KTTSL

Author: MAI Vn H
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN -----BI GING MN HC
K THUT TRUYN S LIU
NI DUNG
Chng 1 : TNG QUAN V TRUYN THNG Chng 2 : MNG THNG TIN Chng 3 : K THUT TRUYN S LIU Chng 4 : GHP V TCH KNH Chng 5 : C CH KIM SOT LI Chng 6 : MNG TRUYN S LIU
PDF by MAI Thng Long
Author: MAI Vn H
Basic Data Communications Concepts
TERMINAL AND HOST COMPUTER
Author: MAI Vn H
PARITY AND BYTES

PARITY - an extra bit added to the byte to check for errors.
11010110 DATA
0 PARITY
BYTE - in data communications, a group of bits, usually 8, though sometimes more, or less, depending on the character code.
PARALLEL DATA TRANSMISSION
Author: MAI Vn H
SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION
ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION
Author: MAI Vn H
SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION
TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

1.1. Khai quat chung :
Hnh 1 : Mach truyen d lieu t A en B
Author: MAI Vn H

1.1. Khai quat chung :
+ Tat ca cac thong tin eu dang ky hieu. + Thong tin c phat va nhan qua mot thiet b au cuoi x ly d lieu ETTD (Equipement Terminal de Traitement de Donnees) va ta goi la thiet b au cuoi (terminal) - May x ly:thong thng no la nguon hoac bo phan thu d lieu - Bo kiem tra s lien lac : to hp cac bo phan thc hien chc nang lien lac. Phan thc hien ay la s bao ve chong sai so va s tao ra cac ky t phuc vu cho s oi thoai gia hai thiet b au cuoi. + Ngoai ra con co thiet b au cuoi cua mach d lieu (ETCD) la thiet b co nhiem vu ap ng nhng tn hieu ien c cung cap t cac thiet b au cuoi e truyen i.

1.2. Ma hoa thong tin :
1.2.1 Ma va bang ch :
+ Moi mot thong tin tng ng vi ch mot dang nh phan, tat ca cac dang ma ma cung cap khong c s dung het ngi ta goi ma o la d. S ma hoa la thao tac e thc hien s tng thch o. + Khi chuyen t mot loai ma nay sang mot loai ma khac cho mot thong tin nao o, th goi thao tac o la chuyen ma + o dai cua ma phu thuoc vao gia tr so cot nh phan cua ky t ma ta muon bieu dien. V du : Vi hai phan t nh phan ta co the nhan c 4 to hp (00, 01, 10, 11) + T ma la mot chuoi bit ma hoa dang nh phan cho mot n v thong tin la ky t.
Author: MAI Vn H

1.2.1 Ma va bang ch : + Tap hp cac n v thong tin c ma hoa theo mot qui luat xac nh tao ra bo ma + Tren thc te nhng thong tin can c truyen a c ma hoa la mot tap hp cac phan t c goi la ky t (hay to hp cac phan t) gom co: Ch so cua he em 10. Ch cai cua bang ch (52). Mot so ky hieu ch ra cac thao tac can thc hien (+, *, ?, /. $ ...). Mot tap hp cac ky t ieu khien. + Tap hp cac ky t can bieu dien: {C1, ... Ci, .. .CN } tao thanh bang ch.

a. Ma Morse :
1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng:
Author: MAI Vn H

b. Ma Baudot :
1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng: + Ma Baudot c s dung trong cac he thong truyen tin bang telex. Ma nay s dung 5 bit e ma hoa thong tin (32 to hp). + Neu dung no e bieu dien ca ch va so (26 ch cai, 10 so) th khong u ngi ta dung 2 ky t e thay oi sang 2 trang thai : ch va so. + Sau ky t "ch" tat ca ma bieu dien la ch va sau ky t "so" cac ma bieu dien la so. + Nh vay vi 5 (bit) ta co c 30 x 2 = 60 to hp.

b. Ma Baudot :
Author: MAI Vn H

c. Ma BCD (Decimal Code Binaire) : + Trong ma BCD ngi ta dung 6 cot e bieu dien ma va mot cot e kiem tra. + Tat ca cac ky t eu co 6 cot va ng nhien no co mot so chan hoac le cot co gia tr "1" va do o theo quy nh ta co the tm c sai cua ma. + Tat ca cac ky t cua ma eu co dang sau:

1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng: d. Ma ASCII : + S khong ay u cua loai ma 6 cot lam cho ngi ta ngh en loai ma giau hn co the bieu dien c nhng ky t can thiet nh : ky t ieu khien hoac ch ln, ch nho chang han. + Ma ASCII qui nh o dai t ma la 7 bit co the bieu dien 128 ky t nhng ve sau thanh 8 bit. + Cac ky t co gia tr ma ln hn 128 thap phan goi la ky t Ascii m rong. Tat nhien no gom them mot cot e kiem tra chan le.
Author: MAI Vn H
ASCII CODE
ASCII CODE(CONTINUED)
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng: e. Ma EBCDIC : + Mot loai ma khac thng c dung la ma EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code). + Ma EBCDIC co o dai 8 bit, khong co cot kiem tra. + Ky t trong bo ma c chia thanh hai loai gom ky t in c va ky t khong in c con goi la ky t ieu khien nh : STX, ETX, SOH, BS,...
EBCDIC CODE
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Author: MAI Vn H
CHARACTER CODES
Morse
= Baudot = Int. Baudot = ASCII = EBCDIC =
.5 bit (no parity) 6 bit (5 data + 1 parity) 8 bit (7 data + 1 parity) 8 bit (no parity)
BIT POSITION DIFFERENCES AMONG VARIOUS CHARACTER CODES
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Author: MAI Vn H
TYPICAL DATA AND PARITY COMBINATIONS FOR VARIOUS CHARACTER CODES
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.1 Khai quat: + D lieu c truyen gia thiet b phat va thiet b thu thong qua moi trng truyen (nh hng hoac khong nh hng). Trong ca 2 trng hp s lien lac eu dung song ien t. + Trong trng hp truyen co nh hng (co day dan) song ien t se theo mot con ng vat ly nh : oi day song hanh, cap ong truc, si quang ... + Trng hp truyen khong nh hng co ngha la song ien t khong theo vat dan nao nh : truyen lan trong khong kh, trong chan khong hoac qua nc bien.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.1 Khai quat: + ng noi trc tiep (direct line) c dung cho ng truyen gia hai thiet b truyen khong qua thiet b trung gian nao (tr bo khuech ai hoac repeater e tang o manh cua tn hieu)
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: Tn hieu la mot ham cua thi gian nhng cung co the bieu dien la mot ham cua tan so. a. Theo quan iem thi gian : tn hieu lien tuc va tn hieu ri rac. + Mot tn hieu la lien tuc neu vi tat ca gia tr a. + Neu ieu kien tren khong am bao (co ngha la ch thoa man vi mot so hu han gia tr a) ta goi no la tn hieu ri rac.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: a. Theo quan iem thi gian : tn hieu lien tuc va tn hieu ri rac.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: a. Theo quan iem thi gian : tn hieu lien tuc va tn hieu ri rac. * Mot tn hieu s(t) c goi la tuan hoan kck : s(t + T) = s(t) - < t < + + ay T ta goi la chu ky cua tn hieu. + Neu khong thoa man ieu kien tren th tn hieu o khong phai la tn hieu tuan hoan.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: a. Theo quan iem thi gian : tn hieu lien tuc va tn hieu ri rac. * Mot tn hieu s(t) c goi la tuan hoan kck :
Song Sin.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: a. Theo quan iem thi gian : tn hieu lien tuc va tn hieu ri rac. * Mot tn hieu s(t) c goi la tuan hoan kck :
Song vuong
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: a. Theo quan iem thi gian :
* Mot tn hieu ieu hoa co 3 tham so ac trng: bien o (A), tan so (f) va goc pha (). Bien o : gia tr tc thi cua tn hieu tai thi gian nao o, c tnh la volt (v). Tan so la so chu ky cua tn hieu xay ra trong 1 giay. No la gia tr ao cua chu ky T . Ngi ta tnh theo n v Hz. Pha: gia tr o v tr tng oi theo thi gian trong cua chu ky tn hieu. Mot chu ky tn hieu co 2 radians = 360o. Ta co the bieu dien tn hieu sin trong dang: s(t) = Asin(2 f - t + )
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: b. Theo quan iem tan so : * Chung ta cung co the xem tn hieu la mot ham tan so, co ngha la tn hieu bao gom nhieu thanh phan tan so khac nhau. * Ta co the tao thanh tn hieu cho ham:
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: b. Theo quan iem tan so :

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: b. Theo quan iem tan so :
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: c. Pho cua tn hieu : + Cach bieu dien cac ham S(f) cho tn hieu theo tan so nh vay goi la bieu dien pho cua tn hieu. + Khi ham S(f) bieu dien ri rac ta goi la pho vach. + Khi s(f) la ham lien tuc ta goi tn hieu o co pho ac.

