A midterm requirement

Eng. 3 1st sem 2007-2008

Michelle P. Entienza
BSIE-HE/2B

Prof. Recuerdo Lacsamana

 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the people who took part and

extended their hands in making this requirement possible. This paper would not be

successful without the help of the following persons.

Mr. Recuerdo Lacsamana, professor in English 3, who had motivated and guided

not only me but also my classmates in the fulfillment this project.

My mother, who had given me her all-out moral, financial, and spiritual support

in undertaking this paper work.

My classmates, who shared their knowledge, insights, and skills as well.

Above all, to our dear Almighty Creator, for giving me the wisdom, knowledge,

and understanding in accomplishing this project. Also, for the light of His eternal love

and for the wonderful gift of life; for without Him, everything could not have been

made possible.
Table of Contents

Title Page……………………………….………………………………………………………………....i

Acknowledgement…………….………………………………………………………………………..ii

Table of Contents…………………………………………….……………………………………….iii

Memorandum……………………………………………………………………………………….……..1

Brochure………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Manual…………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

Bulletin……………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Application Letter………………………………………………………………………….…………14

Resume………………………………………………………………………………………………………19

Minutes of Meeting………………………………………………………………………………….…25

Proposal…………………………………………………………………………………………………….30
Memorandum
Memorandum (also more commonly memo) is a brief written record or
communication, used in an office, whether business, government, education
institution or legal office. The plural form is either memoranda or memorandums. A
memo has a specific format but may be specific to a single office, level of
government, or other institution. Very specific memoranda in legal settings are
Memorandum of Understanding, Memorandum of Agreement, Memorandum of
Association, Private Placement Memoranda, and Confidential Offering Memoranda.

Format

A memorandum is written using a specific format, usually a format accepted

by the office in which the memorandum is to be used. The usual structure for a
memorandum includes some or all of the following:

MEMORANDUM

TO: The person receiving the memorandum

FROM: The person writing the memorandum

DATE: Usually a formal manner of writing the date, for example 20 April 2004

SUBJECT: A short title descriptive of the topic in discussion in the memorandum

Introduction: Explaining why the memorandum has been written and what topic the
memorandum will discuss.

Body: Discussing the topic in detail--explaining what exactly and itemizing when
possible. Organization features of a memorandum tend to vary according to the
context. For example, one of the ways to organize a legal memo would feature an
organization as follows:

• Heading
• A summary of relevant facts
• A discussion of law relevant to the legal issues, and application of that law to
the facts
• A conclusion that is responsive to the legal issues.

Conclusion: explaining what will or should happen next, when the follow-up will
occur and why the date is important.
Language

There are a number of writers in educational settings who give law students, those
entering the armed forces, students of journalism, advice on the type of language to
be used in memoranda. In summary, the language in memoranda should be:

• Directed to your audience - memos are usually directed at decision makers and
usually you write for an individual or a group to help them make a decision. To
influence decision makers you need to give considerable thought to who they
are and what they understand and what powers they have to be able to take
action relating to your memo.

• Simple and direct - complex sentence structure and organization is a sure sign
of confusion or a hidden agenda. A well-written memo will state your case in
simple steps; even if you have a very complex argument, or the subject is
highly technical and you are writing for managers, you need to use the simplest
words and state your case in simple sentences.

• Word choice - often the simpler and more common words are going to get good
action. Quasi-technical terms need to be eliminated: so instead of using
"facilitate" you could use "help" or "assist", and "indicate" could be simpler with
"say" or "show".

• Clearly assign action and responsibility — bureaucrats are notorious for

obscuring responsibility by using words like the imperial "we" or passive voice:
e.g. "We have always argued that rapid transit is the best long-run solution to
urban transportation problems, given finite energy resource.
Example:

COUNTRYWIDE INSURANCE COMPANY

SAN FRANCICO BRANCH

DATE: September 10, 2007

TO: Members of Committee IV: Brown, Gray, Roe, Dominguez, and Blair

FROM: Andrew Williamson, Chairman

SUBJECT: SEPTEMBER MEETING

The September meeting will be held in the conference room adjoining my office on

Wednesday, September 19, at 2:30 in the afternoon.

