SANDESH R BHAT XII SCI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DONIMALAI

CHEMICAL BONDS

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OUTLINE
I. Introduction:

- Chemical bonds Classification. - Octet Rule Valence electron Electronegativity. - Bond length Bond strength.
II. Important chemical bonds: - Ionic bond - Covalent bond. - Comparison between Ionic bond and Covalent bond. - Hydrogen bond. III. Summary: IV. Reference:

I. INTRODUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION
Definition: Chemical bond is link between atoms of two or
more elements by mutual attraction.

Purpose:
Chemical bond influences to the nature of chemical compounds. - Physical properties: effects to the solubility, the melting and boiling point, etc - Chemical properties: makes the bonds become long or short, weak or strong, etc .

CLASSIFICATION

Important chemical bonds.

OCTET RULE
The Octet rule: says that atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons
so as to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level and obtain stable configuration of noble gas.

Metals tend to lose electrons to obey the Octet rule and become Cations.
A neutral sodium atom and a positively charged sodium ion after sodium loses the one electron in its outer orbital.

OCTET RULE

It is easy for nonmetal to gain electron to have full outermost energy level and become Anions.
A neutral chlorine atom becomes negatively charged chlorine ion after gaining the one electron in its outer orbital.

VALENCE ELECTRONS
Electrons in the outermost energy level Ex: Na is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Valence electrons Ex: outer energy level is 1 Bond pairs Lone pairs

Na

Cl

lone pair

bond pair

VALENCE ELECTRONS

The number of valence electron is the group number A

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Definition: A measure of the force of an atoms attraction
for electrons which are bonded with the electrons of another atom.

Classification in Electronegativity:
The difference of electronegativity determine type of chemical bond.
0.0 0.3: Non-polar covalent 0.3 1.7: Polar covalent 1.7 4.0: Ionic bond

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

BOND STRENGTH BOND LENGTH

Bond strength
The strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together. The stronger bond need more dissociation energy to break it.

BOND STRENGTH BOND LENGTH

Bond length:

The distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy.

BOND STRENGTH BOND LENGTH

Bond length
Determine the overall size and shape of a molecule.

Longer bonds are weaker than shorter bonds. Multiple bonds are shorter and stronger than their single bond counterparts.

BOND STRENGTH BOND LENGTH

Example:
Bond strength (Kcal/mol) 90 174 Bond length (pm) 154 134

Bond Ethane (CH3CH3) Ethylene (CH2= CH2) CC CC

II. IMPORTANT CHEMICAL BONDS

IONIC BOND

IONIC BOND
Definition: An ionic bond is bond formed when one or more
electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Extremely strong bond. Ex: NaCl, AlCl3, MgO, CaCl2, K2O

IONIC BOND
Formation:
Anions and Cations which have opposite charges will attract one each other by electrostatic forces.

The forces of this attraction are called Ionic bonds

Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals.

In Ionic bond, the electrons are not shared, as the anion steals the electrons from the cation.

IONIC BOND

The summary of ionic bond formation contains 3 steps:

The removal of an electron(s) by one element. The gain of an electron(s) by second element. The attaction between oppositely charged ions.

IONIC BOND
Example:
Consider the reaction of Sodium and Chlorine.

IONIC BOND
Properties:
Metals and nonmetals. Transfer of electrons. Oppositely charged ions. Electrostatic attraction.

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Definition: Ionic compound is a chemical compound in which
ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds.
In any sample of ionic compound, the positive charges of the cations must equal to the negative charges of the anions.

Lattice structure of sodium chloride

Sodium Chloride

Iron oxide

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Properties of ionic compounds:

State: solid Crystal pattern: every ion is attracted to all other ions with the opposite charge and repulsions are minimized, resulting a well-defined crystal.

IONIC COMPOUNDS
Properties of ionic compounds:
High melting point and boiling point Solubility: are soluble in water and many polar solvents.

Conductivity: ionic compound can conduct electricity when it dissolves in water or melts.

COVALENT BOND

COVALENT BOND
Definition: Covalent bonds are generated between two or more
atoms by sharing electrons.

Formation
Each atom contributes one electron to a shared electron pair to attain stable configuration for each atom.

COVALENT BOND
Example: Dihydrogen

Two hydrogen atoms are connected each other by sharing two valance electrons of each atom.