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: c. Pho cua tn hieu :
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.2 Tan so, pho, bang thong bit cua tn hieu: c. Bang thong cua tn hieu :
Day tan so cha pho cua tn hieu ta goi la bang thong cua tn hieu o. +Vi kenh analog, bang thong la khoang cach gia tan so thap nhat vi tan so cao nhat cua tn hieu ma no truyen i. V du : kenh ien thoai co bang thong 4 khertz (co kha nang truyen tn hieu tieng noi t 0 en 4000 hertz) + Vi kenh digital, ta can quan tam en tong so bit thong tin c truyen i trong mot giay. ai lng o c goi la toc o truyen d lieu cua kenh.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.3 Cac kieu ng truyen : a. Che o Simplex (mach mot chieu - n gian) + Cho phep truyen thong mot chieu t ni phat en ni thu. + c ap dung nhieu trong mang nhan tin paging, cac he thong broadcast nh phat thanh, truyen hnh, d lieu c truyen t CPU sang may in... + Viec thu phat se c thc hien tren mot kenh truyen vat ly (tren mot si cap hoac mot tan so song mang)
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Author: MAI Vn H
SIMPLEX COMMUNICATIONS PATH
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.3 Cac kieu ng truyen : b. Che o half-duplex (mach 2 chieu ngat quang semiduplex) + Che o nay cho phep hai au truyen tin co the thu va phat thong tin tren cung mot kenh truyen vat ly + Nhng hai qua trnh khong c xay ra ong thi. + Half-duplex thng c ng dung trong cac he thong bo am bang vo tuyen.
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Author: MAI Vn H
HALF DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS PATH
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.3 Cac kieu ng truyen : c. Che o full-duplex (mach 2 chieu toan phan) + o la kieu truyen thong ma ca hai qua trnh thu va phat xay ra ong thi tren cung mot kenh truyen vat ly, ngha la thong tin c ieu che hai tan so song mang khac nhau. + Vi mach hai chieu toan phan th A va B eu ong thi co the phat va thu. e thc hien c ieu o yeu cau thiet b phai phc tap hn. + Kieu truyen thong nay thng c ng dung trong mang ien thoai.
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Author: MAI Vn H
FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS PATH

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.3 Cac kieu ng truyen : d. Che o Echo-plex
+ Kieu ket noi nay la mot dang cua simplex, thng c gap trong ng lien lac gia man hnh va ban phm. + Moi ky t c nhap vao t ban phm trc khi truyen qua may tnh chnh, c sao thanh ban th hai e a len man hnh cuc bo. + Vi mot so kien truc dumb-terminal, cac ky t go vao t ban phm c a tc thi qua may tnh chnh, sau o mot ban sao c gi ve terminal va c a len man hnh.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo: + Gia s rang terminal nguon A can chuyen sang terminal nguon B mot tap hp cac ky t {.. , Ci, Ci-1, ... } + Moi mot ky t Ci c tao thanh do n cot nh phan di dang ma : Ci = (di, ... din) {0,1} + Sau khi chuyen cac ky t dang song song sang dang noi tiep ta co: di-1, di, di+1 + Khi o cac ky t se la: Ci-1 Ci Ci+1
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo: Neu ta truyen day d lieu, cac ky t c truyen lien tiep nhau khong co start va stop goi la truyen ong bo.
Tn hieu ong bo.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo: + Khi truyen ong bo e nhan biet gia tr cac thi iem la 0 hay 1 can phai co tn hieu clock goi la tn hieu ong bo. Tn hieu ong bo cung co chu ky la T. + Moi giay nguon se cung cap 1/T bit. + Day nh vay ngi ta goi la day ong bo.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo: + ong thi ta cung co the cung cap day tn hieu trong dang khac. + Ngi ta phat t nguon tng ky hieu rieng le, cach biet nhau. Cach phat nh vay ngi ta goi la khong ong bo. + e phan biet gia cac ky t, thong thng ngi ta them tn hieu Start au va tn hieu Stop cuoi ky t.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo:
Thong bao d lieu khong ong bo.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : a. Day d lieu ong bo va khong ong bo: + Van e ong bo la van e quan trong am bao cho ta truyen va nhan ung thong tin can thiet. + Du la truyen ong bo hay khong ong bo cung can phai co s ong bo khi nhan thong tin. + Vi mach khong ong bo s ong bo c thc hien nh tn hieu Start cua au tng ky t va tn hieu Stop cuoi ky t.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : b. Nguyen tac truyen : Cho du trong khi truyen ta dung loai ma nao, truyen ong bo hay khong ong bo, thong tin truyen tren ng day phai tuan theo nhng quy luat sau: + Cac bit phai c truyen lien tiep theo th t tang dan (co ngha la theo th t b1, b2, b3 ...) + Bit kiem tra la bit cui cua to hp. Co ngha la bit kiem tra c truyen sau cung.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : b. Nguyen tac truyen : + Nhng ky t c truyen theo Start - Stop hoac theo cach ngat quang can phai co them tn hieu Start au va tn hieu Stop cuoi. + o dai cua Start la 1 bit, o dai cua Stop thong thng la 1 bit (co khi la 1,5 bit hoac 2 bit tuy trng hp quy nh cu the). + Bit kiem tra co the chan va le, thong thng ngi ta hay dung kiem tra chan cho nhng phep truyen khong ong bo. Kiem tra le dung cho truyen ong bo.
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : c. Lu lng nh phan, toc o ieu che : + Vi s truyen ong bo, lu lng nh phan D cua mot ng d lieu la so lng cc ai ky hieu nh phan di chuyen qua ng truyen trong 1 giay.
1.3 Tn hieu - ng truyen 1.3.4 Nguyen tac truyen tren ng day : c. Lu lng nh phan, toc o ieu che : + Vi s truyen khong ong bo, ngi ta dung ai lng: toc o ieu che, bieu dien bang Bauds va ky hieu R.
: la o dai bieu dien theo thi gian o rong 1 bit thong tin.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: Trong cac he thong lien lac ta thay cac tn hieu khi nhan c co s khac biet vi tn hieu khi phat. oi vi tn hieu analog s suy yeu o dan en giam chat lng cua tn hieu. Vi tn hieu so th dan en lam sai so ve bit. Mot bit co gia tr 1 co the tr thanh bit gia tr 0 va ngc lai. Mot tn hieu tren ng truyen se chu cac anh hng sau: .

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: a. S suy giam va dan en meo dang : Khi truyen trong moi trng, cong suat cua tn hieu se suy giam. oi vi moi trng nh hng s suy giam o thong thng theo logarit, no la gia tr co nh theo khoang cach. oi vi moi trng khong nh hng s suy giam o la mot ham phc tap phu thuoc vao khoang cach va ap suat khong kh.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: a. S suy giam va dan en meo dang : S suy giam se dan en: + Tn hieu thu c khong u manh e khoi phuc lai tn hieu ban au bo phan thu. + Tn hieu thu c khong u ln e bao am t so (t so tn hieu tren tap am) de sinh ra sai so. S suy giam se la ham cua tan so. Vi 2 anh hng tren ta co the dung bo khuech ai hoac cac bo lap lai tn hieu (repeater) e khac phuc anh hng.