The attached agenda includes items retained from our last meeting, two that some of

you suggested we consider, and an entirely new one, about a possible communication

seminar, that I have added. Please let me know if you have items to add to the

agenda.

Attachment
DATE: September 3, 2007

TO: All concerned

SUBJECT: LIFTING OF SUSPENSION OF WASH DAY OF STUDENTS

1.) Suspension of wash day of students is hereby lifted effective September

4, 2007. However, strict implementation on the wearing of ID and school

uniform during Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays should be

objective.

2.) For the information and guidance of all concerned.

(signed)

GODOFREDO E. GALLEGA, Ph. D

President
Brochure
A brochure or pamphlet is a leaflet advertisement. Brochures may advertise
locations, events, hotels, products, services, etc. They are usually succinct in
language and eye-catching in design. Direct mail and trade shows are common ways
to distribute brochures to introduce a product or service. In hotels and other places
that tourists frequent, brochure racks or stands may suggest visits to amusement
parks and other points of interest.

Two of the most common brochure styles are single sheet and booklet forms. A
common single sheet brochure is double-sided (printed on both sides) and folded into
thirds. The layout of the brochure will dictate whether an accordion or "Z-fold"
method, the "C-fold" method, or another folding arrangement is appropriate. Larger
sheets, such as those with detailed maps or expansive photo spreads, are folded into
four, five, or six panels. Booklet brochures are made of multiple sheets most often
saddle stitched (stapled on the creased edge) or "perfect bound" like a paperback
book.

Brochures are often printed using four color process on thick gloss paper to
give an initial impression of quality. Businesses may turn out small quantities of
brochures on a computer printer, but offset printing turns out higher quantities for
less cost.

Compared with a flyer or handbill, a brochure usually uses higher-quality paper,

more color, and is folded

Brochure is a fancy booklet that differs from an ordinary booklet in that it is

constructed of heavier quality paper, uses extensive color and expensive type, and is
generally put together with special care. The name originates from the French verb
brocher, meaning "to stitch," indicating a booklet bound by stitching, although today
other binding methods are also used. Brochures are frequently part of a retail
advertising campaign and are sometimes distributed with the Sunday papers. They are
also enclosed in direct mail and considered to be the "workhorse" of the direct-mail
package.
Manual man·u·al (măn'yū-əl)
adjective.

1.
a. Of or relating to the hands: manual skill.
b. Done by, used by, or operated with the hands.
c. Employing human rather than mechanical energy: manual labor.
2. Of, relating to, or resembling a small reference book.

noun.

1. A small reference book, especially one giving instructions.

2. Music. A keyboard, as of an organ or harpsichord, played with the hands.
3. A machine operated by hand.
4. Prescribed movements in the handling of a weapon, especially a rifle: the
manual of arms.

A user guide, also commonly known as a manual, is a technical communication

document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system. It is usually
written by a technical writer, although user guides could be written by programmers,
product or project mangers, or other technical staff, particularly in smaller
companies. User guides are most commonly associated with electronic goods,
computer hardware and software.

Most user guides contain both a written guide and the associated images. In
the case of computer applications it is usual to include screenshots of how the
program should look, and hardware manuals often include clear, simplified diagrams.
The language is written to match up with the intended audience with jargon kept to a
minimum or explained thoroughly.

Contents

The usual sections of a user manual often include:

• A preface, containing details of related documents and information on how to

best use the user guide
• A contents page
• A guide on how to use at least the main functions of the system
• A troubleshooting section detailing possible errors or problems that may occur
along with how to fix them
• A FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
• Where to find further help and contact details
• A glossary and, for larger documents, an index
Bulletin board
noun
1 . a board for posting notices (as at a school)
2 . a public electronic forum that allows users to post or read messages or to post or
download files and that is accessed by computer over a network (as the Internet)
3. a brief account or statement, as of news or events, issued for the information of
the public.
4. a pamphlet or monograph summarizing the past achievements, existing conditions,
and future plans of a corporation, educational institution, government agency, etc.,
esp. one cataloging the classes taught at a college or university.
5. an official, special, or scholarly periodical, as of a learned society.