COVALENT BOND
Another example: Water

An oxygen atom which has two unpaired electrons in its outer shell and two hydrogen atoms which also have two valence electrons attract each other to form two covalent bonds by sharing electrons.

COVALENT BOND
Properties
Generated by sharing electrons, not transferring Formed between nonmetals Formed between atoms of the same elements or different elements.

POLAR VS. NONPOLAR BOND

Nonpolar bond
The electron pair is equally shared. The bond is usually formed by identical atoms. The bond is not polarized. Example:

H2

O2

POLAR VS. NONPOLAR BOND

Polar bond
The electron pair is not equally shared. The bond is usually formed by different electronegative atoms. The bond is polarized because it has one positive end and one negative end. The share electron pair is shifted from the center and pulled away from one atom. Example: HCl, H2O

HCl

H2O

POLAR VS. NONPOLAR BOND

NON POLAR BOND POLAR BOND

Equally shared Same elements Longer bond Weaker bonds

Not equally shared Different elements Shorter bonds Stronger bonds

POLAR VS. NONPOLAR LIQUID

NON POLAR LIQUID POLAR LIQUID

Dissolve better in other non polar liquid

Dissolve better in other polar liquid and ionic salts

COVALENT BOND
Single bond:
- Have a one pair of shared electrons

Multiple bonds:
- include double bond and triple bond. - more than one pair of shared electrons. Example: O2, N2

O2

N2

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory

SOME COMMON GEOMETRIES

Linear

180o apart

Be

2 hydrogen atoms bonded to central atom

SOME COMMON GEOMETRIES

Trigonal Planar

120o apart

SOME COMMON GEOMETRIES

Tetrahedral 109.50 apart

IONIC BOND vs COVALENT BOND

IONIC BOND VS. COVALENT BOND

IONIC BOND Totally transfer electrons from one atom to another Metals and nonmetals Single bond COVALENT BOND Sharing electrons between the atoms Nonmetals Single & Multiple bond

IONIC BOND VS. COVALENT BOND

IONIC BOND Crystalline solids High melting and boiling point Good electrical conductor COVALENT BOND Gases, liquids or solids Low melting and boiling point Poor conductor of electricity and heat

Often soluble in water but not in carbon tetracloride

Often soluble in carbon tetracloride but not in water

HYDROGEN BOND

HYDROGEN BOND
Definition: A hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom.

Not be confused hydrogen bond with a covalent bond to hydrogen atom!!!

HYDROGEN BOND
What do you need?
o A hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a high electronegative atom usually N, O or F.
o A lone pair of electrons on the electronegative atom.

If only one of these conditions is satisfied, you dont get hydrogen bond!!!

HYDROGEN BOND
Give me an example! ammonia, NH3

This does have hydrogen bond.

Nitrogen is very electronegative, and it has one lone pair of electrons in ammonia.

HYDROGEN BOND
Example!

Water

Oxygen atom is very electronegative, and it has two lone pairs of electrons in water. Two hydrogen bonds are formed by the attraction between the oxygen atom carrying negative charge and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded with other oxygen atoms.

IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN BOND

- Explain the properties of water. - Hydrogen bond plays a very important part in complementary base-paring which is essential for the proper functioning of DNA.

SUMMARY

SUMMARY
IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND:

SUMMARY
HYDROGEN BOND
Importance: -The properties of water and ice - Protein and nucleic acid

WEBSITES: http://chemlab.truman.edu/CHEM121Labs/MM1Files/TrigonalPlanar.gif HYDROGEN BOND http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/203bh3.gif http://www.ausetute.com.au/namiform.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/10611490/Introduction-to-Ionic-Bonds http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/ionic.html http://www.authorstream.com/presentation/ankush85-180239-ionic-bondingions-elements-isotopes-chemistry-organic-education-ppt-powerpoint/ http://iss.cet.edu/electricity/pages/b11.xml http://www.sb.fsu.edu/~fajer/Education/2010/Lectures/3_Chemical_Bonds.htm

HYDROGEN BOND BOOKS:

- Bruice PY, 2003, Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, Prentice Hall - Draganova K and Springer S, 2006, Fundamental Chemistry for the Life Sciences, 3rd edition, International University Bremen - Philip M, 2009, Essential Chemistry: Chemical bonds, Chelsea House