Adsl

Phn tch v m phng h thng ADSL
- 1 -
CHNG I
MNG TRUY NHP

1.1 Tng quan:
in thoi c nh khoa hc ngi M Alexander Graham Bell pht minh t
nm 1876. Tuy nhin, phi khong t nm 1890 mng in thoi mi bt u c
trin khai tng i rng ri. Cng vi s xut hin ca mng thoi cng cng PSTN
l s t ph ca cc phng tin thng tin lin lc thi by gi. Nh vy, c th coi
mng truy nhp ra i vo khong nm 1890. Trong sut nhiu thp k u th k 20
mng truy nhp khng c s thay i ng k no, mc d mng chuyn mch thc
hin bc tin di t tng i nhn cng n cc tng i c in v tng i in t.
Mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng c m t trn hnh I.1

Hnh I.1: Cu trc mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng
Mng truy nhp nm gia tng i ni ht v thit b u cui ca khch hng, thc
hin chc nng truyn dn tn hiu. Tt c cc dch v khch hng c th s dng c
xc nh bi tng i ni ht (chnh l nt dch v).
Mng truy nhp c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong mng vin thng v l phn t
quyt nh trong mng th h sau. Mng truy nhp l phn ln nht ca bt k mng
vin thng no, thng tri di trn vng a l rng ln. Theo nh gi ca nhiu
chuyn gia, chi ph xy dng mng truy nhp chim t nht l mt na chi ph xy
dng ton b mng vin thng. Mng truy nhp trc tip kt ni hng nghn, thm ch
hng chc, hng trm nghn thu bao vi mng chuyn mch. l con ng duy
nht cung cp cc dch v tch hp nh thoi v d liu. Cht lng v hiu nng
ca mng truy nhp nh hng trc tip n kh nng cung cp dch v ca ton b
mng vin thng.
1.1.1 Cc vn ca mng truy nhp truyn thng:
Sau nhiu thp k gn nh khng c s thay i ng k no trong cu trc cng
nh cng ngh, mng truy nhp thu bao ang chuyn mnh mnh m trong nhiu nm
gn y. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc cng ngh v dch v vin thng,
Mng truy nhp
Phn phi
Thu bao
T/ hp
cp
Tng i
ni ht
Gi u
dy chnh
backbone Li vo
Mng truy nhp

- 2 -
nhng tn ti trong mng truy nhp truyn thng ngy cng tr nn su sc hn. Cc
vn ny c th tm phn loi nh sau:
Th nht, vi s pht trin ca cc mch tch hp v cng ngh my tnh, ch mt
tng i duy nht cng c kh nng cung cp dch v cho thu bao trong mt vng rt
rng ln. Th nhng vng ph sng, hay bn knh hot ng ca mng truy nhp
truyn thng tng i hn ch, thng di 5 km. iu ny hon ton khng ph hp
vi chin lc pht trin mng l gim s lng, ng thi tng dung lng v m
rng vng hot ng ca tng i.
Th hai, mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng s dng ch yu l tn hiu tng
t vi gii tn hp. y l iu cn tr vic s ho, m rng bng thng v tch hp
dch v.
Th ba, theo phng phc truy nhp truyn thng, mi thu bao cn c mt lng
kh ln cp ng kt ni vi tng i. Tnh trung bnh mi thu bao c khong 3 km
cp ng. Hn na bao gi cp gc cng c lp t nhiu hn nhu cu thc t d
phng. Nh vy tnh ra mi thu bao c t nht mt i cp cho ring mnh nhng hiu
sut s dng li rt thp, do lu lng pht sinh ca phn ln thu bao tng i thp.
V vy mng truy nhp thu bao truyn thng c chi ph u t cao, phc tp trong duy
tr bo dng v km hiu qu trong s dng.
1.1.2 Mng truy nhp hin i di quan im ca ITU-T:
1.1.2.1 nh ngha:
Theo cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T(Lin minh vin thng quc t pht trin cc tiu
chun quc t), mng truy nhp hin i c nh ngha nh trn hnh I.2. Theo
mng truy nhp l mt chui cc thc th truyn dn gia SNI (Service Node Interface
Giao din nt dch v) v UNI (User Network Interface Giao din ngi s dng -
mng). Mng truy nhp chu trch nhim truyn ti cc dch v vin thng. Giao din
iu khin v qun l mng l Q.

Hnh I.2:Kt ni mng truy nhp vi cc thc th mng khc

PSTN
ISDN
DDN
...
POTS
ISDN
V.24
V.35
Leased
Mng
truy
nhp
Q
UNI Giao
din ngi
s dng -
mng
SNI Giao
din nt
dch v
Thu bao
Thc th mng

- 3 -
Thit b u cui ca khch hng c kt ni vi mng truy nhp qua UNI, cn
mng truy nhp kt ni vi nt dch v (SN Service Node) thng qua SNI. V
nguyn tc khng c gii hn no v loi v dung lng ca UNI hay SNI. Mng truy
nhp v nt dch v u c kt ni vi h thng TMN (telecom management
network) qua giao din Q.
gii quyt cc vn tn ti trong mng truy nhp truyn thng, mt trong
nhng gii php hp l l a thit b ghp knh v truyn dn vo mng truy nhp.

1.1.2.2 Mng truy nhp ngy nay:
S thay i ca c cu dch v l yu t then cht nh hng n s pht trin ca
mng truy nhp. Khch hng yu cu khng ch l cc dch v thoi/ fax truyn thng,
m c cc dch v s tch hp, thm ch c truyn hnh k thut s phn gii cao.
Mng truy nhp truyn thng r rng cha sn sng p ng cc nhu cu dch v
ny.
T nhng nm 90 mng truy nhp tr thnh tm im ch ca mi ngi. Th
trng mng truy nhp thc s m ca. Cng vi nhng chnh sch t do ho th
trng vin thng ca phn ln cc quc gia trn th gii, cuc cnh tranh trong mng
truy nhp ngy cng gay gt. Cc cng ngh v thit b truy nhp lin tip ra i vi
tc chng mt, thm ch nhiu dng sn phm cha kp thng mi ho tr nn
li thi.
Nhn t kha cnh mi trng truyn dn, mng truy nhp c th chia thnh hai
loi ln, c dy v khng dy (v tuyn). Mng c dy c th l mng cp ng, mng
cp quang, mng cp ng trc hay mng lai ghp. Mng khng dy bao gm mng v
tuyn c nh v mng di ng. D nhin khng th tn ti mt cng ngh no p ng
c tt c mi yu cu ca mi ng dng trong tt c cc trng hp. iu c
ngha rng mng truy nhp hin i s l mt thc th mng phc tp, c s phi hp
hot ng ca nhiu cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau, phc v nhiu loi khch hng
khc nhau trong khu vc rng ln v khng ng nht.
Mng truy nhp quang (Optical access network - OAN) l mng truy nhp s dng
phng thc truyn dn quang. Ni chung thut ng ny ch cc mng trong lin
lc quang c s dng gia thu bao v tng i. Cc thnh phn ch cht ca mng
truy nhp quang l kt cui ng dn quang (optical line terminal - OLT) v khi
mng quang (optical network unit - ONU). Chc nng chnh ca chng l thc hin
chuyn i cc giao thc bo hiu gia SNI v UNI trong ton b mng truy nhp.
Ngi ta phn bit ba loi hnh truy nhp quang chnh: Fiber to the curb (FTTC), Fiber
to the building (FTTB), Fiber to the home (FTTH) v fiber to the office (FTTO).
Cho ti nay trn th gii c mt khi lng rt ln cp ng c trin khai.
Theo mt s nghin cu v mng truy nhp, hin nay cp ng vn l mi trng
truyn dn chnh trong mng truy nhp, chim ti khong 94%. Vic tn dng c s h
tng rt ln ny l rt cn thit v c li. Cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao k thut
s (DSL) chnh l gii php cho vn ny.

- 4 -
Ngoi cc cng ngh truy nhp c dy, cc phng thc truy nhp v tuyn cng
pht trin rt mnh. Cc mng di ng GSM, CDMA c ti hng trm triu thu
bao trn khp th gii. Cc phng thc truy nhp v tuyn c nh cng ngy cng
tr nn thng dng hn, do nhng li th ca n khi trin khai cc khu vc c a
hnh him tr hay c c s h tng vin thng km pht trin. cc th ln dch v
v tuyn c nh cng pht trin, c bit khi nh khai thc cn tip cn th trng mt
cch nhanh nht.
1.2 Cc phng thc truy nhp mng d liu (Internet) hin nay:
Lu lng d liu, c bit l lu lng IP ang tng trng mt cch chng mt.
Trong khi lu lng thoi c mc tng trng kh khim tn, t 10-25% cc
nc ang pht trin v gn nh khng tng trng cc nc tin tin. Chnh v vy,
mng truy nhp ngy nay phi c thit k xy dng p ng tt nht nhu cu cc
dch v d liu ca khch hng. ISDN c th ni l mt n lc rt ln ca ton nghnh
cng nghip vin thng, t cc nh cung cp thit b n cc nh khai thc trn ton
th gii vi mc tiu tch hp dch v thoi v s liu.
Ph bin nht hin nay vn l modem tng t, truy nhp mng d liu bng dial-
up. Ngoi ra cn c cc cng ngh khc, nh knh thu ring, lung E1/T1, modem
cp, MMDS, LMDS v cc cng ngh s dng v tinh nh DirectPC...
1.2.1 ISDN v B-ISDN:
Tng lai ca ISDN c d bo t by nm trc. Th trng thit b ISDN
khng nng ng do gi thnh thit b qu cao, trong khi s lng bn ra rt hn
ch.
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) l mng (s) a dch v. ISDN ln u
tin c CCITT cp n trong mt khuyn ngh ca mnh vo nm 1977. Nm
1985 AT&T th nghim ISDN ln u tin ti Hoa K. Tuy nhin, ISDN pht trin
chm Hoa K do s khng thng nht trong cch trin khai theo CCITT ca AT&T
v Nortel. ISDN ph sn ngn ca 20 quc gia khong 50 t -la M. Nguyn l ca
ISDN l cung cp cc dch v thoi v s liu chung trn mt ng dy thu bao k
thut s. Dng ISDN tc giao tip c s ( BRI: Basic Rate Interface) cho php
truyn d liu v thoi trn 2 knh B ( Binary channel) 64 kbps v 1 knh D ( Digital
channel) 16 kbps. Mi ng dy ISDN BRI c th b tr ti a 8 thit b u cui
v cng mt lc c th thc hin c nhiu cuc gi khc nhau.Dng ISDN cho php
khch hng s dng cc dch v mi nh dch v khn cp ( bo trm, bo chy,...),
dch v ghi s in -nc gas, dch v quay s trc tip vo tng i ni b, dch v
a ch ph....Cc thit b c cu mng in thoi PSTN (mng chuyn mch thoi
cng cng ) vn dng c vi ISDN qua mt b thch ng u cui TA (Terminal
Adaptor). Giao tip tc s cp (PRI: Primary rate interface) tng ng vi cc
ng truyn T1 v E1 vi mt knh D l 64 kbps cn cc knh B cn li cng c tc
64 kbps. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nh ngha cc knh H trn PRI vi H0 l 6B, H10
l 23B, H11 l 24B v H12 l 30B.

- 5 -
Vn ln nht ca ISDN l sau hn 20 nm pht trin l n p ng c hay
khng kp nhu cu ca khch hng. Ti chu u ISDN pht trin rng ri v cc
vn phng chi nhnh, nhng ngi lm vic xa cng ty (telecommuter) s dng
ISDN hiu qu trong nhiu nm. D sao ISDN vn khng phi l dch v t ng 128
kbps m n ch l hai knh 64 kbps. Nu mun s dng y dung lng 128 kbps
ca ng dy ISDN th phi mua thm phi mua thm mt b thch ng u cui
nhp 2 knh 64 kbps li.
ISDN khng phi l cng ngh c th ng dng ring cho thu bao m ton b
tng i phi c lp t thit b ISDN. Yu cu u tin l tng i phi s dng k
thut chuyn mch s. Nu tng i s dng k thut tng t s khng c ISDN. Nh
ni c 3 phn t tng i M l tng i s v d nhin l sn sng cho ISDN. Cc
tng i tng t c hn ang uc chuyn i sang k thut s khi n gim gi
nhng i vi gi thnh mt vi triu -la cho mt tng i k thut s nh hin nay
th vic chuyn i b rng buc bi ngun ti chnh u t ca cc cng ty khai thc
in thoi. Ngay c khi c tng i k thut s th cc phn cng v phn mm
thm vo nng cp ln ISDN rt t tin. iu ny thc l mt mt s nh cc
ca cc cng ty in thoi trn s chp nhn ca cc thu bao iu chnh u t.
Hnh I.3: Cu hnh giao tip ISDN BRI.
ISDN cng phi tri qua bi ton con g v qu trng. khc phc gi thnh
chuyn i ISDN i mt vi s chp nhn khng my n tng ca khch hng
NT-T
TE2
TE1 TE1
TA
Switch
ET
funct
Switch
LT
funct
Thit b chuyn mch
ca cng ty in thoi
Switch
c s dng kt ni
cc thit b TE2 vi
ng dy ISDN
Thit b PSTN tiu chun c
mt giao tip R
Thit b ISDN khng th
kt ni trc tip vi
ng dy ISDN
Thit b ISDN c th
kt ni trc tip vo
ng dy ISDN
V U S/T
R

- 6 -
ISDN tr nn rt t tin. V d nhin mt dch v t tin khng th d dng ph
bin trn din rng. Cho ti nm 1997, ch c khong hn mt triu ng dy thu
bao ti Hoa K. V t c s dng nn thit b ISDN nh b thch ng u cui kt
ni my tnh c nhn vi mng tr nn rt t tin. Kt qu l ISDN cn mt s u t
ti chnh ln lm cho hu ht cc ngi s dng u th . Trong trng hp ISDN
dnh cho cc ngi lm vic xa cng ty hay t cc chi nhnh th chi ph c th chp
nhn c nhng vi cc vn phng gia nh hay cc vn phng nh (SOHO: Small
Office Home Office) th ISDN qu t.
Cng ngy ISDN cng tr nn khng c li thot. Trong thi i m modem tng
t ch t ti tc 1200 bit/s th tc d liu 64 kbps cho mi knh ISDN qu tht
rt n tng. Ngy nay, khi m tc d liu ca modem tng t ln n 56 kbps vi
gi thnh khng qu 10 USD th gi thnh thit b ISDN ln n hng ngn USD tr
nn khng ng u t. Mt s kin na ang ngy cng cho ISDN ra ra l
Internet. ISDN l dch v c chuyn mch cho php thc hin cc kt ni 64 kbps qua
quay s nh gi in thoi. Trong nhng nm u ca thp k 80 th k trc, lc
ang pht trin ISDN tt c cc cuc gi s liu u ch cho mc ch chuyn d liu
gia cc my tnh qua vic kt ni bng cch quay s gi nhau. Trong khi khi
hin nay vi mt kt ni Internet c th chuyn d liu cho bt c my tnh no khc
ch bng cch n gin l gi E-mail. iu ny c thc hin m khng cn mng
chuyn mch. Internet thc hin e-mail bng nh tuyn. Mt khc ISDN l mt dch
v c gi ph thuc vo ng di trong khi modem dial-up ch quay s n mt ISP
ni ht v tn cc ph thu bao Internet.
Vn cui cng ca ISDN trong thi k suy thoi l ISDN gp phn tng thm
gnh nng vo s qu ti ca mng PSTN. Khi ISDN mi xut hin th cha c cng
ngh Web v cc nh thit k ngh l ngi s dng ch n thun gi mt my tnh,
chuyn d liu ri gc my, chng c g khc so vi mt cuc gi in thoi thng
thng. Tuy nhin, Web v Internet thay i c bn vic truyn s liu. S dng
Web khng ch n thun l chuyn file m cn khm ph , tn hng theo thi gian
thc chui thng tin bt tn v d liu, gii tr. Nhng cuc gi Internet khng cn l
cc cuc gi vi thi lng vi pht m tr thnh cc cuc gi ko di nhiu ting
ng h. Thi lng s dng Internet trung bnh hng tun hn 6 gi mi tun
trong khi hu ht cc gia nh u khng ni chuyn in thoi qu 6 gi mi thng.
PSTN c thit k p ng vi cuc gi tng i ngn ca cc thu bao. Mt
lu lng ngi s dng khng bnh thng v nhng cuc gi chim gi ng dy
di s gy ra tc nghn thng xuyn mt s khu vc trn mng v thu bao s nhn
c tn hiu bo bn khi mng qu ti, mt hin tng Hoa K rt thng gp trong
ngy cc b m (Mothers day). Cng v sau, khi ngy cng nhiu nh cung cp dch
v a ra cc ph truy xut bao thng lm cho cc cuc gi thay v ko di vi pht
li ko di nhiu ting ng h th mi ngy u tr thnh ngy ca cc b m.
V vin cnh mng th mt cuc gi ISDN khng khc g my cuc gi modem
qua in thoi thng thng. C hai u chim dng kh nng chuyn mch s, truyn
dn s 64 kbps c pha ni i ln lin i. Chuyn i khch hng sang s dng
ISDN c th ci thin mt t v tc truy xut nhng khng rt ngn ng k

- 7 -
thi gian kt ni khi ngi s dng ch cn thng tin no ri log off. Cn i vi
ngi s dng dng tt c th gian kt ni cho mc ch gii tr th ISDN khng c
tc dng g ngoi vic truy xut thng tin hn mt pht.
Cc cng ty khai thc in thoi ang dn nhn ra rng gii php lu di duy nht
cho tnh trng qu ti mng l chuyn lu lng Internet ra khi mng PSTN cng
nhiu cng tt. C gng tng cng mng hin hu p ng s lng bng n cc
cuc gi chim gi thi gian ln ging nh l xy dng thm nhiu xa l gii to
tc nghn giao thng. Chi ph s tht khng khip v s chng bao gi t c hiu
qu kinh t.
Cc nh cung cp dch v c th c c gii php no hiu qu gii quyt tc
nghn khng? Thc t c mt kh nng thnh cng ln khi tch ri truy xut Internet
khi PSTN nh cung cp dch v s g b c c chai km gi tc truy xut 64
kbps. Vi cu hnh mng mi nh cung cp dch v c th thit k thch nghi vi tc
thng tin d liu hin i v ngi s dng s khng ngn ngi t b modem cng
nh cc thit b thch ng u cui chy theo mng truy xut mi.
1.2.2 Modem tng t:
Trong nhng nm u ca k nguyn my tnh, cch y chng hn 30 nm v
trc, kt ni mng hot ng tc khong 300 n 600 bit/s l kh . Khong
10 nm trc th modem 9.6 Kbps c xem l cng c lin lc tc kh cao.
Modem 9.6 Kbps thc t p ng nhiu ng dng lin quan n ha v video,
tuy cha thc tt lm. V d, mt ngi s dng vo mng ti v mt bn thi
tit vi tc truyn d liu 9.6 Kbps phi mt 40 giy ti v bn trng en cht
lng km. Vi bn mu phn gii cao th phi ch n vi pht. Ngy nay th
c modem 28.8 Kbps hay 33.6 kbps cng khng p ng c v tc ca nhiu ng
dng. Thi gian download mt hnh nh JPEG trung bnh l 120 giy. Nn k thut
my tnh thay i rt nhanh, cc knh thng tin, my tnh ang bin i p ng
yu cu t c dung lng cao ngy cng tng. Khi cc dch v hnh nh mu, thoi
v video cng hp dn khch hng th h tng thng tin hng megabit cng tr nn
thit yu. Liu ngi ta c th trng ch modem tng t nhng bc tin cc tc
cao hn c tc ng truyn T1 (1544 kbps) hay E1 (2048 kbps) khng ? Tht
khng may, cu tr li l khng. Tc 33.6 kbps ca modem tng t chm trn
tc d liu ca modem truyn trn knh thoi Tt c cc modem tng t u phi
truyn d liu trong knh 300-4000 Hz dnh cho m thoi trong mng in thoi. Tc
33,6 kbps cn di thng ln hn nhiu. Tuy nhin, cc modem hin i thay v gi
dng bit cha qua x l li gi i cc k hiu (symbol), mi k hiu i din cho mt
s bit lin tip ca dng bit.
Mi khch hng s dng modem u rt quan tm n tc v tin cy ca
modem. Cc nh cung cp u c gng tin gn ti gii hn ca Shannon. Cho ti tiu
chun V.32 th mi modem u cn cch xa gii hn dung lng ny khi mc S/N t 9
ti 10 dB. Nu gii thng t 2400 Hz ln n 2800 Hz v t s S/N t 24 dB n 30
dB th dung lng knh khong 24000 bit/s. lp y khong cch cn li cn phi
ng dng k thut sa sai.