A bulletin board (pin board, pin board or notice board in British English) is a
place where people can leave public messages, for example, to advertise things to
buy or sell, announce events, or provide information. Bulletin boards are often made
of a material such as cork to facilitate addition and removal of messages or it can be
placed on the computer so people can leave and erase messages for other people to
read and see.

Bulletin boards are particularly prevalent at universities. Many sport dozens, if

not hundreds or thousands of public bulletin boards, used for everything from
advertisements by extracurricular groups and local shops to official notices. Dormitory
corridors, well-trafficked hallways, lobbies, and freestanding kiosks often have cork
boards attached to facilitate the posting of notices. At some universities, lampposts,
bollards, trees, and walls often become impromptu postering sites in areas where
official boards are sparse in number.
Application Letter
An application letter or letter of application is a letter that is typically used to apply
for a job.

Format

An application letter should be written as a standard business letter or

personal letter and should not normally exceed one page. In a typical job application
situation, the application letter can include attachments that relate directly to the
contents of the letter such as: resume, CV, career brief, biography, etc. Application
letters are sometimes referred to as cover letters or introduction letters when they
are used to apply for a job.

Content: Units of Information to Include

• Introduction or Job Sought. State the specific job that you seek (that's the
purpose statement) plus briefly indicate academic and work experience that
qualifies you for the position (that's the plan of development).

Other possible information for this unit of information includes

Adapting and using information that you obtained when you researched the
company (This strategy can be effective because incorporating such
information shows you have investigated the company, thus showing initiative.)

o Giving source of your information about job

o Using legitimate name dropping (Rarely, however, is the person

important or influential enough for you to include the name.)

• Education. Summarize academic background. Place this information after

work or business experience if that experience is stronger than your
 educational information.

• Work or Business Experience. Summarize pertinent work experience. If you

have limited work experience related to your intended career, consider
summarizing "dump entry" information. Place this work information after
educational summary if you don't have extensive related work experience.

• Profile Information ("soft skills" or personal characteristics and qualities).

Indicate your qualities and abilities that would enable you to be effective in
the position sought. For example, demonstrate with specifics your being able
to work with "challenging" personalities.

• Additional Information. Enclose your resume and state that you have done so.
Enclosed resumes are expected. You may also want to indicate your willingness
to provide any additional information wanted (such as complete job
descriptions and copies of proposals, research reports, or other documents that
you've prepared).

• Closing: Interviews and Contact Information. Arrange for an interview (action

statement) and provide phone number and email (keep- communication- open).
Example:

7 Richmond Drive
Southampton
SO2 7PQ
Ms Pamela Partridge
Recruitment Manager
Family Ferries
Dover D2 7PL

19 November 2004

Dear Ms Partridge

I have just seen your advertisement in the Springboard magazine, and I am

keen to start my career in the tourist business.
I am writing to enquire about suitable vacancies you might have for someone
with my qualifications and experience. I enclose a copy of my CV for your
interest.

Last summer I worked on a campsite in the south of France, where

organization, planning, careful attention to detail and customer care were the
essential ingredients of a successful and enjoyable summer work experience.
I am keen to use these acquired skills in retailing and tourism to take early
responsibility and make a career in commercial management.

I believe that my skills would be a valuable asset to your company.

I hope you find my details of interest and look forward to your response.

Yours sincerely,

James Worthy
 Résumé
A résumé, also known as a curriculum vitae (CV), is a document containing a
summary or listing of relevant job experience and education, usually for the purpose
of obtaining an interview when seeking employment. Often the résumé or CV is the
first item that a potential employer encounters regarding the job seeker, and
therefore a large amount of importance is often ascribed to it.

Traditionally, résumés have been, like careers themselves, oriented towards

what a person has accomplished thus far. In most contemporary career consulting the
trend is to fashion the document towards what that person can accomplish in a
particular job. This is sometimes called a "targeted résumé."

Parts of Resume

Contact information
Your resume must contain your complete, accurate, and up-to-date contact
information including name, address, and phone number. If you include your email, do
not include it as a hyperlink (in blue). If you are planning to move or return home, list
temporary and permanent information.

Education
Your degree, major, institution attended and graduation date are essential. This
information should appear close to the top of the page. You may include GPA if it is
above 3.0.