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: a. S suy giam va dan en meo dang : Do s suy giam la ham cua tan so nen tn hieu thu c se khac nhieu vi tn hieu phat.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: b. S lam tre tn hieu : Tn hieu truyen lan tren moi trng dan bao gi cung b lam tre. oi vi mot tn hieu co bang thong gii han, s lam tre phu thuoc vao tan so cua tn hieu. Vi tn hieu co tan so khac nhau no se en bo thu thi gian khac nhau. Hien tng o ta goi la tn hieu b lam cham tren ng truyen

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: b. S lam tre tn hieu :
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : Thong thng tn hieu nhan c bo thu bao gi cung bao gom tn hieu phat va mot tn hieu ta khong he mong muon c them vao gia bo phat va bo thu. Tn hieu ta khong mong muon o goi la nhieu. Nhieu se lam han che ket qua he thong lien lac cua ta. Nhieu thng c chia lam 4 loai sau: Nhieu nhiet o. Tap am noi bo. Xuyen am. Nhieu xung.

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : * Nhieu nhiet o: c tao ra do s van chuyen ien t trong vat lieu, no ton tai trong tar ca cac thiet b ien t, trong moi trng va no la ham cua nhiet o. Nhieu nhiet co anh hng tren tat ca day tan pho nen co ten goi la nhieu trang. Nhieu nhiet o khong the tranh c. No c tnh: No = kT No : o nhay nguon nhieu. K : Hang so Boltzman = 1,3803 x 10-23 J/k T : Nhiet o Kelvin
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : * Nhieu do tap am noi bo: Khi tn hieu vi cac tan so khac nhau truyen tren moi trng co the se sinh ra nhieu noi bo. Ket qua cua nhieu noi bo co the sinh ra tan so la cong hoac tr 2 tn hieu goc hoac la nhan cua tn hieu o. V du : s tron cac tn hieu co tan so f1, f2 co the sinh ra tan so f1+f2 va no se lam tang cho tn hieu tan so f1+f2 san co. Nhieu do tap am noi bo o sinh ra do hien tng khong tuyen tnh trong cac thiet b phat, thu, he thong truyen ... Thng he thong khong tuyen tnh, tn hieu au ra la ham phc tap cua tn hieu au vao.

1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : * Nhieu do tap am noi bo:
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Author: MAI Vn H
1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : * Nhieu xuyen am : Nhieu xuyen am la nhieu ta khong mong muon trong khi truyen. V du : trong he thong ien thoai ta co the nghe c cuoc noi chuyen cua ngi khac. Nguyen nhan : + Do s ghep ien t gia cac cap ng day song hanh + Trong cap ong truc ong thi truyen nhieu kenh + Cung co khi do cac ang ten vi ba tao ra cac bup song nh hng.
1.4. S suy yeu cua tn hieu truyen: c. Nhieu tn hieu : * Nhieu xung : Nhieu xung la loai nhieu khong lien tuc, khong quy luat nhieu khi no la nhng ot bien bien o ln, trong thi gian nho. Nguyen nhan : nh ot bien ien t trng, anh sang, tat bat he thong may ... Tuy nhien, nhieu xung la nguyen nhan trc tien gay sai so trong khi truyen tn hieu so.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
+ Moi trng truyen la con ng vat ly noi gia thiet b phat va thiet b thu trong he thong truyen d lieu. + i vi moi trng truyen nh hng, ban than moi trng truyen la nhan to quan trong quyet nh gii han s truyen. + Vi moi trng truyen khong nh hng, pho va bang tan so cua tn hieu do ang ten phat quan trong hn moi trng truyen.
MOI TRNG TRUYEN DAN

Cap kim loai
Cap song hanh (Two-wire open lines) Cap xoan oi (Twisted-pair lines) Cap ong truc.
Cap si quang Song vo tuyen

He thong viba mat at. He thong vi ba ve tinh. He thong vo tuyen te bao -He thong song radio
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Author: MAI Vn H
TNG QUAN V TRUYN THNG

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
1. Day song hanh (Twisted Pair Cable) * Cau tao : + Gom co 2 si at song hanh. Cap day o la ng lien lac n. + Nhieu cap day nh vay c at chung trong mot cap co vo boc. Nhng cap dai co the cha hang tram cap. + Cac cap day c cach ly e tranh anh hng ien t vi nhau. + Loi day thng t 0,016 - 0,036 inches.
CAP SONG HANH

Nhieu xuyen am Nhieu t nguon ngoai
a) Cap cap song hanh n Bo noi au cuoi DCE
DTE
b) V du mot si cap song hanh
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
1. Day song hanh (Twisted Pair Cable) Twisted pair cable : UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair).
UTP Category 5 cable : 100 million bits per second.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
1. Day song hanh (Twisted Pair Cable)
STP Category 3 cable : 10 million bits per second.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 1. Day song hanh (Twisted Pair Cable) * ac tnh truyen : + Cap day song hanh c s dung truyen tn hieu tng t cung nh tn hieu so.
Vi tn hieu tng t : khoang cach 5 - 6 km. Vi tn hieu so : khoang 2 - 3 km phai co repeater.
+ De b nhieu v b anh hng ien t trng. + B gii han ve khoang cach.
AC IEM C BAN CUA CAP SONG HANH

La moi trng truyen dan n gian nhat va co chat
lng kem nhat, ly do: - Khong chong c nhieu t ben ngoai. - Anh hng ln cua nhieu xuyen am Khoang cach truyen khoang 50 m. Toc o bt khoang 19,2 Kbit/s. V du s dung cap song hanh: ket noi modem (DCE = Data circuit equipment) vi may tnh (DTE = Data terminal equipment) khi truyen so lieu qua mang PSTN.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 1. Day song hanh (Twisted Pair Cable) * ng dung :
c dung e truyen cho tn hieu analog cung nh tn hieu so. Lam ung truc cho cac he thong ien thoai, cho s lien lac
trong cac day nha. + Trong he thong ien thoai, c noi vi he thong tong ai hoac tong ai noi bo qua day song hanh. + Trong trng hp o, nhiem vu chu yeu la tai tieng noi gia cac thue bao va tong ai noi bo. c dung cho cac ng trung ke co khoang cach xa Dung cho mang may tnh cuc bo trong mot day nha v gia thanh re va de cai at.
NG DUNG CAP SONG HANH

Computer A AP Computer B AP Cap song hanh Phan he TSL Line ien thoai co nh Phan he TSL
Modem
PSTN
Modem
Lien ket qua mang PSTN s dung Modem
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Author: MAI Vn H
CAP XOAN OI
u
a) Cap cap xoan oi
-u
Vo Polyme
b) Si cap xoan nhieu oi loai khong vo bao ve (UTP)

Vo bao ve Vo boc ngoai
c) Si cap xoan nhieu oi loai co vo bao ve (STP)
La moi trng truyen dan co chat lng tot hn cap
AC IEM C BAN CUA CAP XOAN OI
song hanh, ly do: - Chong c nhieu xuyen am - Cap STP han che c nhieu t ben ngoai
Toc o bt khoang 10Mbit/s vi khoang cach 100m
va co the tang len khi khoang cach giam xuong.
V du s dung cap xoan oi: loai mang 10BaseT
trong chuan Ethernet
Gia thanh khong cao lam, de thi cong.
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Author: MAI Vn H
V DU MANG S DUNG CAP XOAN

Cap xoan oi
Mang dung Hub
Mang dung Hub va Switch

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 3. Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable) :
* Cau tao : Bao gom ong truc ben ngoai va mot day dan ben trong. Gia truc loi va ong ben ngoai c at cach eu nhau va cach ly bi phan cach ien. Truc ben ngoai c bao bi mot lp ao hoac vo boc.
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Author: MAI Vn H