- 8 -
Vo nhng nm 1950 cc modem FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) c tc t 300
bit/s ti 600 bit/s. Tiu chun quc t ca modem bt u t thp k 60 th k trc.
Nm 1964 tiu chun modem u tin cu CCITT l V.21 xc nh c tnh ca
modem FSK tc 200 bit/s v by gi l 300 bit/s. K thut iu ch thay i
sang QAM 4 trng thi vo nm 1968 v 16 trng thi vo nm 1984 bi V.22bis. Vo
lc , mt tiu chun modem ng dng tin b cng ngh mi l V.32 thm phn c
tnh trit ting di (echo cancellation) v m ho trellis. M trellis c tin s
Gottfred Ungerboeck cp ln u tin v ng dng vo modem v thc hin lp
c mt phn ba khong cch cn li so vi gii hn Shannon. V.32bis c xy
dng trn c s v t c tc d liu ln n 14400 bit/s. Sau tc d
liu ca cc modem c nhng tin b nhanh chng t 19200 bit/s ln n 24000
bit/s ri 28800 bit/s. Modem mi hn l V.34 ra i nm 1996 t ti tc d liu
33600 bit/s v thc hin 10 bit trn mi tn hiu.
Modem
PSTN
Telephone
exchange
(Cent ral office)
Local loop
Digital data
Telephone
exchange
(Cent ral office)
Modem
Local loop
Digital data

Analogue encoding
analogue
encoding
analogue
encoding

Hnh I.4 Modem tng t qua mng in thoi tng t.

Modem
PSTN Exchange
Lo cal l o o p
Digita l da ta
Exchange Modem
Lo cal l o o p

Digita l da ta
Di g i t al en co d i n g
analogue
encoding
analogue
encoding
A/D
D/A
A/D
D/A

Hnh I.5 Modem tng t qua mng in thoi IDN

- 9 -
Vo nhng nm cui th k trc xy ra tnh hnh khng thng nht ca cc
tiu chun modem 56 kbps do hai hng sn xut danh ting l U.S.Robotics (by gi l
mt b phn ca hng 3COM) s dng chipset X2 ca hng Texas Instrument v
Rockwell c tiu chun K56flex. D nhin l hai tiu chun ny khng tng thch vi
nhau v ngnh cng nghip sn xut modem nhanh chng b phn cc theo mt trong
hai tiu chun trn. Lc ny ngi s dng ti Hoa K ch i tiu chun no s c
ISP ca mnh chp nhn ri mi mua modem theo tiu chun . Nhiu ISP ch i
tiu chun no s chin thng v tiu chun no s v vn. Trong thi gian ny mt
s ISP m ra 2 s in thoi , mi s in thoi cho mt tiu chun v iu ny lm
cho ngi s dng thy yn tm m mua sm modem 56 kbps.
Pcm digital
V.pcmclient-
side modem
PSTN Exchange
Local loop
Digital data
Exchange
Digital
circuit
Digital data
PCM digital encoding
analogue
encoding encoding
A/D
D/A
Client compute
(Internet user) Server computer
(ISP)
Internet
connection
Internet
V.pcmserver-
side modem

Hnh I.6 Modem V.pcm
Thng 9 nm 1998 ITU-T ra tiu chun V.90 thng nht trn ton th gii v
modem 56 kbps. Phn cng ca cc loi modem trn khng khc nhau my nn ngi
s dng 2 loi modem c c th ch cn mua mt con chp nng cao cho V.90 tit
kim chi ph cn cc modem sn xut sau u c ch thch l Ready for V.90.
Trong nhiu trng hp vic b qua mt ln bin i l khng n gin. Khi truy
xut thng tin t mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ni ht th c hi rt cao nu ISP
kt ni vi tng i ni ht bng cc ng truyn s. Tuy nhin khi khong cch th
kh nng tn hiu b chuyn sang tng t ri chuyn tr li s cng ln. Khong 25 %
s tng i ti Hoa k l tng i chuyn mch tng t nn cuc gi cng qua nhiu
tng i th kh nng gp phi tng i tng t cng ln. Nhng ngi lm vic cc
vn phng chi nhnh xa cng ty hay nhng ngi lm vic ti nh ring nhiu khi than
phin kt ni modem ca h vi mng cng ty ch t c tc ti a 28,8 kbps.
Ngay c khi mi vic u tt p th tc 56 kbps vn l qu khim tn d l tin
b cng ngh cui cng ca modem tng t. Chng ta s ho ton b mng vin
thng ch tr ra ng truyn dn thu bao ni ht l phi chuyn tn hiu thnh tng

- 10 -
t phn phi n khch hng nn knh truyn khng th dung np thm nhiu bit
hn na. Nu mun tc truyn d liu cao hn th phi ngh n cc phng php
khch hn l s dng mng in thoi truyn thng.
1.3 Cng ngh truy nhp xDSL ( x Digital Subscriber Line ):
Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (xDSL ) l phng thc truyn thng tin s vi
tc hng triu bit trn dy qua ng in thoi truyn thng v s l nn tng cho
vic phn b dch v bng rng ny n cc thu bao. S d iu ny thc hin c l
nh ng dng cc k thut truyn s phc tp, l s b tr cc suy gim truyn dn
trn ng dy in thoi v cc b x l s c nng lc rt ln.
Khi nng lc x l ca b x l tn hiu s tng ln, th tc ca DSL cng tng
ln. Cng ngh DSL bt u t 144 kbit/s ISDN c bn (BRI), pht trin ti 1,5 n
2 Mbit/s HDSL, 7 Mbit/s vi ADSL, v by gi l 52 Mbit/s VDSL. Trong phm vi
ti ny th chng ti xin ch cp n cng ngh ADSL.
1.3.1 Phm vi thit k ca DSL:
Cc DSL c thit k gii hn 6 dB t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR. iu ny
c ngha l DSL c cc li bit BER l 10
-7
khi nng lng tn hiu nhiu l 6 dB tc
ln hn m hnh xuyn m c nh ngha l "ti nht". Trong nhiu trng hp, m
hnh xuyn m ti nht l trong nhm 50 i dy c 49 ngun nhiu xuyn m. Nu
ch c nhiu Gaussian, 6 dB SNR gy ra mc li l 10
-24
. Tuy nhin trn thc t, nhiu
thng l non-Gaussian. Do trn thc t, vi mc 6 dB m bo DSLs hot ng
BER (Bit Error Rate) tt hn 10
-9
v DSLs s cung cp dch v tin cy thm ch khi
mi trng truyn dn km hn mc bnh thng.
Gi tr 6 dB xut pht t tiu chun ANSI ISDN(American National Standards
Institude : Vin tiu chun quc gia M) c bn trong T1D1.3 (trc l T1E1.4)
vo nm 1985 do Richard McDonald ca Bellcore a ra. Nh m t T1E1.4/95-
133, gii hn 6 dB vn l gi tr hp l. Gii hn ny p dng cho nhiu loi cp khc
nhau (cp b lo ho, cp ni, cp t), nhiu b sung trung tm chuyn mch CO
(Central Office), dy thu bao, cc ngun nhiu khc, thit k b thu pht khng hon
ho, li do sn xut. Mc gii hn thit k l s kt hp gia vic m bo hot ng
tin cy trong mi trng hp v kh nng cho php di mch vng ti a. Cc
phng php truyn dn phc tp c th t c cht lng lm vic tt hn, nhng
vn cn cc gii hn thit k. Tuy nhin, cc h thng o gii hn khi khi ng c th
cung cp cho ngi lp t ngay lp tc ch s cho bit liu mch vng c gii hn hay
khng.
Sau ngi lp t phi hiu chnh v d nh tm i dy tt hn hoc loi b cc
cu r. C kin cho rng h thng c ch s thi gian thc ca gii hn truyn dn c
th s dng vi mc gii hn l 5 dB. Tuy nhin, thay i gii hn thit k 1 hoc 2dB
ch m rng phm vi mch vng truy nhp khong 1 di mch vng).


- 11 -

Hnh I.8: Tc bit DSL cng vi di mch vng cho dy 26 AWG
1.3.2 Tin s ca DSL :
C ngi cho rng trung k T1, E1 v cc ng dch v d liu s DDS (Digital
Data Service : dch v s liu s) l cc DSL u tin. Mc d h thng truyn dn T1
(1,544 Mbit/s AMI (M o du lun phin) s dng Bc M) v E1 (2048 Mbit/s
HDB3) ban u ch s dng lm cc trung k gia cc trung tm chuyn mch (CO),
sau c s dng rt tt lm ng ni d liu tc cao t CO ti khch hng. T1
u tin c AT&T s dng vo nm 1962. Trung k ni t CO ti CO ngy nay da
trn cp quang v vi ba. T1/E1 ngy nay khng s dng nh mc ch nguyn thu,
T1/E1 vn c s dng trn ng dy thu bao, nhng n c mt s nhc im l
gi t v tn thi gian lp t v thng tch thnh mt nhm cc i dy tch bit
vi cc h thng truyn dn khc. Mt ng dy T1 c 4 dy, 2 dy truyn thng tin
n khch hng v 2 dy kia truyn thng tin t khch hng. gim nhiu xuyn m
u gn gia hai hng ca truyn dn, ngi ta chia thnh 2 b cp, 1 b mang tn
hiu i v 1 b truyn tn hiu v. ng dy T1 c thit k vi mc suy hao ti a
l 15 dB (ngha l t 2 n 3 kft) 772 kHz cho CO (CO ti b lp u tin), suy hao
ti a 36 dB t b lp ti b lp v suy hao ng dy 22,5 dB t b lp cui cng n
khch hng. i vi khong cch nhiu dm c th dng nhiu b lp. B lp T1 c
ngun in l 130v mt chiu. y ta khng coi T1/E1 v DDS l cc DSL.

Tc
bit tn
hiu
hng v
52m
26m
13m
6m
3m
2m
1.5m
400k
144k

144k 640k 1.5M 2M 13M
Tc bit pht (bit/s t khch hng)
BRI (15 kft)
DS1-HDSL (9 kft)
E1-HDSL (7 kft)
9 kft

ADSL

12 kft
1 kft

3 kft VDSL 1 kft

4 kft 3 kft

- 12 -
1.3.3 So snh cc cng ngh truy nhp xDSL:

K thut

Tc Gii hn khong cch ng dng
56 Kbps
analog
modems
56 Kbps downslink Khng gii hn
28.8 hoc 33.6 Kbps
uplink
E-mail, Truy cp LAN t xa,
Truy cp Internet/intranet.
ISDN <= 128 Kbps
(khng nn) Song
cng
5 Km (thm thit b
c th m rng
khong cch)
Hi ngh truyn hnh, Khc
phc thin tai, D phng leased
line, Cc hot ng thng
mi, truy cp Internet/intranet.
Cable
modem
1030 Mbps Lung
xung, 128 Kbps10
Mbps lung ln
(Bng thng dng
chung)
50 Km trn cp ng
trc (thm thit b
ph tr c th m
rng ti 300 Km)
Truy cp Internet
ADSL
Lite
1 Mbps lung xung
512 Kbps lung ln
5 Km Truy cp Internet/intranet,
duyt Web, thoi IP, thoi
video.
ADSL/R-
ADSL
1.58 Mbps lung
xung, 1.544 Mbps
lung ln
5Km (khong cch
cng ngn tc
cng cao hn)
truy cp Internet/intranet, video
theo yu cu , truy cp LAN t
xa, VPNs, VoIP
IDSL 144 Kbps song cng 5Km (thm thit b
ph tr c th m
rng ti 300 Km)
truy cp Internet/intranet, video
theo yu cu , truy cp LAN t
xa, VPNs, VoIP
HDSL 1.544 Mbps(T1)
song cng
2.048 Mbps (E1)
song cng
(s dng 23 i
dy)
3,6 Km4,5 Km Ni ht, Thay th trung k
T1/E1 c dng b lp, Kt ni
cc PBX vi nhau, Tp trung
lu lng Frame Relay, kt ni
cc mng LAN.
SDSL 1.544 Mbps full
duplex (T1)
2.048 Mbps full
duplex (E1)
(uses 1 wire pair)
3Km Ni ht, Thay th trung k
T1/E1 c dng b lp, Kt ni
cc PBX vi nhau, kt ni cc
mng LAN.

- 13 -
VDSL 1352 Mbps Lung
xung
1.52.3 Mbps lung
ln
(i xng t ti
34Mbps )
300m1,5 km
(ph thuc vo tc
)
Truy cp Multimedia Internet,
qung b cc chng trnh TV.
Ngun: 3Com, 03/ 1998.

Hnh I.9 Bng so snh cc cng ngh


- 14 -
CHNG II
NHIU
2.1 Nhiu xuyn m:
Nhiu xuyn m xut hin trong cc DSL bi v mi dy trong cp i dy xon
pht ra in t. Cc trng in v t to ra dng in chy trong cc i dy bn cnh
dn n tn hiu xuyn m khng mong mun trn cc i dy ny. Hnh II.1 minh ha
kiu xuyn m thng gp phi trong DSL. Xuyn m u gn NEXT (Near End
Cross Talk ) l loi xuyn m xy ra t cc tn hiu i theo hng ngc li trn i
dy xon (hoc l t b pht ti b thu u cui gn). Xuyn m u xa FEXT (Far
End Cross Talk) c t tn hiu i theo cng mt hng trn hai i dy xon (hoc t
b pht ti b thu u xa).

Hnh II.1 Nhiu xuyn m NEXT FEXT
Xuyn m c th l ngun nhiu nh hng ln trn i dy xon v thng gy
gim tnh nng hot ng ca DSL .
2.2 Nhiu v tuyn :
Nhiu v tuyn l phn cn li ca tn hiu v tuyn trn ng dy in thoi.
Tn hiu v tuyn (RF) nh hng ln i dy in thoi, c bit l dy trn. Cc
ng dy in thoi lm t ng to thnh anten thu sng in t to ra dng in
tch cm ng so vi t. in p chung cho i dy xon l mt trong hai dy so vi
t - thng thng hai in p ny trong i dy xon ging nhau. ng dy in
thoi cn bng cao cho thy s suy gim ln trong tn hiu RF bin thin trn i dy
so vi tn hiu chung. Tuy nhin s cn bng s gim khi tng tn s, v tn s ca
next
Cp
u pht
u thu
Fext
Cp
u pht
u thu

- 15 -
DSL t 560 kHz n 30 MHz, h thng DSL c th chng ln ln bng tn v tuyn v
s thu nhn mc no ca nhiu v tuyn dc theo cc tn hiu DSL trn cng mt
i dy thoi. Dng nhiu DSL ny gi l RF vo.
2.3 Nhiu xung:
Nhiu xung l xuyn m khng n nh t cc trng in t tm thi gn ng
dy in thoi. V d v b pht xung l rt a dng nh m ca t lnh (m t
chy/tt), in p iu khin thang my (cc ng dy in thoi trong cc to nh
thng chy theo ng ging thang my), v rung chung ca cc my in thoi
trong cng b cp. Mi hiu ng ny l tm thi v gy ra nhiu xm nhp vo cc
ng dy in thoi qua cng mt c ch c bn nh nhiu RF, nhng thng tn
s thp hn nhiu.
2.4 T can nhiu:
T xuyn m l xuyn m vo mt dch v t DSL cng loi. Dng tng thch
ph ny l quan trng nht khi mt nh cung cp dch v chon cung cp mt dch v
no trn phm vi rng. Sau , cc DSL cng loi s xuyn m vo nhau.
Thut ng khng i xng u tin do Joe Lechleider ca Bellcore a vo
ADSL. ADSL truyn trn bng tn thu rng hn nhiu so vi pht, v do vy phn ln
tn hiu thu khng c t xuyn m. iu ny cho php tn hiu thu chy tc ln
hn nhiu so vi truyn dn i xng c th (nu tt c cc iu kin khc l ging
nhau). Bi v c hai dch v gii tr (TV trc tip v phim theo yu cu) v cc bng
tn khng i xng ca cc ng dng Internet ph hp vi tnh cht khng i xng
ca ADSL, s dng truyn dn khng i xng, v cc l do k thut, cng ph hp
nhu cu th trng i vi cc dch v. Cc DSL mi nh G.lite (Khuyn ngh ca
ITU_G.992.2)v VDSL cng c t nht mt vi ch lm vic khng i xng.
T xuyn m u gn (self NEXT) c th lm gim hoc theo tn s (bng cch s
dng ph tn s khng chng ln) hoc theo thi gian (bng cch ng b tt c cc
DSL theo ng h mng v th n truyn thu v pht trn cc khe thi gian khc nhau).
Tuy nhin, FEXT s c a ra, theo phng php ring r theo thi gian hoc theo
tn s.
2.5 Nhiu lin k hiu ISI (Intersymbol Interference) :
Xuyn nhiu l hin tng ch yu lm gim cht lng ng truyn dn ADSL.
Suy hao ng truyn nghim trng v tr bin i theo tn s gy ra hin tng
xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu gn nhau. Xuyn nhiu ca mt k hiu c nh hng
n hng trm k hiu khc trn ng dy ADSL. Hin tng xuyn nhiu gia cc
k hiu lm cho vic nhn bit tng k hiu khng thc hin c. Mt s phng
thc truyn dn trc y nh AMI (AMI cho T1, E1) hn ch hin tng xuyn
nhiu gia cc k hiu nh rt ngn i dy ng xon la phng tin truyn dn
gim s bin i suy hao theo tn s. ISDL 2B1Q s dng tc k hiu 80kHz
hn ch s chng ln ca cc k hiu. Mc ng vy, ISDL vn cn hin tng
xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu. Vi tc truyn dn cao ca ADSL, HDSL, VDSL,

- 16 -
hin tng xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu cn c b thch ng. Cc phng php
cn bng c tc ng n cht lng nhng s tn km khi tc s liu v k hiu
tng ln. Phng php cn bng to ra cu hnh thit b thu ph hp nhm hn ch
hin tng xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu. Phng thc truyn a knh thc hin c
u thu v u pht s nng cao c cht lng. ADSL v mt vi dng VDSL s
dng phng php truyn dn a knh.
2.6 T s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) :
T s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR : Signal to Noise Ratio) l t s nng lng ca
tn hiu mang thng tin my thu so snh vi nng lng ca nhiu nhn c. V
bn cht SNR m hnh t cht lng ca knh truyn dn. Trong min tn s, SNR
c tnh bng cch chia mt ph nng lng (PSD) ca tn hiu mang tin my
thu cho mt ph nng lng my pht. V suy hao v nhiu lun bin i theo
tn s nn t s SNR l mt hm theo tn s.
Cng vi xc sut d tn hiu sai nhm v di thng ca knh truyn, SNR xc
nh vn tc ln nht m thng tin c th c truyn qua knh truyn .