Experience
Detailed information about related experiences including place of employment,
position held, dates of employment and duties. If you get stuck, check out these
samples of TRANSFERABLE SKILLS.

Sections to Consider including in your resume

(These are just examples, not a comprehensive list)

• Skills - computer and others • Additional Experience

• Languages • Internships
• Summary of Qualifications • Professional Development
• Objective
• Senior Projects/Presentations
• Related Coursework
• Awards/Honors
• Military
• Community Involvement
• Related Experience
• Student Teaching
MICHELLE P. ENTIENZA
306 Interior 4 Nadurata St., Grace Park
Caloocan City
Contact Number: 09205788302

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:

Rhapsody Boutique
Sales lady
Timog Avenue, Quezon City
March 20, 2004-December 22, 2004

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Provincial Address: Bay-ang, Batan, Aklan

Birthday: September 3, 1985
Age: 21 yrs. Old
Birthplace: Manila
Height: 5’2”
Weight: 98 lbs.
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Sex: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Father’s Name: Ernesto Entienza
Occupation: (deceased)
Mother’s Name: Madonna Prado
Occupation: Vendor

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:

TERTIARY: Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education
-Major in Home Economics
2005-2006 (first semester)

SECONDARY: Manuel L. Quezon High School

Blumentritt, Sta. Cruz, Manila
1998-2002
Consistent Honor Student

PRIMARY: Bay-ang Elementary School

Bay-ang, Batan, Aklan
1992-1998
SPECIAL SKILLS:

Poses good communication skills

Fluent in English and Tagalog.

CHARACTER REFERENCE:

Marie Grace C. Reymundo Contact No. (472-64-35)

Mark Jason S. Peralta Contact No. (0910-2195489)

SIGNATURE:__________________

MICHELLE P. ENTIENZA
Minutes of Meeting
Minutes are the instant written record of a meeting or hearing. They often give
an overview of the structure of the meeting, starting with a list of those present, a
statement of the various issues before the participants, and each of their responses
thereto. They are often created at the moment of the hearing by a typist or court
recorder at the meeting, who may record the meeting in shorthand, and then type
the minutes and issue them to the participants afterwards. Alternatively, the meeting
may be audiorecorded and the minutes typed later. The minutes of certain entities,
such as a corporate board of directors, must be kept and are important legal
documents.

Public minutes

Most public meetings and governmental hearings follow prescribed rules. Often
speakers' words are recorded verbatim, or with only minor paraphrasing, so that every
speaker's comments are included. This is generally required at public hearings that
are called to address a particular issue, as distinct from other types of public
meetings, which may not strictly require verbatim records of all comments made.

What to include

There is considerable debate over what should be included in meeting minutes.

Within certain limits, businesses and private organizations may follow whatever rules
they choose. Minutes may be as detailed and comprehensive as a transcription, or as
short and concise as a bare list of the resolutions adopted or decisions made. While
most non-governmental minutes are not in practice seen by the public, many
stakeholders find a bare list of decisions to be frustrating, as they want more
information about which individuals supported (or did not support) particular issues.

However, in a large group that deals with many different issues, it may be very
difficult to present a happy middle ground, as people are likely to have slightly
different ideas about the tone of any given discussion, or the importance of a specific
topic, and so on. Consequently, most organizations go to either extreme, depending
primarily on their notion of privacy (speakers may want to ask questions without fear
of being perceived as ignorant) and accountability (members may want to know who
to blame).

In general, if a question is included, you should also include the responses.

Commonly though, many minute-takers omit this obvious and essential part of the
record.
Format

Generally, minutes begin with the organization name, place, date, list of
people present, and the time that the chair called the meeting to order. Minutes then
record what actually happens at a meeting, usually in the order that it actually
happens, regardless of whether the meeting follows (or ignores) any written agenda. A
less often used format may record the actions in the order they occur on the written
agenda, regardless of the actual chronology.