* Cau tao : Cap ong truc thng co o ln t 0,4 - 1 inche. Co 2 phan nhng no cau truc khac hn day song hanh e cho phep lam viec vi day tan so rong hn.
CAP ONG TRUC
Loi
Vo kim loai Vo boc ngoai Lp Polyme
Cau tao cua cap ong truc
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
* ac tnh truyen : c dung rong rai cho ca 2 loai tn hieu: analog va digital khoang cach gan hoac xa. + Vi tn hieu analog vi khoang cach vai Km + Vi viec ng dung cho tn hieu so ta co the at c toc o truyen 500 Mbps cho khoang cach toi a 1,6 Km. B gii han ve khoang cach va so ket noi.
3. Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable) :
AC IEM C BAN CUA CAP ONG TRUC La moi trng truyen dan co chat lng tot hn cap
xoan oi, ly do: - Khong co nhieu xuyen am - Han che c nhieu t ben ngoai
Toc o bt co the at en 100Mbit/s. V du s dung cap xoan oi: loai mang 10Base2,
10Base5 trong chuan Ethernet
Gia thanh cao, kho thi cong.
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Author: MAI Vn H

* ng dung :
Cap ong truc c dung tng oi rong rai : ng truyen ien thoai, ng truyen tivi, radio. ng tivi cap. Mang Ethernet LAN ng noi he thong.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
3. Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable) :

* ng dung : + Trong cac he thong ien thoai, cap ong truc la phan t quan trong e noi trong khoang cach xa, qua no de dang noi en cap quang, mang viba va mang ve tinh. + Trong he thong tivi cap : c noi sau khi tn hieu c thu vao ang ten noi en cac nha nh la ng ien thoai. Cap co the cho hang chuc tivi va khoang cach en hang chuc Km. + Trong mang Ethernet LAN : dung e noi vi so lng may ln trong pham vi toa nha + Dung e noi trong khoang cach ngan gia cac thiet b s dung cho tn hieu analog hoac tn hieu so.
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Author: MAI Vn H
Mang s dung cap ong truc: Ethernet/802.3

Cap ong truc
10Base2Thin Ethernet 10Base5Thick Ethernet
Host Hub
10BaseTTwisted Pair
Hosts

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
4. Si quang : * Cau tao :
+ Gom cac si thuy tinh silica (hp chat cua silic di dang thach anh hoac a la va nhng a khac) va c bao phu bi mot lp chat deo ben ngoai
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Author: MAI Vn H
CAP SI QUANG
n2 n1 > n2 a) Si quang a mode - chiet suat nhay bac.
b) Si quang a mode - chiet suat lien tuc.
b) Si quang n mode.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
4. Si quang : * Cau tao : Gom 3 phan: loi, lp bao ve va vo ao ngoai.
+ Loi la phan quan trong trong cung, gom mot hoac
nhieu si nho xoan lai hoac si lam bang thuy tinh hoac chat deo. Moi si c boc bi lp ao bao ve. + Phan cuoi cung ben ngoai c boc bi mot hay nhieu lp bao ve. + Lp bao ve ngoai la chat deo hoac cac vat lieu chong am, va cham, mai mon va nhng anh hng cua moi trng. Si quang co o mong khoang 2 - 125 mm la moi trng dan anh sang.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 4. Si quang :
* ac tnh truyen : + Bang thong rong: Tiem lc ve bang thong va toc o truyen cua vat dan tang vi tan so. Vi day tan rong ln cua si quang, toc o d lieu >2 Gbps tren oan ng hang chuc Km + Kch thc nho, trong lng nhe: Si quang thng nho hn cap ong truc va cap day song hanh rat thuan tien khi s dung. + Suy giam t: Cap quang suy giam qua nho so vi cap ong truc va cap day song hanh va no la hang so vi khoang cach xa. + Cach ly ien t: Si quang khong b anh hng bi trng ien t, do o khong s nhieu xuyen am, nhieu xung. + Khoang cach lap lai ln: t can phai repeater co ngha la gia thanh giam va t b sai so. o la u iem rat ln cua si quang.
AC IEM C BAN CUA CAP SI QUANG

Tn hieu truyen dan la song anh sang theo nguyen tac chp
(bit 1) va tat (bit 0).
La moi trng truyen dan co chat lng tot nhat do cap
quang khong b nhieu bi song ien t. truyen rat xa.
Toc o bt co the at en hang Gbit/s vi khoang cach Thng s dung cac mang truc
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 4. Si quang :
* ac tnh truyen :
Truyen a cach.
Truyen a cach c nt sng.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN 4. Si quang : * ng dng :
+ No chuyen tai anh sang thay cho tn hieu ien. Cap quang c s dung nhieu e truyen d lieu c li xa, kha nang cao va co dai tan rong + Chong c nhieu ien t trng, cac loai tia bc xa, va nghe trom. + Moi mot cap quang co the ho tr hang ngan kenh tieng noi va nhieu kenh TV ong thi. + Dung e truyen vi toc o hang tram Mbps va lien ket hang ngan may trong nhieu toa nha. + c s dung cho cac lien ket oan ng dai
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
4. Si quang : * ng dng :
+ c dung cho cac ng noi xa e noi nhng ng ien thoai co khoang cach ln hn 1500 km hoac co dung lng ln + c s dung cho cac ng noi trong thanh pho: thng co khoang cach 7 - 8 miles va co the co en 100.000 kenh thoai. + c noi trc tiep t mot tong ai en cac thue bao.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
5. Viba mt t : * Cu to : + Loai ang-ten thng dung cho no thng la a parabol + Ang-ten c co nh va hng chum tia en ng dan nhn thay c en ang-ten bo thu. + Ang-ten vi ba c gan o cao e pham vi hoat ong gia 2 ang-ten khong b vat can.
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Author: MAI Vn H
HE VI BA NG VI BA MAT AT THO Tram
Gateway
PSDN
PSDN
LAN LAN
LAN
LAN

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
5. Viba mt t : * c tnh truyn :
Khong s dung cable nh mot moi trng truyen ma s dung khoang khong e truyen vi tn hieu tan so cao. + La mot he thong radio s dung tan so rat cao e gi va nhan d lieu. Bi v vi tan so cao, nhng tram at cach xa nhau co the lien he vi nhau + Vi tan so cao, bang thong rong dan en toc o truyen ln. Ben truyen va ben nhan phai nh v trong pham vi co the nhn thay nhau + Cac bo repeater hoac khuech ai trong he thong s dung vi ba co the at cach xa nhau t 10 100 Km.
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Author: MAI Vn H
AC IEM CUA HE THONG VI BA

S dung song ien t giai tan GHz e chuyen tiep thong
tin tren mat at.
Chat lng ng truyen khong cao. Khong s dung e truy nhap trc tiep mang. Thng s dung e chuyen tiep thong tin gia cac nut
mang.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
5. Viba mt t : * c tnh truyn :
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
5. Viba mt t :
* ng dung :
+ Phuc vu cho he thong thong tin lien lac xa trong khoang cach ln va chat lng cao. Thay the he thong cap ong truc trong truyen hnh cap va tieng noi. + Dung cho cac ng noi iem-iem gia cac toa nha, co the dung cho ng day ti vi khep kn hoac ng noi d lieu gia cac mang may tnh. + Cho phep gi tn hieu radio t mot tram radio en tram phat, va gi tn hieu video va audio t mot s kien ben ngoai en phong phat thanh truyen hnh. + c dung e truyen d lieu so trong vung nho. ay la giai phap re hn s dung cap quang ac biet trong noi bo nhng thanh pho ma o van e a hnh khong cho phep s dung cable