- 17 -
CHNG III
CNG NGH ADSL
3.1 nh ngha ADSL v m hnh tham chiu :
ng dy thu bao s khng i xng ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line) l k thut truyn dn mch vng ni ht ng thi truyn ti trn cng mt i
dy cc dch v sau:
Tc bit thu (v pha thu bao) ln ti gn 9 Mbit/s.
Tc bit pht (v pha mng) ln ti 1 Mbit/s.
Dch v in thoi thng thng ph thng (POTS, thoi tng t v.v..)
Tc bit truyn v pha khch hng ln hn nhiu ln truyn t khch hng i,
do c thut ng khng i xng. Thoi tng t c truyn tn s trong bng c
s kt hp vi truyn d liu thng bng qua b lc thng thp (LPF) m thng
thng c gi l b tch. Ngoi b tch, ADSL bao gm mt n v truyn dn
ADSL pha thit b trung tm (ATU-C), mt mch vng, v mt n v truyn dn
ADSL xa (ATU-R).

Hnh III.1 : M hnh tham chiu ADSL
3.2 ADSL nguyn bn:
nh ngha khi nim ban u ca ADSL xut hin t nm 1989, t
J.W.Lechleider v nhng ngi khc thuc Bellcore. S pht trin ADSL bt u
trng i hc Stanford v phng th nghim AT&T Bell Lab nm 1990. Mu ADSL
u tin xut hin, vo nm 1992 phng th nghim Bellcore, sn phm ADSL u
tin c th nghim vo nm 1995. ADSL thu ht cc cng vic trc kia c thc
hin trn cc modem trong bng, ISDN v HDSL.
Vo thng 10 nm 1998, ITU thng qua b tiu chun ADSL c bn. Khuyn ngh
G922.1 chi tit ADSL full-rate. Khuyn ngh ny gn ging ANSI T1.413 phin bn 2
vi 2 im ngoi tr c bn:
Mch vng ni ht bng
i dy xon
AUT-R
B tch
LPF
in
thoi
POTS-R Pha khch
hng
U-R T
u cui
ngi s
dng
AUT-C
B tch
LPF
Tng i in
thoi
POTS-C
U-C V
Mng bng
rng
Cho n 9Mbps
Cho n 1Mbps
thoi tng t

- 18 -
1. Trnh t khi to da trn m c thay th bi qu trnh da trn bn tin m
t trong G.994.1, v
2. Ch c bit c b sung ci thin hot ng khi c xuyn m t ghp
knh nn theo thi gian TCM ISDN s dng Nht.
Khuyn ngh G.992.2 (trc y gi l G.lite) ch r ADSL vi cch s dng
khng c b phn chia POTS. G.992.2 c da trn G.992.1 vi nhng im khc
bit sau:
3. D tr b sung i vi ch tit kim ngun ti ATU-C v ATU-R,
4. B sung c ch cho php khi phc nhanh t cc trng thi nhc my/t my.
5. S lng m gim t 256 n 128
6. S lng bit trn m gim t 15 n 8.
Khuyn ngh G.994.1 (trc y gi l G.hs) m t th tc bt tay ban u da trn
gi tin cho php cc b thu pht DSL a ch c mt ch hot ng chung.
Khuyn ngh G.955.1 cung cp tng quan h khuyn ngh DSL. Khuyn ngh G.966.1
m t phng php o s hot ng ca thit b DSL. Khuyn ngh G.977.1 m t hot
ng ca lp vt l, cc quy nh v qun l v bo dng cho ADSL, bao gm knh
eoc v c s qun l thng tin (MIB).
3.3 Cc kh nng ca ADSL v ng dng :
ADSL1, ADSL2, ADSL3
Khi nim v ADSL xut hin vo gia nhng nm 1990. Ban u ADSL c
nghin cu tc 1,5 Mbit/s thu v 16 kbit/s pht cho ng dng MPEG-1 quay s
video (VDT). Mt s thnh vin trong nghnh cng nghip ny gi y l ADSL1.
Sau , ngy cng r rng l mt s ng dng yu cu tc cao hn v nhiu k
thut truyn dn tin tin hn cho php truyn tc cao. 3 Mbit/s thu v 16 kbit/s
pht ("ADSL2") c a ra cho php 2 dng MPEG-1 ng thi. Vo nm 1993, s
quan tm hng v ADSL3 vi 6 Mbit/s thu v t nht 64 kbit/s pht h tr video
MPEG2. Tiu chun ADSL ANSI T1.413 phin bn 1 pht trin vt ra khi khi
nim ADSL3. Thut ng ADSL1, ADSL2, v ADSL3 t c s dng sau khi tiu
chun ANSI T1.413 thng qua.
RADSL
ng dy thu bao s tc iu chnh (RADSL) l thut ng p dng cho h
thng ADSL c kh nng xc nh dung lng truyn ca mi mch vng mt cch t
ng v sau hot ng tc cao nht ph hp vi mch vng . Tiu chun
ANSI T1.413 cung cp kh nng hot ng tc iu chnh. iu chnh tc thc
hin khi thit lp ng dy, vi gii hn cht lng tn hiu tn hiu thch hp m
bo rng tc ng dy thit lp c th duy tr trong nhng thay i danh nh trn

- 19 -
c tnh truyn ca ng dy. Do RADSL s t ng cung cp tc bit ln hn
trn mch vng c c tnh truyn dn tt hn (suy hao t hn, nhiu t hn). RADSL
h tr tc thu ti a trong phm vi t 7 n 10 Mbit/s v tc pht ti a trong
phm vi t 512 n 900 kbit/s. Trn nhng mch vng di, RADSL c th hot ng
tc thu thp nht khong 512 kbit/s v 128 kbit/s pht.
RADSL mn khi nim tc iu chnh t modem trong bng thoi. RADSL c
li ch ca mt phin bn thit b c th m bo tc truyn dn cao nht c th cho
mi mch vng v cng cho php hot ng trn nhng mch vng di tc thp
hn.
3.4 Truyn dn ADSL:
Khi nim ADSL c hai phn c bn: (1) Xuyn m u gn gim do c tc bit
pht v di tn thp hn nhiu tc bit thu v (2) truyn ti ng thi POST v d
liu bng cch truyn d liu trong di bng tn trn bng tn thoi. Truyn dn hai
hng tc nhiu Mbit/s khng dng trn phn ln cc ng dy in thoi do
hiu ng kt hp ca suy gim mch vng v xuyn m. Nh ch ra hnh III.2, nng
lng tn hiu nhn c gim i tng ng vi tn s v nhiu xuyn m nhn c
tng theo tn s. Do truyn dn hai hng khng th thc hin c nhng tn s
m nhiu xuyn m ln t tn hiu nhn.

Hnh III.2 Truyn dn hai hng b gii hn cc tn s thp
ADSL thc hin truyn dn hai hng ti nhng ni c th: di tn s ct hai
hng. Tn s cao khng thch hp cho truyn dn hai hng c s dng cho truyn
dn mt hng. iu ny cho php tc thu vt xa tc c th truyn dn hai
hng.
Nhiu h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn ghp knh theo tn s, k thut
ny t truyn dn pht di tn s tch khi di tn thu trch t xuyn m. Di tn
bo v l cn thit gip cho cc b lc ngn tp m POTS (Dch v in thoi thng
thng trong chuyn mch knh thoi tng t) can nhiu vo truyn dn s (Hnh
III.3).Mt s h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn trit ting vng ECH, ni
di tn pht c t trong di tn thu (Xem hnh III.4) Bng cch chng di tn, tng
Mc tin
Tn s
Mc tn hiu
nhn c
Mc nhiu
xuyn m
nhn c
Gii hn cho
truyn dn hai
hng

- 20 -
bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin, ECH kh trnh c t xuyn m v khi thc
hin cn c x l s phc tp hn. C mt s bn khon l liu phc tp s c
n b bng cch n gin ho tng t u trc.
Do khng c t xuyn m u cui CO, nn ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
FDM ADSL lm vic theo hng pht tt hn nhiu so vi xo ting vng ECH
ADSL. Tuy nhin di thng thu ca ADSL cho php lm vic theo hng thu, i vi
cc mch vng l ngn hn.
Hot ng ca DSL i xng ban u b hn ch bi t xuyn m u gn (self-
NEXT). ADSL khc phc c self NEXT u cui khch hng n gin bng cch
gim ngun c NEXT. Bng cch gim tc bit pht, knh pht c th t v tr
xuyn m vo truyn dn thu l t nht. i vi ADSL, s thu nhn ca knh pht
c xp t d dng hn bng cch t n tn s thp hn ni m suy hao mch
vng l thp v nhiu xuyn m cng thp hn.

Hnh III.3 ADSL ghp phn chia theo tn s

Hnh III.4 Truyn dn xo ting vng ADSL
H thng ADSL ng dng k thut truyn dn tin tin nng cao hot ng.
iu ch v sp t tn s ca tn hiu pht c t lm thch ng t c mc
Mc truyn
T n s
Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng truyn tn
s thp
Bng truyn tn
s cao
Mc truyn
T n s
Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng truyn tn
s thp
Bng truyn tn
s cao

- 21 -
hot ng ti u nht t cc c tnh lin quan ti ng dy thu bao s dng. M
Trellis c s dng gim hiu ng nhiu bng tn rng. Cc b cn bng c kh
nng thch nghi chng li nhiu bng hp v d nh nhiu tn s pht thanh (RFI). M
iu khin li hng i v ci xen (interleaving) ngn chn nhiu xung. Interleaving
chng li li xut hin t ngt bng cch thay i cc khi d liu v th m s xut
hin t ngt li ko di dn n c mt s t li trong mt khi d liu (c th sa
c) thay v mt lng li ln xy ra trong mt khi (khng th sa c). Vi
su interleaving 20 ms s chng li nhiu t bin c khong thi gian l 500 s. Tuy
nhin mc interleaving ny gy ra tr truyn b sung m c th lm chm li bng
thng ca cc th tc. V d nh TCP/IP yu cu phi c cc gi tin phc p trc
khi d liu tip theo c truyn.
3.5 Tng lai ca ADSL :
ADSL s c tch hp vo h thng mch vng s DLC (Digital Loop Circuit)
trn cp dnh cho cc mch vng khng ni trc tip t CO. ADSL rt thch hp
cung cp tc bit cao trn mch vng DLC, m rt him khi di qu 3,7 km (12 kft).
Mc d c cc tiu chun cng nghip cho ADSL (ANSI T1.413), cc h thng
ADSL ban u khng lm vic vi nhau. Ngi ta ch i nhng n lc ca cc nh
sn xut ADSL v cc u ban tiu chun t c kh nng kt ni cho cc h
thng ADSL tng lai ca nhiu nh sn xut thit b. Ngoi lp vt l, kh nng kt
ni yu cu tng thch th tc tt c cc lp.
Ngi ta nhn thy ngy cng r rng rng ADSL l cng ngh truy nhp m ch
chuyn giao khng ng b cn m rng ti khch hng gia nh v cc vn
phng nh. Trc khi c ADSL, ATM (Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b) t ra
hn ch cho nhng khch hng chu c gi kt ni ng truyn 45 Mbit/s v ln
hn thng ch c ti khu thng mi ln v mng ng trc. Ngi ta ang nghin
cu truyn ti ATM trn cc c tnh thng nht ca ADSL: li truyn, tr, khng
i xng v t ng thay i tc .
Trong thi gian ti, ngi ta tp trung vo pht trin ADSL ln ti tc cao ti
10 Mbit/s thu v 1,5 Mbit/s pht. Tuy nhin hng ny b mt dn do trng vi VDSL,
cc lo ngi v tng thch ph v cc nghi ng lin quan ti nhu cu s dng tc
ny. Thay vo hin nay ngi ta tp trung vo ci thin phm vi mch vng cc
tc gn 1Mbit/s, gi thnh thp, tiu thu nng lng thp v gim xuyn m. Cc h
thng ADSL ang c pht trin truyn a mch thoi s ngoi truyn d liu tc
ln.
ADSL + ISDN
Mt s nh bn thit b ang gii thiu phin bn ADSL bng tn pht v thu c
t trn 0 n 80 kHz ANSI T1.601 bng truyn ca ISDN tc c bn. i vi BRI
s dng m ng dy 4B3T, bng tn s BRI l t 0 ti 120 kHz. iu ny gim
ng k tc ADSL nhng cho php ng thi dch v ISDN v ADSL trn cng
mt mch vng. Cu hnh ADSL + ISDN khng ha hn cung cp c mch vng
ti 5,5 km (18 kft) m thng thng cung cp bi ISDN. ADSL +ISDN c bit c

- 22 -
quan tm c v Php ni dch v ISDN c trin khai rng. Cu hnh ny cng
c s dng cung cp hai mch thoi v d liu tc cao trung bnh.
ADSL khng tch ( lc )
Vic lp t dch v ADSL pha nh thu bao c th yu cu thay ton b i dy
bn trong hoc sa i. i vi cu hnh ADSL chun, ADSL kt thc thit b giao
din mng (NID), ni b lc thng thp (b tch) tch tn hiu trong bng thoi c
gn vi dy v dy xanh ti in thoi v tn hiu bng rng c ni ti dy vng v
dy en ni ti modem ADSL ca khch hng. lm c iu ny cn phi c cc
thit b tch v s dng cc dy vng v en m khng lp t mt s khch hng
hoc s dng cho dch v thoi ng dy th hai. Hn na trong mt s trng hp,
dy km tiu chun c s dng lm nh hng ti hot ng ca ADSL (v thm ch
ISDN). Kt qu l thng phi i dy li t NID ti modem ca khch hng.

Hnh III.5 Cu hnh ADSL chun c b tch.
Cu hnh ADSL POTS c b tch ph bin nht (c ch ra trong hnh III.5) t
b lc thng thp LPF cho ng dy thoi gn NID v b lc thng cao HPF
trong ATU-R. Mt gii php khc, cc b lc (LPF v HPF) c th tch hp trong
ATU-R. S dng b lc trong ATU-R c nhc im l c th b mt dch v POTS
khi b i ATU-R v c th c mc xuyn m qu mc khi s dng ng i dy hin
c.
Khi nim ADSL khng c b tch c ngha l loi b b lc tch cui ng
dy pha thu bao. Nhiu thut ng khc c s dng m t khi nim ny:
ADSL lite, Consumer DSL (CDSL) hoc ADSL ph thng (UADSL). ADSL khng
c b tch c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ITU G.992.2. ADSL modem v cc
in thoi c ni trc tip ti ng dy v xanh hin c, h tr ng thi thoi
v d liu. Vic lp t ADSL c thc hin d dng bng cch cm ADSL modem
vo bt c jack no nh thu bao, khng cn phi i dy mi cng nh lp t cc b
tch.

Tng i trung tm
ATU-C
Chuyn mch thoi
LPF
Pha khch hng
Vng & en
ATU-R
LPF
NID
& xanh

- 23 -

Hnh III.6 Cu hnh ADSL khng c b lc pha khch hng.
B lc ADSL c hai mc ch: (1) b lc lm suy gim nhiu tn hiu c th lm
hng ng truyn d liu ADSL v (2) b lc lm suy gim tn hiu ADSL trnh
nhiu tp m trn ng dy in thoi. Do tr khng khng tuyn tnh ca mt s
in thoi, mc nng lng pht ADSL cc tn s trn bng tn m c th iu ch
vo bng tn thoi. Tuy nhin iu ny s lm gim tc d liu ADSL v di
mch vng. Li bt thng d xy ra khi in thoi rung chung v chc chn xy ra
trong thi im ngt chung khi in thoi ang rung chung b nhc t hp. Ting rt
kh chu c th nghe thy c trong in thoi.
Mt gii php cho vn ny l t mt lot cc b lc thng thp vo mi in
thoi (hnh III.7). B lc ny thng khng t v c cc u ni modun cho nn bt
c khch hng no cng c th t lp t trong vng vi giy. Khch hng c th mua
in thoi mi "ADSL-tng thch" c cc b lc thng thp c sn trong my. Cu
hnh ny c th ngn chn nhiu POTS lm suy gim truyn dn ADSL v nhiu
ADSL nghe thy c trn in thoi. Khng cn i dy mi bn trong v cng
khng cn lp t cc b lc NID. Khch hng c th cm ADSL modem vo bt c
jack in thoi no trn tng. Tc d liu ADSL mt chng mc no thp
hn cu hnh ADSL tiu chun. Tc d liu c th suy gim do cc ngun nhiu
khc v hiu ng ti ca cc b lc cc mu dy. Cht lng truyn trong bng thoi
b suy gim c th xut pht t nhiu b lc thng thp t song song vi nhau. Mt
tr ngi khc lin quan n cc khch hng qun khng t LPF trn ng dy ni ti
in thoi ca h.