Since the primary function of minutes is to record the decisions made, any and
all official decisions must be included. If a formal motion is made, seconded, passed,
or not, then this is recorded. The vote tally may also be included. The part of the
minutes dealing with a routine motion might note merely that a particular motion was
"moved by Ann, seconded by Bob, and passed unanimously." Where a tally is included,
it is sufficient to record the number of people voting for and against a motion (or
abstaining), but requests by participants to note their votes by name may be allowed.
If a decision is made by roll call vote, then all of the individual votes are often
recorded by name. If it is made by consensus without a formal vote, then this fact
may be recorded. Tallies may be omitted in some cases (e.g. a minute might read
"After voting, the Committee agreed to...").

It is also often common for adherents to the "less is more" approach to include
certain facts: for example, that financial reports were presented, or that a legal issue
(such as a potential conflict of interest) was discussed, or that a particular aspect of
an issue was duly considered, or that a person arrived late (or left early) at a
particular time. The minutes may end with a note of the time that the meeting was
adjourned.

Minutes in businesses and other private organizations are sometimes submitted

by and over the name of an officer of the organization (usually the Secretary, and
never the typist, even if the typist actually drafted the document) at a subsequent
meeting for review. The traditional closing phrase is "Respectfully submitted,"
(although that phrase is slowly falling out of use) followed by the officer's signature,
his or her typed (or printed) name, and his or her title.

If the members of the committee or group agree that the written minutes
reflect what happened at the meeting, then they are approved, and the fact of their
approval is recorded in the minutes of the current meeting. If there are errors or
omissions, then the minutes will be re-drafted and submitted again at a later date.
Minor changes may be made immediately, and the amended minutes may be approved
"as amended." It is normally appropriate to give a draft copy of the minutes to the
other members in advance of the meeting so that the meeting need not be delayed
while everyone reads and corrects the draft. It is not usually considered appropriate
to vote to approve minutes for a meeting which one did not attend. It is also not wise
to approve minutes which one has not read.
Case Study Working Group
Weekly Meeting Summary

Date: 11/08/01, 11:00 AM

Present: Anna, Abena, Anders, Christian, Kristen

Agenda:

1. Review database table for case study resources.

2. Discuss research findings and develop working definition of a case study.

Brief Minutes:

1. We revisited our research task from our last meeting. We will spend this week
researching and reviewing documents and discussing our ideas of "What is a case
study?" on the bulletin board. Everyone is expected to be involved in the dialogue and
during next week's meeting we will draft a final working definition for the group. We
also decided to have Gerard video tape the portion of the meeting during which we
discuss the our research and draft the definition. We think that this would be helpful
not only as a good fodder for our presentation to the group, but also as an example of
how collaborative group work can be enhanced when group members share resources
online and use a bulletin board to communicate prior to meeting. Our meeting will be
in 204 Butler.

2. Abena will complete the database for Monday and add the PDF articles to it.
Throughout the week everyone can add resources and examples to the database.

3. We also discussed the presentation and decided that we needed to outline the goal
of our presentation and to focus on the issues that we want to present to the group.
We agreed that the basic goal of our presentation was to develop a list of
recommendations for developing electronic cases. Topics to in the presentation
included:

• What is a case study?

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of online case studies?

It was decided that next week we would decide on 5 topics to focus our
research and presentation on and each person will be in charge of one topic. During
the following two weeks each person will be responsible for 1) researching their
chosen topic, and 2) adding resources and examples to the database that would be
helpful for their topic or for the group as a whole. For our following meeting (11/29)
each person will be responsible for summarizing their research on their topic and
presenting their findings to the group.
3. We have a total of four weeks and only two more group meetings before we are
scheduled to present our work to the Center. We decided to schedule the remainder
of our time as follows:

11/15/01 meeting

• draft working definition

• divide research focus questions

11/29/01 meeting

• review & share research findings and summaries

• reflect on our group experience and select important issues to highlight during
presentation
• plan presentation for the following week (no technology??

Tasks for this week:

• Resource Database (Abena) due Monday

• Research question: What is a case study?
• Review resources in database and participate in bulletin board discussion
throughout week (all)

Agenda for next week:

1. Draft working definition of a case study.

2. Draft group goal for our presentation.
3. Develop list of 5 focused questions to guide research and divide up between
group members.

NOTE: next week's meeting will be held in 204 Butler.

Proposal
noun

1. Something that is put forward for consideration: proposition, submission,

suggestion.
2. Something offered: bid, offer, proffer, tender

A business proposal is an offering from a seller to a prospective buyer.