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh : + Ve tinh thong tin la mot tram chuyen tiep, c dung e noi hai hoac nhieu bo thu phat c ban va c coi nh la tram mat at hay tram at. + Mot ve tinh quy ao n gian co the tac ong tren nhieu bang tan ma ta goi la kenh, hay n gian la cau truyen thong. + e mot ve tinh lien lac lam viec co hieu qua, thong thng yeu cau no phai t quay quanh no. + Mat khac v phai nhn thay nhau nen toc o quay cua no phai bang toc o quay cua trai at.
* Cau tao :
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Author: MAI Vn H
HE THONG VE TINH
Ve tinh Tram mat at s Gateway
PSDN quoc gia
PSDN
PSDN
LAN LAN
LAN
LAN

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh :
* Cau tao :
ng noi iem-iem dung viba ve tinh.(gia 2 ang-ten mat at)
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh :
* Cau tao :
ng noi ve tinh.(Mot tram mat at truyen va nhieu tram mat at thu)

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
* c tnh truyn : Pham vi tan so tot nhat cho truyen ve tinh khoang 1 10GHz. + Di 1GHz se b anh hng nhieu t thien nhien, mat tri, kh quyen + Tren 10GHz tn hieu de b suy giam trong tan kh quyen. Vi nhng tn hieu lien tuc, ve tinh khong the truyen va nhan cung tan so. Tn hieu nhan t mat at tren mot tan so se phai tr lai vi tan so khac. Thong tin ve tinh do truyen trong khoang cach xa nen b lam cham ke t khi truyen t mot tram mat at en khi thu c mot tram mat at khac.
6. Viba v tinh :
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Author: MAI Vn H
AC IEM CUA HE THONG VE TINH

S dung song ien t giai tan GHz e chuyen tiep
thong tin
Chat lng ng truyen kha cao. Co the s dung e truy nhap trc tiep mang. Thng s dung e chuyen tiep thong tin gia cac
nut mang lien quoc gia.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh : * ng dung : Ve tinh lien lac la cuoc cach mang ve ky thuat. No quan trong cung nh si quang. Sau ay la mot so ng dung quan trong cua no:

* phan phoi truyen hnh * truyen ien thoai khoang cach xa * mang thng mai t nhan
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh : * ng dung :

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
+ Do song truyen lan t nhien nen ve tinh la bo phan cung cap tot cho truyen hnh va do o no c dung rong rai tren the gii. + Chng trnh c truyen len ve tinh va no c phu xuong nhieu tram vi chng trnh a cung cap. + S truyen thong qua ve tinh dang iem iem con c s dung cho cac trung ke gia tong ai ien thoai trong mang ien thoai cong cong. No la moi trng toi u cho trung ke quoc te va thch ng vi cac he thong mat at cho nhng ng noi quoc te khoang cach xa.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
6. Viba v tinh : * ng dung : + Mot phat trien mi la dung ve tinh cho thong tin di ong . e phuc vu cho muc ch nay nhng thiet b thu nho, re c dung en va s truyen la 2 chieu toan phan + ng dung so lieu trong mng thng mai. Ve tinh co the chia tong dung lng cua no cho cac kenh va cung cap cac kenh o cho ngi s dung. Ngi s dung tuy theo ang ten cua mnh co the dung cac kenh cua ve tinh cho mang rieng.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
7. Sng Radio : * Cu to :

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
7. Sng Radio : * Cu to : + Nguyen ly can ban e phan biet gia radio va song viba la: radio th khong nh hng, con viba la tap trung. + Nh vay radio khong can ang ten a va ang ten cua no cung khong can at tren o cao va co kch thc chnh xac.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
7. Sng Radio :
* ac tnh truyen : + Pham vi 30MHz en 1GHz rat co hieu qua cho thong tin lien lac. + Song radio cung khong nhay vi ma ri. oi vi thong tin o, tr ngai ln nhat cua bang tan nay la toc o truyen khong cao, t Kbps en Mbps. + Cc nguyn nhn anh hng en song radio: phan xa mat at, nc, cac vat can thien nhien gia cac ang ten. Nhng hieu ng o se lam cho khi nhan tivi tao thanh nhieu anh, khong net. + Toc o trung bnh, gia ca va phai, co the s dung khoang cach xa.

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
7. Sng Radio : * ng dung : + Chung ta dung sng radio vi khoang s dung rong hn gom ca VHF va mot phan bang UHF : 30MHz 1GHz. + Bang nay bao gom ca FM va UHF, VHF cho truyen hnh. + Mot loai thong tin d lieu so thng dung la radio goi. Mot he thong radio goi s dung ang ten mat at cho nhieu a iem trong mang truyen d lieu.
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Author: MAI Vn H
HE THONG VO TUYEN TE BAO

(( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) BS (( )) (( )) (( )) (( )) (( ))
BS = Base Station
AC IEM CUA HE THONG THONG TIN VO TUYEN TE BAO

Toan bo vung phuc vu c chia thanh cac te bao (cell),
thng co hnh luc giac.
Moi te bao do mot tram goc (BS) phuc vu ket noi vi cac
tram au cuoi bang song ien t.
Chat lng ng truyen kha cao. Co the s dung e truy nhap trc tiep mang cho cac khu vc
kho keo cap hoac au cuoi khong co nh.
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Author: MAI Vn H

1.5. MI TRNG TRUYN
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat
NI DUNG
2.1.1 Khai niem chung 2.1.2 S noi gia cac thue bao 2.2 Mang ien thoai 2.1 Khai quat 2.2 Cac phan t c ban trong mang ien thoai 2.3 Ky thuat so cho tn hieu Analog 2.3.1 Ky thuat PAM 2.3.2 Ky thuat PCM
2.3.3 PCM trong he thong ien thoai
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
2.1.1 Khai niem chung:
Mang Telex: dung e gi cac bc ien di dang cac ky t a c ma hoa bang ma 5 bit. Toc o truyen rat thap (t 75 en 300 bit/s). Mang ien thoai cong cong: con goi la mang POTS ( Plain Old Telephone Service), mang nay tieng noi c so hoa va chuyen mach he thong chuyen mach ien thoai cong cong PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). Mang truyen so lieu: bao gom cac mang chuyen mach goi e trao oi so lieu gia cac may tnh da tren giao thc cua X.25 va he thong truyen so lieu chuyen mach kenh da tren cac giao thc X.21.
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
2.1.1 Khai niem chung: Cac tn hieu truyen hnh: co the c truyen theo 3 cach: truyen bang song vo tuyen, truyen qua he thong mang truyen hnh CATV (Community Antena TV) bang cap ong truc hoac truyen qua he thong ve tinh con goi la he thong truyen hnh trc tiep DBS (Direct Broadcast System). Trong pham vi c quan, so lieu gia cac may tnh c trao oi thong qua mang cuc bo LAN thng la mang: Ethernet, Token Bus, va Token Ring.
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :

+ Nhng ieu kien toi thieu bao am e thiet lap mot mang la:
* Co yeu cau phuc vu cho nhieu ngi * Mang phai toi u hoa ve ky thuat va kinh te.
+ Ve ky thuat yeu cau mang phai bao am khong c mat lien lac trong khi cac thue bao ang dung, co the lien lac vi nhau nhanh. + e giam bt kinh ph ma van am bao cac yeu cau ve ky thuat, thong thng trong mang ngi ta hay dung cac bo phan ng (multiplex) hay cac bo tap trung (contration).
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :

- Bo phan ng(multiplex) cho phep ong thi truyen nhieu thong tin tren mot phan t mang, ieu o cho phep ta giam so lng ng day noi ghep gia cac tong ai - Cac bo tap trung(contration) cho phep ta phan phoi lai thong tin, thay oi c lu lng truyen tren ng day, ap ng c s trao oi thong tin va tan dung c ng day.
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Author: MAI Vn H
MULTIPLEXING
INVERSE MULTIPLEXERS
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
2.1.2 S noi gia cac thue bao:
Trong mang, cac thue bao co the c noi vi nhau trc tiep hoac thong qua cac bo chuyen mach.
Hnh 2.1. cho ta s noi trc tiep gia 5 thue bao khong thong Hnh 2.1 qua bo chuyen mach.
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :

