng v khung nhn tham gia vo truy vn, tn ca cc bng v khung nhn c phn cch nhau bi du phy. V d: Cu lnh sau hin th thng tin khch h ng Select * from Customers

Trong mnh FROM c th s dng b danh (alias) nhm l m cho cu truy vn d nhn hn. V d: Select * from Customers c Where c.CustomerID = 1

3.1.3 Mnh WHERE - iu kin truy vn d liu

Mnh WHERE trong cu lnh SELECT c s dng nhm xc nh cc iu kin i vi vic truy xut d liu. Sau mnh WHERE l mt biu thc logic v ch nhng dng d liu no tho mn iu kin c ch nh mi c hin th trong kt qu truy vn. V d: Lc ra thng tin cc khch h ng c m Select * From Customers Where CustomerID > 3

Trong mnh WHERE thng s dng: Cc ton t kt hp iu kin (AND, OR) Cc ton t so snh Kim tra gii hn ca d liu (BETWEEN/ NOT BETWEEN) 34

Tp hp Kim tra khun dng d liu. Cc gi tr NULL Cc ton t so snh Ton t = > < >= <= <> !> !< ngha Bng Ln hn Nh hn Ln hn hoc bng Nh hn hoc bng Khc Khng ln hn Khng nh hn

V d: V d di y ly tn, ngy sinh theo nh dng dd/MM/yyyy v a ch ca nhng khch hng c tn Le Thi Hoa v tui cc khch hng ny ln hn 20. select CUSTOMERNAME, convert (varchar, BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS from Customers where Customername = 'Le Thi Hoa' and year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) > 20

Kim tra gii hn ca d liu kim tra xem gi tr d liu nm trong (ngo i) mt khong no , ta s dng ton t BETWEEN/ NOT BETWEEN nh sau: Mnh variable BETWEEN a AND b variable NOT BETWEEN a AND b ngha a <= variable <=b variable <a hoc variable > b

V d: v d ny tng t v d trn nhng iu kin l tui nm trong khong t 20 n 30 tui. select CUSTOMERNAME, convert (varchar, BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS from Customers where Customername = 'Le Thi Hoa' and year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) between 20 and 30 35

Ton t lm vic trn tp hp (IN/ NOT IN) T kho IN/ NOT IN c s dng khi ta cn ch nh iu kin t m kim d liu cho cu lnh SELECT l mt danh sch cc gi tr. Sau IN/ NOT IN c th l mt danh sch cc gi tr hoc l mt cu lnh SELECT khc. V d: Cu lnh di y ly ra cc thng tin ca khch hng c m l 5,6 hoc 7 select CUSTOMERID, CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar,BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS from Customers where CUSTOMERID in (5,6,7)

V d: V d ny minh ha mt cu lnh SELECT khc ng sau mnh IN/ NOT IN select CUSTOMERID, CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar,BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS from Customers where CUSTOMERID not in ( select CUSTOMERID from customers where customerid >= 7)

Ton t LIKE/ NOT LIKE v k t i din (WildCard) T kho LIKE (NOT LIKE) s dng trong cu lnh SELECT nhm m t khun dng ca d liu cn tm kim. Chng thng c kt hp vi cc k t i din sau y: K t i din % _ [] [^] ngha Chui k t bt k gm khng hoc nhiu k t Mt k t bt k Mt k t nm trong gii hn c ch nh. V d:[a-f] hm ch mt trong cc k t: a, b, c, d, e, f. Mt k t khng nm trong gii hn c ch nh. V d:[^a-f] hm ch mt k t khc tt c cc k t: a, b, c, d, e, f.

V d: V d di y tm ra cc khch hng c tn b t u bng Nguyen 36

select * from customers where customername like 'Nguyen%'

Gi tr NULL D liu trong mt ct cho php NULL s nhn gi tr NULL trong cc tr ng hp sau: Nu khng c d liu c nhp cho ct v khng c mc nh cho ct hay kiu d liu trn ct . Ngi s dng trc tip a gi tr NULL vo cho ct . Mt ct c kiu d liu l kiu s s cha gi tr NULL nu gi tr c ch nh gy trn s. Trong mnh WHERE, kim tra gi tr ca mt ct c gi tr NULL hay khng, ta s dng cch vit: WHERE tn_ct IS NULL hoc: WHERE tn_ct IS NOT NULL V d: select * from Customers where birthday is null

To mi bng d liu t cau lnh SELECT Cu lnh SELECT ... INTO c tc dng to mt bng mi c cu trc v d liu c xc nh t kt qu ca truy vn. Bng mi c to ra s c s ct bng s ct c ch nh trong danh sch chn v s dng s l s dng kt qu ca truy vn V d: select CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar,BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS into NEWCUSTOMERS from Customers Lu : Nu trong danh sch chn c cc biu thc th nhng biu thc ny phi c t tiu 37

Sp xp kt qu truy vn Mc nh, cc dng d liu trong kt qu ca cu t ruy vn tun theo th t ca chng trong bng d liu hoc c sp xp theo ch mc (nu tr n bng c ch mc). Trong tr ng hp mun d liu c sp xp theo chiu tng hoc gim ca gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu trng, ta s dng thm mnh ORDER BY trong cu lnh SELECT; Sau ORDER BY l danh sch cc ct cn sp xp (ti a l 16 ct). D liu c sp xp c th theo chiu tng (ASC) hoc gim (DESC), mc nh l sp xp theo chiu tng. Nu sau ORDER BY c nhiu ct th vic sp xp d liu s c u tin theo th t t tri qua phi. V d: V d i y sp xp thng tin cc khch h ng theo th t tui gim dn. select CUSTOMERNAME, year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) as AGE, ADDRESS from Customers order by AGE DESC

Ta c th ch nh s th t ca ct cn c sp xp. Cu lnh v d tr n c th c vit li nh sau: select CUSTOMERNAME, year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) as AGE, ADDRESS from Customers order by 2 DESC

3.1.4 Php hp (UNION)

Php hp c s dng trong trng hp ta cn gp kt qu ca hai hay nhiu truy vn thnh mt tp kt qu duy nht. SQL cung cp ton t UNION thc hin php hp. C php nh sau: Cu_lnh_1 UNION [ALL] Cu_lnh_2 [UNION [ALL] Cu_lnh_3] ... [UNION [ALL] Cu_lnh_n] [ORDER BY ct_sp_xp] [COMPUTE danh_sch_hm_gp [BY danh_sch_ct]] 38

Trong Cu_lnh_1 c dng SELECT danh_sch_ct [INTO tn_bng_mi] [FROM danh_sch_bng|khung_nhn] [WHERE iu_kin] [GROUP BY danh_sch_c t] [HAVING iu_kin] v Cu_lnh_i (i = 2,..,n) c dng SELECT danh_sch_ct [FROM danh_sch_bng|khung_nhn] [WHERE iu_kin] [GROUP BY danh_sch_c t] [HAVING iu_kin] V d: Php hp gia hai bng di y cho kt qu nh sau:

UNION select A,B from A union select F,G from B Mc nh, nu trong cc truy vn th nh phn ca php hp xut hin nhng d ng d liu ging nhau th trong kt qu truy vn ch gi li mt d ng. Nu mun gi li cc dng ny, ta phi s dng thm t kho ALL trong truy vn thnh phn.

39

UNION ALL Khi s dng ton t UNION thc hin php hp, ta cn ch cc nguy n tc sau: Danh sch ct trong cc truy vn thnh phn phi c cng s lng. Cc ct tng ng trong tt c cc bng, hoc tp con bt k cc ct c s dng trong bn thn mi truy vn thnh phn phi cng kiu d liu. Cc ct tng ng trong bn thn tng truy vn thnh phn ca mt cu lnh UNION phi xut hin theo th t nh nhau. Nguyn nhn l do php h p so snh cc ct tng ct mt theo th t c cho trong mi truy vn. Khi cc kiu d liu khc nhau c kt hp vi nhau trong cu lnh UNION, chng s c chuyn sang kiu d liu cao h n (nu c th c). Tiu ct trong kt qu ca php hp s l tiu ct c ch nh trong truy vn u tin. Mnh ORDER BY v COMPUTE dng sp xp kt qu truy vn hoc tnh ton cc gi tr thng k ch c s dng cui cu lnh UNION. Chng khng c s dng trong bt k truy vn th nh phn no. Mnh GROUP BY v HAVING ch c th c s dng trong bn thn tng truy vn thnh phn. Chng khng c php s dng tc ng ln kt qu chung ca php hp. Php ton UNION c th c s dng bn trong cu lnh INSERT. Php ton UNION khng c s dng trong cu lnh CREATE VIEW.

40

3.1.5 Php ni
Khi cn thc hin mt yu cu truy vn d liu t hai hay nhiu bng, ta phi s d ng n php ni. Mt cu lnh ni kt hp cc d ng d liu trong cc bng khc nhau li theo mt hoc nhiu iu kin no v hin th chng trong kt qu truy vn. V d: tm ra khch hng c m l 3 t hng trong nhng ngy no th cu truy vn nh sau: select c.CUSTOMERNAME, o.ORDERDATE from customers c, orders o where c.customerid = o.customerid and c.customerid = 3

Gii thch cu truy vn: Bng Customers

Bng Order

Trc tin vo bng Customers tm ra dng c c m khch hng l 3. Tm kim trong bng Orders cc dng c gi tr trng CUSTOMERID l 3 v cho cc dng ny vo kt qu truy vn. Nh vy thc hin yu cu truy vn, chng ta phi thc hin php kt ni gia hai bng Customers v Orders vi iu kin kt ni l CUSTOMERID ca bng CUSTOMERS bng vi CUSTOMERID ca b ng ORDERS. Php ni l c s thc hin cc yu cu truy vn d liu lin quan n nhiu bng. Mt cu lnh ni thc hin ly cc d ng d liu trong cc bng tham gia truy vn, so snh gi tr ca cc dng ny trn mt hoc nhiu ct c ch nh trong iu kin ni v kt hp cc dng tho mn iu kin thnh nhng dng trong kt qu truy vn. thc hin c mt php ni, cn phi xc nh c nhng yu t sau: 41

Nhng ct no cn hin th trong kt qu t ruy vn Nhng bng no c tham gia vo truy vn. iu kin thc hin php ni gia cc bng d liu l g Trong cc yu t k trn, vic xc nh chnh xc iu kin thc hin php ni gia cc bng ng vai tr quan trng nht. Trong a s cc tr ng hp, iu kin ca php ni c xc nh nh vo mi quan h gia cc bng cn phi truy xut d liu. Thng th ng, l iu kin bng nhau gia kho chnh v kho ngoi ca hai bng c mi quan h vi nhau. Nh vy, c th a ra mt cu lnh ni thc hin chnh xc yu cu truy vn d liu i hi phi hiu c mi quan h cng nh ngha ca chng gia cc bng d liu. Mt cu lnh ni cng c bt u vi t kha SELECT. Cc ct c ch nh tn sau t kho SELECT l cc ct c hin th trong kt qu truy vn. Vic s dng t n cc ct trong danh sch chn c th l: Tn ca mt s ct no trong cc bng c tham gia vo truy vn. Nu tn ct trong cc bng trng tn nhau th tn ct phi c vit di dng tn_bng.tn_ct Du sao (*) c s dng trong danh sch chn khi cn hin th tt c cc ct ca cc bng tham gia truy vn. Trong trng hp cn hin th tt c cc ct ca mt bng n o , ta s dng cch vit: tn_bng.* Mnh FROM trong php ni Sau mnh FROM ca cu lnh ni l danh sch tn cc bng (hay khung nhn) tham gia vo truy vn. Nu ta s dng du * trong danh sch chn th th t ca cc bng lit k sau FROM s nh hng n th t cc ct c hin th trong kt qu truy vn. Mnh WHERE trong php ni Khi hai hay nhiu bng c ni vi nhau, ta phi ch nh iu kin thc hin php ni ngay sau mnh WHERE. iu kin ni c biu din di dng biu thc logic so snh gi tr d liu gia cc ct ca cc bng tham gia truy vn. Cc ton t so snh di y c s dng xc nh iu kin ni Php ton = > >= < ngha Bng Ln hn Ln hn hoc bng Nh hn 42