Proposals can range in size from a one page letter, or price list, to several hundred
pages of detailed specifications. In the business sales process, the written proposal is
the vehicle that carries the terms of an agreement between buyer and seller, and
forms the basis for a subsequent business contract. When a proposed offer is accepted
by the buyer, it creates a legally binding document for both parties, buyer and seller.

In complex sales situations, the process of selling can take several weeks, or
even months, to complete. In some cases, offer and counter offers will go back and
forth. The proposal provides a formal way for both sides to communicate in writing
during these negotiations. Prospective buyers sometimes issue a Request for Proposals
(RFP), or an Invitation for Bids (IFB), to guide the sellers and provide specific
information about what products or services they want. These specifications become
the customer's requirements, and meeting requirements is a major objective in
writing a successful proposal.

A properly accomplished proposal will put the buyer's requirements into a

context that favors the sellers products and services, educating the prospective client
about the full nature of his or her needs and the capabilities of the seller in satisfying
those needs. Often, a prospective client may be aware of only a portion of their
needs, or they may be unaware of what the market has to offer to meet their needs.
A successful proposal is one that results in a sale, where both parties get what they
want. This is called a win-win situation.
Basic components of the business proposal

1. An orientation to the sellers capabilities or products

2. A discussion of key issues
3. A description of the sellers offering and related benefits
4. The cost of the offering
5. A schedule for delivery of the products or services
6. Testimonies from owners of products

Of course when responding to an RFP or IFB, the format of the proposal is

determined mainly by the buyer, and the seller must respond in kind. Because the
proposal becomes part of a contract between the buyer and seller, it must be also
considered a legal document and may contain elements of their legal agreement, such
as penalties for non-delivery or tardiness.

The Research Paper

The topic you choose for your research paper should be one that you're
interested in but do not know a lot about; otherwise, why would you want to research
it? It should be accessible to the whole class (including me), not too technical nor too
personal, and it should be one that you can find the required number of sources on.
You need not continue our emphasis on moral/spiritual issues; however, your paper
must be an evaluation (analysis) of your topic. It need not be an argument paper,
although by definition argument is evaluative. Finally, you should be able to cover
the topic in the limits of the paper: 1200-1400 words.

General Guidelines

Remember, start with a hypothesis, look for sources, "fine tune" your hypothesis
into an evaluative thesis based on your research. By now you should be an expert in
doing this. Ask questions such as "How?" "Why?" "What can be done?" I want your
analysis, not just a report on what you found. You may choose to write another
argument paper, but you are not required to. Your thesis and topic sentences, as
always, must be yours, not your source's. Remember, your margins must be 1/2 inch
on top, 1 inch otherwise, no separate title page, and no headings throughout the
paper. Do not skip lines between paragraphs.)

Whether you quote or not, always you must give credit to your source. If you
do quote, make the quotation part of your own sentence. For example: The eminent
feminist scholar, Georgia Jones, believes that "the ERA should be revived in the next
Congress" (23). (This is a made-up example, of course. As you know, the 23 refers to
the page number of the published source the quotation comes from. The full citation
would be in your Works Cited list under Jones. Note that you use the present tense
for quoting sources.)

You need at least one article from a database and one book. A web site can
count for only one of your five minimum sources, though you may use more than one
authorized web site. Such a web site at the very minimum must be written by an
unbiased expert in the field and published by a non-commercial source (no
"dot.coms" other than news periodicals, such as latimes.com). Political
commentators and blogs are not authorized web sources.

The difference between a primary source and a secondary source is that a

primary source is what you're writing your paper about. For example, if your topic is
the "No Child Left Behind" law or the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy, the law
and/or policy itself is a primary source, just as if you're analyzing a film or a book,
the film or the book is a primary source.
Example:

Biology 131/132 Lab Sample Research Proposal

Name:
Pledge:
Title Flower production in full sun- and shade-grown sunflowers (Helianthus spp.)