+ Mang cho ta 10 s lien he thng xuyen va trc tiep gia cac thue bao. + Khi so lng thue bao tang, cach mac nh vay se khong kinh te va dan dan khong the thc hien c.
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
2.1.2 S noi gia cac thue bao: + S ghep noi cac thue bao tao thanh mang ch co the thc hien c bang cach noi thong qua cac bo chuyen mach
H thng chuyn mach
Vi he thong chuyen mach cho 5 thue bao, ta co c 5 s lien he thng xuyen.
Hnh 2.2
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.1 Khai quat :
MNG THONG TIN

2.2 Mang ien thoai : 2.2.1. Khai quat : Mot mang ien thoai bao gom: + Cac may le thue bao + Bo chuyen mach + Cac phan t mang (ng day)
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.2 Mang ien thoai : 2.2.1. Khai quat :
MNG THONG TIN

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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

+ ien thoai tng t (analog) : la mang ien thoai truyen tieng noi tren ng day, thong qua trng tiep iem (bo chuyen mach), thng la cac bo chuyen mach c kh nh : chuyen mach nac, cac bo ngang doc + Mang ien thoai so (digital) : cac tn hieu analog (tieng noi) c lay mau theo quy luat, cac mau c lng t hoa tao thanh day xung so va c truyen trong mang. Trc khi a ra thue bao cac tn hieu xung o c bien oi ngc lai thanh tn hieu analog.
MNG THONG TIN

2.2 Mang ien thoai :
2.2.2 Nhng phan t c ban trong mang ien thoai:

B chuyn mach
T ... . T
M.T.Bao
TK i
M.T.Bao
TK v Mach Khin Hnh 2.4
n tn g ai t kha tn c g ai kha c ti
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.2.2 Nhng phan t c ban trong mang ien thoai: + Cac may le cac thue bao + Cac mach noi lien gia cac may le va bo chuyen mach, thong thng ngi ta goi la mach thue bao hay mach nhan dang. + Bo chuyen mach (trng tiep iem) + e noi vi he thong ngoai, ngi ta dung cac mach trung ke i, trung ke ve.
+ ieu khien toan bo qua trnh do mach ieu khien thc hien.
Ngoai ra con co cac mach tn hieu, bao ban, bao ranh, chuong... cho he thong.
MNG THONG TIN


* Bo chuyen mach (trng tiep iem) : + Sau nhieu nam dung nhan cong lam chuyen mach e noi cac thue bao, am bao s lien lac trong mang. + Khi cac ien thoai t ong ra i ngi ta dung cac bo chuyen mach nac (stepper switch); bo ngang doc (cross bar swich) va gan ay ngi ta dung cac bo chuyen mach theo quan iem thi gian, dung cac bo nh tao s noi gia cac thue bao (time switch)
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN


* Bo chuyen mach nac (stepper switch) : + Mot bo chuyen mach nac theo hai toa o. S chuyen ong theo hai toa o o thch ng vi hai so quay t 1 - 10 xung do ta chon tren may le. + Noi s lien lac t may en thue bao a c chon so.
MNG THONG TIN

2.2 Mang ien thoai : 2.2.2 Nhng phan t c ban trong mang ien thoai:
* Bo chuyen mach ngang doc (cross-bar switch)

+ Cac cong tac noi mach cua bo ngang doc c sap xep theo mot ma tran, 5 thanh ngang c ieu khien do 10 rle. Tuy theo crossbar ln hay nho ma co nhieu hay t thanh doc (trung bnh cho ta 20 thanh). + Tuy theo so c quy nh ma nhng r le tng ng cac thanh ngang va doc lam viec, tiep iem tng ng c noi mach.
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN

2.2 Mang ien thoai : 2.2.2 Nhng phan t c ban trong mang ien thoai: * Bo chuyen mach theo quan iem thi gian: + Nhng nam gan ay hau nh cac tong ai ien t eu da tren cac bo chuyen mach thi gian. + Ngi ta chia bo nh chuyen mach thanh 2 vung; vung vao In va vung ra Out. Moi vung co so lng o nh tng ng vi so lng cac thue bao.
MNG THONG TIN

2.3 Ky thuat so cho tn hieu analog
2.3.1 Khai quat : + Mot tn hieu analog neu ta gian oan hoa no theo quy luat nao o + Neu ta truyen cac iem gian oan o, khi thu lai cac gia tr gian oan o ta co the phuc hoi tn hieu a cho. + Vay ta co the dung tn hieu analog ieu che bien o day xung a cho, ta truyen day xung co bien o b ieu che o. + Khi thu c day xung ieu che bien o ta co the hoi phuc lai tn hieu analog can truyen (ky thuat PAM).
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Author: MAI Vn H
MNG THONG TIN 2.3 Ky thuat so cho tn hieu analog :

2.3.1 Khai quat :
+ Mot cach khac la da vao gia tr lay mau tai cac thi iem, ta ma hoa no thanh day ma nh phan (co so cot co nh) gi i qua ng day thong tin en bo thu trong dang tn hieu so. + Da vao cac gia tr thu c bo phan thu ta lap lai tn hieu analog can thiet (ky thuat PCM).
MNG THONG TIN

2.3 Ky thuat so cho tn hieu analog :
2.3.2 Ky thuat PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) + Trong he thong PAM, khong co thiet b ma hoa va giai ma. Ngi ta ch truyen mot day xung co bien o c ieu che bi tn hieu anolog thong tin can truyen va tan so day xung ap ng tan so lay mau en bo phan thu. + ay la qua trnh hoan toan analog cha phai la qua trnh so hoa, bi v cac gia tr mau co the la gia tr tc thi cua ien ap tai thi iem o + ong thi bien o o cha c oi thanh gia tr ri rac (so hoa). Xung o c tao ra co tan so fs bao am luat lay mau.
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MNG THONG TIN

2.3.2 Ky thuat PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

nh luat lay mau : Tn hieu analog c tao lai khi va ch khi tan so lay mau (fs) ln hn hoac bang 2 lan tan so cao nhat cua tn hieu au vao. fs >=2 fa Trong o : fa : tan so cc ai cua tn hieu au vao fs : tan so lay mau
MNG THONG TIN


* Pho PAM : + Tan so lay mau la tan so mang, ma song mang ay la xung co tan so fs va la xung vuong va bien o cua no c ieu che bi tn hieu au vao analog. + Do fs >= 2 fa nen pho cua tn hieu PAM ton tai cao hn tan so cao nhat cua tn hieu.
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MNG THONG TIN


* Pho PAM :
MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) + S truyen PCM co the coi la s truyen ma nh phan cua PAM c so hoa. + Vi n bit cua ma nh phan ta co 2n gia tr khac nhau. V vay gia tr bien o lay mau phai c lng t hoa trong pham vi co the ma hoa c. + Khi truyen tren ng day cac ma nh phan c truyen noi tiep, ieu o co ngha la ma PCM phai c dch chuyen ra tren ng day tng bit theo thi gian.
+ bo phan thu can co s bien oi t noi tiep ve dang song song. Day cac bit thong thng c truyen ong bo tren ng day
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MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation)
He thong thong tin so PCM.
MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) * Bang thong PCM : + Kho khan nhat cho chung ta trong khi chuyen t he thong tin analog sang he PCM la bang thong cua ng truyen tn hieu so. + Neu trong PAM gia 2 thi gian lay mau ta ch can truyen mot xung lay mau th trong PCM ta can truyen n xung. + So lng bit tren ng truyen cao hn nhieu (n lan). Gia s song c truyen tren ng day nh hnh ve:
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MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) * Bang thong PCM :
Bang thong cua PCM.
MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) * Bang thong PCM : + au ra br cua bo phat co n bit noi tiep PCM. + o rong cua bit ra Tb = 1/br. Ta co:
br : tnh bang bit/s Tb : tnh bang giay
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MNG THONG TIN