<= <> !> !<

Nh hn hoc bng Khc Khng ln hn Khng nh hn

3.1.6 Cc loi php ni

Php ni bng: Mt php ni bng (equi-join) l mt php ni trong gi tr ca cc ct c s dng ni c so snh vi nhau da tr n tiu chun bng v tt c cc ct trong cc bng tham gia ni u c a ra trong kt qu. Mt dng c bit ca php ni bng c s dng nhiu l php ni t nhin (naturaljoin). Trong php ni t nhin, iu kin ni gia hai bng chnh l iu kin bng gia kho ngoi v kho chnh ca hai bng; V trong danh sch chn ca cu lnh ch gi li mt ct trong hai ct tham gia vo iu kin ca php ni. V d php kt ni bng: select * from Customers c, Orders o where c.customerid = o.customerid

V d php kt ni t nhin: select c.CUSTOMERID, c.CUSTOMERNAME, c.BIRTHDAY, c.GENDER, c.ADDRESS, o.ORDERDATE from Customers c, Orders o where c.customerid = o.customerid hoc vit gn: select c.*, o.ORDERDATE from Customers c, Orders o where c.customerid = o.customerid

Trong php kt ni bng, trng CUSTOMERID xut hin hai ln. S d tha c loi b bng cch s dng php kt ni t nhi n v vic ch nh r cc ct ct cn truy xut.

43

Trong cc cu lnh ni, ngoi iu kin ca php ni c ch nh trong mnh WHERE cn c th ch nh cc iu kin t m kim d liu khc (iu kin chn). Thng thng, cc iu kin ny c kt hp vi iu kin ni thng qua ton t AND. V d: select c.*, o.ORDERDATE from Customers c, Orders o where c.customerid = o.customerid and c.customerid = 3 Php t ni Php t ni l php ni m trong iu kin ni c ch nh lin quan n cc ct ca cng mt bng. Trong trng hp ny, s c s xut hin tn ca cng mt bng nhiu ln trong mnh FROM v do cc bng cn phi c t b danh. V d: Gi s c yu cu tm ra cc khch hng c nhi u hn mt n t hng trong cng ngy select c1.CUSTOMERID, c1.CUSTOMERNAME from customers c1, customers c2, orders o1, orders o2 where c1.customerid = o1.customerid and c2.customerid = o2.customerid and c1.customerid = c2.customerid and o1.orderdate = o2.orderdate and o1.orderid <> o2.ord erid Cu truy vn c gii thch nh sau: Ln lt ly ra cc m khch hng, m ha n v ngy t hng t bng c1, o1 em so snh ln l t vi cc m khch hng, m ha n v ngy t hng t bng c2, o2. Nu vic so snh hai tp hp n y tha iu kin sau y: m khch hng trng nhau, ngy t hng trng nhau v c m ha n khc nhau th thng tin khch hng ny c cho vo kt qua truy vn. Php ni ngoi Trong cc php ni cp trn, ch nhng dng c gi tr trong cc ct c ch nh tho mn iu kin kt ni mi c hin th trong kt qu truy vn, v c gi l php ni trong (inner join) Theo mt ngha n o , nhng php ni ny loi b thng tin cha trong nhng dng khng tho mn iu kin ni. Tuy nhin, i khi ta cng cn gi li nhng thng tin ny bng cch cho php nhng d ng khng tho mn iu kin ni c mt trong kt qu ca php ni. lm iu ny, ta c th s dng php ni ngoi. SQL cung cp cc loi php ni ngo i sau y: 44

Php ni ngoi tri (k hiu: *=): Php ni ny hin th trong kt qu truy vn tt c cc dng d liu ca bng nm bn tri trong iu kin ni cho d nhng dng ny khng tho mn iu kin ca php ni Php ni ngoi phi (k hiu: =*): Php ni n y hin th trong kt qu truy vn tt c cc dng d liu ca bng nm bn phi trong iu kin ni cho d nhng dng ny khng tho iu kin ca php ni. Tuy nhin trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edition khng h tr trc tip cc php ni *= v =*. Mt khc trong cc phin bn SQL Server sp ti cc php ni ny s hon ton khng c h tr. Do Microsoft khuyn co ng i s dng dng cc php ni LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN. Cc php ni ny s c ni r trong phn di y.

3.1.7 Php ni theo chun SQL-92

Chun SQL2 (SQL-92) a ra mt cch khc biu din cho php ni, trong cch biu din ny, iu kin ca php ni khng c ch nh trong mnh WHERE m c ch nh ngay trong mnh FROM ca cu lnh. Cch s dng php ni n y cho php ta biu din php ni cng nh iu kin ni c r rng, c bit l trong trng hp php ni c thc hin trn ba bng tr ln. Php ni trong iu kin thc hin php ni trong c ch nh trong mnh FROM theo c php nh sau: tn_bng_1 [INNER] JOIN tn_bng_2 ON iu_kin_ni V d: Php ni ngoi SQL2 cung cp cc php ni ngoi sau y: Php ni ngoi tri (LEFT OUTER JOIN) Php ni ngoi phi (RIGHT OUTER JOIN) Php ni ngoi y (FULL OUTER JOIN) Cng tng t nh php ni trong, iu kin ca php ni ngo i cng c ch nh ngay trong mnh FROM theo c php: tn_bng_1 LEFT|RIGHT|FULL [OUTER] JOIN t n_bng_2 ON iu_kin_ni V d: tm ra cc khch hng c t hng thay v s dng cu truy vn sau: select * customers c, orders o where c.customerid = o.orderid 45

Ta c th s dng cu truy vn sau: select * from customers c inner join orders o on c.customerid = o.customerid

Nu php ni ngoi tri hin th trong kt qu truy vn c nhng d ng d liu khng tho iu kin ni ca bng bn tri trong php ni th php ni ngoi y hin th trong kt qu truy vn c nhng dng d liu khng tho iu kin ni ca c hai bng tham gia v o php ni. V d: Gi s c CSDL nh sau:

Thc hin php ni ngoi tri, ni ngoi phi v ni ngoi y cho kt qu nh sau: Php ni ngoi tri: select * from faculty f left join class c on f.facultyid = c.facultyid

Php ni ngoi phi: select * from faculty f right join class c on f.facultyid = c.facultyid

Php ni ngoi y : select * from faculty f full join class c 46

on f.facultyid = c.facultyid

Mt c im ni bt ca SQL2 l cho php biu din php ni trn nhiu bng d liu mt cch r rng. Th t thc hin php ni gia cc bng c xc nh theo ngha kt qu ca php ni ny c s dng trong mt php ni khc. V d: Lit k tn cc mt hng c trong n t hng c m l 1. select i.ITEMNAME, o.ORDERDATE from (orders o inner join orderdetail od on o.orderid = od.orderid) inner join items i on od.itemid = i.itemid where o.orderid = 1

3.1.8 Mnh GROUP BY

Ngoi kh nng thc hin cc yu cu truy vn d liu thng th ng (chiu, chn, ni,) nh cp nh cc phn trc, cu lnh SELECT cn cho php thc hin cc thao tc truy vn v tnh ton thng k trn d liu. Mnh GROUP BY s dng trong cu lnh SELECT nhm phn hoch cc d ng d liu trong bng thnh cc nhm d liu, v trn mi nhm d liu thc hin tnh ton cc gi tr thng k nh tnh tng, tnh gi tr trung b nh,... Cc hm gp (aggregate functions) c s dng tnh gi tr thng k cho ton bng hoc trn mi nhm d liu. Chng c th c s dng nh l cc ct trong danh sch chn ca cu lnh SELECT hoc xut hin trong mnh HAVING, nh ng khng c php xut hin trong mnh WHERE SQL cung cp cc hm gp di y: Hm gp Chc nng SUM([ALL| DISTINCT] biu_thc) AVG([ALL| DISTINCT] biu_thc) COUNT([ALL|DISTINCT] biu_thc) Tnh tng cc gi tr. Tnh trung bnh ca cc gi tr m s cc gi tr trong biu thc. 47

COUNT(*) MAX(biu_thc) MIN(biu_thc)

m s cc dng c chn. Tnh gi tr ln nht Tnh gi tr nh nht

Hm SUM v AVG ch lm vic vi cc biu thc s. Hm SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN v MAX b qua cc gi tr NULL khi tnh ton. Hm COUNT(*) khng b qua cc gi tr NULL. Mc nh, cc hm gp thc hin tnh ton thng k trn ton b d liu. Trong trng hp cn loi b bt cc gi tr tr ng nhau (ch gi li mt gi tr), ta ch nh th m t kho DISTINCT trc biu thc l i s ca hm. Thng k trn ton b d liu Khi cn tnh ton gi tr thng k trn ton b d liu, ta s dng cc h m gp trong danh sch chn ca cu lnh SELECT. Trong tr ng hp ny, trong danh sch chn khng c s dng bt k mt tn ct hay biu thc no ngoi cc hm gp. V d: Tnh tui trung bnh, tui nh nht v ln nht ca cc khch hng select min(year(getdate())-year(BIRTHDAY)) as MINAGE, max(year(getdate())-year(BIRTHDAY)) as MAXAGE, avg(year(getdate())-year(BIRTHDAY)) as AVGAGE from customers

Thng k trn nhm Trong trng hp cn thc hin tnh ton cc gi tr thng k trn cc nhm d liu, ta s dng mnh GROUP BY phn hoch d liu v o trong cc nhm. Cc hm g p c s dng s thc hin thao tc tnh ton tr n mi nhm v cho bit gi tr thng k theo cc nhm d liu. V d: Cu truy vn sau cho bit s tng s tin khch hng phi tr cho tt c cc ln t hng select c.CUSTOMERID, c.CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar(20),cast(SUM(i.UNITPRICE*od.QUANTITY) as money),1) as SUMTOTAL from customers c inner join orders o on o.customerid = c.customerid inner join orderdetail od on o.orderid = od.orderid inner join items i on i.itemid = od.itemid group by c.customerid, c.customername 48