Hnh III.7 Cu hnh ADSL c b lc thng thp ti mi in thoi
Tng i trung tm

ATU-C
Chuyn mch thoi
LPF
Pha khch hng
& xanh

ATU-R
NID
LPF LPF
Tng i trung tm

Chuyn mch thoi
LPF
Pha khch hng
& xanh
NID
ATU-C ATU-R


- 24 -
Nu cc chng ngi v k thut v khai thc c khc phc, c th ADSL khng
b tch s chim u th hn. Trong tng lai gn, phn ln cc ADSL c lp t
vi b tch cc hai u cui ca ng dy. Vic s dng b tch pha khch hng
c th c tip tc s dng cho cc khch hng yu cu dch v tc bit cao. Mt
s nh cung cp dch v ADSL gi l dch v ADSL ca h c th lm vic vi c
cu hnh c b tch v khng c b tch trong khi s dng cng loi ATU-C CO.
Qu trnh trin khai ADSL khng c b tch c thc y bi cc hot ng th
trng v k thut ca nhm nghin cu ADSL, nhm cc cng ty in thoi hng u
v cc cng ty my tnh.
3.6 Cc k thut m ha ng truyn trong ADSL :
Cc phng php iu ch CAP (iu ch bin pha khng sng mang) v DMT
(a knh ri rc) l cc m ng truyn s dng hu ch cho vng tn s cao nm
trn di bng tn thoi. Hai phng php m ho ny l rt khc nhau v phng php
thc hin, do b thu pht DMT khng th tng thch vi b thu pht CAP.
3.6.1 M ha ng truyn a knh :
Phng php truyn dn a knh phn chia cc ng DSL thnh hng trm cc
ng truyn nh hn, d truyn hn. Tc s liu l tng tc truyn trn cc
knh nh ny. Phng php chung nht l truyn dn trn cc bng tn hp khng c
hin tng chng ln. M ha ng truyn a knh c cht lng cao nht v c bn
c ti u ha cho knh b hin tng xuyn nhiu. c im chnh ca truyn
dn a knh l lm tng thch tn hiu u vo vi cc c trng ring ca ng dy
in thoi. iu ny cho php nng cao ng k v c ly v tin cy, hai tham s
chnh lm nh hng n chi ph khi thit k h thng. Chnh v vy m truyn dn a
knh c s dng ph bin trong cc ng truyn DSL.
Phng thc truyn dn a knh em li cht lng cao c s dng trong ng
truyn ADSL. B cn bng ch c th hn ch mt phn hin tng xuyn nhiu v
c s dng trong s tch ti u mt phn. Khi hin tng xuyn nhiu tr nn
nghim trng, cc b cn bng tr nn rt phc tp v gim cht lng cng ln so vi
gi tr l thuyt. Gii php s dng y l phn chia knh truyn dn thnh mt s
cc knh AWGN( Additive Gaussian White Noise : nhiu trng Gaussian cng thm)
nh hn. L thuyt ny do Shannon a ra trong l thuyt ton thng tin ca ng
nhm chia knh thnh mt s ln cc knh AWGN bng tn hp. Cc knh ny thng
c tch thnh cc bng tn k tip nhau ring bit v gi l truyn dn a sng mang
hay a tn hiu. Nu cc knh truyn dn a tn hiu c bng tn hp th xuyn
nhiu s t hn hoc khng c v chng c th c xem l knh AWGN. Thay v s
dng cc b cn bng phc tp ch cn s dng cc b tch/ghp tn hiu ti v t cc
knh nh. Truyn dn a sng mang hin c tiu chun ha v s dng do vic
to cc knh nh n gin khi c cc b x l tn hiu s. B cn bng cc sng mang
rng c th c thay th bng s t hn cc b cn bng s dng b sng mang hay
a sng mang theo l thuyt ca Shannon v c th c s dng hay hiu n gin
hn. Dung lng ca knh s l tng ca cc knh c lp song song vi nhau lm cho

- 25 -
vic tnh ton tc s liu cc i ca knh theo l thuyt hay s dng hiu qu
ca SNR tnh cc tc thc t s n gin hn.
Khi nim c bn v a tn ri rc hay ng truyn a knh c m t trn hnh
III.8. Trong trng hp ny ta xem xt hai ng truyn DSL c hin tng xuyn
nhiu ISI nghim trng, nu c truyn di dng knh n bng rng. Ngi ta
phn chia ph ca tn hiu pht thnh cc cc bng hp hn v cc knh ny truyn
qua knh d kin truyn ti thng tin. Cn ch l b thu c b lc tng thch vi
tng b lc thng thp pha pht do d dng to thnh b thu ging nhau cc i.
Cc knh c cht lng tt hn s truyn ti nhiu thng tin hn cc knh cn li. Nu
cc knh ny hp th s khng cn n b cn bng.

Hnh III.8 a tn ri rc
Tp hp cc t s tn hiu/tp m l rt cn thit tnh cht lng ca knh. Gi
thit l ta c N knh mi knh c
) / ( log + =
n
n SNR b 1
2
1
2

S bit trung bnh l tng s bit truyn trn mi knh chia cho s knh (gi thit
y l N) nh sau

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

= =
geo
N N
n
n
N
n
n
SNR
SNR SNR
N
b 1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
log log log

trong SNR
geo
l t s tn hiu/ tp m v hnh hc hay gi tr trung bnh nhn ca
1+SNR/.
bit/knh
Tn s
i dy xon
i dy xon c TAP,AM/RF v XTALK
xtalk
Suy hao
Suy hao

bit/knh
Tn s
Tn s
bit/knh
Tn s
Tn s
Tn s
AM
bt/knh

- 26 -

(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

=
1 1
1
1
N N
n
n
geo
SNR
SNR
Tng ca cc knh c lp song song c xem l nhiu trng Gaussian c
SNRgeo bng gi tr trung bnh nhn ca cc knh nh SNR. SNRgeo c th xem nh
SNR ca h thng cn bng thng bng v bng tn c bn. T s nhiu/tp m
SNRgeo c th c ci thin ng k khi phn b nng lng qua tt c hay mt s
knh khng ng u v cho php nng cao cht lng ca h thng.
3.6.2 M ha m tn ri rc DMT (Dicrete Multitone Modulation) :
Modem ADSL da trn DMT bao gm rt nhiu (256) modem mini, mi modem
c bng tn khong 4kHz, hot ng ng thi. DMT s dng rt nhiu knh mang
to thnh cc knh con, mi knh con mang mt phn nh ca tng s thng tin. Cc
knh con ny c iu ch mt cch c lp vi tn s mang tng ng vi tn s
trung tm ca knh con v c x l song song. Mi knh con c iu ch s dng
QAM v c th mang t 0 n 15bit/symbol/Hz. S bit thc t c mang trn mt
knh ph thuc vo c tnh ng dy. Cc knh con trung tm c th khng c s
dng do giao thoa ngoi gia cc knh con. DMT c minh ho trong hnh III.9,
III.10

Hnh III.9 a tn ri rc
Theo l thuyt, di bng tn ln nht hng ln l 25 knh x 15
bit/symbol/Hz/knh x 4KHz = 1,5 Mbps.
Di bng tn ln nht hng xung l: 249knh x15 bit/symbol/Hz/knh x 4KHz =
14,9 Mbps.

frequency
Upstream
POST
Downstream
0 4 40 1100
7 dB
ADS
Khng c s dng do
iu kin ng truyn
Signal
Power

- 27 -
S iu ch DMT :

Hnh III.10 S iu ch DMT
my thu tn hiu nhn c t knh truyn c a n b bin i tng t
sang s, g b cc CP(Cyclic Prefix : tin t chu k) v bin i ngc tr li dng
phc nh php bin i DFT. Mi gi tr ng ra l mt s phc i din cho bin
v pha ca tn s phn knh tng ng. Tp cc gi tr phc ny, mi gi tr i din
cho mt phn knh gi l ph min tn s (FEQ : Frequency Domain Equalisation).
Sau FEQ, mt b d khng nh gii m cc k hiu ph nhn c. Nh vy, cc h
thng DMT khng b nh hng bi lan truyn sai do mi k hiu ph u c gii
m c lp vi cc k hiu ph khc.
Khi DMT c s dng lm phng php m ho cho ADSL th n to ra mt s
u,khuyt im sau:
u :
o Pht trin t cng ngh modem V34: modem V34 s dng mt s k thut
tin tin t c ti a tc d liu trn ng dy in thoi. Modem
ADSL da trn DMT l i din cho s tin ho t k thut ca modem V34.
Modem DMT s dng QAM, trit ting vng, m li a kch c, v sp xp
hnh sao.
o S thc thi: truyn c tc bit ti a trong cc khong bng tn nh bi
v cc knh con c lp c th thao tc mt cch ring bit vi cc iu kin
ng dy c xem xt. DMT o t s S/N mt cch ring bit i vi mi
knh con v n nh s bit c mang bi mi knh con tng ng. Thng
thng, cc tn s thp c th mang nhiu bit bi v chng b suy hao nh hn
ti tn s cao.
o Thch ng tc : DMT linh hot hn trong vic iu chnh tc truyn, n
c th thch ng tc d liu i vi iu kin ng dy c th. Mi knh
con mang mt s bit c th ph thuc vo t s S/N. Bng vic hiu chnh s bit
trn mt knh, DMT c th t ng iu chnh tc bit d liu.
Nhc: Do c nhiu sng mang nn thit b rt phc tp v t.
M ho Kim
tra
IDFT D/A
Knh thng
tin
DFT Kim
tra
Tn hiu
ra
Tn hiu
vo
Gii m

- 28 -
3.6.3 iu ch pha & bin khng sng mang CAP (Carrierless Amplitude
Phase):
Phng php iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang ny da trn phng php
iu ch bin cu phng QAM. V th phng php ny hot ng tng t nh
phng php QAM. Tng t nh QAM, CAP s dng c iu ch bin v iu
ch pha, nh ch ra trong hnh III.11 sau:

Hnh III.11 Chm sao m ho cho CAP64
S khc nhau gia CAP v QAM trong vic thc hin chng. Vi QAM, hai tn
hiu c kt hp trong mt min tng t. Tuy nhin, do tn hiu sng mang khng
mang thng tin, nn CAP khng gi mt cht sng mang no. Tn hiu iu ch c
thc hin mt cch s ho nh s dng hai b lc s vi cc c tnh bin cn bng
v khc pha. Tn hiu iu ch ca CAP l s ch khng phi l tng t do tit
kim c chi ph. Tuy nhin chnh s vng mt ca sng mang li to nn nhc
im ca CAP l chm sao m ho ca CAP khng c nh (trong khi chm sao m
ho ca QAM l c nh). Do b thu CAP phi c chc nng quay pht hin ra
v tr c lin quan ca chm sao.
Di y l s thu pht tn hiu theo phng php iu ch CAP. Cc bit d
liu c a vo b m ho, u ra b m ho l cc symbol c a n cc b lc
s. Tn hiu sau khi qua b lc s ng pha v b lc s lch pha 90
0
s c tng hp
li, i qua b chuyn i D/A, qua b lc pht v ti ng truyn.
Ti u thu, tn hiu nhn c qua b chuyn i A/D, qua cc b lc thch ng
v n phn x l sau l gii m. B lc pha thu v b x l l mt phn ca vic
cn bng iu chnh chnh mo tn hiu.
0001
1011
0001
1010
1110
1101
1111
1100
0100
0101
0111
0110
0010
0011
1000
0000

- 29 -

Hnh III.12 Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php CAP
CAP to cc thun li sau:
o K thut hon thin pht trin t modem V34: Do CAP da trn QAM mt
cch trc tip, nn n l mt k thut hon thin d hiu, v do khng c cc
knh con nn thc thi n gin hn DMT.
o Thch ng tc : Trong CAP, vic thch ng tc c th t c bi vic
thay i kch c chm sao m ho (4-CAP, 64-CAP, 512-CAP) hoc l bng
cch tng hoc gim ph tn s dng.
o Mch thc hin n gin
Nhc im ca phng php CAP:
Khng c sng mang nn nng lng suy gim nhanh trn ng truyn, v cng
do khng c sng mang m tn hiu thu ch bit bin m khng bit pha do u
thu phi c b thc hin chc nng quay nhm xc nh chnh xc im tn hiu.
C rt nhiu s bn ci v vic s dng DMT hay CAP lm m ng truyn cho
ADSL, mi phng php u c nhng u v nhc im ring ca n. DMT c kh
nng thch ng nhanh vi thay i ng dy, CAP cng c kh nng nh vy. Nhng
hin nay DMT c s dng lm m ng truyn cho ADSL. Tuy nhin, theo s
phn tch ban u th DMT c nhiu t chc chun ho ng s dng truyn cho
ADSL full-rate v ADSL Lite.
M ho
B lc s
ng pha
B lc s
trc giao
D/A Lc pht
A/D
B lc
thch ng
B lc
thch ng
B x l Gii m

- 30 -
Tri ngc vi DMT, CAP s dng hon ton di bng kh dng (ngoi tr di
bng tn thoi), do khng c cc knh con trong CAP. Ni cch khc, DMT v
CAP u da trn QAM, nhng s khc nhau cn bn nht l DMT s dng QAM trn
mi knh con cn CAP phn b u nng lng qua ton di tn. Cc h thng CAP
s dng ghp phn chia theo tn s FDM tch cc tn s trong knh hng ln v
hng xung.
3.7 Cc phng php truyn dn song cng:
Hu ht cc dch v DSL i hi hai chiu (song cng) trong vic truyn d liu,
thm ch tc bit theo cc hng ngc nhau l khng i xng. Cc modem DSL
s dng cc phng thc song cng tch bit cc tn hiu trn cc hng ngc
nhau. C 4 phng thc song cng khc nhau: song cng 4 dy, trit ting vng, song
cng phn chia theo thi gian, v song cng phn chia theo tn s. Phng thc song
cng trit ting vng v song cng phn chia theo thi gian c s dng trong
modem ADSL.
3.7.1 Phng php FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex : ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s):
Trong phng php ny di tn c chia thnh hai phn ng ln v ng
xung khc nhau. Hnh III.13 di y th hin s phn chia vi fb
1
v fb
2
l
rng di tn hai bng.

Hnh III.13 Phn chia bng tn ca phng php FDM
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s ln lt truyn theo cc hng khc nhau trong
cc gii tn khng trng nhau, nh c ch ra trong hnh v trn. FDM loi b NEXT
nu tt c cc ng s dng cng khong bng thng. Mt phng thc la chn
FDM i vi ADSL (ph hp vi trit ting vng) cho php dnh ring bng thng ti
138 kHz u tin cho ng truyn hng ln v tun th theo chun T1.413. Phng
thc ny thng c s dng M. Tuy nhin, nng lc x l thng c tha hip
trong cu hnh ny, v bng thng hng ln hn ch tc d liu di mc mong
mun i vi mt vi dch v (v d: truy nhp Internet).
f
c1
Ln Xung
f
c2
f
b1
f
b2
f


- 31 -
Nhiu h thng ADSL s dng k thut truyn dn ghp knh theo tn s, k thut
ny t truyn dn pht di tn s tch khi di tn thu trnh t xuyn m. Di tn
bo v l cn thit gip cho cc b lc ngn tp m POTS can nhiu vo truyn dn s
(hnh III.14).

Hnh III.14 FDM ADSL
S thc hin truyn:

Hnh III.15 S thu pht theo FDM
Thng ng ln s dng bng tn thp, ng xung bng tn cao v bng
xung rng hn bng ln.
u im ca phng php FDM:
o Do bng tn ln v xung tch bit nn gim c can nhiu trong mt i dy,
trit c xuyn m u gn.
iu ch
(ln)
Gii iu
ch (xung)
Thu/Pht
lc
Thu/Pht
lc
Gii iu
ch (ln)
iu ch
(xung)
fc
1
fc
2
fc
1
fc
2
ln
xung

User 1 User 2
Mc truyn
Tn s
Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng pht
tc thp
Bng pht
tc cao

- 32 -
o Khng cn ng b gia pht v thu.
Nhc im:
o Bng tn s dng ln, gy lng ph bng tn
o thnh phn tn s cao s b suy hao nhiu
o Khi khong cch tng ln, tn hiu trn ng dy chu nh hng ca nhiu
tn s, suy hao tn s cao r hn do tng suy hao tng
o Vn c xuyn m u gn trong hai i dy khc nhau do cc hng sn sut
khc nhau s dng cc bng tn khc nhau.
o nh hng ti cc dch v khc v b nh hng bi cc dch v khc do tn s
truyn cao.
3.7.2 Phng php trit ting vng EC (Echo Cancellation):
Phng php trit ting vng EC s dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu
nn cn c mt b trit ting vng pha thu. Mt s h thng ADSL s dng k thut
trit ting vng EC, ni di tn pht c t trong di tn thu. Xem hnh III.16. Bng
cch chng di tn, tng bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin, ECH kh trnh c
t xuyn nhiu v khi thc hin cn c x l s phc tp hn.

Hnh III.16 EC ADSL
Song cng trit ting vng t c tc truyn d liu ca song cng 4 dy trn
mt i dy xon. Trit ting vng l dng ph bin nht ca ghp knh trong DSL
hin i, ang c chun ho s dng trong ISDN, HDSL, v ADSL. Ting
vng l s phn x ca tn hiu pht vo b thu u gn. Ting vng ng ngi l bi
v cc tn hiu i theo c hai hng ca truyn dn s v cng tn ti ng thi trn
cc ng truyn dn i dy xon, do vy ting vng l tp m khng mong mun.
Mc truyn
Tn s
Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng pht
tc thp
Bng pht
tc cao

- 33 -
Ting vng l mt phin bn b lt ra ca tn hiu pht. B trit tiu ting vng to ra
mt bn sao ca tn hiu pht b lt ra v loi b n ra khi tn hiu nhn.
Cc b trit ting vng phi c kh nng loi b ting vng khong 50 dB hoc cao
hn i vi ISDN, khong 60dB hoc cao hn i vi HDSL, v khong trn 70 dB
i vi ADSL. Cc mc trit ting vng l khc nhau bi v HDSL v sau l
ADSL s dng cc tn s cao hn s suy hao ln hn, iu c ngha l b nhn
phi gim ting vng tn s cao xung mc thp hn cc tn s nhn nh nht. t
c loi b ting vng cao, b trit ting vng phi quyt nh cc h s ting
vng tng thch vi chnh xc cao. Trit ting vng phc tp hn so vi ghp
knh 4 dy. Tuy nhin, tin ti cc mc x l tn hiu s cao trong VLSI (Very
Large Scale Intergrate ), trit ting vng thm ch i vi hu ht cc trng hp kh
(ADSL) th thng c chi ph khng ng k v thng c s dng trong thc t.
3.8 c im k thut v cng ngh ADSL:
3.8.1 M hnh tham chiu h thng ADSL:
Cp modem ADSL kt ni my tnh ngi s dng vi mng thng tin thng qua
cc kt ni ADSL. Theo yu cu ca ni dung ny, c T1E1.4 trong ANSI T1.413 v
TR-001 trong ADSL Forum u nh ngha m hnh tham chiu cho kt ni ADSL.
T tri sang phi theo hnh III.17 ta c:
V-C Giao din im truy nhp v mng d liu
U-C2 Giao din ADSL ti ATU-C khng c bng thoi POTS (0 n 4kHz)
U-C Giao din ADSL ti ATU-C bao gm bng thoi
U-R Giao din ADSL ti ATU-R bao gm bng thoi
U-R2 Giao din ADSL ti ATU-R khng c bng thoi
T-R Giao din ADSL gia ATU-R v mng trong nh thu bao*
T-S Giao din gia mng trong nh thu bao v my ch ca khch hng
* Mng phn b trong nh thu bao c th l mt mng cc b chng hn nh mng
LAN hoc c th khng phi l nh th trong trng hp mt kt ni trc tip gia
mt modem v mt PC hoc mt card modem cm trong ADSL v bus my tnh.