2.3.3 Ky thuat PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation) * Bang thong PCM : + Trong trng hp o ta co 2 bit tao thanh mot chu ky va tan so c ban se la 1/2 so bit va 1/br se la bang thong cc tieu cua ng truyen. V du: Vi PCM 8 bit trong he thong ien thoai. Chon fa = 4KHz, vay fs = 8 KHz. + Vay so bit tren ng truyen br = 64 Kbit/s va bang BW cho he thong nh vay la 32 KHz.
MNG THONG TIN

2.3.4 PCM trong he thong ien thoai : + oi vi he thong ien thoai, PCM khong c dung e truyen tren ng day t thue bao en tong ai. + No ch c dung trong tong ai t sau mach thue bao. o ngi ta dung cac kenh multiplex cho ma sau khi lay cac mau cua 24 ng tieng noi. + Cac tn hieu analog t cac thue bao sau khi qua bo loc thong thap c multiplex t 24 ng thanh mot kenh toc o cao.
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MNG THONG TIN

2..3.4 PCM trong he thong ien thoai :
Tong ai ien thoai dung PCM.
MNG THONG TIN

2.3.4 PCM trong he thong ien thoai : + Bo bien oi A - D se bien oi no thanh tn hieu PCM va oi sang dang truyen noi tiep. + Ngc lai cac tn hieu PCM dang noi tiep c chuyen thanh song song, sau o oi D - A va thong qua bo demultiplex (analog) a en cac thue bao. + Ngay nay, ngi ta a che tao nhng vi mach chuyen dung e ma hoa va giai ma cho ma PCM (Coder va Decoder) goi la CODEC.
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MNG THONG TIN

2.3.4 PCM trong he thong ien thoai : V vay ta co the dung CODEC ket hp vi cac TDM (Time Division Multiplex) tao thanh cac tong ai so
Tong ai ien thoai dung PCM vi CODEC.
KY THUAT TRUYEN SO LIEU

NOI DUNG
3.1 Khai quat 3.1.1 ETCD phat 3.1.2 ETCD thu 3.1.3 Modem 3.2 Truyen d lieu bang tan c s 3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang c s 3.2.2 Tnh hieu 3 mc bang c s 3.3 Truyen d lieu thong qua ieu che 3.3.1 S truyen qua ieu bien 3.3.2 S truyen thong qua ieu tan 3.3.3 S truyen qua ieu pha 3.3.4 S truyen ket hp bien o va pha
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KY THUAT TRUYEN SO LIEU NOI DUNG

3.4 Truyen noi tiep bat ong bo 3.5 Truyen noi tiep ong bo 3.5.1 Truyen ong bo nh hng ky t 3.5.2 Truyen ong bo nh hng bit 3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC

3.1 Khai quat : + S trao oi d lieu gia terminal A va B c thiet lap theo mot thiet b ac biet gia hai terminal. + Thong tin sau khi ma hoa c bieu dien trong dang nh phan va lu tr trong nhng thiet b au cuoi. + No bao gom thiet b au cuoi nguon (ETTD), modem (ETCD), ng day truyen va thiet b au cuoi thu (ETTD).
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3.1 Khai quat :
Hnh 3.1 Mach truyen d lieu t A - B.

3.1 Khai quat :
+ Nhng thiet b au cuoi co the la may tnh hoac nhng terminal thong minh. + Trong thiet b au cuoi x ly d lieu gom co 2 phan thc hien chc nang khac nhau: phan x ly thong tin va phan kiem tra s lien lac. + Ngoai ra con co thiet b au cuoi mach d lieu (ETCD) la thiet b co nhiem vu ap ng tn hieu ien t thiet b au cuoi e truyen i. + Chc nang o c thc hien bang cach tao tn hieu nhieu mc hoac ieu che hoac giai ieu che (modem). Thiet b au cuoi mach d lieu (ETCD) con co nhiem vu thiet lap va giai phong mach.
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3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.1 ETCD phat + ETCD co nhiem vu bien oi nhng thong bao d lieu thanh tn hieu tng thch ma ng day truyen s dung. + S bien oi o co the phan tch thanh 2 s bien oi : ma hoa va ieu che. a. Bo ma hoa : Bo nay bien oi day tn hieu nh phan {dk} thanh day ky hieu hu han q mc : (..., ai, aj+1, ...) aj ( 1, ... , q) (3-1) So lng cuoi cua dk va ai khong giong nhau

3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.1 ETCD phat
Hnh 3.2a ETCD phat.
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3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.1 ETCD phat Chu y rang nhan biet ai cha u e nhan biet dj. e nhan biet no can phai biet ma khac cua day. V du:
Trong trng hp thong bao d lieu ong bo th bieu thc tren c cung cap qua ma hoa di dang thong bao a(t) cung dang thong bao d lieu.

3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.1 ETCD phat
Thong bao o c goi la thong bao bang c s Gia tr tc thi i+0 c goi la gia tr tc thi cua thong bao bang c s. Khoang cach gia hai gia tr tc thi goi la khoang ac trng cua thong bao bang c s. co the bang T hoac bang boi so cua T Trong trng hp o gia t q c chon sao cho a(t) va d(t) cung co mot lu lng thong tin, ngha la : D=1/T= log2q/
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3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.1 ETCD phat b. Bo ieu che : + Bo ieu che bien oi thong bao bang c s a(t) thanh tn hieu s(t). S bien oi o goi la ieu che. + Tn hieu s(t) goi la tn hieu d lieu hay tn hieu phat. + Bo ieu che bien oi thong bao a(t) thanh tn hieu s(t) co 3 loai c ban: - Neu tn hieu ieu che lam dch chuyen goc pha ban au -> ieu pha. - Neu lam bien oi tan so -> ieu tan - Neu lam bien oi bien o -> ieu bien. Ba loai ieu che tren ay tng ng s dch chuyen tan so.

3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.2 ETCD thu : Co nhieu loai ETCD thu khac nhau phu thuoc vao tn hieu truyen ong bo hay khong ong bo, co ieu che hay khong ieu che. a. ETCD thu cho tn hieu khong ong bo : + Mot ETCD thu cho tn hieu khong ong bo van chuyen bang tan so ton trong nhng tin tc trong bang c s, a(t) xuat phat t tn hieu nhan c X(t) va cung cap x(t) vao terminal nhan. + S bien oi X(t) -> x(t) la s giai ieu che. Tn hieu nhan c x(t) ch gan ung vi tn hieu x(t) do hien tng meo trong khi truyen.
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3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.2 ETCD thu :
b. ETCD thu cho tn hieu ong bo : + ETCD thu cho tn hieu ong bo vi muc ch e cung cap day {dk} khang nh bi {dk} t tn hieu X(t) nhan c. + No bao gom 3 phan nh hnh ve :

3.1 Khai quat : 3.1.2 ETCD thu :
b. ETCD thu cho tn hieu ong bo :
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3.1 Khai quat :
3.1.2 ETCD thu : b. ETCD thu cho tn hieu ong bo : Hnh 3.3 a. ETCD cho tn hieu khong ong bo. b. ETCD cho tn hieu ong bo va truyen bang c s. c. ETCD cho tn hieu ong bo va van chuyen bang phng phap nh tan so. + Bo giai ieu che bien oi X(t) thanh x(t) quyet nh bi a(t). + Tn hieu c bien oi qua bo thu bang c s thanh day ky hieu {..., aj , aj+1 ...} anh gia nh la day {aj} a phat. +Cuoi cung s anh gia {dk} cua day d lieu nh phan a phat qua bo giai ma. T aj qua tac dung khang nh lai no.

3.1 Khai quat : 3.1.3 Modem
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3.1 Khai quat : 3.1.3 Modem + La thiet b dung e giao tiep mang ien thoai, c dung e chuyen oi d lieu may tnh thanh tn hieu am tan thuoc dai pho tieng noi (0..4000 hertz) + Thc hien chc nang rieng biet la ieu che va giai ieu che. V vay no c goi la MODEM, viet tat cua Modulation va Demodulation. + No khong tng ng vi ETCD ma hoa va giai ma. No thc hien mot chc nang khac la phan em vi cac terminal.