Nu mun hin s tin khch h ng phi tr cho tng n t hng, ch cn thm trng ORDERID vo mnh group by. select c.CUSTOMERID, c.CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar(20),cast(SUM(i.UNITPRICE*od.QUANTITY)as SUMTOTAL from money),1) as

customers c inner join orders o on o.customerid = c.customerid inner join orderdetail od on o.orderid = od.orderid inner join items i on i.itemid = od.itemid

group by c.customerid, c.customername, o.orderid

Lu : Trong trng hp danh sch chn ca cu lnh SELECT c c cc h m gp v nhng biu thc khng phi l hm gp th nhng biu thc ny phi c mt y trong mnh GROUP BY, nu khng cu lnh s khng hp l. Mnh HAVING ch nh iu kin trong h m gp Mnh HAVING c s dng nhm ch nh iu kin i vi cc gi tr thng k c sn sinh t cc hm gp tng t nh cch thc mnh WHERE thit lp cc iu kin cho cu lnh SELECT. Mnh HAVING th ng khng thc s c ngha nu nh khng s dng kt hp vi mnh GROUP BY. Mt im khc bit gia HAVING v WHERE l trong iu kin ca WHERE khng c c cc hm gp trong khi HAVING li cho php s dng cc hm gp trong iu kin ca mnh. V d: Tm ra cc khch hng c t ng s tin phi thanh ton cho tt c cc ln t h ng ln hn 100 triu. select c.CUSTOMERID, c.CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar(20),cast(SUM(i.UNITPRICE*od.QUANTITY)as money),1) as SUMTOTAL from customers c inner join orders o on o.customerid = c.customerid inner join orderdetail od on o.orderid = od.orderid inner join items i on i.itemid = od.itemid group by c.customerid, c.cu stomername having sum(i.UNITPRICE*od.QUANTITY) > 100000000 49

3.1.9 Truy vn con (Subquery)

Truy vn con l mt cu lnh SELECT c lng vo bn trong mt cu lnh SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ho c bn trong mt truy vn con khc. Loi truy vn ny c s dng biu din cho nhng truy vn trong iu kin truy vn d liu cn phi s dng n kt qu ca mt truy vn khc. C php ca truy vn con nh sau: (SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] danh_sch_ch n FROM danh_sch_bng [WHERE iu_kin] [GROUP BY danh_sch_ct] [HAVING iu_kin]) Khi s dng truy vn con cn l u mt s quy tc sau: Mt truy vn con phi c vit trong cp du ngoc. Trong hu ht cc tr ng hp, mt truy vn con thng phi c kt qu l mt ct (tc l ch c duy nht mt ct trong danh sch chn). Mnh COMPUTE v ORDER BY khng c php s dng trong truy vn con. Cc tn ct xut hin trong truy vn con c th l cc ct ca cc bng trong truy vn ngoi. Mt truy vn con thng c s dng lm iu kin trong mnh WHERE hoc HAVING ca mt truy vn khc. Nu truy vn con tr v ng mt gi tr, n c th s dng nh l mt thnh phn bn trong mt biu thc (chng hn xut hin trong mt php so snh bng) Php so snh i vi vi kt qu truy vn con Kt qu ca truy vn con c th c s dng thc hin php so snh s hc vi mt biu thc ca truy vn cha. Trong tr ng hp ny, truy vn con c s dng di dng: WHERE biu_thc php_ton_s_hc [ANY|ALL] (truy_vn_con) Trong php ton s hc c th s dng bao gm: =, <>, >, <, >=, <=; V truy vn con phi c kt qu bao gm ng mt ct. V d: Cu truy vn sau y tm tn khch hng c tui ln nht select c.CUSTOMERNAME, c.ADDRESS from customers c where year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) = 50

(select max(year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY)) from customers)

Nu truy vn con tr v nhiu h n mt gi tr, vic s dng php so snh nh trn s khng hp l. Trong trng hp ny, sau php ton so snh ph i s dng thm lng t ALL hoc ANY. Lng t ALL c s dng khi cn so snh gi tr ca biu thc vi tt c cc gi tr tr v trong kt qu ca truy vn con; ng c lai, php so snh vi l ng t ANY c kt qu ng khi ch cn mt gi tr bt k n o trong kt qu ca truy vn con tho m n iu kin V d: Ton t IN/NOT IN Khi cn thc hin php kim tra gi tr ca mt biu thc c xut hin (khng xut hin) trong tp cc gi tr ca truy vn con hay khng, ta c th s dng ton t IN (NOT IN) nh sau: WHERE biu_thc [NOT] IN (truy_vn_con) V d: Truy vn con vi EXISTS Lng t EXISTS c s dng kt hp vi truy vn con d i dng: WHERE [NOT] EXISTS (truy_v n_con) Lng t EXISTS (tng ng NOT EXISTS) tr v gi tr True (t ng ng False) nu kt qu ca truy vn con c t nht mt d ng (tng ng khng c dng no). iu khc bit ca vic s dng EXISTS vi hai cch nu trn l trong danh sch chn ca truy vn con c th c nhiu hn hai ct. V d: Truy vn con v mnh HAVING Mt truy vn con c th c s dng trong mnh HAVING ca mt truy vn khc. Trong trng hp ny, kt qu ca truy vn con c s dng to nn iu kin i vi cc hm gp. V d:

3.2 Thm, cp nht v xa d liu

Cc cu lnh thao tc d liu trong SQL khng nhng ch s dng truy vn d liu m cn thay i v cp nht d liu trong c s d liu. So vi cu lnh SELECT, vic s dng cc cu lnh b sung, cp nht hay xo d liu n gin hn nhiu. Trong phn cn li ca chng ny s cp n 3 cu lnh: 51

Lnh INSERT Lnh UPDATE Lnh DELETE

3.2.1 Thm d liu

D liu trong cc bng c th hin di dng cc dng (bn ghi). b sung thm cc dng d liu vo mt bng, ta s dng cu lnh INSERT. Hu ht cc h qun tr CSDL da trn SQL cung cp cc cch di y thc hin thao tc thm d liu cho bng: Thm tng dng d liu vi mi cu lnh INSERT. y l cc s dng thng gp nht trong giao tc SQL. Thm nhiu dng d liu bng cch truy xut d liu t cc bng d liu khc. Thm tng dng d liu b sung mt dng d liu mi vo bng, ta s dng cu lnh INSERT vi c php nh sau: INSERT INTO tn_bng[(danh_sch_ct)] VALUES(danh_sch_tr) Trong cu lnh INSERT, danh sch ct ngay sau t n bng khng cn thit phi ch nh nu gi tr cc trng ca bn ghi mi c ch nh y trong danh sch tr. Trong trng hp ny, th t cc gi tr trong danh sch tr phi bng vi s l ng cc trng ca bng cn b sung d liu cng nh phi tun theo ng th t ca cc tr ng nh khi bng c nh ngha V d: Thm thng tin mt khch hng mi vo bng Customer insert into customers (customername, birthday, gender, address) values('Nguyen Van An', '4/2/1976', 'True', '14 Thong Nhat') hoc insert into customers values('Nguyen Van An', '4/2/1976', 'True', '14 Thong Nhat') Lu : Trng CUSTOMERID c thit lp identity l YES nn ta khng c n thm gi tr trng ny m SQL s t ng to ra mt gi tr cho tr ng ny. Chi tit v identity s ni trong chng 4. Trong trng hp ch nhp gi tr cho mt s ct trong bng, ta phi ch nh danh sch cc ct cn nhp d liu ngay sau t n bng. Khi , cc ct khng c nhp d liu s nhn gi tr mc nh (nu c) hoc nhn gi tr NULL (nu ct cho php chp nhn gi tr NULL). Nu mt ct khng c gi tr mc nh v khng chp nhn gi tr NULL m khng uc nhp d liu, cu lnh s b li. Thm mt tp cc dng d liu vo bng 52

Mt cch s dng khc ca cu lnh INSERT c s dng b sung nhiu d ng d liu vo mt bng, cc dng d liu ny c ly t mt bng khc thng qua c u lnh SELECT. cch ny, cc gi tr d liu c b sung vo bng khng c ch nh tng minh m thay vo l m t cu lnh SELECT truy vn d liu t bng khc. C php cu lnh INSERT c dng nh sau: INSERT INTO tn_bng[(danh_sch_ct)] cu_lnh _SELECT V d: insert into Customers_Backup select * from Customers Lu : Kt qu ca cu lnh SELECT phi c s ct bng vi s ct c ch nh trong bng ch v phi tng thch v kiu d liu.

3.2.2 Cp nht d liu

Cu lnh UPDATE trong SQL c s dng cp nht d liu trong cc bng. Cu lnh ny c c php nh sau: UPDATE tn_bng SET tn_ct = biu_thc [, ..., tn_ct_k = biu_thc_k] [FROM danh_sch_bng] [WHERE iu_kin] Sau UPDATE l tn ca bng cn cp nht d liu. Mt cu lnh UPDATE c t h cp nht d liu cho nhiu ct bng cch ch nh cc danh sch t n ct v biu thc tng ng sau t kho SET. Mnh WHERE trong cu lnh UPDATE c s dng ch nh cc dng d liu chu tc ng ca cu lnh (nu khng ch nh, ph m vi tc ng ca cu lnh c hiu l ton b cc dng trong bng) V d: update customers set customername = 'Cao Van Chung' where customerid = 9 Trong cu lnh UPDATE c th s dng CASEWHEN . V d: select * into tmp1 from customers 53

update tmp1 set address = case end when customerid < 2 then 'Nguyen Trung Truc' else 'Nguyen Thi Minh Khai'

3.2.3 Xa d liu
xo d liu trong mt bng, ta s dng cu lnh DELETE. C php ca cu lnh n y nh sau: DELETE FROM tn_bng [FROM danh_sch_bng] [WHERE iu_kin] Trong cu lnh ny, tn ca bng cn xo d liu c ch nh sau DELETE FROM. Mnh WHERE trong cu lnh c s dng ch nh iu kin i vi cc d ng d liu cn xo. Nu cu lnh DELETE khng c mnh WHERE th ton b cc dng d liu trong bng u b xo. V d: delete from Items where itemid = 3 Xo d liu khi iu kin lin quan n nhiu bng Nu iu kin trong cu lnh DELETE li n quan n cc bng khng phi l bng cn xa d liu, ta phi s dng th m mnh FROM v sau l danh sch tn cc b ng . Trong trng hp ny, trong mnh WHERE ta ch nh th m iu kin ni gia cc bng V d: delete from orderdetail from items where items.itemid = orderdetail.itemid and items.itemname = 'LAPTOP' S dng truy vn con trong cu lnh DELETE Mt cu lnh SELECT c th c lng vo trong mnh WHERE trong cu lnh DELETE lm iu kin cho cu lnh tng t nh cu lnh UPDATE. V d: delete from orderdetail from items 54

where items.itemid = (select i.itemid from items i inner join orderdetail od on i.itemid = od.itemid WHERE itemname = 'LAPTOP') Xo ton b d liu trong bng Cu lnh DELETE khng ch nh iu kin i vi cc d ng d liu cn xo trong mnh WHERE s xo ton b d liu trong bng. Thay v s dng cu lnh DELETE trong tr ng hp ny, ta c th s dng cu lnh TRUNCATE c c php nh sau: TRUNCATE TABLE tn_b ng V d: truncate table tmp1

55

4 Ngn ng nh ngha d liu DDL

Trong chng ny s cp n nhm cc cu lnh c s dng nh ngha v qun l cc i tng CSDL nh bng, khung nhn, ch mc,... v c gi l ngn ng nh ngha d liu (DDL). V c bn, ngn ng nh ngha d liu bao gm cc lnh: CREATE: nh ngha v to mi i tng CSDL. ALTER: thay i nh ngha ca i tng CSDL. DROP: Xo i tng CSDL c.