- 34 -

Hnh III.17 M hnh tham chiu ca din n ADSL
Theo yu cu ca chng ny cc giao din U-C v U-R, T-R v T-S c kt hp
li. Chng s c gi l cc giao din S v T.
3.8.2 M hnh tham chiu ATU-C :
Trong ATU-C(Khi truyn dn ADSL ca ng dy t ti im cung cp dch
v), by "knh mang" c nh ngha ti giao din V gia ATU-C v mt mng
chuyn ti. Chng c gn nhn t AS0 n AS3 v LS0 n LS2. Cc knh ASx l
nhng knh n cng theo mt hng duy nht trong khi nhng knh LSx li l nhng
knh song cng. Tiu chun cho php kt hp nhng knh ny theo cu hnh. Vic
thc hin ring bit giao din V c th m bo cho t mt n by knh. Cc knh
n cng c s dng h tr cho nhng thng tin theo chiu n. Tng t nh
vy cc knh song cng c s dng h tr cho cc thng tin theo chiu i (thm
ch ch c mt na chiu i s dng nhng knh ny).
Lu lng t giao din V thng qua ATU-C ti u ra ti giao din U trn ng
dy, s xut hin nhng hot ng sau :
1. Ch dn tc knh thng qua mt hoc hai "ng dn ngm" c h tr
trn giao din ADSL.
Mng
bng rng
B tch
R
B tch
C
PSTN
NT T-
R
SM
SM
P
H
Y
V-C
U-C
U-C 2
U-R
U-R 2
HPF
LPF
ng tn hiu
Giao din
ATU-C
POTS
T/S
P
H
Y
ATU-R
mch vng
Mng
gia nh
Mng
bng rng
in thoi hoc
modem m tn

HPF
LPF

- 35 -
2. To cc m d vng (CRC) v cc m sa li cho d liu.
3. Chia d liu thnh cc cu trc khung v siu khung lp vt l.
4. M ho a m cho tn hiu DMT.
5. u ra tng t trn i dy ng xon.
Trong tiu chun ATU-C, hai ng dn ngm c dnh h tr cho d liu :
mt nhanh v mt xen. Theo cu hnh ring, mt knh c th c gn mt trong hai
ng dn. ng dn xen h tr cho sa li kiu xon xen Red-Solomon, cn ng
dn nhanh li khng h tr cho nhy mc. Vic chng li cc li trong ng dn xen
c ngha l h tr cc ng dng m nhy suy gim do li gy ra bi nhiu ng
dy nhng tr trong dung sai cho php. Truyn cc d liu video theo MPEG II l
mt v d v ng dng ny. ng dn nhanh cung cp tnh bo v km hn nhng li
khng tr nhiu nh vy. N l cng c truyn cc ng dng nhy cm tr truyn
ti nh d liu tng tc.
Cp modem c th c nh cu hnh cho thng tin ca chng s dng c mt
hoc hai ng dn. Chng hn nh, mt h thng thc hin cc chng trnh tng
tc hnh nh c th c t ng dn lung n AS0 trong ng xen, cn t cc
knh song cng LS0 trong ng dn nhanh. Knh AS0 c th mang dng d liu
MPEG, cn cc ng dn khc c th c s dng d liu iu khin tng tc
ngi s dng cho h thng video.
iu ny c th tri ngc li vi vic thc hin ti u thng tin d liu. Knh
AS0 mang lu lng ATM trn ng n trong ng nhanh. Lu lng ng i
c mang trong knh song cng LS0, cng trong ng nhanh (v ch mang l
lng trong hng i)
Mc d bn ng n n cng v ba ng i song cng c nh ngha trong
tiu chun, trong bt k cu hnh no ca ATU-C v ATU-R khng phi tt c chng
u c s dng. Chng hn nh trong hai v d trn ch c AS0 v LS0 c nh
hnh cho kt ni. Bng thng dnh cho ng ADSL c ch nh gia nhng knh
nh hnh ny. Mi knh c th c ch bng thng theo cc n v 32Kbps cho
n bng thng ti a ca ng i hay ng n trn ng ADSL.
1

Trong trng hp h tr cho ATM, th ATU-C v ATU-R m nhim chc nng
TC ca ATM (ATM-TC). Tham chiu thi gian c h tr trong ATU-C. iu ny
cho php cung cp cc tn hiu thi gian 8kHz ti ATU-C v ATU-R ng b
mng.

1
Tc ti a cho thng tin theo T1.413 i vi modem ADSL l 6144Kbit/s i vi ng n v 640 Kbit/s
i vi ng i. Tu theo iu kin ca dy v di m bng thng c th nh hn.

- 36 -

Hnh III.18 M hnh tham chiu ATU-C
3.8.3 M hnh tham chiu ATU-R :
ATU-R (Khi truyn dn ADSL ti u khch hng) tng t nh ATU-C, tuy
nhin ti giao din T cc knh n cng ASx ch hon ton nhn (cn ti ATU-C
chng hon ton ch gi). Tham kho hnh III.19. Chng to thnh cc knh n
trong khi giao din LSx song cng c th c nh hnh ch nh dnh cho cc
ng i. Bi v bng thng ng i ti a (640kbit/s) nh hn so vi ng n
(6144kbit/s) ch khi ba knh song cng trong khung c ghp li cho truyn dn trn

o
a
m

5
1
1

5
1
0

4
8
0

n
=
1

n
=
0

N
T
R

A
S
1

A
S
2

m

t
h
a
m

c
h
i
u

k
h
i
n

g
h
p
/

n
g

b

C
R
C
F

N
g
u

n
h
i
n

h
o

&

F
E
C

C
R
C
I

N
g
u

n
h
i
n

h
o

&

F
E
C

X
e
n

S
p

x
p

t
n

M

h
o

t
h
e
o

c
h
m

v
n
h

t
n
g

c
h

I
D
F
T

B
m

n
i

t
i
p
/

s
o
n
g

s
o
n
g

u

r
a

X
n
g

t

D
A
C

A

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

B

K
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

r
a

F
E
C

C

M

h
o

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

v
o

Z
i

i
=
1

n

2
5
5

V
-
C

U
-
C
2

e
o
c
/

a
o
c

i
b

c

b
i
t
c

b
i
t

&

n
g

c
h

A
S
3

L
S
0

L
S
1

L
S
2

A
S
0

x
n

n
=
0

n

5
1
1


- 37 -
giao din ATU-R. Ging nh ATU-C b m d liu ng nhanh v ng xen
c h tr.

Hnh III.19 M hnh tham chiu ATU-R
3.8.4 To khung :
di khung c quyt nh bi tc d liu tng ng ca giao din. K hiu
DMT c m ho ti tc 4000 baud, ngha l tng ng vi 250s. Lng d liu
tht s c m ha trong mt chuyn i l chc nng ca trng thi ng dy. Ty
theo trng thi ng dy lc bt u chuyn i, s m h tr v lng d liu c
m ho trong mi m s thay i. Cc m trong phm vi nhiu ca ph c b i, v
iu phc tp ca m ho chm k hiu trong mi m s l vic truyn ti u cho cc

o
a
m

6
3

6
2

6
0

n
=
1

n
=
0

m

t
h
a
m

c
h
i
u

k
h
i
n

g
h
p
/

n
g

b

C
R
C
F

N
g
u

n
h
i
n

h
o

&

F
E
C

C
R
C
I

N
g
u

n
i
n

h
o

&

F
E
C

X
e
n

S
p

x
p

T
n

M

h
o

c
h
m

v
n
h

t
n
g

c
h

I
D
F
T

B
m

n
i

t
i
p
/

s
o
n
g

s
o
n
g

u

r
a

X
n
g

t

D
A
C

A

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

B

K
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

r
a

F
E
C

C

M

h
o

c
h
m

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

v
o

Z
i

i
=
1

n

3
1

T
-
R

U
-
R
2

e
o
c
/

a
o
c

i
b

L
S
0

L
S
1

L
S
2

x
n

n
=
0

n

6
3

c

b
i
t
c

b
i
t

&

n
g

c
h


- 38 -
trng thi ng dy ring bit. Mt khung bao gm d liu m c th truyn thng
qua giao din DMT nh l mt k hiu, ngha l ti mt thi im mi khung bao gm
d liu cho b m d liu nhanh v xen cng nh l cc bit dnh cho sa li, qun tr
v qun l ng ADSL. Tham kho hnh III.20 bi v di khung lin quan trc
tip ti cch s dng DMT m ho d liu nh th no, nn khng cn phi ch ra
ranh gii bt u v kt thc ca khung.
3.8.4.1 Cu trc siu khung :
Bi v di ca khung c thc hin theo cc cu hnh ring bit ca giao
din U ADSL, nn di ca siu khung cng khng c nh m tu theo cu hnh
ca ng ni.
3.8.4.2 Cu trc khung ca b m d liu nhanh :
D liu trong b m nhanh c chn vo trong ng dn u tin ca khung.
Byte u tin gi l " fast byte " v ni dung ca n l phn u hoc thng tin ng
b. Cc byte d liu t b m lin tc c chn tip theo sau fast byte. Cc byte cho
mi knh mang theo yu cu, nh hnh.21

Hnh III.20 Cu trc siu khung ADSL

Cc byte NF
1 byte
ib8-15
trong
byte
nhanh
ib16-23
trong
byte
nhanh
ib0-7
trong
byte
nhanh
crc0-7
trong
byte
nhanh
v
ng
b
Khng
dng hoc
d liu
mc bit
Cc byte NI
B m khung d liu (68/69 x 250 sec)
Siu khung (17 msec)

Khung
0
Khung
1
Khung
2
Khung
66
Khung
67
Khung
ng
b
B m d liu nhanh
Khung
34
Khung
35

(ib = bit ch th)
fast
byte
Byte d liu
nhanh
cc byte
FEC
KF

bytes
RF

bytes
Byte d liu xen
B m d liu xen
Khung d liu ghp,
im A
u ra FEC (im B) hoc m ho
chm im u vo (im C)
khung d liu
M ho chm im khung d liu
u vo (im C)

- 39 -

Hnh III.21 Cu trc khung ng nhanh

Nu mt knh mang khng c thc hin, th s khng c d liu chn vo knh
mang ny. D liu cho nhng knh ring bit c ch nh tng xng vi khung da
trn bng thng c dnh cho mi knh. Nu nh khng c d liu gi qua ng
dn lin tc, th khung lin tc s ch c fast byte. Phn b m nhanh ca khung s
c bi byte cha thng tin ng b (AEX v LEX v tip n m sa li c tnh
ton cho d liu ng dn nhanh trong khung).
3.8.4.3 Cu trc khung ca b m d liu xen :
B m xen c chn vo trong khung sau b m nhanh. u tin n c tp
hp theo khun dng ng nht theo khung nhanh. Ging nh khung nhanh, d liu
thc s cho mi knh mang c ch nh cho ng dn xen c tri ra tng xng
vi bng thng ca cc knh mang ca ng ni ADSL. Vic ghp knh c thc
hin cho ng dn xen, cc khung c gi trong b m ti ch r chiu su xen v
s lin kt gia chng. Kt qu l u ra c cng di vi khung u vo nhng li
l t nhng khung xen t trc. Chng hn nh nh d liu gi n b m ho DMT
ni dung d liu t N khung trong b m. D liu t khung xen bt k b tr i mt
chu k l N khung (250 N ln mili giy) trc khi c gii m pha bn kia. u ra
c ghp li vi u ra ca b m nhanh xy dng khung.

- 40 -

Hnh III.22 To khung xen
3.8.4.4 Khai thc v bo dng:
Giao din ADSL h tr ba phng php cho vic trao i thng tin hot ng ca
lp vt l gia ATU-C v ATU-R:
o Ghi knh hot ng EOC
o iu khin mo u ADSL AOC
o Cc bit ch dn.
Ghi knh hot ng h tr vic c v ghi cc ng k cha thng tin hot ng
trn ATU-R t ATU-C. Cc ng k theo tiu chun cho php truy nhp min ni
dung nhn dng ca ATU-R bao gm nh cung cp, s sn xut, cu hnh hin ti
ca ATU-R, kt qu t kim tra, suy gim dng ng dy, s d t l nhiu trn tn

c

b
y
t
e

R
I

C
c

b
y
t
e

K
I

C
c

b
y
t
e

K
I

C
c

b
y
t
e

K
I

B
y
t
e

n
g

b

b
y
t
e

1

A
S
0

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
A
S
0
)

A
S
1

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
A
S
1
)

A
S
2

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
A
S
2
)

A
S
3

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
A
S
3
)

L
S
0

C
c

b
y
t
e

C
I
(
L
S
0
)

L
S
1

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
L
S
1
)

L
S
2

C
c

b
y
t
e

B
I
(
L
S
2
)

A
E
X

C
c

b
y
t
e

A
I

L
E
X

C
c

b
y
t
e

L
I

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

(
m

A
)

C
c

b
y
t
e

K
I

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

#
0

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

#
1

G
h
p

k
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

#
S
-
1

c
c

b
y
t
e

F
E
C

K
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

r
a

F
E
C

#
0

K
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

r
a

F
E
C

#
1

K
h
u
n
g

d

l
i
u

r
a

F
E
C

#
S
-
1

C
c

b
y
t
e

N
I

C
c

b
y
t
e

N
I

C
c

b
y
t
e

N
I


- 41 -
hiu. Mt vi ng k c dnh cho nh cung cp nh ngha, nhng c th c v
ghi c thng qua EOC. ATU-R c th gi cho ATU-C bn tin thng bo s c
thng qua EOC khi mt ngun ATU-R.
EOC c thc hin nh s dng cc bit trong 'fast byte' ca nhng khung t 2
n 32 v t 36 n 67 trong mt siu khung. Khung EOC gm 13 bit trong c 5 bit
mo u v 8 bit ti. Mt khung EOC c th c gi trong hai khung ADSL. Ti c
th l byte d liu hay lnh cho pha bn kia. Trong T1.413 ngoi tr bn tin s c mt
ngun c gi bi ATU-R, tt c cc lnh c gi bi ATU-C ti ATU-R. ATU-R
c th tr li cc lnh vi ni dung t b ghi (3).
AOC cng c cu trc tng t nh EOC. N c s dng mang cc thng tin
thi gian thc cn thit cho vic ti lp li cu hnh cn cho thay i trng thi ng
dy. N mang cc bit trong byte ng b ca phn ghp xen khung ADSL. Mt khung
AOC c di 13 bit gm 5 bit lnh v 8 bit d liu.
23 bit ch dn c mang trong cc fast byte ca phn nhanh ca khung ADSL.
Mi bit c xem nh ch dn cho modem thu v trng thi ca phn tng t n ti
u bn kia. Cc bit ch dn c thit lp khi cc trng thi chng hn nh li ng
truyn hay mt tn hiu c pht hin ti u bn kia ca kt ni ADSL.


- 42 -
CHNG IV
CU TRC CA CHNG TRNH M PHNG
H THNG ADSL
4.1 S chng trnh m phng h thng ADSL:

Hnh IV.1 S m phng h thng ADSL.
Gii thiu:
S m phng h thng ADSL bn trn m phng hot ng ca mt h thng
ADSL nh trong thc t vi nhng thng s thc. Tn hiu vo, t b pht ngu nhin,
s c truyn i bng hai ng FAST v INTERLEAVE vi cch m ho v sa li
khc nhau. Ti u thu, tn hiu s c phc hi v sa li. Tuy nhin, m hnh
ny, chng em ch truyn d liu m khng quan tm n truyn thoi, ng thi tn
hiu truyn trn dy ch b nh hng bi nhiu trng Gauss m khng b nh hng
bi nhng yu t khc.
hiu cch hot ng ca h thng trn, xin hy lt qua chc nng ca cc khi
v dng sng li vo v li ra ca mi khi:
PHN MCH PHT:
Bernoulli Binary Generator :
chc nng : to ra cc chui bit nh phn ngu nhin.

- 43 -
li ra : cc Frame d liu :
9 S mu / Frame : 1552.
9 Sample time : (1/4000)/1552.
D liu ra s c a vo 2 b Vector Selector.
Khi Vector Selector :
chc nng : dng chn cc mu trong Frame.
Vector Selector (1) :
9 Vo : cc Frame d liu (1552 mu).
9 Ra : cc Frame d liu (776 mu u).
D liu ra s i vo ng Fast v vo khi CRC Generator.
Vector Selector :
9 Ra : cc Frame d liu (776 mu sau).
D liu ra s i vo ng Interleaver v vo khi CRC Generator.
Khi CRC Genarator :
Chc nng : 8 bit CRC c tnh ton v thm vo byte u
ca frame 0 ca siu khung k tip.
Li ra : l cc frame c chn thm 8 bit kim.
D liu ra t khi CRC Generator ( c hai tuyn Fast v
Interleaver) s c a vo khi Scrambler & Fec ( c hai
tuyn).

- 44 -

Hnh IV.2 Dng sng li vo ( th trn) v dng sng li ra ( th di) ca
CRC

Khi Scrambler & Fec : y l tng hp ca c hai khi Scrambler v Fec.
Khi Scrambler :
Chc nng : dng ngu nhin ha cc bit ngoi tr cc
bit ng b khung v cc bit chn bng a
thc bc 23 trc khi c m ha.
9 Vo : l cc Frame c gn bit kim CRC.
9 Ra : l cc Frame c ngu nhin ha.
Khi Fec :
Chc nng : m ha Reed_Solomon (RS).
9 Vo : cc Frame c ngu nhin ha.
9 Ra : cc Frame c m ha RS
D liu ra (ng Fast) s i ti khi Vert Cat, d liu ra (ng
Inteleaver) s i n khi Convolutional Inteleaver ri mi n khi Vert Cat.

- 45 -

Hnh IV.3 Dng sng u vo ( th trn) v dng sng u ra ( th di )
ca khi Scrambler.

Khi Convolutional Interleaver :
chc nng : hon v tn hiu vo bng cch s dng b thanh ghi dch.
9 Vo : L cc Frame c ngu nhin v m ha RS.
9 Ra : cc Frame b hon v (b chn ).
D liu ra s c a n khi Vert Cat.

- 46 -

ca khi Convolutional Interleaver.

Khi Vert Cat (Matrix Concatenation) :
chc nng : tng hp cc khung d liu (sau khi c gn cc
bit kim v ngu nhin ha) t hai ng Fast v
Interleaver thnh mt siu khung .
9 Ra : l mt ma trn dng ct.
D liu ra s c a vo khi DMT Modulation.
Khi DMT Modulation : dng phng php QAM iu ch.
chc nng : phn knh tn hiu thnh nhiu knh con nhm hn
ch xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu bng phng php
iu bin a knh ri rc.
9 Ra : lung d liu c iu bin QAM (iu bin
bin cu phng).
Tn hiu ny s c a n b thu bng ng dy in thoi
(Telephone Line).

- 47 -

ca khi DMT
Khi Telephone Line :
chc nng : ging nh ng dy in thoi thc s, nhng y
ch xt nhiu trng,b qua cc loi nhiu ng dy
khc.
9 Ra : d liu ra c dng l tn hiu Analog ( c
cng thm nhiu trng AGWN). Lc ny trn knh
truyn, tn s thp s l tn hiu thoi, tn s cao s
l 256 knh truyn cha cc k hiu DMT (m m
ha thnh cc tn hiu Analog).

- 48 -

ca khi Telephone Line.

PHN MCH THU:
Khi DMT Demodulation :
chc nng : gii iu ch, ghp cc subchannels (knh con) thnh
mt knh tn hiu duy nht nh trc khi truyn.
9 Vo : tn hiu Analog a tn ri rc (cng thm nhiu
AGWN).
9 Ra : l cc Frame d liu.

- 49 -

ca khi DMT Demodulation.
Khi Vector Selector :
chc nng : dng chn cc mu trong Frame.
9 Ra : cc Frame d liu ( 840 mu u).
D liu ra s i vo ng Fast.
9 Ra : cc Frame d liu (840 mu sau).
D liu ra s i vo ng Interleaver.


- 50 -
Khi Convolutional Deinterleaver : khi ny c chc nng ngc vi khi
Convolutional Interleaver.
chc nng : phc hi th t ca tn hiu b hon v bng cc
dng cc thanh ghi dch.
9 Ra :cc bytes trong Frame c sp xp li ging nh
mch pht.

ca khi Convolutional Deinterleaver.
Khi Z
-800
:
chc nng : tr hon tn hiu vo (800 chu k mu).
Khi Descrambler & Fec :
chc nng : y cng l s tng hp ca hai khi : khi gii
m RS v khi gii ngu nhin ha.
9 Vo : cc Frame d liu c tr hon.
9 Ra : cc frame d liu c gii m v sp xp li.

- 51 -

ca khi Descrambler & Fec.
Khi CRC Syndrome :
chc nng :loi b cc bit kim CRC gn vo mch pht v
kim tra li.
9 Vo : l cc Frame d liu cn CRC.
9 Ra : l cc Frame d liu ban u.
khi ny vic kim tra li s c thc hin trn cc syndrome .
Khi Error Rate Calculation :
Chc nng: tnh tc sai bit hay tc sai k hiu ca d liu vo.
Khi Error Rate Calculation so snh d liu u vo t b pht vi d
liu u vo t b thu. N tnh ton tc sai li bng cch chia s bit sai
cho tng s bit nhn c.
Nhn xt:
Tn hiu t u pht c a n u thu bng hai ng (Fast(non-
Interleave) v Interleave).
Ta c th quan st dng sng u thu v u pht ca h thng trn
theo hai ng:

- 52 -

Tn hiu i theo ng Interleave:

Hnh a) Dng sng u pht( th bn trn) v dang sng u thu( th bn
di) ca ng truyn Interleave
Tn hiu i theo ng Fast:

Hnh b) Dng sng u pht( th bn trn) v dang sng u thu( th bn
di) ca ng truyn Fast.