Introduction

Almost all plants are photoautotrophs that use light energy to drive the process
of photosynthesis, although the amount of light necessary for normal growth and
development vary among species. Shade intolerant plant species have higher light
compensation points (LCPs) than shade tolerant plants, which means that they need a
greater amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for simple maintenance
respiration and growth (Kozlowski et al. 1991). Beaubaire (1997) found that wild
ginger (Asarum caudatum), which normally grows in dense carpets in the understory
of redwood forests, suffered photoinhibition and high mortality when grown in full
sun, while light-demanding cardinal flowers (Lobelia cardinalis) would not grow in
less than 70 percent full sun. In general, sexual reproduction requires a large energy
investment by the plant which is often dependent upon stored reserves because
organs such as flowers and fruits do not photosynthesize (Pearcy et al. 1989).
Common sunflowers (Helianthus spp.) are a plant favored by many flower gardeners.
Because most residential gardens in Sewanee, Tennessee, are shaded by oak trees, we
propose to examine whether a lack of sunlight would greatly reduce flower production
by common sunflowers. Because flower production requires a large energy investment
by any plant, we will also examine whether mean flower mass per plant decreases as
the number of flowers produced on full sunlight-grown plants increases.
Hypotheses

1. HO: Sunflowers grown in full sunlight produce the same number of flowers per
plant as those grown in shade.
HA: Sunflowers grown in full sunlight produce more flowers per plant than those
grown in shade.
2. HO: Flower mass of full sun sunflower plants is not a function of the number of
flowers produced per plant.
HA: Flower mass of full sun sunflower plants decreases as the number of flowers
per plant increases.

Variables

Hypothesis 1: Dependent variable = flower number (# of flowers produced per plant)

Independent variable = sunlight exposure
Independent variable treatments = exposure to full sunlight vs. 85% shade
Hypothesis 2: Dependent variable = mass (g) of flowers produced on full sun-grown
plants
Independent variable = number of flowers produced per full sun-grown plants

Methods

Experimental Design. To compare flower production between sun- and shade-grown

sunflower plants, we will expose ten 4-week old sunflower plants to 8 hours of full
sunlight in a greenhouse for a total of 30 days. An equal number of the same variety
of sunflower plants will be grown in the same greenhouse under a mesh cloth which
permits only 15% PAR emission. We chose 85% shade for this treatment because it
approximates the conditions of typical tree-covered gardens of Sewanee residences.
Prior to treatment, the plants will be germinated and grown in the same 40% loam
potting soil mix and will be watered daily with 500 ml of 0.5 M Hogan’s fertilizer
solution to ensure that nutrient deficiencies do not inhibit flowering in either
treatment. After 30 days, we will count the number of flowers on each plant. The
flowers will then be excised at the base of the flower head, placed into separate
labeled paper bags, and dried at 60 degrees C for 48 hours. The dried flowers from
full sun-grown plants will be weighed to quantify mean flower dry mass per sunflower
plant.

Statistical Analyses. Mean flower number per plant will be analyzed using a one-
tailed ttest, assuming equal variances, to determine if significant differences exist
between sun and shade-grown plants ( = 0.05). Mean flower weight per plant from
full sun-grown plants will be used in linear regression analysis to determine if flower
mass is a function of the number of flowers on a plant ( = 0.05).

Expected Results

Effect of light level on flower production – The mean number of flowers produced per
plant will be significantly higher in sun-grown (mean + std err) than in shade-grown
sunflowers (mean + std err) (P = ___, Fig. 1).

Effect of flower production on flower size – Linear regression will show that for
sungrown plants, mean flower mass will decrease with increasing number of flowers
produced per plant (P = , R2 = , Fig. 2).
Data Record Sheet

NOTE: there is no one fixed design for a data sheet – use your creativity, but strive for
clarity and ease-of-use. Your data sheet will be empty until you collect your data,
some sample numbers have been inserted here just to give you an idea of how the
sheet will be used.

Literature Cited
Beaubaire, J. “Sun requirements for wildflower gardens.”
http:/www.bbg.org/topics/wildflowers/html. 1997.
Kozlowski, T. T.; Kramer, P.J.; Pallardy, S.G. The Physiological Ecology of Woody
Plants. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc. 1991.
Pearcy, R.W.; Ehleringer, J.; Mooney, H.A.; Rundel, P.W.; Plant Physiological Ecology.
Field Methods and Instrumentation. London: Chapman and Hall. 1989.