4.1 To bng
Cu lnh CREATE TABLE c s dng nh ngha mt bng d liu mi trong CSDL. Khi nh ngha mt bng d liu mi, ta cn phi xc nh c cc yu cu sau y: Bng mi c to ra s dng vi mc ch g v c vai tr nh th no trong c s d liu. Cu trc ca bng bao gm nhng tr ng (ct) no, mi mt trng c ngha nh th no trong vic biu din d liu, kiu d liu ca mi trng l g v trng c cho php nhn gi tr NULL hay khng. Nhng trng no s tham gia vo kha chnh ca bng. Bng c quan h vi nhng bng khc hay khng v nu c th quan h nh th no. Trn cc trng ca bng c tn ti nhn g rng buc v khun dng, iu kin hp l ca d liu hay khng; nu c th s dng u v nh th no. Cu lnh CREATE TABLE c c php nh sau CREATE TABLE tn_bng ( tn_ct thuc_tnh_ct cc_rng_buc [,... ,tn_ct_n thuc_tnh_ct_n cc_rng_buc_ct_n] [,cc_rng_buc_trn_bng] ) Tn_bng: tun theo quy tc nh danh, khng vt qu 128 k t Tn_ct: cc ct trong bng, mi bng c t nht mt ct. Thuc_tnh_ct: bao gm kiu d liu ca ct, gi tr mc nh ca ct, ct c c thit lp thuc tnh identity, ct c chp nhn gi tr NULL hay khng. Trong kiu d liu l thuc tnh bt buc. 56

Cc_rng_buc: gm cc rng buc v khun dng d liu ( r ng buc CHECK) hay cc rng buc v bo ton d liu (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE) V d: V d di y to mt bng c tn CUSTOMERS create table customers ( customerid int identity (1,1) primary key, customername nvarchar(50) not null, address nvarchar(100 ) null , birthday datetime null, gender bit default('true') not null ) Ct customerid c kiu d liu int, c ch nh thuc tnh identity(1,1) ngha l d liu ct ny c thm t ng bt u t 1 v mi ln c dng mi thm vo, gi tr ct ny c tng ln 1. Ct ny cng c ch nh lm kha chnh ca bng thng qua thuc tnh primary key Thuc tnh NULL/ NOT NULL ch ra rng ct c chp nhn/ khng chp nhn gi tr NULL. Ct gender c ch nh gi tr mc nh l true ngha l nu khng ch nh gi tr cho ct ny th ct ny c gi tr l true V d: Thm dng mi vo bng customers vi gi tr truyn v o y cho cc ct insert into customers values('Nguyen Van An', '22 Nguyen Thien Thuat', '5/5/1988', 'True') Thm dng mi vo bng customers s dng gi tr mc nh insert into customers (customername, addr ess, birthday) values('Nguyen Van An', '22 Nguyen Thien Thuat', '5/5/1988') Thm dng mi vo bng customers v khng truyn gi tr cho cc ct cho php gi tr NULL insert into customers (customername ) values('Nguyen Van An')

57

4.2 Cc loi rng buc

4.2.1 Rng buc CHECK
Rng buc CHECK c s dng nhm ch nh iu kin hp l i vi d liu. Mi khi c s thay i d liu trn bng (INSERT, UPDATE), nhng r ng buc ny s c s dng nhm kim tra xem d liu mi c hp l hay khng. Rng buc CHECK c khai bo theo c php nh sau: [CONSTRAINT tn_rng_bu c] CHECK (iu_kin) V d: create table students ( studentid int identity(1,1) primary key, studentname nvarchar(50) not null, address nvarchar(100) not null, score1 tinyint not null constraint chk_score1 CHECK (score1 >= 0 and score1 <= 10), score2 tinyint not null constraint chk_score2 CHECK (score2 between 0 and 10), score3 tinyint not null constraint chk_score3 CHECK (score3 in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)), ) Thc hin vic thm mt dng c d liu khng tha iu kin insert into students values('Nguyen Van Dung', '12 Tran Quang Khai', 10, 10, -2)

C th gp chung cc rng buc CHECK li trong mt r ng buc duy nht nh sau create table students ( studentid int identity(1,1) primary key, studentname nvarchar(50) not null, address nvarchar(100) not null, score1 tinyint not null , score2 tinyint not null, 58

score3 tinyint not null, constraint chk_score CHECK( (score1>= 0 and score1 <=10) and (score2 between 0 and 10) and (score3 in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10))) )

4.2.2 Rng buc PRIMARY KEY

Rng buc PRIMARY KEY c s dng nh ngha kho chnh ca bng. Kho chnh ca mt bng l mt hoc mt tp nhiu ct m gi tr ca chng l duy nht trong bng. Hay ni cch khc, gi tr c a kho chnh s gip cho ta xc nh c duy nht mt dng (bn ghi) trong bng d liu. Mi mt bng ch c th c duy nht mt kho chnh v bn thn kho chnh khng chp nhn gi tr NULL. R ng buc PRIMARY KEY l c s cho vic m bo tnh ton vn thc th cng nh ton vn tham chiu. khai bo mt rng buc PRIMARY KEY, ta s dng c php nh sau: [CONSTRAINT tn_rng_bu c] PRIMARY KEY [(danh_sch_ct)] Nu kho chnh ca bng ch bao gm ng mt ct v rng buc PRIMARY KEY c ch nh mc ct, ta khng cn thit phi ch nh danh sch ct sau t kho PRIMARY KEY. Tuy nhin, nu vic khai bo kho chnh c tin hnh mc bng (s dng khi s lng cc ct tham gia vo kho l t hai tr ln) th bt buc phi ch nh danh sch ct ngay sau t kha PRIMARY KEY v tn cc ct c phn cch nhau bi du phy. V d 1: nh ngha mt bng ch c mt kha chnh create table customers ( customerid int identity(1,2) constraint chk_primarykey primary key, customername nvarchar(50) not null, address nvarchar(100) not null, gender bit not null ) Hoc l create table customers ( customerid int identity(1,2) primary key, customername nvarchar(50) not null, 59

address nvarchar(100) not null, gender bit not null ) V d 2: nh ngha bng c hai kha chnh: create table orderdetail ( customerid int, orderid int, itemid int not null, quantity decimal(8,2) not null, constraint chk_primarykey primary key (customerid, orderid) )

4.2.3 Rng buc FOREIGN KEY

FOREIGN KEY l mt ct hay mt s kt hp ca nhiu ct c s dng p t mi lin kt d liu gia hai table. FOREIGN KEY ca mt bng s gi gi tr ca PRIMARY KEY ca mt bng khc v chng ta c th to ra nhiu FOREIGN KEY trong mt table. FOREIGN KEY c th tham chiu vo PRIMARY KEY hay ct c rng buc duy nht. FOREIGN KEY c th cha gi tr NULL. Mc d mc ch chnh ca rng buc FOREIGN KEY l kim sot d liu cha trong bng c FOREIGN KEY (tc table con) nhng thc cht n cng kim sot lun c d liu trong bng cha PRIMARY KEY (tc table cha). V d nu ta xa d liu trong bng cha th d liu trong bng con tr nn "m ci" (orphan) v khng th tham chiu ngc v bng cha. Do rng buc FOREIGN KEY s m bo iu khng xy ra. Nu bn mun xa d liu trong bng cha th trc ht bn phi xa hay v hiu ha rng buc FOREIGN KEY trong bng con trc. Rng buc FOREIGN KEY c nh ngha theo c php d i y: [CONSTRAINT tn_rng_bu c] FOREIGN KEY [(danh_sch_ct)] REFERENCES tn_bng_tham_chiu(danh_sch_ct_tham_chiu) [ON DELETE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT] [ON UPDATE CASCADE | NO ACTION | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT] Vic nh ngha mt rng buc FOREIGN KEY bao gm cc yu t sau: Tn ct hoc danh sch ct ca b ng c nh ngha tham gia vo kho ngoi. Tn ca bng c tham chiu bi kho ngo i v danh sch cc ct c tham chiu n trong bng tham chiu. 60

Cch thc x l i vi cc bn ghi trong bng c nh ngha trong trng hp cc bn ghi c tham chiu trong bng tham chiu b xo (ON DELETE) hay cp nht (ON UPDATE). SQL chun a ra 4 cch x l CASCADE: T ng xo (cp nht) nu bn ghi c tham chiu b xo (cp nht). NO ACTION: (Mc nh) Nu bn ghi trong bng tham chiu ang c tham chiu bi mt bn ghi bt k trong bng c nh ngha th bn ghi khng c php xo hoc cp nht (i vi ct c tham chiu). SET NULL: Cp nht li kho ngoi ca bn ghi thnh gi tr NULL (nu ct cho php nhn gi tr NULL). SET DEFAULT: Cp nht li kho ngoi ca bn ghi nhn gi tr mc nh (nu ct c qui nh gi tr mc nh). V d: drop table orderdetail create table orderdetail ( orderid int constraint fk_orderdetail_orders foreign k ey references orders(orderid) on delete cascade on update cascade, customerid int constraint fk_orderdetail_customer foreign key references customers(customerid) on delete cascade on update cascade, itemid int constraint fk_orderdetail_items fore ign key references items(itemid) on delete cascade on update cascade, quantity decimal(18,2) not null, )

4.3 Sa i nh ngha bng

Mt bng sau khi c nh ngha bng cu lnh CREATE TABLE c th c sa i thng qua cu lnh ALTER TABLE. Cu lnh ny cho php thc hin c cc thao tc sau: B sung mt ct vo bng. 61

Xo mt ct khi bng. Thay i nh ngha ca mt ct trong bng. Xo b hoc b sung cc rng buc cho bng C php ca cu lnh ALTER TABLE nh sau: ALTER TABLE tn_bng ADD nh_ngha_ct | ALTER COLUMN tn_ct kiu_d_liu [NULL | NOT NULL] DROP COLUMN tn_ct | ADD CONSTRAINT tn_rng_bu c nh_ngha_rng_buc DROP CONSTRAINT tn_rng_bu c V d 1: Thm mt ct mi vo bng ORDERS alter table orders add description nvarchar(100) not null V d 2: Thay i nh ngha ct desciption alter table orders alter column description nvarchar(200) null V d 3: Thm rng buc CHECK vo ct decription alter table orders add constraint chk_descriptionlength CHECK (len(description) > 10) V d 4: Xa rng buc CHECK alter table orders drop chk_descriptionlength V d 5: Xa ct description alter table orders drop column description V d 6: Thm mt ct mi vo bng orders v thm rng buc cho ct ny alter table orders add description nvarchar(100) null, constraint chk_descriptionlength CHECK (len(description) > 0) Nu b sung thm mt ct vo bng v trong bng c t nht mt bn ghi th ct mi cn b sung phi cho php chp nhn gi tr NULL hoc phi c gi tr mc nh. Mun xo mt ct ang c rng buc bi mt rng buc hoc ang c tham chiu bi mt kho ngoi, ta phi xo rng buc hoc kho ngoi trc sao cho trn ct khng cn bt k mt rng buc v khng cn c tham chiu bi bt k kho ngo i no. 62

Nu b sung thm rng buc cho mt bng c d liu v rng buc cn b sung khng c tho mn bi cc bn ghi c trong bng th cu lnh ALTER TABLE khng thc hin c.