- 53 -
Gii thch:
Do nhng nh hng ca ng truyn nn tn hiu u pht v u thu
khc nhau. c th thy c t l li trn tn hiu, xin hy quan st trn
phn hin th ca khi Error Rate Calculation.
4.2 MT S THUT TON CHNH TRONG CHNG TRNH M PHNG:
4.2.1 M KIM TRA CRC : (Cyclic Redundancy Check : m kim tra d chu
k)

Hnh IV.10 th 1:dng sng li vo; th 2: dng sng gn m kim tra
CRC; th 3: dng sng sau khi c g b m kim tra CRC.

- 54 -
ADSL s dng cc m kim tra CRC pht hin cc li trong khi cc bit / bytes
c truyn qua knh truyn ADSL. Mt ti hai byte chn l c thm vo cui cc
bytes thng tin dng kim chng vic nhn chnh xc cc bytes thng tin my
thu. Thng thng cc xung t CRC, tng ng vi cc li c pht hin, s dng
ti chc nng bo dng mc cao hn chn on hoc thip lp li ng
truyn DSL. Cc m kim tra CRC ny nm ngoi m ha RS v do vy pht hin cc
li khng c hiu chnh bi m RS.
M kim tra CRC mc bit da trn cc m nh phn tun hon, chui cc bytes
bn tin c x l nh l mt chui bit v a thc nh phn c lp biu din bn
tin nh sau:
m(Z) = m
0
Z
k-1
+ m
1
Z
k-2
+..+ m
k-1
thng thng r = 8,12,16 bit (12 bytes ) c thm vo bn tin dng a thc kim
tra nh phn c(Z) = c
0
Z
r-1
+ c
1
Z
r-2
+.... + c
r-2
*Z + c
r-1
bng php cng nh phn
m(Z)*Z(r) + c(Z)
a thc kim tra c xc nh l phn d ca php chia m(Z) cho g(Z), l a thc
nh phn m t m CRC :
c(Z) = m(Z) mod g(Z)
u thu php chia c lp li v cc phn d s c so snh. Nu cc phn d
khng khp, xung t CRC c thng bo, v chc chn l li xy ra trn ng
truyn. Ch c mt s mu li rt c bit trong knh truyn lm cho c cng s d, v
to ra cc li khng pht hin c. Cc mu c bit ny tng ng vi cc t m
dng m tun hon nh phn.
Bit u tin c truyn l m
0
v cc bit thng tin tip theo ti m
k-1
, sau l cc
bit kim tra. Cc phn t tr ban u c t bng khng v cha phn d / cc bit
kim tra sau khi K bit thng tin c chuyn qua mch. Mt mch ging ht nh vy
u thu kim tra phn d theo cc bit kim tra u ra ca b tch ADSL.
xc nh xc sut xy ra cc li b b kim tra CRC b qua, cn ch :
1. Tt c cc li bit n u c pht hin v a thc li vi mt s n
khng th chia ht cho g(Z).
2. Tt c cc li bit kp u c pht hin (bi v g(Z) c mt h s l a thc
nguyn thy, h s khng th chia thnh a thc hai s hng bt k tr cc
li c cch bi 2r-1-1 bit, n nhm gii hn trn ca chiu di a thc
thng tin m thc t khng th vt qua c ).
3. Tt c cc s l li bit c pht hin (v h s 1+Z trong g(D)g(Z) khng
chia ht a thc li bt k vi s l 1 trong n.) trong trng hp trng thi
n nh ca ADSL, iu ny khng c bo m.

- 55 -
4. Cc li vi chiu di nh hn hoc bng r (v phn d sau khi chia s l bi
s ca g(Z) tr khi n cng bc)
5. Phn ln cc li xung di hn
R rng l cc kim tra CRC s xc nh nhanh chng ADSL, nhng khng th ch
da vo CRC m bo l tt c d liu lun c truyn ng. Do cc s c
CRC thng c bo v cho thit b bo dng cho ADSL thc hin sa cha
hoc thay th thit b ADSL nu nhn c vi li. ADSL s dng kim tra CRC 8 bit
4.2.2 NGU NHIN HO (SCRAMBLER)

Hnh IV.11 (Theo th t t trn xung) th (1):Dng sng ban u;
th(2):Dng sng sau khi ngu nhin ho; th(3):Dng sng sau khi c gii
ngu nhin ho.
Cc b to ngu nhin trong truyn dn s c s dng vi mc ch lm ngu
nhin ho dng bit u vo .V cc chui ton s 0 hoc s 1 c th xut hin trong

- 56 -
truyn s liu thc t thng xuyn hn cc chui khc(iu ny tri vi cc gi thit
v bn tin c truyn c lp s dng trong cc DSL ni chung),ngi ta mong mun
hn ch cc tnh hung ny . Cc b to ngu nhin bin i cc bit u vo thnh tp
hp cc bit tng ng tht s l cc bit c lp trn thc t.
Cc b cn bng , b trit ting vng , cc phng php hon i bit , phng php
nhn dng knh u c li nu s dng b to ngu nhin.
tng c bn l sp xp chui cc bit u vo thnh tp hp cc bit ngu nhin
thng qua b to ngu nhin sau sp xp li cc bit u thu . Tt c cc DSL u
s dng b gi ngu nhin t ng b . Chiu ln v xung ca ASDL s dng b gi
ngu nhin t ng b 23 bit.

Hinh IV.12 B gi ngu nhin t ng b 23 bit
SCRAMBLER:
Chui bit nh phn c ngu nhin bng cch s dng thut ton sau:
d
n
= D
n
d
n-18
d
n-23
Vi D
n
: l u vo th n vo b ngu nhin
d
n
: u ra th n ca b ngu nhin .


- 57 -
4.2.3 FEC (FORWARD ERROR CODING):

Hnh IV.13 (Theo th t t trn xung) th(1):Dng sng ban u;
th(2):Dng sng sau khi gii m RS; th(3):Dng sng sau khi m ha RS.
4.2.3.1 M RS(N,K) (Reed_Solomon) :
M BCH l m khi vng tuyn tnh cho php sa nhiu li. M RS l 1 lp con
khng nh phn c bit, t c m c kch thc ln nht vi khong cch nh
nht. i vi m khng nh phn, ta c th xc nh khong cch gia 2 codeword l
s k hiu khng nh phn khc nhau gia chng.
M RS c ch r l m RS (n,k),vi n l s k hiu /block ti ng ra b m ho,
k l s k hiu thng tin ti u vo b m ho, n-k= 2t l s k hiu parity m b m

- 58 -
ho cng thm cho mi khi, t=(n-k)/2 l s li k hiu sai ti a m m RS c th sa
ti mi khi v khong cch nh nht d
MIN
= n k +1.

M RS l m i s m nhng a thc thng qua trng GF(2
m
) m t thng tin
c m ho v codeword c m ha. Nhng thng tin vo v ra bao gm nhng
k hiu l thnh phn ca GF(2
m
)(0,1, ,
2
,v nhng thng s khc).Nhng k hiu
ny c sp xp nh l h s ca a thc v s m ca bin X ch th t m b m
ho v b gii m nhn v xut ra nhng k hiu lin quan.
4.2.3.2 M HA RS(n,k):
Phng trnh chnh xc nh hot ng m ho h thng cho M RS l:
c(X)=i(X)X
n-k
+ [i(X)X
n-k
] mod g(X) (1)
vi c(X): a thc bc n,
i(X) l a thc thng tin bc k-1,
i(X)X
n-k
mod g(X) l athc parity bc n-k-1,v g(X) l a thc chung bc n-k.
M ho h thng c ngha l sau khi m ho, code word nhn c c cc k hiu
thng tin nguyn thu c chn ti cc h s th t cao hn ca codewords v sau
chn k hiu parity to ra mt codeword hp l c(X).
Trong trng hp tng qut, a thc g(X) cho m RS (n,k) l :
) )...( )( ( ) (
1 2 1 + +
=
t j j j
X X X X g
Nu nh j = 1:
g(X) = g
n-k
X
n-k
+ g
n-k-1
X
n-k-1
+...+ g
2
X
2
+ g
1
X + g
0
Ta c th chn bt c gi tr nguyn no cho j, tuy nhin thng ta chn j = 1 v
i lc ta c th gim c chi ph phn cng. Ch rng tt c cc a thc trn bao
gm c g(X) l a thc trong trng GF(2
m
).
c th hnh dung c phn cng m thc hin phng trnh (1), ta phi hiu
cch hot ng ca i(X)X
n-k
v i(X)X
n-k
modg(X). Nh cp trc cho m ha h
thng, ta thay nhng k hiu thng tin bng nhng h s c s m cao hn. V th
i(X)X
n-k
c ngha l ta phi dch cc k hiu thng tin nhm t c hm m cao hn
ca X, t n-1 xung n-k. Ta in vo nhng v tr cn li t m n-k-1 n 0 bng zeros


- 59 -
V d nh : ta c

6 3 2
) ( + + = X X X i
nhn phng trnh trn vi X
4
ta c :
0 0 0 0 ) (
2 3 4 6 5 3 6 4
+ + + + + + = X X X X X X X X i
phn hai ca phng trnh (1), i(X)X
n-k
mod g(X) , l phn cn li khi ta chia a thc
i(X)X
n-k
cho g(X). V th ta phi thit k mch c hai chc nng : chia v dch n s
m cao hn ca X. Nhng thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh cho php ta d dng thc
hin hai php ton trn. Hnh 2 l s chung ca m ha RS (n,k). Nhim v chung
ca thit k l thc hin mch nhn v cng GF(2
m
) , nh rng ta c th cng hai
thnh phn ca trng GF(2
m
) bng cch cng Modulo 2 nhng k hiu hiu nh phn
ca chng , iu ny tng t nh cng xor v vy b cng ca ta n gin ch gm
nhng cng xor. V d mt b cng GF(2
4
) cn 4 cng xor (c hai u vo ) cng
hai tn hiu ca trng tn hiu GF(2
4
). Ta c th d dng nh v cc phng trnh cho
hot ng ca xor vo cu trc LUT (look_up_table) ca FPGA.
* Ta c th hiu n gin hn nh sau :
M ho RS c thc hin nhm cho vic sa li u thu.M ho RS gn R
bytes d tha RS FEC vo mi khung d liu.
R v S c th nh trc. R ly cc gi tr t {0,4,8,16},S ly cc gi tr t
{1,2,4,8,16}.R /S phi l s nguyn.
R bytes d c
0
,c
1
,....c
R-1
c gn vo K*S bytes(K l s bytes thng tin trn 1
frame) d liu s dng quy lut sau :
C(D) = M(D)D
R
mod G(D)
G(D) l a thc chung.
M(D) l a thc thng tin(d liu).
4.2.3.3 GII M RS(n,k) :
Cho d ta s dng cc k thut thng thng gii m cc m vng BCH, nhiu
thut ton gii m tt hn c pht trin. S gii m da trn thut ton gii m
Peterson-Gorenstein-Zierler.Thut ton ny yu cu ma trn o,m c th n rt phc
tp nu ta thit k mt mch gii m sa li .V th, cc k thut khc c pht
trin. Elwyn Berlekamp tm thy 1 k thut tng t bng cch li dng nhng cu
trc c t chc ca m ha trn c cp. Ta c th s dng k thut
Berlekamp gii quyt phng trnh chnh ( tm ra nhng a thc nh v li)
trong qu trnh gii m.

- 60 -
Th tc gii m cho m ho RS lin quan n vic quyt nh cc v tr v ln
cc li trong a thc r(X).Cc v tr l cc bc ca X (X
2
,X
3
, ) trong nhng a thc
nhn c m h s ca n c cha li. ln l nhng k hiu m ta thm vo k
hiu b h tm ra nhng k hiu m ho gc. Nhng v tr v ln ny to thnh
ci c gi l a thc li. Ngoi ra, nu bn xy dng 1 mch gii m h tr gii
m erasure, sau ta cng phi tm a thc erasure. Mt erasure l 1 li m v tr
c bit. V th nhim v ca ta l tm ra ln ca cc erasure. Mt m RS(n,k)
c th sa li thnh cng nhiu nh l cc erasure 2t=n-k, nu khng c li no xut
hin .Vi c cc li v erasure xut hin, mch gii m c th gii m thnh cng nu
n-k = 2v+f (vi v: s li ; f: s erasure.).
a thc r(X) nhn c l :
r(X) = r
n-1
X
n-1
+r
n-2
X
n-2
++r
2
X
2
+r
1
X+r
0

Bc ca a thc r(X) l n-1,m cng tng t c(X).Phng trnh sau y cho thy
th tc gii m v vic thc hin phn cng ca cc phng trnh chnh.
Gi thit rng vector r(X) nhn c c f erasure v cc v tr ca erasure l :

1
1
j
Y = ,
2
2
j
Y = , ,
jf
f
Y =
Ti mch nhn /gii iu ch cung cp cc v tr ca erasure. Ta gii m cc a
thc nhn c theo cc bc sau:
1. Tnh ton a thc nh v erasure theo phng trnh sau:

=
=
f
l
X Y X
1
1
) 1 ( ) (
2. Thay th cc erasured coordinates(symbols) bng cc zero v tnh ton 2t
syndromes. Ta tm cc syndrome nh gi cc a thc r(X) nhn c (vi cc v tr
ca erasure c in cc k hiu 0) ti 2t nghim ca a thc chung g(X):
t j r S
j
j
2 ... 2 , 1 ); ( = =
3. Tnh ton cho cc a thc syndrome b sung theo phng trnh sau:

1 2
mod ) 1 )] ( 1 )[ ( ( ) (
+
+ =
t
X X S X X (2)
vi S(X) l a thc syndrome c nh ngha :

=
+ + + = =
t
j
t
t
j
j
X S X S X S X S X S
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
... ) ( (3)

- 61 -
4. gii cc phng trnh chnh( tm ra cc v tr li) p dng thut ton
Berlekamp. Lm nh th s cho ta a thc nh v li ) ( X . Hnh IV.14 l lu
thc hin thut ton Berlekamp cho c li v erasure.

Hnh IV.14 Lu thut ton Berlekamp
5.Tm nghim ca ) ( X chnh l tm ra v tr ca cc li( X
k
-1
v X
k
) .
6. Xc nh cc a thc li/erasure s dng phng trnh sau:
) ( ) ( ) ( X X X = (4)
7. Xc nh a thc ln li s dng

1 2
mod )] ( 1 )[ ( ) (
+
+ =
t
X X X X (5)
8. Xc nh ln li v ln erasure s dng thut ton Forney .

) (
) (
) (
) (
1
1
1
1
k
k k
k
k
k k
k
Y
Y Y
f
X
X X
e
=


- 62 -
o hm ca bt k a thc no trn GF(2
m
) c cho bi:
u(X)=u
v
X
v
+u
v-1
X
v-1
++u
2
X
2
+u
1
X+u
0

u(X) l a thc bc th v, ta c th nh ngha u(X) nh sau:
u(X) = vu
v
X
v-1
+(v-1)u
v-1
X
v-2
+...+u
5
X
4
+u
3
X
2
+u
1
=
v
j
j
j
X ju
0
1
) ( (6)
vi ju
j
=0 khi j l v ju
j
=u
j
khi j chn.
VD: cho a thc

1 ) ( '
) (
2 2
5 2 3 2 4
+ =
+ + + + =
X X u
X X X X X u

9. Bng cch kt hp v tr , ln ca li (erasure), ta c th to ra a thc
li(erasure) v cng chng vo r(X) nhn c codeword.
4.2.4 PHNG PHP CHN:
Chn l vic sp xp li cc byte c truyn trn khi L t m sao cho cc bytes
cnh nhau ca chui d liu c truyn khng nm trn cng mt t m. Cc bytes
c sp xp li ti my thu . Cc li gy bi nhiu xung trong ADSL ch yu di
dng cm bit/ byte li . di ca cm li c th vt qu s lng li c th hiu
chnh c ca m . Chn phn phi cc bit/byte li trn khong thi gian di hn . C
th vi vic chn tt b tch u thu s a ra cc on d liu c tch khng
cha qu s li c th hiu chnh . Do cc nhiu xung c xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu
hng xut hin vi khong thi gian tng i di , cc li trong cm li c th phn
chia cho cc t m lin k khng b cc li , phn phi u hiu qu vic sa li
gia cc m .
C 2 phng php chn : chn khi v chn xon .
4.2.4.1 PHNG PHP CHN KHI :
Chn khi l phng php chn n gin nht. Mi mt t m k tip c ghi
trong thanh ghi tng ng/hng(dng) ca b chn. S lng t m c lu c gi
l su L ca b chn. Nu mt t m c N bytes v chiu su b chn l L th tng
s bytes NL phi c lu trong hai b nh truyn thng ca b xen khi. Nh trong
hnh vi N=4, L=3. Khi N=4 bytes c ghi ng thi ln mi dng ca b nh m
truyn, L=3 bytes trn mi ct c c. Cc bytes xut hin theo chu k T giy, to
nhp ng h bytes 1/T. ng h u vo ca b chn c nhp l 1/N nhp ca ng
h byte. Do , mt t m vi N=4 bytes c ghi ln mi hng ca b m ghi. Theo
chu k NL=12 bytes, b m ghi s y. ng h u ra b m tryn c nhp 1/L
ca ng h byte. B m c c L=3 bytes t mi ct trong mi chu k ca ng h
u ra b chn. B chn bt u/kt thc ghi vo b m ghi ng vo cc thi im

- 63 -
khi n bt u/kt thc c b m c. Theo chu k NL bytes, cc b nh c v
ghi c hon i.
B tch u thu nhn cc bytes t b gii m v ghi ln lc N bytes trn mt
ct k tip nhau. Sau khi c NL bytes c ghi, cc t m c c theo chiu ngang
(theo hng ). Cng ging nh trn hai b nh c s dng, vi mt b c ghi trong
khi b nh kia c c. tr gia pht-thu l (khng hn) 2NL bytes ln v tng
ng cn c 4NL nh RAM ( u pht v u thu), mt na u thu v mt na
u pht.
Mt cm t bin B bytes li c phn phi tng i u trn L t m qua qu
trnh gii m u thu. Nu y l cm bytes li duy nht trong tng s NL bytes
nhn, b thu FEC c th sa thm khong L ln bytes na. Nu s bytes li ln hn L
c ngha l thm b nh v tr, nhng yu cu nng lc FEC ln hn v chm li
th hai khng xut hin trong cng NL bytes. Do vy khong cch ti thiu ca m v
c bn c nhn vi L khi cc li xut hin khng qu thng xuyn. Cc cm li
tng ng chnh xc vi cc cm tp m trong cc DSL.
Phng php chn khi d d hiu v d m t, khng c hiu qu lm trong
vic s dng b nh v tr m n to ra.

