CHNG II.

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC TM TT CC DNG BI TP CA CHNG V HNG DN GII

Phn bi tp ha hc lp 10 gm c trc nghim t lun (thng gi l t lun) v trc nghim khch quan (thng gi l trc nghim). lm tt cc dng bi tp t lun cng nh trc nghim, hc sinh cn phi nm chc l thuyt v nm cc dng bi tp c bn, rn luyn thng xuyn hnh thnh k nng gii bi tp v lm bi t tin hn trong cc ln kim tra v thi hc k.

Dng 1: Da vo cu to nguyn t ca mt nguyn t xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon v ngc li. V d 1: Mt nguyn t X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong h thng tun hon. Hi: a) Nguyn t ca nguyn t c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng? b) Cc electron ngoi cng nm lp th my? c) Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t trn.

Gii: a) X c 6 electron lp ngoi cng v X nhm VIA. b) Cc electron ngoi cng ca X nm lp th 3 v X chu k 3. c) Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t X l: 1s22s22p63s23p4.

V d 2: Cho 4 nguyn t sau: N (Z = 7) ; Mg (Z = 12) ; Fe (Z =26) ; Ar (Z = 18). a) Vit cu hnh electron ca chng, xc nh s electron ha tr ca chng. b) Xc nh v tr mi nguyn t trong h thng tun hon. c) Nu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca chng?

Gii:

Cu hnh electron N (Z=7) 1s22s22p5 Mg (Z=12) 1s22s22p63s2 Fe (Z=26) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Ar (Z=18) 1s22s22p63s23p6

V tr trong bng tun hon Tnh cht Electron ha hc c ha tr S th t Chu k Nhm bn 5 7 2 VA Phi kim 2 12 3 IIA Kim loi 8 26 3 VIIIB Kim loi 8 18 3 VIIIA Kh him

Dng 2: Da vo v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon suy ra tnh cht ca nguyn t .

V d 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t magie (Z = 12). a) t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t magie nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? b) Magie th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim? c) Cho bit ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi. d) Vit cng thc phn t oxit v hidroxit ca magie v cho bit chng c tnh cht baz hay axit.

Gii: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t magie (Z = 12) l 1s22s22p63s2. a) V magie c 2 electron lp ngoi cng nn t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t magie nhng 2 electron. b) Magie th hin tnh cht kim loi.

c) Trong hp cht vi oxi, magie c ha tr 2. d) Cng thc phn t oxit l MgO, hidroxit l Mg(OH)2. Chng l nhng cht c tnh baz.

V d 2: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh (Z = 16). a) t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t lu hunh nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? b) Lu hunh th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim? c) Cho bit ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t trong hp cht vi oxi v v ha tr trong hp cht vi oxi. d) Vit cng thc phn t oxit v hidroxit ca lu hunh v cho bit chng c tnh cht baz hay axit.

Gii: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh (Z = 16) l 1s22s22p63s23p4. a) V lu hunh c 6 electron lp ngoi cng nn t c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t lu hunh nhn 2 electron. b) lu hunh th hin tnh cht phi kim. c) Trong hp cht vi oxi, lu hunh c ha tr cao nht l 6, trong hp cht vi hidro, lu hunh c ha tr l 2. d) Cng thc phn t oxit l SO3, hidroxit l H2SO4 . Chng l nhng cht c tnh axit.

Dng 3: Da vo v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon suy ra tnh cht ca nguyn t . So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn. V d 1: a) Da vo v tr ca nguyn t Br (Z=35) trong bng tun hon, hy nu cc tnh cht sau: - Tnh kim loi hay phi kim.

- Ha tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi v vi hidro. - Cng thc hp cht kh ca brom vi hidro. b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Br vi Cl (Z = 17) v I (Z = 53).

Gii: a) Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t brom (Z = 35) l 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5. Nh vy brom nm chu k 4, nhm VIIA. - Brom th hin tnh phi kim. - Ha tr cao nht ca brom trong hp cht vi hidro l 7, ha tr trong hp cht vi oxi l 1. - Cng thc hp cht kh ca brom vi hidro l HBr.

b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Br vi Cl (Z = 17) v I (Z = 53).

Trong nhm VIIA, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn th ta c dy Cl, Br, I. Tnh phi kim gim dn khi i t Cl n I nn Br c tnh phi kim yu hn Cl v mnh hn I. Hidroxit ca brom l HBrO4 c tnh axit yu hn HClO4 v mnh hn HIO4.

V d 2: a) Da vo v tr ca nguyn t Mg (Z=12) trong bng tun hon, hy nu cc tnh cht sau: - Tnh kim loi hay phi kim. - Ha tr cao nht trong hp cht vi oxi. - Cng thc ca oxit cao nht, ca hidroxit tng ng v tnh cht ca n. b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Mg vi Na (Z = 11) v AI (Z = 13).

Gii: a) Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Mg (Z = 12) l 1s22s22p63s2. Nh vy magie nm chu k 3, nhm IIA. - Magie th hin tnh kim loi. - Ha tr ca brom trong hp cht oxi l 2. - Cng thc ca oxit l MgO, ca hidroxit l Mg(OH)2. Chng th hin tnh baz. b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca Mg vi Na (Z = 11) v AI (Z = 13).

Trong bng tun hon Mg, Na v Al nm chung trong mt chu k 3.

Theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn th ta c dy Na, Mg, Al. T Na n Mg th tnh kim loi gim nn Mg c tnh kim loi yu hn Na nhng mnh hn Al.

Dng 4: Xc nh tn nguyn t da vo:

Phn trm khi lng ca nguyn t trong hp cht kh vi hidro hoc vi oxi. Phn ng ca nguyn t cn tm vi cc cht khc.

V d 1: Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c cng thc RO3. Hp cht kh ca n vi hiro c 5,88 % hiro v khi lng. Tm nguyn t R. Gii:

Nguyn t R c oxit l RO3 nn R c ha tr 6, trong hp cht kh vi hidro th R c ha tr 2. Nh vy hp cht kh ca R vi hidro l RH2. Trong hp cht RH2, H chim 5,88% khi lng, ta c cng thc tnh : Trong hp cht RH2 th bng 2, MR bng R, th vo phng trnh ta c: .

Gii phng trnh trn ta c R = 32. Vy R l nguyn t S (lu hunh).

V d 2: Khi cho 1 g mt kim loi M thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi nc th thu c 0,56 lt kh H2 ( iu kin tiu chun). Xc nh kim loi .

Gii: V M thuc nhm IIA nn M c ha tr 2 trong cc hp cht. Phng trnh phn ng ca M vi nc l: M + 2H2O M(OH)2 + H2 0,025 (mol) 0,025 (mol)

Ta c s mol ca H2 l:

= 0,025 (mol).

Suy ra s mol ca M cng l 0,025 (mol).

Nguyn t khi ca M l: Vy kim loi M l Ca (canxi).

= 40.