4.4 Xa bng
Khi mt bng khng cn cn thit , ta c th xo n ra khi c s d liu bng cu lnh DROP TABLE. Cu lnh ny cng ng thi xo tt c nhng r ng buc, ch mc, trigger lin quan n bng . Cu lnh c c php nh sau: DROP TABLE tn_bng Trong cc h qun tr c s d liu, khi xo mt bng bng lnh DROP TABLE, ta khng th khi phc li bng cng nh d liu ca n. Do , cn phi cn thn khi s dng cu lnh ny. Cu lnh DROP TABLE khng th thc hin c nu bng cn xo ang c tham chiu bi mt rng buc FOREIGN KEY. Trong tr ng hp ny, rng buc FOREIGN KEY ang tham chiu hoc bng ang tham chiu n bng cn xo phi c xo trc. Khi mt bng b xo, tt c cc r ng buc, ch mc v trigger lin quan n bng cng ng thi b xa theo. Do , nu ta to li bng th cng phi to li cc i t ng ny. V d: xa bng ORDERS trc tin ta phi xa rng buc FOREIGN KEY t bng ORDERDETAIL alter table orderdetail drop constraint fk_orderdetail_orders Sau xa bng ORDERS drop table orders

4.5 Khung nhn - VIEW

Khung nhn l mt bng tm thi, c cu trc nh mt bng, khung nhn khng lu tr d liu m n c to ra khi s dng, khung nh n l i tng thuc CSDL. Khung nhn c to ra t cu lnh truy vn d liu (lnh SELECT), truy vn t mt hoc nhiu bng d liu. Khung nhn c s dng khai thc d liu nh mt bng d liu, chia s nhiu ng i dng, an ton trong khai thc, khng nh hng d liu gc. C th thc hin truy vn d liu tr n cu trc ca khung nhn. 63

Nh vy, mt khung nhn trng ging nh mt bng vi mt tn khung nhn v l mt tp bao gm cc dng v cc ct. im khc bit gia khung nh n v bng l khung nhn khng c xem l mt cu trc lu tr d liu tn ti trong c s d liu. Thc cht d liu quan st c trong khung nhn c ly t cc bng thng qua cu lnh truy vn d liu. Cu lnh CREATE VIEW c s dng to ra khung nh n v c c php nh sau: CREATE VIEW tn_khung_nhn[(danh_sch_tn_c t)] AS cu_lnh_SELECT V d: create view CUSTOMERINFO as select CUSTOMERNAME, (year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY)) as AGE, ADDRESS from customers Thc hin cu truy vn trn khung nhn va to ra: select * from customerinfo

Nu trong cu lnh CREATE VIEW, ta khng ch nh danh sch cc t n ct cho khung nhn, tn cc ct trong khung nhn s chnh l tiu cc ct trong kt qu ca cu lnh SELECT. Trong trng hp tn cc ct ca khung nhn c ch nh, chng phi c cng s lng vi s lng ct trong kt qu ca cu truy vn. V d: create view CUSTOMERINFO (CUSTOMERNAME, AGE, ADDRESS) as select CUSTOMERNAME, year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY), ADDRESS from customers Lu : Phi t tn cho cc ct ca khung nhn trong cc trng hp sau y:

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Trong kt qu ca cu lnh SELECT c t nht mt ct c sinh ra bi mt biu th c (tc l khng phi l mt tn ct trong bng c s) v ct khng c t tiu . Tn ti hai ct trong kt qu ca cu lnh SELECT c c ng tiu ct.

4.6 Thm, cp nht, xa d liu trong VIEW

i vi mt s khung nhn, ta c th tin hnh thc hin cc thao tc cp nhp, thm v xo d liu. Thc cht, nhng thao tc n y s c chuyn thnh nhng thao tc trn cc bng c s v c tc ng n nhng bng c s. V mt l thuyt, c th thc hin thao tc b sung, cp nht v xo, mt khung nhn trc tin phi tho mn cc iu kin sau y: Trong cu lnh SELECT nh ngha khung nh n khng c s dng t kho DISTINCT, TOP, GROUP BY v UNION. Cc thnh phn xut hin trong danh sch chn ca cu lnh SELECT phi l cc ct trong cc bng c s. Trong danh sch chn khng c cha cc biu thc tnh ton, cc h m gp. Ngoi nhng iu kin trn, cc thao tc thay i n d liu thng qua khung nh n cn phi m bo tho mn cc rng buc trn cc bng c s, tc l vn m bo tnh ton vn d liu. Mc d thng qua khung nhn c th thc hin c thao tc b sung v cp nht d liu cho bng c s nhng ch hn ch i vi nhng khung nh n n gin. i vi nhng khung nhn phc tp th thng khng thc hin c; hay ni cch khc l d liu trong khung nhn l ch c.

4.7 Thay i nh ngha khung nh n

Cu lnh ALTER VIEW dng nh ngha li khung nh n c cu trc nh sau: ALTER VIEW tn_khung_nhn [(danh_sch_tn_c t)] AS Cu_lnh_SELECT V d: V d di y nh ngha li khung nhn CUSTOMERINFO alter view customerinfo as select CUSTOMERNAME, (year(getdate()) - year(birthday)) as AGE, ADDRESS, GENDER from customers Lu : lnh CREATE VIEW khng lm thay i cc quyn c cp pht cho ngi s dng trc . 65

4.8 Xa khung nhn

Cu lnh DROP VIEW dng xa khung nhn c cu trc nh sau: DROP VIEW tn_khung_nhn V d: drop view customerinfo Lu : Nu mt khung nhn b xo, ton b nhng quyn cp pht cho ngi s dng trn khung nhn cng ng thi b xo. Do , nu ta to li khung nhn th phi tin hnh cp pht li quyn cho ngi s dng.

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5 Th tc lu tr, hm v trigger
5.1 Th tc lu tr (Stored procedure)
Th tc lu tr l mt i tng trong CSDL, bao gm nhiu cu lnh T-SQL c tp hp li vi nhau thnh mt nhm, v tt c cc lnh ny s c thc thi khi th tc l u tr c thc thi. Vi th tc lu tr, mt phn no kh nng ca ngn ng lp tr nh c a vo trong ngn ng SQL. Th tc lu tr c th c cc thnh phn sau: Cc cu trc iu khin (IF, WHILE, FOR ) c th c s dng trong th tc. Bn trong th tc lu tr c th s dng cc bin nh trong ngn ng lp trnh nhm lu gi cc gi tr tnh ton c, cc gi tr c truy xut c t c s d liu. Mt tp cc cu lnh SQL c kt hp li vi nhau th nh mt khi lnh bn trong mt th tc. Mt th tc c th nhn cc tham s truyn v o cng nh c th tr v cc gi tr thng qua cc tham s (nh trong cc ngn ng lp trnh). Khi mt th tc lu tr c nh ngha, n c th c gi thng qua tn th tc, nhn cc tham s truyn v o, thc thi cc cu lnh SQL bn trong th tc v c th tr v cc gi tr sau khi thc hin xong. Li ch ca vic s dng th tc l u tr: SQL Server ch bin dch cc th tc lu tr mt ln v s dng li kt qu bin dch ny trong cc ln tip theo tr khi ngi dng c nhng thit lp khc. Vic s dng li kt qu bin dch khng lm nh hng n hiu sut h thng khi th tc l u tr c gi lin tc nhiu ln. Th tc lu tr c phn tch, ti u khi to ra nn vic thc thi chng nhanh h n nhiu so vi vic phi thc hin mt tp ri rc cc cu lnh SQL t ng ng theo cch thng thng. Th tc lu tr cho php chng ta thc hin c ng mt yu cu bng mt cu lnh n gin thay v phi s dng nhiu dng lnh SQL. iu ny s lm gim thiu s lu thng trn mng. Thay v cp pht quyn trc tip cho ng i s dng trn cc cu lnh SQL v trn cc i tng c s d liu, ta c th cp pht quyn c ho ngi s dng thng qua cc th tc l u tr, nh tng kh nng bo mt i vi h thng. Cc th tc lu tr tr v kt qu theo 4 cch: S dng cc tham s output S dng cc lnh tr v gi tr, cc lnh n y lun tr v gi tr s nguyn.

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Tp cc gi tr tr v ca mi cu lnh SELECT c trong th tc l u tr hoc ca qu trnh gi mt th tc lu tr khc trong mt th tc l u tr. Mt bin con tr ton cc c th tham chiu t b n ngoi th tc.

5.1.1 To th tc lu tr
Th tc lu tr c to thng qua c.u lnh CREATE PROCEDURE. CREATE PROCEDURE tn_th _tc [(danh_sch_tham_s)] [WITH RECOMPILE|ENCRYPTION|RECOMPILE,ENCRYPTION] AS Cc_cu_lnh_ca_th_tc Trong : WITH RECOMPILE: yu c u SQL Server bin dch li th tc lu tr mi khi c gi. WITH ENCRYPTION: yu cu SQL Server m ha th tc lu tr. Cc_cu_lnh_ca_th_tc: Cc lnh T-SQL. Cc lnh ny c th nm trong cp BEGINEND hoc khng. V d: Gi s cn thc hin cc cng vic theo th t nh sau: Nhp mt n t hng mi ca khch hng c m khch hng l 3 Nhp cc chi tit n t hng cho n t hng trn. thc hin cc cng vic tr n chng ta cn cc cu lnh nh sau: Trc tin nhp n t hng cho khch hng c m khch hng l 3 insert into orders values(3, '7/22/2008') Tip theo thm cc chi tit n t hng cho ha n ny. Gi s rng n t hng c m l 4 v khch hng t mt mt hng c m l 1. insert into orderdetail values(4, 1, 10) Cch vit nh trn c hn ch l: trong qu trnh lm vic s c rt nhiu n t hng mi, do ngi dng s phi vit i vit li nhng cu lnh t ng t nhau cho cc khch hng khc nhau. Mt cch gii quyt vn n y l dng th tc lu tr v dng tham s nhn cc thng tin thay i. create procedure sp_InsertOrderAndOrderD etail @customerid int, @orderdate datetime, @orderid int, @itemid int, 68

@quantity decimal, as begin insert into orders values(@customerid, @orderdate) insert into orderdetail values(@orderid, @itemid, @quantity) end Thc hin th tc lu tr ny nh sau: sp_InsertOrderAndOrderDetail 3, 22/7/2008, 4, 1, 10)

5.1.2 Li gi th tc
Th tc lu tr c gi theo cu trc Tn_th_tc_lu _tr [danh_sch_tham_s] Cn lu l danh sch tham s truyn vo trong li gi phi theo ng th t khai bo cc tham s trong th tc lu tr. Nu th tc c gi t mt th tc khc, thc hin b n trong mt trigger hay phi hp vi cu lnh SELECT, cu trc nh sau; Exec Tn_th_tc_lu _tr [danh_sch_tham_s]