4.2.4.2 PHNG PHP CHN XON :


- 64 -

Hnh IV.14 th(1) :Dng sng ban u ; th(2) :Dng sng sau khi c
chn xon ; th(3) :Dng sng sau khi c gii chn.
Trong ADSL , ch s dng phng php chn xon bi v phng php ny gim
mt na tr v gim b nh t 2 n 4 ln vi cng phn b ca cc li .
M t : cc bytes trong mt t m c nh th t t i=0 ,.,N-1 . Cm cc li
c phn b trn L( su chn) t m, v mi t m c nh th t l=0 , ,L-1 .
mi cm li c phn b trn L t m, N v L phi l s ng nguyn t. Nu cc
s N v L khng ng nguyn t , ADSL s chn thm cc bytes gi .
VD: vi L=2
d
v N c th l chn , khi 1 byte gi s c chn vo a
chiu di t m thnh N+1 l s ng nguyn t vi L(byte gi khng cn phi truyn
i v khng nh hng n tc d liu nhng my thu phi bit chn li n).
Trong phng php chn xon, byte th i ca t m lun c lm tr
i
= i(L-1).
Do vy , byte u tin i=0 trong t m khng b lm tr , trong khi byte cui tr
(N-1)(L-1) .B nh cn thit s dng cho b chn v b tch theo phng php
chn xon l lu L t m di N bytes . Do vy phng php chn xon yu
cu khng qu na b nh , hn na c tr nh hn mt na .
Vi tt c cc l do trn, ADSL s dng Fec u dng phng php chn xon,
chn khi khng c dng.
Trong ADSL phng php xon c s dng khi chn chiu su chn t L=0 ti
64(s lng bytes chn, s lng bytes chn l v tc d liu (s cc bytes thng
tin ) c tnh ton khi khi to ban u.) Khi s cc bytes thng tin K l l, su
chn L v N = 2t + K l ng nguyn t v do cc li c th nhn c phn tn.

- 65 -
Khi L chn, byte gi c thm vo phn cui ca mi t m thc hin xen ti u
pht nhm to K l (byte gi khng c truyn nhng c chn li my thu gii
m). Trong ADSL , mt tham s ph S c xc nh, y l s k hiu DMT/ 1 t
m. S c gii hn bng mt na hoc m trong cc s nguyn 1,2,4,8 hoc 16 nh
tnh ton khi truyn trong ADSL.
ADSL cng s dng b tr kp. C hai tuyn FEC khc nhau qua Modem, c hai
s dng chung m RS nhng c th vi s lng bytes kim tra v kch thc t m
khc nhau. Tuyn chn c chn vi su chn lp trnh trc, trong khi tuyn
nhanh khng chn(S=1). Tuy nhanh bo m tr pht-thu nh hn 2 ms nhng
khng c kh nng hiu chnh tp m v cc chm li khc.
ADSL tnh 4 gi tr khi truyn (hoc truyn li) gia ATU-C v ATU-R : R
f
, R
i
, S,
v L.
R
f
l s bytes chn l trong b m nhanh .
R
i
l s bytes chn l trong b m chn .
S : l s lng ca cc k hiu 250 us trn t m trong tn hiu DMT.
L l su chn.
Bn gi tr ny lm tng thm cc tc d liu c biu hin bi :
B
f
: s bytes thng tin /k hiu trong b m nhanh .
B
i
: s bytes thng tin/ k hiu trong b m chn.
B qua cc bytes ph phn u c chn vo th di t m s l :
N
f
= B
f
+ R
f
cho b m nhanh.
v N
i
= B
i
S + R
i
cho b m chn .
Cc bytes trong b m chn c chn xon vi su L. di cm li ln
nht thng thng tnh cho thit k ADSL l 500 us. Gi tr ny l thp v cc xung
thc t thng c di vi ms. Do , ADSL cho php tu chn chn vi su ln.
Vi cc dch v Video tr di khng phi l vn ln (nhng cc li bit l ht
sc nghim trng i vi Video nn), do vy tr 20 n 100ms trong chn l ph
bin v bo m cht lng nh tt trn ADSL. Cc dch v m thanh li khng chu
nh hng ln ca cc li bit nhng c phn nhy cm vi tr. tr mng li
thoi l 1,25ms :ADSL c th hot ng tt ti 2ms.


- 66 -

4.2.5 iu bin a knh ri rc DMT :

Hnh IV.15 (Theo th t t trn xung) th(1) :Dng sng ban u ;
th(2) :Dang sng sau khi gii iu bin ; th(3) :Dng sng sau khi iu bin.
Nh cc phng php iu ch nhiu sng mang khc, my pht DMT cng chia
di thng knh truyn thnh nhiu phn knh. Mi phn knh t tnh ho bng t s
SNR o c khi thit lp kt ni v gim st lin tc trong qu trnh s dng. Dng
bit cn m ha c m ha thnh cc k hiu QAM lin tip. Mi k hiu QAM i
din cho mt s bit xc nh bi SNR tn s trung tm ca phn knh, xc sut sai
chp nhn c v tc bit cn truyn. Sau cc k hiu QAM c phn nhm
thnh khi chuyn thnh dng phc v dng php bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
a tr v dng thc. B IDFT thng c thc hin bng php bin i Fourier

- 67 -
nhanh. Sau b IDFT, tn hiu c chn vo mt s cyclic prefix (CP) loi tr
nhiu lin k hiu (ISI) . Tn hiu thi gian thc c c c bin i t s sang
dng tng t a ln knh truyn.
Cu trc ca mt DMT Superframe :
Fec & Interleaving : kim sot cc li, cc li ngu nhin v cc tc ng lm h
d liu .
Fec ng Fast : R
f
c gn vo K
f
bytes d liu sau tr thnh N
f
byte
codewords .
Fec ng Inteleaver c hai tham s :
D : Interleaver depth ( su chn).
R
i
: redundancy.
S khung d liu chn c kt hp trong mi khung Data chn c gn codeword RS,
S = ,1,2,,16.
Dung lng ca su chn :
Downstream : 1,2,,64.
Upstream : 1,2,,16.
chn tr hon : S*D*250 s.

Hnh IV.18 DMT Superframe

- 68 -
BIN I NHANH CHO DMT S DNG FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) :
Phng php bin i Fourier nhanh gim khi lng tnh ton trong DFT N im
t N
2
php nhn phc thnh Nlog
2
(N) php nhn phc trong N l hm m ca 2 v
gi thit ny c s dng trong phn ny. Cc h thng DSP hin i nht ngy cng
hiu qu khi s dng thut ton FFT c bit khi cc phng thc truyn dn a knh
DMT tr ln ph bin v n gin. C mt vi thut ton FFT nhng y ch xem
xt thut ton FFT c bn. Trong trng hp ca DMT, ti gin ca FFT cho phn thu
l c th khi nhn xt rng cc u vo FFT l thc v tng t IFFT (Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform) cho phn pht c th ti gin v u ra l thc. Phng php n
gin ha c m t di y.
DFT (Dicrete Fourier Transform : bin i Fourier ri rc) v nghch o ca n
c biu din bi cp bin i :

=
1
0
2
N
k
N
kn
j
k n e x X

.

=
=
1
0
2
1
N
n
N
kn
j
n k e X
N
x

. .
Trong h s 1/N trong phn nghch o thng c b qua v t l c xc
nh thng xuyn thng qua iu kin di ng ca b vi x l. Thut ton FFT c
bn li dng cu trc ca DFT v s dng phng php qui DFT c N t 2 DFT c
N/2 cho php log2(N) trng thi qui to ra DFT t 2 DFT n gin. n gin k
hiu

N
j
N e W
2
=
v

n
n
N
n
1
2
N
0 k
kn
2
N
1 k 2
1
2
N
0 k
kn
2
N
k 2
1
2
N
0 k
n 1 k 2
N
1 k 2
1 N
0 k
1
2
N
0 k
kn 2
N
k 2
kn
N
k n
H W G
W x W x
W x W x W x X
.
. .
. . .
) (
+ =
+ =
+ = =

=
+
=
+
+
=

l qui mong mun ca DFT theo 2 DFT c kch c ch bng 1/2. Qu trnh s lp li
Log
2
(N) ln kt thc thut ton FFT. Bn cht vng lp c m t trn. Mi DFT
c kch thc gim 1/2 c phn tch thnh DFT kch thc 1/4. Cc u vo theo
thi gian s c phn ra thnh cc tp hp chn v l ( truyn qua tt c cc "tng"
FTT) to nn cc ch s theo trt t v thi gian c xc nh thng qua khi N im,
c n gin bng ch s nh phn c trnh t bit ngc. Trnh t bit ny c gi l
a ch theo bit ngc s dng trong cc chn la trong DSP c th lp trnh c.
Mi trng thi ca DFT gm N php nhn phc i vi cc ng dng n gin. Tuy
nhin trn hnh cng cho thy cc php nhn phc c th c phn thnh 2 nhm
thng qua thao tc butterfly. Thao tc ny cho php rt gn t 8 cn 6 php tnh. Kt
qu l c N/2 log
2
(N) butterfly trong mt FFT to ra 3Nlog
2
(N) php nhn thc.

- 69 -
S ti gin cho php cc chui theo thi gian trong DMT ca DSL l thc. i vi
cc chui phc c di N/2
{ } { } k k k y j y y + =
php tnh phc trong i s dn n
{ } { }
*
/
n N
n n k Y Y n ch Y y

+ =
2
2
1

v
{ } { }
*
/ n N
n n k Y Y l Y y j

=
2
2
1

c th to ra chui phc c di N/2 t chui thc c di N thng qua

1 2 2 +
+ =
k k k
jx x y k=0, ...,N/2-1
Bin i DFT ca chui x
k
c di N l X
n
. T kt qu ca FFT trn c th nhn
thy
nl
n
N
n nch n Y W Y X + =
l php tnh butterfly c N/4. Do c N/4log
2
(N/2) butterfly cho FFT phc c N/2
to ra Yn cng thm vi N/4 butterfly to ra Xn t cc phn Yn chn v l a ra
tng s N/4log
2
(N) butterfly hay 1.5Nlog
2
(N) ch dn/ thao tc ng dng v nh
vy tit kim 2 ln so vi ng dng phc y .
Mt IFFT c th c FFT ng dng s dng cng thc
i vi IFFT trong phn pht ca DMT mt s cng thc tnh khc nhau c s
dng trong php bin i ngc nhm n gin cc php bin i phc-thc. IFFT c
th vit di dng
1 r 2 vik W X X W
r 2 vik W X X
W X W X x
nr
2
N
1
2
N
0 k
2
N
n
n
n
N
nr
2
N
1
2
N
0 k
2
N
n
n
1
2
N
0 n
2
N
n k
N
2
N
n
kn
N
n k
+ =
(
=
(
=
(
(
+ =
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
.
.
. .
) (

Hai chui theo tn s c di gim 1/2

n
N
N
n
n n
N
n
n n
W X X H
X X G
+
+
=
+ =
). (
2
2

c th c bin i ngc to ra cc mu theo thi gian chn v l. Dng thp
phn ca u ra IFFT m t trn.

- 70 -
| |
*
*
) ( ) (
k
n X DFT
N
X IDFT
1
=
Yu cu tnh ton cho IFFT hon ton ging cho FFT gm N/2log
2
(N) php ton
buterfly hay 3Nlog
2
(N) php ton thc.
Trong DMT cc gi tr thc u ra ca IFFT trong phn pht c th tn dng trong
mt na cc php tnh cn thit ca IFFT. iu ny c c l do tnh i xng lin
hp ca u vo DMT l
n n N X X
*
=
chui l chn v chui

*
n
N
n
N
n
n n X X X X O
+
= =
2
2

l l; hm Hn=On.WN
-n
l chn. V tnh i xng lin hp ln Gn v Hn l nh x N/4
do ch c N/4 gi tr khc nhau khi xk l s thc. Do vy c Gn v Hn l chn v c
cng u ra IFFT theo thi gian. Do vy chui
1
2
0 = + =
N
vin jH G X
n
n n ,.....
~

c IFFT c N/2 l l gk+jk trong gk,jk l cc s thc. Tuy nhin t cc kt qu
nghin cu trc y chng ta c:
x
2k
=gk v x
2k+1
=hk cho k=0,....N/2-1
Do IFFT c 1/2 s phi thc thin thm N/4 butterfly do c Gn v Hn to ln
n/4log
2
(N) butterfly hay 1.5Nlog
2
(N) php tnh thc do IFFT tn dng tnh i xng
lin hp trong DMT ca DSLs. Tnh ton butterfly ph thuc vo N l mt s dng 2n
to thnh thut ton gi l c s 2. Nh xc nh tha s ca N bt k trong cc tha
s c bn c th xc nh c cc cu trc butterfly khc hu ch v tnh ton hiu
qu hn theo gi tr N mong mun.
IU BIN BIN CU PHNG (QAM) :
L phng php iu ch hai chiu : hai hm c bn l (i vi truyn dn ti thi
im 0 ) :

1
(t)=
T
2
(t).cos(2 f
c
t)

2
(t)=
T
2
(t).sin(2 f
c
t)
Trong (t) l hm iu ch bng gc nh dng hnh sin hoc dng cos li cn
bnh phng. Nhn cc dng xung bi sin & cos loi b nng lng khi bng gc
trnh mc DC ca cp bin i i dy xon. Cc xung QAM chu s suy yu
nghim trng t ng dy trong ADSL. Mt vi nh ch to s dng cc h thng
tng thch vi QAM. QAM thng c s dng trong Modem bng thoi m

- 71 -
cc c tnh ng dy c t s bin ng trn bng tn nh t 3- 4 kHz, cho php DC
trnh c v b thu c thc hin vi phc tp c th chp nhn c .
i vi truyn dn lin tc, QAM c thc hin nh sau :
x(t)=
T
2

k
x
1,k
(t-kT).cos(2 f
c
t)- x
2,x
(t-kT).sin(2 f
c
t)
Trong ch cc hm sin khng c b bi kT trong chu k k hiu th k. Bi
v c s hin din ca hm sin v s la chn tu kh nng ca tn s sng mang
tng ng vi tc k hiu , cc hm QAM khng xut hin ging nhau trong mi
on k hiu. C ngha l cc hm QAM c bn thng khng c chu k ti tc k
hiu,x
n
(t) x
n
(t-kT), thm ch nu l cng mt bn tin c truyn lp li. Tuy nhin
xung bng gc c lp li trong mi giai on k hiu.
Tm li: iu ch QAM l iu ch hai chiu dng kiu iu ch 16 mc
QAM, v s dng b lc thp qua LPF.

Hnh IV.19 iu bin QAM


- 72 -
CHNG V

THC T TRIN KHAI ADSL TI VIT NAM

5.1 TNH HNH ADSL VIT NAM :
Trn l thuyt cng ngh ADSL c rt nhiu im u vit. Song trn thc t
khng phi lc no ADSL cng hon ho. Do tc ca ADSL ph thuc vo khong
cch t thu bao cho n DSLAM nn nu xa tng i bn s khng th c c mt
tc ti d liu nh trn l thuyt. iu ny c th khc phc bng cch t nhiu
tng i DSLAM hn na. Mt DSLAM trn mt din tch nht nh cng dy th
tc truyn d liu cng cao. Tuy nhin, t nhiu DSLAM cng ng ngha vi chi
ph u t cho h tng tng ln, m iu ny cha chc cc nh cung cp dch v
mun.
Hn ch th hai ca ADSL bt ngun t kh nng ca h tng mng Internet Vit
Nam. T trc n nay chng ta vn bit dung lng cng Internet quc t ca Vit
Nam khng ln.Nh vy d tc ca ADSL c ln n bao nhiu th khi i qua ci
c chai ny cng s chm i rt nhiu.
Hn ch th ba ca ADSL li nn trong h tng mng ca nc ngoi. Chng hn
bn mun ti mt on Video trn my ch t ti Hn Quc. Nu ng i t my
ch ny n ch bn khng rng (bng thng hp) th tc ti Video cng s khng
cao.
Hn ch th t ca ADSL l cng ngh ny i hi ng dy cp ng c bn
knh 0,7-0,9 mm th mi c th pht huy ti a tc ca mnh. Trong khi ng dy
cp ng ca VNPT hin nay c bn knh 0,5 mm. C th khc phc iu ny bng
cch trang b mt ng cp mi nhng li ny sinh vn chi ph. V vy kh c th
c tc truyn d liu ti a.
iu cui cng l ngay c cc nh cung cp dch v ADSL ca Vit Nam cng s
khng cung cp cho bn mt tc truyn d liu cao m ch khng ch trong phm
vi t 128 Kbps- 2 Mbps. Nguyn nhn l h phi cn i gia nng lc cng ngh v
kh nng ti chnh ca mnh.
Trong khun kh d n hp tc kinh doanh vi hng KT (Korean Telecom) ca
Hn Quc, VNPT trin khai th nghim dch v ADSL ti Hi Phng vo thng
2/2002 v TPHCM vo thng 3/2002, thu c nhng kt qu ht sc kh quan. Ti
Hi Phng, dch v ADSL c cung cp cho gn 200 ngi dng thng qua 30
ng dy in thoi trong c by ng cho Caf Internet, 17 ng cho vn
phng v 6 ng cho c nhn. Kt qu th nghim cho thy tc ti cc file d liu
nhanh gp 227,5 ln, v tc ti cc file trn website nhanh gp 12,5 ln so vi tc
ca Modem quay s thng thng.
Thng 12/2002, cng ty in ton v Truyn s liu (VDC)- cng ty thnh vin
ca VNPT- phi hp vi bu in thnh ph Nng cung cp th nghim dch v

- 73 -
ADSL vi dung lng mt trm cng. Gia thng 5/2003 va qua, VDC phi hp
vi bu in Ngh An trin khai th nghim dch v ADSL cho 24 thu bao vi tc
ti xung l 2Mbps v ti ln l 640Kbps.
Theo d kin, dch v ADSL s c VNPT-VDC chnh thc trin khai ti mt
s tnh thnh ln trn ton quc theo hai giai on :
Giai on 1: T 1/7/2003, trin khai trc tin ti ba thnh ph ln l H Ni,
TP.HCM v Hi Phng. Vi tun sau , s trin khai tip tc ti Hi Phng, Qung
Ninh, Bnh Dng, ng Nai. D kin s lng cc thit b DSLAM t ti tng i
H Ni s l 90, TP.HCM l 60 v Hi Phng l 25.
Giai on 2 : T qu III nm 2003, trin khai tip ti mi tnh thnh gm Ngh
An, Hu, Nng, Vng Tu, Khnh Ha, Cn Th.
D kin n ht nm 2004, VNPT-VDC c th cung cp dch v ADSL cho tt
c cc tnh thnh trn ton quc.
Dch v ADSL m VDC cung cp vo ngy 1/7 va qua c tn gi l
MegaVNN. Ngi s dng dch v MegaVNN c th ti d liu xung vi tc ti
a 2Mbps v ti ln tc 640Kbps.Tc ny cao hn hn so vi dch v ADSL
ca Vietel v One Connetion (xem bng so snh di y).

Tc truy cp Nh
cung
cp

Hin
trng
nng
cp
Upload Download
Gi cc s
d liu
Lu lng s
dng
VDC Chnh
thc
1/7/2003
640Kbps 2Mbps 1 triu ng Khng gii
hn
64Kbps 128Kbps 3 triu ng Vietel Th
nghim
64Kbps 256Kbps 6 triu ng
Khng gii
hn
64Kbps 128Kbps 3,9 triu
ng
EIS
(OCI)
Th
nghim
64Kbps 256Kbps 6,9 triu
ng
Khng gii
hn

Nh s dng h tng mng vin thng hin c ca VNPT, thu bao dch v
MegaVNN ca VDC s khng phi tr khon ph ko cp. Ngi s dng ch phi
tr tin mua Modem ADSL khong 120 USD.
t bit, mc cc cho dch v MegaVNN gi r n bt ng. Theo quyt nh
105/2003/Q-BBCVT ca B bu chnh vin thng k ngy 18/6 ban hnh mc cc
trn cho dch v ADSL, v quyt nh ca Tng Gim c VNPT v cc truy cp

- 74 -
dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao ADSL, mc gi trn dch v ADSL ca
MegaVNN l 909,091 ng (cha bao gm thu VAT).
Cng theo ti liu hng dn thc hin cc quyt nh trn, ph s dng dch v
ADSL ca VDC s bao gm : tin thu bao thng 181.818 ng (cha bao gm
VAT) + s lng Mb d liu ti xung (dng bao nhiu tr by nhiu). Trong
phm vi 2Gb d liu u tin, gi cc cho mi Mb ti xung l 82 ng. T Gb th 3
n th 8, gi cc cho mi Mb l 64 ng. T Gb th 9 tr i, gi cc cho mi Mb
l 45 ng. Tin thu bao thng cng vi tin tr cho lng d liu ti xung phi
khng c vt qua mc gi trn 909.091 ng.
5.2 CC THIT B CN THIT CHO ADSL :
Thit b pha nh cung cp dch v :
B tp hp truy nhp Aggregator.
B ghp knh truy nhp DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line Access
Multiplexer).
Knh truyn.
POTS spliter hay CO Spliter.
Thit b pha khch hng :
Thit b u cui DSL (DSL CPE - Digital Subsriber Line Customer
Premises Equipment).
PC/LAN.
CPE Spliter
5.2.1 Thit b pha nh cung cp dch v :
B ghp knh truy cp DSLAM
DSLAM l b ghp knh c chc nng trc tip cung cp cng kt ni ti khch
hng. y l thit b tp trung cc ng thu bao ring l y ln mc trn v
ngc li.
B ghp knh truy cp phi t c mt s yu cu sau:
o H tr MPLS, IP routing QoS cho php trin khai nhiu loi ng dng qua
xDSL
o H tr nhiu chun DSL: ADSL, SDSL, IDSL, RADSL, VDSL.v..

- 75 -
o Kh nng tng tng thch vi nhiu loi thit b u cui khch hng DSL
CPE ca nhiu hng sn xut m ra cho khch hng nhiu kh nng la chn
thit b u cui.
o H tr a dng cc loi giao tip up-link bng rng DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1, ..vv.
o H tr kt ni u cui ngi s dng E1, nx64 Kbps.
o Kh nng ng dng cc k thut phn nhnh, xp chng...vv cho php trin
khai linh hot khi thay i cu trc mng.
o Cu hnh nhiu khe cm c th la chn.
o V.v.
V ADSL kt ni trc tip n Local Loop, ngoi ra v khong cch gii hn ca
cc Loop trong cng ngh DSL do cc DSLAM thng c t ti cc CO.
DSLMA l thit b khng chu li Single-Point-of-Failure cho mt s khch hng ln
trc thuc khu vc. DSLAM cng thng c t ti cc khu vc CO khng c
ngi qun l k thut do hu ht cc nh sn xut thit b ny phi ch to ra cc
sn phm c kh nng chu li rt cao nhm gim thiu cc s c v mng. Cc tiu
chun sau cn c h tr :
o ANSI T1.413 Issue2 (ADSL over POTS).
o ITU G.992.1 Annex A.
o ITU G.992.2(Glite).
o ITU G.994.1(G.hs).
B tp hp truy cp Aggregator:
B tp hp truy cp l thit b c nhim v tp trung cc kt ni v trung tm theo
phng thc gim thiu kt ni logic. Aggregator tp trung cc kt ni logic (cc
PVC) n t cc DSLAM ri tng hp li thnh mt hoc mt vi PVC truyn ti
qua mng trc ti kt cui th hai ca cc kt ni logic (ISP, headquarter,
offices.v.v). Nu khng s dng Aggregator th vi nxPVC n t n thit b u cui
s chim nxPVC trn mng trc.
Thng qua Aggregator, nh cung cp dch v s cung cp cho khch hng cc dch
v DSL nh truy cp internet tc cao, kt ni mng ring o, Video on Demand,
Video Broadcast, e-learning,..vv.
Yu cu t ra cho Aggregator:
o H tr a dng cc loi giao tip LAN/WAN thun li cho vic kt ni vi
cc Router, DSLAM: Ethernet/Fast/GigaEthernet, Serial, HSSI, ISDN, T3/E3,
OC3/STM-1, OC-12/STM-4, ...vv.

- 76 -
o Kh nng x l cao tng xng vi vai tr l b tp trung, chp nhn c
hng ngn kt ni ti t pha khch hng.
o Kh nng tng thch vi cc dng sn phm ca cc hng khc.
Vai tr ca Aggregator l tp hp tt c cc kt ni o logic vo trong mt im
logic, iu ny cng ng ngha vi Aggregator tp hp tt cc cc phin PPP vo
mt im sau mi dn ln UP-link ti mng trc. V cn bn mi thu bao c mt
phin PPP tuy nhin s lng kt ni PPP l khng gii hn trn mi kt ni DSL. Vi
c tnh ny cho php khch hng khc nhau trong cng mt vn phng chia s cng
mt ng xDSL i ra ngoi mng Internet. Cc phin PPP c xc thc
(Authentification) sau c kt thc ti Aggregator. Thit b Aggregator c th l
mt thit b nh tuyn a chc nng, hoc l mt thit b mng chuyn c thit k
cho vic tp hp cc bng rng. Aggregator c th thc hin vic xc thc
Authentification, Cp php (Authorization) hay tnh ton (Accounting) bi mt
RADIUS server t trn mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Sau khi c xc thc,
Aggregator s thit lp mt lin ni (route) t nh khch hng n nh cung cp dch
v Internet. Cc thit b Aggregator c th c t bn cnh thit b DSLAM ngay ti
cc POP cung cp dch v hoc c th c t ta khu vc trung tm vng v kt ni
n cc DSLAM mc di thng qua giao tip WAN. Cc thit b Aggregator s kt
hp vi h thng RADIUS t ti Trung tm iu hnh cho php qun l AAA cho
cc khch hng DSL nh phng php truy cp Internet bnh thng.
CO-Spliter (POTS Spliter) :

Hnh V.1 Di tn dng cho thoi v dch v ADSL
Dch v ADSL cho php s dng dch v truyn d liu tc cao cng vi dch
v thoi truyn thng trn cng i dy cp thoi ng. c th lm c iu ny,
ADSL v dch v thoi truyn thng s dng cc gii tn s khc nhau. m bo
cc gii tn s ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau, b phn chia c s dng. B ny
thng c gi l POTS Splitter v t bn trong DSLAM hoc bn ngoi i km vi
DSLAM trong qu trnh cung cp dch v.
POTS
BAND
DC-8Khz
ADSL
BAND
30 Khz-
1.1Mhz

- 77 -
B lc tn s thp cho php ting ni hay gii tn s ca thoi truyn thng 200-
3500 Hz m khng cn phi iu chnh tn hiu u vo. Hnh V.1 ch ra gii tn s
dng cho ADSL v dch v thoi truyn thng.

Hnh V.2 S cu to POTS-Spliter
Khi cung cp dch v DSLAM trn cng i dy cp thoi, th cn phi trang b
thm thit POTS spliter bn cnh DSLAM (thit b ny c th c tch hp vo bn
trong DSLAM hoc ri bn ngoi tu vo nh sn xut thit b). B POTS spliter c th
bao gm nhiu mch con, tuy nhin d kin ban u s u t mt s bn mch t hn
s cng ti a trn DSLAM. Mi bn POTS spliter s bao gm t nht 03 nhm cng
giao tip Telco 50pins : Mt kt ni n LocalLoop, Mt kt ni vi DSLAM v cn li
dng kt ni vi TelePhone Switching thuc mng PSTN. Dung lng cho php
trung bnh trn mi POTS splitter trn th trng hin ti khong 300 ADSL lines.
5.2.2 Thit b u cui khch hng DSL CPE:
Thit b u cui khch hng bao gm mt lot cc thit b, card giao tip thc
hin chc nng chuyn i d liu ngi s dng thnh dng tn hiu xDSL v ngc
li. DSL CPE tiu biu l PC NIC, DSL modem, DSL bridge, Router.
CPE c th l cc PC hoc Workstation, Remote ADSL Terminating Units (ATU-
R) hoc Router. V d nh mt khch hng Nh ring c th s dng mt PC n vi
mt ADSL modem tch hp gn trn PCI card, hoc mt PC vi mt giao tip Ethernet
hay giao tip Universal Serial Bus (USB) kt ni n mt ADSL modem (ATU-R)
bn ngoi. Ngc li i vi cc khch hng l cc cng ty thng mi thng kt ni
nhiu PC t cc user u cui vo mt router vi ADSL modem tch hp hoc mt
router v mt ATU-R bn ngoi.
Hin ti nhng sn phm ny ang c nhiu hng gii thiu v cho hng vi
nhiu chng loi ph hp vi tng loi khch hng l c nhn, t chc c nhu cu khc
nhau.
o 3com:HomeConnect 3647, 4130.
o Alcatel: Speedtouch Home
o Ambit:T60M104/07. Jetstream IAD-801. Cisco 677, 678..v.v.

- 78 -
o Lucent: DSL ACAP, DSL DMT.v..v.
o Cisco: 802/804, 1417 ADSL Router, 1600, 1700.v.v.
CPE-Spliter
Ti thit b u cui ngi s dng v ti CO, kt ni ADSL s dng hai b
splitter khc nhau nhm m bo mt phn tch thng tin ca dch v thoi truyn
thng v dch v ADSL. Cu to bn trong ca hai b phn chia ny c th khng
ging ht nhau, tuy nhin chng u da trn cng mt s cu trc bn trong nh
trnh by trn. B thit b CPE Splitter ny cn oc gi l Remote POTS splitter
phi hp vi POTS splitter t ti DSLAM nhm phn tch tn hiu tn s. CPE
Splitter cn phi h tr 03 giao tip RJ-11 : Mt dnh cho kt ni LocalLoop, mt cho
kt ni ti DSL CPE v mt dnh cho kt ni ti my in thoi.
Tm li, c th kt ni Internet s dng dch v ADSL th ta phi mua mt
Modem/Router ADSL + Splitter ( tch ghp tn hiu d liu v tn hiu thoi
trn cng mt ng dy in thoi)


- 79 -
CHNG VI

THAM KHO

6.1 TNG QUAN V MATLAB

1.Gii thiu v Matlab :

Matlab (Matrix labaratory) theo tn gi ca n, l mt cng c phn mm ca
MathWorks, ban u n c pht trin nhm phc v ch yu cho vic m phng cc
nghin cu k thut bng ton hc vi nhng phn t c bn l ma trn. Trong cc
lnh vc k thut chuyn ngnh nh in & in t, iu khin t ng, r bt cng
nghip, vt l ht nhn, trong cc ngnh x l ton chuyn dng nh thng k, k
tonthng gp nhng d liu ri rc ta c th lu gi di dng ma trn. Cn i
vi h d liu lin tc nh m thanh, hnh nh hoc n gin nh cc i lung vt l
tng t (analog ) : in p, dng in, tn s, p sut, lu lngphi c bin i
thnh cc tn hiu s (digital) ri mi tp hp trong cc file d liu. Qu trnh c
th c x l bng cc hm ton hc ca Matlab.
Matlab l mt phn mm c giao din cc mnh cng nhiu li th trong k thut
lp trnh gii quyt nhng vn a dng trong nghin cu khoa hc.
Matlab c th chy trn hu ht cc h my tnh t PC cho n cc h Server
Computer. Matlab c iu khin bi cc tp lnh tc ng qua bn phm trn ca s
iu khin. N cng cho php m kh nng lp trnh vi c php thng qua dch lnh,
cn gi l Script File. Cc lnh hay b lnh ca Matlab ln n con s hng trm, v
ngy cng c m rng bi cc phn Toolboxs (Th vin tr gip) hay thng qua cc
hm ng dng c to lp bi ngi s dng.
Cc lnh ca Matlab rt mnh, n khng nhng cho php gii cc loi hnh ton
khc nhau m cn c th x k d liu, biu din ha mt cch mm do, n gin
v chnh xc trong khng gian hai chiu cng nh ba chiu bi nhng cng c nh cc
th vin chun, cc hm c sn cho cc ng dng a dng.
Trong Matlab vn cn gii quyt ca bi ton s c phn tch v x l theo 5
bc nh sau :
Bc 1 : t vn .
Bc 2 : m hnh t cc gi tr d liu vo ra.
Bc 3 : cc tnh ton bng tay vi cc tp d liu u vo n gin.
Bc 4 : chuyn bi ton sang gii php bng Matlab.
Bc 5 : kim tra .
Trong trng hp khng c kt qu hoc kt qu sai th iu c ngha l Matlab
cha thc hin c bi ton, ta cn kin tra li c tnh ton bng tay v thao tc bng
Matlab.

2. Cch s dng v chc nng ca Matlab :
Giao din ca Matlab s dng hai ca s : ca s th nht c s dng a
cc lnh v d liu vo ng thi in kt qu, ca s th hai tr gip cho vic truy
xut ha dng thc hin nhng lnh hay kt qu u ra di dng ha.


- 80 -
a. Bin trong Matlab :

Tn bin trong Matlab c th di n 19 k t bao gm cc ch ci t A- Z, hay a-
z cng cc ch s cng nh mt vi k t t bit khc, nhng lun phi bt u bng
ch ci.
ln hay chiu di ca bin Vector cng nh m ha trn c th c thng qua
gi tr ca mt s hm c sn trong Matlab.

V d :
[m n]=size(A) : tr gi tr ln ca ma trn A vo vector xc nh bi hai bin
m v n
Length[x]: tr gi tr ca vector x
Mt s bin c inh ngha trc.
V d :
Realmin : a ra gi tr ca s nh nht m my tnh c th tnh ton c.

b. Hm v to hm trong Matlab :

Matlab lm vic vi cc hm vit di dng file.m v cc biu thc chun,
cc biu thc c nh trc tip vo t du nhc ca s lnh Matlab
command window. File.m c to ra trong ca s Matlab Editor/Debugger
m ca s ny bng cch vo Menu File/New/M_file

Cch to File.m :
Hm phi c bt u bng t Function, sau ln lc l tham s u ra,
du =, tn hm.
Nu mt hm cho nhiu hn mt gi tr u ra, phi vit tt c cc gi tr tr
li ca hm thnh mt vector trong dng khai bo hm.
V d : function[a,b,c]=motion(y).
Mt hm c nhiu tham s u vo cn phi lit k chng khi khai bo
hm..
Cc bin c bit nargin v narout xc nh tham s u vo, s tham s
u ra c s dng trong hm, cc tham s ny ch l bin cc b.

Cch gi File.m :
gi file.m v hm ta nh tn file.m hay tn hm t ca s lnh.

c. ha trong Matlab :

Matlab s dng lnh X-Y plots v th, biu cho cc thng tin mt
cch d dng.Trong khng gian hai chiu v th tng qut theo d liu c lu
trong hai vector X,Y.
Plot (x,y) : v th theo ta (x,y ).
Title : a cc title vo hnh v.
xlabel : a cc nhn theo chiu x ca th.

- 81 -
Ylabel : a cc nhn theo chiu y ca th.
Grid : v cc ng ging grid line trn th

6.2 GII THIU V MATLAB 6.5 :

1. Khi ng Matlab v thot khi Matlab :
T mn hnh Windows ta thc hin nh sau :
-Chn Start/Programs/Matlab6.5/matlab6.5

Khi Matlab s xut hin vi mn hnh command :

y l ca s dng a lnh, d liu v c kt qu.


- 82 -
Mun thot khi Matlab ta thc hin nh sau :

-Vo Menu File/Exit hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl Q
2.Cch to mt Model file :

-Chn menu File/new//model. Lc s xut hin mt ca s mi

V d : thit k h thng nh hnh VI.1 sau v lu file vi tn vidu.mdl

Hnh VI.1 S h thng m hnh phng mch Trigger

to c h thng nh hnh v trn, ta click vo biu tng trn
thanh cng c. Khi mn hnh s xut hin ca s Simulink Library Browser:


- 83 -

Ln lc la chn cc khi theo cc bc di y :
-Khi sinewave : simulink / sourses / sinewave.
-Khi Backlash : simulink / discontinuities / backlash.
-Khi Mux : simulink / signal routing / mux.
-Khi outport : simulink / ports & subsystems / out1.
-Khi Scope : simulink / sinks / scope .

Sp xp cc khi theo ng nh hnh v :
-Ni dy t khi ny sang khi khc bng chut.
-Nu ng ni nhiu hn ng ra ca khi th cn nhn thm phm Ctrl

Chy th h thng :
-Trong file va to chn menu Simulation/start
-Click vo khi Scope v xem kt qu.

Trong command window :
>> [t,x,y]=sim(vidu,6) % to thi gian t t 0-6 (tn s)
>>plot(t,y) % v hon ton ng ra .

Hm gi lp h thng :

[t,x,y]=sim(model,timespan)

Vi model l tp vidu.mdl m hnh t h thng .
timespan l thi gian kt thc.
Tr tr v t l thi gian t 0 timespan l ma trn 59x1.

- 84 -
y l ma trn kt qu 59x2, c ct 1 cha kt qu sau khi qua khi Trigger v
ct 2 cha sng sin nguyn thy.

Plot(t,y(:,1)) % v ct 1
Plot(t,y(:,2)) % v ct 2
thay i thng s cc khi, v d thay i bin v tn s sng sin :
right click vo biu tng sinwave, chn block parameters v t li bin v tn s.


- 85 -
KT LUN

Qua ti ny, chng em tm hiu c:
ADSL l g?
L cng ngh cho php truyn d liu v truy cp Internet tc cao
qua ng dy in thoi.
ADSL hot ng nh th no?
-S dng mt ng dy in thoi va cung cp dch v thoi,va kt ni
Internet.
-S dng 4kHz tn s thp ca bng thng cho php phc v thoi.
-S dng tn s ln hn 4 kHz ca bng thng cho php truyn s liu.
Li ch ca ADSL l g?
-Gi in thoi v s dng Internet cng mt lc.
-Tc truy xut nhanh gp 140 ln so vi modem Analog.
-Lun lun kt ni Internet.
- tin cy cao.
-Bo mt.
M phng : cch hot ng ca h thng ADSL trong thc t v mt s cch
m ho/gii m, iu bin/gii iu bin ca ADSL.
Hng pht trin ca ti:
9 M phng h thng ADSL cho truyn dn d liu + tn hiu thoi.
9 Pht trin cng ngh ADSL thnh cng ngh VDSL(Very high
Digital Subscriber Line)


- 86 -

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam,Trung tm thng tin bu in,
Tm hiu cng ngh ng dy thu bao s xDSL, nh xut bn bu in,
thng 10-2001.
2. Nguyn Vit Cng & Nguyn Qu S, Ti liu ging dy k thut v
mng cung cp dch v ADSL , Hc Vin Cng Ngh Bu Chnh Vin
Thng, H Ni 4/2003.
3. http://www.nwfusion.com/dsl/index.html.
4. http://www.adsl.com.
5. http://www.adsl.com/adsl_glossary.html.
6. http://www.adsl.com/general_tutorial.html.
7. http://www.adsl.com/adsl_tutorial.html.
8. http://www.mathworks.com.

Adsl

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Adsl

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Phn tch v m phng h thng ADSL

You might also like