5.1.3 Bin trong th tc lu tr

Trong th tc lu tr c th c cc bin nhm lu cc kt qu tnh ton hay truy xut t CSDL. Cc bin trong th tc c khai bo bng t kha DECLARE theo cu trc nh sau: DECLARE @tn_bin kiu_d_liu V d: create procedure sp_SelectCustomerWithMaxAge as begin declare @maxAge int select @maxAge = max(year(getdate()) -year(BIRTHDAY)) from customers select CUSTOMERNAME, BIRTHDAY from customers where year(getdate())-year(BIRTHDAY)=@maxAge 69

end

5.1.4 Gi tr tr v trong th tc lu tr
Trong cc v d trc, nu i s truyn c ho th tc khi c li gi n th tc l bin, nhng thay i gi tr ca bin trong th tc s khng c gi li khi kt thc qu tr nh thc hin th tc. V d: C th tc lu tr nh sau create procedure sp_TestOutput @a int, @b int, @c int as select @c = @a + @b Thc thi th tc: Declare @tong int set @tong = 0 sp_TestOutput 100, 200, @tong select @tong Kt qu l 0. S dng tham s OUTPUT Trong trng hp cn phi gi li gi tr ca i s sau khi kt thc th tc, ta phi khai bo tham s ca th tc theo c php nh sau: @tn_tham_s kiu_d_liu OUTPUT V d trn c vit li nh sau: create procedure sp_TestOutput @a int, @b int, @c int output as select @c = @a + @b Thc thi th tc: Declare @tong int set @tong = 0 sp_TestOutput 100, 100, @tong output select @tong 70

Kt qu l 200. S dng lnh RETURN Tng nh nh vic s dng tham s OUTPUT, cu lnh RETURN tr v gi tr cho i tng thc thi stored procedure. V d: create procedure sp_TestReturn as begin declare @out int select @out = count(*) from customers return @out end Thc thi th tc lu tr declare @a int exec @a = sp_TestReturn select @a

5.1.5 Tham s vi gi tr mc nh
Cc tham s c khai bo trong th tc c th nhn cc gi tr mc nh. Gi tr mc nh s c gn cho tham s trong trng hp khng truyn i s cho tham s khi c li gi n th tc. Tham s vi gi tr mc nh c khai bo theo c php nh sau: @tn_tham_s kiu_d_liu = gi_tr_mc_nh V d: create procedure sp_TestDefault @customerid int = 3 as begin select * from customers where customerid = @customerid end Thc thi th tc lu tr theo gi tr mc nh ca tham s. sp_TestDefault 71

Thc thi th tc v truyn gi tr cho tham s: sp_TestDefault 4

5.1.6 Sa i th tc
Khi mt th tc c to ra, ta c th tin hnh nh ngha li th tc bng cu lnh ALTER PROCEDURE c c php nh sau: ALTER PROCEDURE tn_th _tc [(danh_sch_tham_s)] [WITH RECOMPILE|ENCRYPTION|RECOMPILE,ENCRYPTION] AS Cc_cu_lnh_ca_th_tc Cu lnh ny s dng tng t nh cu lnh CREATE PROCEDURE. Vic sa i li mt th tc c khng lm thay i n cc quyn cp pht trn th tc cng nh khng tc ng n cc th tc khc hay trigger ph thuc v o th tc ny.

5.1.7 Xa th tc
xo mt th tc c, ta s dng cu lnh DROP PROCEDURE vi c php nh sau: DROP PROCEDURE tn_th _tc Khi xo mt th tc, tt c cc quyn cp cho ngi s dng trn th tc cng ng thi b xo b. Do , nu to li th tc, ta phi tin h nh cp pht li cc quyn trn th tc .

5.2 Hm do ngi dng nh ngha (User Defined Function-UDF)

Hm do ngi dng nh ngha c chia lm 3 loi: (1) scalar (hm v hng), (2) inline table-valued (hm ni tuyn, gi tr tr v dng bng), (3) multi -statement table-valued (hm bao gm nhiu cu lnh SQL b n trong, tr v gi tr dng bng) Scalar UDF: c s dng tr v mt duy nht mt gi tr da tr n mt cc tham s truyn vo. V d: ta c th to ra mt UDF v h ng nhn Customerid l tham s v tr v CustomerName. Inline table-valued: tr v mt bng da trn mt cu lnh SQL duy nht nh ngha cc dng v cc ct tr v. 72

Multi-statement table-value: cng tr v kt qu l mt tp hp nhng c th da trn nhiu cu lnh SQL.

5.2.1 Hm v hng - Scalar UDF

Scarlar UDF c to ra bng cu lnh CREATE FUNCTION c cu trc nh sau; CREATE FUNCTION tn_hm ([danh_sch_tham_s]) RETURNS (kiu_tr_v_ca_h m) AS BEGIN cc_cu_lnh_ca_hm END V d: Cu lnh di y nh ngha hm tnh ngy trong tun (th trong tun) ca mt gi tr kiu ngy create function f_ thu(@ngay datetime) returns nvarchar(10) as begin declare @st nvarchar(10) select @st=case datepart(dw,@ngay) when 1 then N'ch nht' when 2 then N'th hai' when 3 then N 'th ba' when 4 then N 'th t' when 5 then N 'th nm' when 6 then N 'th su' else N 'th by' end return (@st) /* tr tr v ca hm */ end Sau khi chy thnh cng, hm tr thnh mt i tng trong CSDL v c th c truy xut nh cc hm c xy dng sn trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edition.

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V d: select CUSTOMERNAME, dbo.f_thu(BIRTHDAY) from customers

5.2.2 Hm ni tuyn - Inline UDF

Hm ni tuyn c nh ngha bng lnh CREATE FUNCTION. CREATE FUNCTION tn_hm ([danh_sch_tham_s ]) RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN (cu_lnh_select) C php ca hm ni tuyn phi tun theo cc qui tc sau: Kiu tr v ca hm phi c ch nh bi mnh RETURNS TABLE.

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Trong phn thn ca hm ch c duy nht mt cu lnh RETURN xc nh gi tr tr v ca hm thng qua duy nht mt cu lnh SELECT. Ngoi ra, khng s dng bt k cu lnh no khc trong phn thn ca hm. V d: V d di y ly ra cc khch h ng ty thuc vo gi tr m khch hng truyn vo cho tham s. create function f_SelectCustomer (@customerid int) returns table as return (select * from customers where customerid > @customerid) Vic gi cc hm ni tuyn cng tng t nh vic gi cc hm v hng. V d: select tmp.CUSTOMERNAME, o.ORDERDATE from orders o inner join dbo.f_SelectCustomer(3) as tmp on o.customerid = tmp.customerid

5.2.3 Hm bao gm nhiu cu lnh bn trong Multi statement UDF

Hm ny cng c nh ngha bng lnh CREATE FUNCTION CREATE FUNCTION tn_hm ([danh_sch_tham_s]) RETURNS @bin_bng TABLE nh_ngha_bng AS BEGIN cc_cu_lnh_trong_thn_hm RETURN END Lu : sau t kha RETURNS l mt bin bng c nh ngha. V sau t kha RETURN cui hm khng c tham s no i km. V d: create function f_SelectCustomer (@customerid int) returns @myCustomers table ( customerid int, 75

customername nvarchar(50), orderdate datetime ) as begin if @customerid = 0 insert into @myCustomers select c.customerid, c.customername, o.orderdate from customers c inner join orders o on o.customerid = c.customerid else insert into @myCustomers select c.customerid, c.customername, o.orderdate from customers c inner join orders o on c.customerid = o.customerid where c.customerid = @customerid return end Vic gi hm multi statement UDF cng tng t cc loi hm khc select * from f_SelectCustome r(0)

select * from f_SelectCustomer(3)

5.2.4 Thay i hm
Dng lnh ALTER FUNCTION thay i nh ngha h m. Cu trc ca cu lnh ALTER FUNCTION tng t nh CREATE FUNCTION V d: alter function f_SelectCustomer (@customerid int) returns table as return (select * from customers 76

where customerid > @customerid)

5.2.5 Xa hm
Dng lnh DROP FUNCTION xa h m. Cu trc lnh DROP FUNCTION nh sau DROP FUNCTION tn_hm V d: drop function f_thu Tng t nh th tc lu tr, khi hm b xa cc quyn cp cho ng i dng trn hm cng b xa. Do khi nh ngha li hm ny, ta phi cp li quyn cho cc ng i dng.

5.3 Trigger
Trigger l mt dng c bit ca th tc l u tr, c thc thi mt cch t ng khi c s thay i d liu (do tc ng ca cu lnh INSER T, UPDATE, DELETE) trn mt bng no .

5.3.1 Cc c im ca trigger
Trigger ch thc thi t ng thng qua cc s kin m khng thc hin bng tay. Trigger s dng c vi khung nhn. Khi trigger thc thi theo cc s kin Insert hoc Delete th d liu khi thay i s c chuyn sang cc bng INSERTED v DELETED, l 2 bng tm thi ch cha trong b nh, cc bng ny ch c s dng vi cc lnh trong trigger. Cc bng n y thng c s dng khi phc li phn d liu thay i (roll back). Trigger chia thnh 2 loi INSTEAD OF v AFTER: INSTEAD OF l loi trigger m hot ng ca s kin gi trigger s b b qua v thay vo l cc lnh trong trigger c thc hin. AFTER trigger l loi ngm nh, khc vi loi INSTEAD OF th loi trigger ny s thc hin cc lnh bnh trong sau khi thc hin xong s kin kch hot trigger.

5.3.2 Cc trng hp s dng trigger

S dng Trigger khi cc bin php bo m to n vn d liu khc khng bo m c. Cc cng c ny s thc hin kim tra tnh ton vn tr c khi a d liu vo CSDL, cn Trigger thc hin kim tra tnh to n vn khi cng vic thc hin Khi CSDL cha c chun ha (Normalization) th c th xy ra d liu tha, cha nhiu v tr trong CSDL th yu cu t ra l d liu cn cp nht thng n ht trong mi ni. Trong trng hp ny ta phi s dng Trigger.

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Khi xy ra thay i dy chuyn d liu gia cc bng vi nhau (khi d liu bng n y thay i th d liu trong bng khc cng c thay i theo).

5.3.3 Kh nng sau ca trigger

Mt trigger c th nhn bit, ngn chn v hu b c nhng thao tc lm thay i tri php d liu trong c s d liu. Cc thao tc trn d liu (xo, cp nht v b sung) c th c trigger pht hin ra v t ng thc hin mt lot cc thao tc khc tr n c s d liu nhm m bo tnh hp l ca d liu. Thng qua trigger, ta c th to v kim tra c nhng mi quan h phc tp h n gia cc bng trong c s d liu m bn thn cc rng buc khng th thc hin c.

5.3.4 nh ngha trigger

Cu lnh CREATE TRIGGER c s dng inh ngha trigger v c cu trc nh sau: CREATE TRIGGER tn_trigger ON tn_bng FOR {[INSERT][,][UPDATE][,][DELETE]} AS [IF UPDATE(tn_ct) [AND UPDATE(tn_ct)|OR UPDATE(tn_ct)] ...] cc_cu_lnh_ca_trigger Lu : Nh ni trn, chun SQL nh ngha hai bng logic INSERTED v DELETED s dng trong cc trigger. Cu trc ca hai bng n y tng t nh cu trc ca bng m trigger tc ng. D liu trong hai bng n y tu thuc vo cu lnh tc ng ln bng lm kch hot trigger; c th trong cc trng hp sau: Khi cu lnh DELETE c thc thi trn bng, cc dng d liu b xo s c sao chp vo trong bng DELETED. Bng INSERTED trong tr ng hp ny khng c d liu. D liu trong bng INSERTED s l dng d liu c b sung vo bng gy nn s kch hot i vi trigger bng cu lnh INSERT. Bng DELETED trong tr ng hp ny khng c d liu. Khi cu lnh UPDATE c thc thi trn bng, cc dng d liu c chu s tc ng ca cu lnh s c sao chp vo bng DELETED, cn trong bng INSERTED s l cc dng sau khi c cp nht. 78

Hot ng INSERT DELETE UPDATE

Bng INSERTED d liu c insert khng c d liu d liu c cp nht

Bng DELETED khng c d liu d liu b xa d liu trc khi cp nht

V d 1: V d di y minh ha vic trigger c kch hot khi thm d liu vo bng CUSTOMERS if exists (select name from sysobjects where name = 't_CheckCustomerName' and type = 'TR') drop trigger t_CheckCustomerName go create trigger t_CheckCustomerName on customers for insert as declare @lengthOfName int select @lengthOfName = len(inserted.customername) from inserted if @lengthOfName <=1 print N'Tn khng hp l' rollback tran go Thm mt khch hng mi c tn l A insert into customers values('A', '5/5/1978', 'True', '35 Hung Vuong')

V d 2: V d di y minh ha trigger c kch hot khi c s thay i mang t nh y chuyn gia cc bng. Gi s c CSDL nh sau:

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Vi d liu trong tng bng l :

Gi s c mt khch hng mua 10 n v mt hng LAPTOP. Khi s lng LAPTOP trong bng ITEMFORSALE s gim xung cn 90. Trigger di y s thc hin cng vic . if exists (select name from sysobjects where name = 't_DecreaseQuantityOf ItemForSale') drop trigger t_DecreaseQuantityOfItemForSale go create trigger t_DecreaseQuantityOfItemForSale on SALE for insert as update ITEMSFORSALE set itemsforsale.quantity = itemsforsale.quantity - inserted.salequantity from itemsforsale inner join inserted on itemsforsale.itemid = inserted.itemid go Thc hin thm dng vo bng SALE insert into sale values( 1, 10)

V d 3: V d ny minh ha cng minh ha trigger c kch hot khi c s thay i mang tnh dy chuyn gia cc bng nhng trong trng hp ny d liu thay i lin quan n nhiu dng. 80

Gi s ngi qun l mun thay i s l ng bn mt hng LAPTOP trong bng SALE ln thm 5 n v. Nh vy t kt qu v d 2, ta thy cn phi gim s l ng LAPTOP trong bng ITEMSFORSALE xung 10 n v. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khi s lng cc dng trong bng SALE rt ln, khi phi s dng trigger: if exists (select name from sysobjects where name = 't_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale') drop trigger t_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale go create trigger t_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale on SALE for update as if update(salequantity) update ITEMSFORSALE set itemsforsale.quantity = itemsforsale.quantity (select sum(inserted.salequantity - deleted.salequantity) from deleted inner join inserted on deleted.saleid = inserted.saleid where inserted.itemid = itemsforsale.itemid) where itemsforsale.itemid in (select inserted.itemid from inserted) Thc hin cp nht cho bng SALE : update sale set salequantity = salequantity + 10 where itemid = 1

V d 4: V d ny minh ha INSTEAD OF trigger. Trigger di y s khng cho thc hin thao tc xa trn bng CUSTOMERS. create trigger t_RollbackDelete on customers after delete as 81

rollback tran

5.3.5 Kch hot trigger da trn s thay i d liu trn ct

Thay v ch nh mt trigger c kch hot trn mt bng, ta c th ch nh trigger c kch hot v thc hin nhng thao tc c th khi vic thay i d liu ch li n quan n mt s ct nht nh no ca ct. Trong trng hp ny, ta s dng mnh IF UPDATE trong trigger. IF UPDATE khng s dng c i vi cu lnh DELETE. Tr li v d 3 trong phn nh ngha trigger: if exists (select name from sysobjects where name = 't_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale') drop trigger t_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale go create trigger t_DecreaseSumQuantityOfItemForSale on SALE for update as if update(salequantity) update ITEMSFORSALE set itemsforsale.quantity = itemsf orsale.quantity (select sum(inserted.salequantity - deleted.salequantity) from deleted inner join inserted on deleted.saleid = inserted.saleid where inserted.itemid = itemsforsale.itemid) where itemsforsale.itemid in (select inserted.itemi d from inserted) Trong v d ny trigger s c kch hot khi c s thay i d liu trong ct salequantity ca bng Sale. Nu c s thay i d liu tr n cc ct khc th trigger s khng c kch hot. Cu lnh di y khng lm cho trigger kch hot. update sale set itemid = 3 where itemid = 2 Mnh IF UPDATE c th xut hin nhiu ln trong phn thn ca trigger. Khi , mnh IF UPDATE no ng th phn cu lnh ca mnh s c thc thi khi trigger c kch hot. 82

5.3.6 S dng trigger v Giao tc (TRANSACTION)

Khi mt trigger c kch hot, SQL Server lun to ra mt giao tc theo di nhng thay i do cu lnh kch hot trigger hoc do bn thn trigger gy ra. S theo d i ny cho php CSDL quay tr li trng thi trc . V d: V d di y xy dng trigger khng cho php nhp v o mt bn ghi trong bng SALE khi s lng hng bn ln hn s lng hng thc t cn li trong bng ITEMSFORSALE if exists (select name from sysobjects where name = 't_CheckQuantity' and type = 'TR') drop trigger t_CheckQuantity go create trigger t_CheckQuantity on sale for insert as declare @insertedQuantity decimal(18,2) declare @currentQuantity decimal(18,2) declare @itemid int select @itemid = itemid from inserted select @insertedQuantity = s alequantity from inserted select @currentQuantity = quantity from itemsforsale where itemid = @itemid if(@currentquantity < @insertedquantity) print N's lng nhp vo ln hn s lng hin c' rollback tran Tin hnh thm vo bng SALE s liu nh sau: insert into sale values(2, 1000) 83

5.4 DDL TRIGGER

c gii thiu trong SQL Server 2005, khc vi DML trigger c kch hot khi c s thay i d liu trn bng, DDL trigger c thit k p ng li cc s kin din ra tr n server hay trn CSDL. Mt DDL trigger c th c kch hot khi ngi dng thc hin cc lnh CREATE TABLE hay DROP TABLE. cp server, DDL trigger c th c kch hot khi c mt ti khon mi c to ra DDL trigger c lu tr trong CSDL m DDL trigger c gn vo. Vi cc Server DDL Trigger theo di cc thay i cp Server, c lu tr trong CSDL master. DDL trigger c to ra cng bng cu lnh CREATE TRIGGER vi cu trc nh sau: CREATE TRIGGER tn_trigger ON { ALL SERVER | DATABASE } FOR { loi_s_kin } [ ,...n ] AS { cc_cu_lnh_SQL} Trong : ALL SERVER | DATABASE : quy nh trigger s kch hot da tr n cc s kin din ra trn Server hay cc s kin din ra trn CSDL. loi_s_kin: l mt s kin n cp Server hay cp CSDL l m kch hot DDL trigger nh: CREATE_TABLE, ALTER_TABLE, DROP_TABLE V d 1: Cu lnh di y xy dng mt trigger c kch hot khi xy ra cc s kin cp CSDL. Trigger ny s ngn chn cc lnh DROP TABLE v ALTER TABLE. create trigger t_safety on database for CREATE_TABLE, DROP_TABLE as print N'Phi xa trigger t_safety tr c khi ALTER hay DROP bng' rollback tran Tin hnh xa bng ORDERDETAIL drop table orderdetail

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V d 2: Cu lnh di y xy dng mt trigger c kch hot khi xy ra cc s kin cp Server. Trigger ny s ngn chn vic to ra mt account login mi IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sys.server_triggers WHERE name = 't_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin') DROP TRIGGER t_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin ON ALL SERVER GO CREATE TRIGGER t_DoNotAllowCreat eNewLogin ON ALL SERVER FOR CREATE_LOGIN AS PRINT N'Phi DROP trigger t_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin tr c khi to account' rollback GO Tin hnh to mt account login mi : create login test with password = '123456'

5.5 Enable/ Disable TRIGGER

Trigger cn b v hiu ha trong mt s tr ng hp: Trigger gy ra li trong qu trnh x l CSDL Qu trnh nhp hay khi phc nhng d liu khng tha trigger. V hiu ha trigger bng lnh DISABLE TRIGGER c cu trc nh sau: DISABLE TRIGGER tn_trigger ON { tn_i_tng | DATABASE | SERVER } V d 1: V d ny s v hiu ha trigger t_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin disable trigger t_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin on all server Tin hnh to mt account login mi: create login newLogin with password = '12345'

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V d 2: V d ny s khi phc li trigger t_ DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin enable trigger t_DoNotAllowCreateNewLogin on all server Tin hnh to mt account login mi: create login newLogin1 with password = '12345'

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6 Sao lu v phc hi d liu (Backup and Restore)

Chng ny s gii thiu k thut sao l u (backup) v khi phc (restore) d liu, l k thut thng c s dng bo m an to n d liu phng trng hp CSDL c s c.

6.1 Cc l do phi thc hin Backup

Trong qu trnh thc hin qun tr CSDL SQL Server th mt s nguyn nhn sau y bt buc bn phi xem xt n k thut sao l u v khi phc d liu: Thit b lu tr (CSDL nm trn cc thit b lu tr ny) b h hng. Ngi dng v tnh xa d liu. Cc hnh ng v tnh hay c ph hoi CSDL.

6.2 Cc loi Backup

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 cung c p hai k thut sao lu CSDL chnh: full backup v differential backup.

6.2.1 Full backup v Differential backup

Full backup: sao lu mt bn y ca CSDL tr n cc phng tin lu tr. Qu trnh full backup c th tin hnh m khng cn offline CSDL, nhng qu trnh ny li chim mt lng ln ti nguyn h thng v c th nh hng nghim trng ti thi gian p ng cc y u cu ca h thng. Differential backup: c xy dng nhm lm gim thi gian cn thit thc hin qu trnh full backup. Differential backup ch sao lu nhng thay i trn d liu k t ln full backup gn nht. Trong nhng h thng CSDL ln, qu tr nh differential backup s s dng ti nguyn t hn rt nhiu so vi qu trnh full backup v c th khng nh hng n hiu sut ca h thng. Qu trnh differential ch sao lu nhng s thay i ca d liu t ln full backup gn nht, do khi c s c vi CSDL nu khng c bn sao l u ca qu trnh full backup th bn sao lu ca qu trnh differential backup s tr nn v ngha. V d: Cng ty XYZ thc hin full backup vo cui ngy th 6 hng tun v thc hin differential backup vo ti cc ngy t th 2 ti th 5. Nu CSDL c s c vo sng th 4, qun tr vin CSDL s phc hi d liu bng bn sao l u ca qu trnh full backup ca ngy th 6 tun trc v sau phc hi cc thay i ca d liu bng cch p dng bn sao l u ca qu trnh differential backup vo ngy th 3. 87

6.2.2 Transaction log backup

Qu trnh full backup v differential backup chi m nhiu ti nguyn h thng v nh hng n hiu sut lm vic h thng nn thng c thc hin vo sau gi lm vic. Tuy nhin iu ny c th dn n cc mt mt d liu trong mt ng y lm vic nu CSDL c s c trc khi qu trnh sao lu din ra. Transaction log backup l m t gii php nhm gim thiu ti a lng d liu c th mt khi c s c CSDL. Trong qu trnh hot ng, SQL Server s dng transaction log theo d i tt c cc thay i trn CSDL. Log bo m CSDL c th phc hi sau nhng s c t xut v cng m bo ngi dng c th quay ngc cc kt qu trong cc giao tc CSDL. Cc giao tc cha hon thnh c lu trong log trc khi c lu vnh vin trong CSDL. Transaction log backup sao lu transactio n log ca CSDL vo thit b lu tr. Mi khi transaction log c sao lu, SQL Server b i cc transaction thc hin thnh cng (committed tracsaction) v ghi cc transaction vo phng ti n sao lu. Transaction log backup s dng ti nguyn h thng t hn rt nhiu so vi full backup v differential backup, do c th s dng transaction log backup bt k thi gian no m khng s nh hng n hiu sut h thng. Tr li vi v d v cng ty XYZ. Cng ty n y thc hin full backup vo ti th 6 v differential backup vo ti t th 2 ti th 5. Cng ty thc hin thm qu trnh transaction log backup mi gi mt ln. Gi s s c CSDL xy ra vo 9h:05 sng th 4. Qu trnh khi phc li CSDL nhu sau: Dng full backup v differential backup c a ti th 6 v ti th 3 phc hi li trng thi CSDL v o ti th 3. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny vn cn mt d liu trong 2 gi (7 9h) sng th 4. Tip theo s dng 2 bn sao lu transaction backup lc 8h v 9h sng khi phc CSDL v trng thi lc 9h sng th 4.

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6.3 Cc thao tc thc hin qu trnh Backup v Restore trong SQL Server 2005 Express Edition
6.3.1 Sao lu (Backup)

Click OK

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90

Click OK. Qu trnh sao lu hon tt

6.3.2 Phc hi (Restore)

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Click OK hai ln

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Click OK. Qu trnh phc hi hon tt

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7 Cc hm quan trng trong T-SQL

Ngn ng T-SQL c nhiu hm c th tham gia vo cu lnh T-SQL. Nhng hm ny thc hin cc nhim v quan trng khc nhau. Trong ch ng ny s trnh by mt s cc hm thng dng lm vic vi cc kiu d liu s, ch ui, ngy/thi gian v gi tr NULL trong SQL Server 2005.

7.1 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu s

Cc hm quan trng lm vic vi kiu d liu s l hm ISNUMERIC v ham ROUND

7.1.1 Hm ISNUMERIC
Hm isNumeric kim tra mt gi tr c phi thuc kiu d liu s hay khng. V d: Cu lnh di y tr v tn khch hng, v mt ct c tn NUMERIC. Ct ny s mang gi tr 0 nu a ch khch hng khng phi l s v ngc li select CUSTOMERNAME, isnumeric(ADDRESS) as ISNUMERIC from customers

7.1.2 Hm ROUND
Hm ROUND tr v mt gi tr s, c lm trn theo mt i ch nh Cu trc hm ROUND nh sau: ROUND ( s_lm_trn , _di_lm_trn ) Khi s dng hm ROUND cn lu : s_lm_trn phi c kiu d liu s (numeric data type) nh int, float, decimal tr kiu d liu dng nh phn. Cho d s_lm_trn thuc kiu d liu g, kt qu hm ROUND lun tr v kiu s nguyn. Nu _di_lm_trn l s m v ln hn s ch s pha trc du thp phn th hm ROUND tr v 0. V d 1: 94

select ROUND(123.9994, 3), ROUND(123.99 95, 3)

V d 2: select ROUND(123.4545, 2),ROUND(123.45, -2)

V d 3: SELECT ROUND(150.75, 0), ROUND(150.75, 0, 1)

7.2 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu chui

Cc hm quan trng bao gm LEFT, RIGHT, LEN, REPLACE, STUFF, SUBSTRING, LOWER, UPPER, LTRIM, and RTRIM.

7.2.1 Hm LEFT
Hm LEFT tr v mt chui k t c chiu d i c ch nh tnh t bn tri ca chui. V d: select left('Nha Trang', 5)

7.2.2 Hm RIGHT
Hm RIGHT tng t hm LEFT nhng tnh t bn phi ca chui V d: select right('Nha Trang', 5)

7.2.3 Hm SUBSTRING
Hm STRING trch xut mt chui con t mt chui cho tr c. Cu trc hm SUBSTRING nh sau: SUBSTRING (chui_ban_u, v_tr_bt_u, chiu_d i_chui_con) V d 1: select substring ('Nha Trang', 2, 5) 95

V d 2: Select substring(Nha Trang, -2, 5)

7.2.4 Hm LEN
Hm LEN tr v chiu di mt chui V d: Select len(Nha Trang)

7.2.5 Hm REPLACE
Hm REPLACE thay th mt chui bi mt chui khc V d 1: Cu lnh di y thay th ch Nha trong chui Nha Trang bng ch nha Select replace(Nha Trang, Nha , nha)

V d 2: select replace(ADDRESS, 'Minh', 'Ninh') from customers

7.2.6 Hm STUFF
Hm STUFF thay th mt s lng xc nh cc k t trong mt chui bng mt chui khc bt u t mt v tr c ch nh. V d: 96

select stuff('Nha Trang', 2, 3, '*** ')

7.2.7 Hm LOWER/UPPER
Hm LOWER chuyn cc k t hoa trong chui th nh cc k t thng. Hm UPPER chuyn cc chui k t thng trong chui thnh cc k t hoa. V d: select lower('Nha Trang'), upper('Nha Trang')

7.2.8 Hm LTRIM/RTRIM
Hm LTRIM ct cc khong trng bn tri ca chui, hm RTRIM ct khong trng bn phi chui. V d: declare @llen int declare @rlen int declare @len int select @llen = len(ltrim(' Nha Trang')), @rlen = len(rtrim('Nha Trang ')), @len = len('Nha Trang') select @llen, @rlen, @len

7.3 Cc hm lm vic vi kiu d liu Ng y thng/ Thi gian

7.3.1 Hm GETDATE
Hm GETDATE tr v ngy gi lc thc hin cu truy vn. V d: select getdate()

7.3.2 Hm DAY/ MONTH/ YEAR

Hm DAY tr v ngy ca mt mt gi tr thuc kiu datetime. Hm MONTH tr v thng ca mt gi tr thuc kiu datetime 97

Hm YEAR tr v nm ca mt gi tr thuc kiu datetime. V d: select day(orderdate) as DAYOFORDER, month(orderdate) as MONTHOFORDER, year(orderdate) as YEAROFORDER from orders o inner join customers c on c.cus tomerid = o.customerid where c.customerid = 3

7.3.3 Hm DATEPART
Trong qu trnh lm vic vi cc CSDL, i lc ta mun bit xem mt ng y no thuc qu my trong nm, hay thuc tun th my trong thng . Hm DATEPART gip gii quyt cc yu cu trn mt cch d dng. Cu trc hm DATEPART nh sau: DATEPART (yu_cu_trch_xut, gi_tr_trch_xut ) gi_tr_trch_xut l mt gi tr thuc kiu datetime. yu_cu_trch_xut: ngy, thng, nm, qu,. Khi c mt yu cu trch xut no , chng ta s c cc ch vit tt tng ng vi cc yu cu . Bng di y m t cc yu ch vit tt v cc yu cu trch xut tng ng. ngha Nm Qu Thng S ngy qua trong nm Ngy Tun S ngy qua trong tun Gi Pht Giy Ch vit tt yy, yyyy qq,q mm,m dy,y dd,d wk,ww dw hh mi,n ss,s

V d: select datepart(yyyy, orderdate)as YEAROFORDERDATE, datepart(qq, orderdate)as QUARTEROFORDERDATE, 98

datepart(m, orderdate) as MONTHOFORDERDATE, datepart(wk, orderdate) as WEEKOFORDERDATE, datepart(d, orderdate) as D ATEOFORDERDATE, datepart(dy, Orderdate), datepart(dw, orderdate) from orders

7.3.4 Hm DATENAME
Tng t hm DATEPART nhng hm DATENAME tr v mt chui k t V d: select datename(yyyy, orderdate)as YEAROFORDERDATE, datename(qq, orderdate)as QUARTEROFORDER DATE, datename(m, orderdate) as MONTHOFORDERDATE, datename(wk, orderdate) as WEEKOFORDERDATE, datename(d, orderdate) as DATEOFORDERDATE, datename(dy, Orderdate), datename(dw, orderdate) from orders

7.4 Hm CAST v CONVERTER

Chuyn i mt gi tr thuc kiu d liu ny sang mt kiu d liu khc. Hm CAST v CONVERTER cung cp cng mt chc nng. Mt im thun li khi dng CONVERTER l khi chuyn i, hm ny cng cho php ngi dng s nh dng li gi tri kt qu theo mun. Cu trc hm CAST v CONVERTER nh sau: CAST (biu_thc/gi_ tr AS kiu_d liu [_di_kiu_d_liu ] ) CONVERT ( kiu_d liu [_di_kiu_d_liu ] , biu_thc/gi_ tr [ ,kiu_nh_dng] ) Nm 2 ch s 1 2 Nm 4 ch s 0 hoc 100 101 102 Output mon dd yyyy hh:mi AM (PM) mm/dd/yy yy.mm.dd 99

3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 14 V1 d:

103 104 105 106 107 108 9 hoc 109 110 111 112 13 hoc 113 114

dd/mm/yy dd.mm.yy dd-mm-yy dd mon yy Mon dd, yy hh:mm:ss mon dd yyyy hh:mi:ss:mmmAM (PM ) mm-dd-yy yy/mm/dd yymmdd dd mon yyyy hh:mm:ss:mmm(24h) hh:mi:ss:mmm(24h)

select CUSTOMERNAME, convert (varchar, BIRTHDAY, 103) as BIRTHDAY, ADDRESS from Customers where Customername = 'Le Thi Hoa' and year(getdate()) - year(BIRTHDAY) > 20 Hm CONVERT v hm CAST c th s dng kt hp vi nhau cho kt qua nh mong mun. V d: select c.CUSTOMERID, c.CUSTOMERNAME, convert(varchar(20),cast(SUM(i.UNITPRICE*od.QUANTITY) as money),1) as SUMTOTAL from customers c inner join orders o on o.customerid = c.customerid inner join orderdetail od on o.or derid = od.orderid inner join items i on i.itemid = od.itemid group by c.customerid, c.customername

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Ti liu tham kho

1. Gio trnh h qun tr c s d liu SQL Server, Khoa CNTT, i hc Hu . 2. SQL Server 2005, T-SQL Recipes: Problem, Solution, Approach Appress Publisher. 3. Sams Teach yourself Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express in 24 hours.

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