3.1 Khai quat : 3.1.3 Modem
+ May tnh giao tiep vi modem thong qua vi mach truyen thong UART, la thiet b thng c cai at san. + oi vi truyen thong qua modem, toc o bauds la tong so n v thong tin c s c gi i trong 1 giay. Mot bauds co the truyen tai 1 hoac nhieu bit thong tin. + Toc o bit c tnh bang tong so bit thong tin c truyen i trong mot giay. + Toc o bit oi khi c hieu la toc o modem va toc o bauds c hieu la toc o ng day.
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3.2 Truyen bang tan c s: + ng day truyen thong tin bang c s giong nh phan t mang van chuyen khong sinh ra s dch chuyen ve tan so. + Nhng tn hieu phat qua ETCD thu cung mot loai vi tn hieu thong bao bang c s
va no c goi la tn hieu bang tan c s.

3.2 Truyen bang tan c s : + Tn hieu bang tan c s dang nh phan khong c trc tiep a len ng day do thanh phan mot chieu qua ln, nhat la dung cho ng day co khoang cach xa khong thch hp. + Do o tren thc te ton tai loai ma cho tn hieu nh phan co pho thch hp trc khi a len ng day o la tn hieu nh phan dang 2 mc va 3 mc bang tan c s.
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3.2 Truyen bang tan c s :
3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang tan c s : a. Ma NRZ : Ma c de dang thc hien la ma nh phan NRZ (Non Return to Zero). Ma NRZ thng c chia thanh 2 loai: + NRZ-L (Non Return to Zero-Level) + NRZ-I (Non Return to Zero-Inverted) No c xac nh nh sau: Vi NRZ-L : di = 0 cao (ai = +a), di = 1 thap (ai = -a) Vi NRZ-I : thay oi, chuyen mc khi bat au bit 1.

3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang tan c s :

a. Ma NRZ :
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a. Ma NRZ : + Ma nh phan NRZ cung rat t ap ng truyen trong bang tan c s do co thanh phan mot chieu ln va cong suat tap trung gan tan so zero. + Mot bien phap la tang tan so, co ngha la truyen thong phu, ta dung ma 2Fa.

3.2 Truyen bang tan c s : b. Ma 2 Fa (Manchester) Ma nay co T = 2 va moi ky hieu di c chuyen thanh mot day cua 2 ky hieu ai , ai" Vi ai , ai" (-a, +a) qua s bien oi sau: Neu: + di = 0 ai = +a , ai" = -a + di = 1 ai = -a , ai" = +a Ma 2 fa can phai co bo loc ng day lam cho kho khan trong viec truyen tn hieu. e giam nhc iem o, ngi ta dung ma 2Fa vi phan. Ma 2Fa vi phan c nh ngha sau: + di = 0 ai = ai-1, ai = - ai + di = 1 ai = -ai-1, ai = -ai
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3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang tan c s : b. Ma 2 Fa (Manchester)

3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang tan c s : c. Ma Miller : + Trong mang cuc bo (LAN) ma 2 Fa co the s dung at en toc o 10Mbps nhng no khong cho phep truyen khoang cach xa. e tang lu lng co the dung ma Miller. + Ma Miller la ma giam s van chuyen cua tn hieu 2Fa. + Day tan cua bang truyen ma Miller khong nh ma 2Fa. Trong bang tan c s no co the truyen t 5000 en 6000 bit/giay.
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3.2.1 Tnh hieu 2 mc bang tan c s : c. Ma Miller :
Hnh 3.6 Mach tao ma va giai ma.

3.2.2 Tn hieu 3 mc bang tan c s + Chung ta nhan thay rang s dung tn hieu 3 trang thai cho phep pho khong co gia tr tan so 0 va giam bt c o rong cua bang thong. a. Ma lng cc tieu chuan 1 AMI + Trong trng hp T = va q 1 ,q 2 ,q 3 , la 3 gia tr -1, 0, +1. Ma lng cc c nh ngha:
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3.2.2 Tn hieu 3 mc bang tan c s

b. Ma lng cc tieu chuan 2 (AMI2) + Trong trng hp nay ngi ta ma hoa theo luat ma lng cc cho day{ d2i} va{ d2i+1}. + Day { d2i} cho day d lieu chan va day { d2i+1} cho day le. c. Ma lng cc mat o cao (BHD) + Co nhng ma lng cc khong thch ng vi tn hieu phat khi ma d lieu la mot day so 0 lien tiep. e de dang ong bo khi nhan tn hieu va giam bt sai so, ngi ta dung ma lng cc mat o cao BHD. + Trong trng hp co day tn hieu vi nhieu gia tr 0 lien tuc th thay the bang day ac biet (-1; 0 hoac +1).

3.2.2 Tn hieu 3 mc bang tan c s c. Ma lng cc mat o cao (BHD)
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d. Ma B8ZS : Neu theo qui luat e thay the day 4 bit gia tr 0 lien tiep bao am nhng yeu cau: + Khong sinh ra thanh phan 1 chieu khi truyen. + Khong co day tn hieu gia tr 0 qua dai. + Khong giam toc o truyen. + Co the bao am phat hien sai. Nhng khi ch xet thuan tuy cac bit gia tr 1 th luat ma hoa AMI khong con bao am na.


d. Ma B8ZS :
+ e bao am c nhng muc ch tren va ong thi khong pha v luat AMI vi cac bit gia tr 1, ngi ta dung ma B8ZS. Ma B8ZS c ma hoa nh sau: + Ta ma hoa cac bit 1 theo luat AMI. Neu gap day 8 bit gia tr 0 lien tiep ta thay bang day tn hieu phu 000 - +0+- .
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* Tom lai : + S truyen bang c s cho phep s dung thiet b truyen n gian va t ton kem. + Ky thuat o b han che bi khong cho phep s dch chuyen tan so. + Neu ngi ta muon phat tn hieu bang tan c s tren ng day co troi tan so, khi thu can phai tra lai s dch tan cua tan so qua ng day.

3.3 Truyen d lieu thong qua ieu che
+ Khi muon truyen thong tin t mot iem en mot iem khac, tn hieu can phai c ieu che nh song mang qua mot trong cac ky thuat ieu che thch hp. + Thc chat la song mang ch truyen i ban ma cua tn hieu ch khong phai la tn hieu thc s. + Nh vay ben nhan ch nhan c ban ma nay va suy oan e tao ra ban sao cua tn hieu thc. + Vi tn hieu ieu che chung ta a s truyen ve viec van chuyen tan so. Cac loai ieu bien, ieu tan va ieu pha cho phep chong nhng sai lech khi truyen.
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3.3.1. S truyen thong qua ieu bien (AM): + Ky thuat ieu bien lam viec tren nguyen tac lam bien thien bien o cua song mang e ma hoa tn hieu, tao thanh 1 hoac 2 ng bao oi xng. + Ky thuat nay c dung trong phat thanh vi dai tan trung bnh + Trong ieu che tn hieu so, ky thuat ieu bien tn hieu so goi la ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying), trong o bit 1 se c ma hoa co song mang, con bit 0 th khong co song mang. Do o tn hieu o goi la OOK(On-Off keying).

3.3.1. S truyen thong qua ieu bien (AM):
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3.3.2 S truyen thong qua ieu tan (FM) :

+ Ky thuat ieu tan dung s bien thien tan so cua song mang e ma hoa tn hieu. + Mot so modem lam viec theo nguyen tac ieu tan e chuyen thong tin may tnh thanh tn hieu tng t thuoc dai pho tieng noi. + ng dung ky thuat nay trong ieu che so la phng phap FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), trong o toc o truyen d lieu khoang 1200 bauds. oi vi ky thuat nay moi bauds cha duy nhat 1 bit thong tin. + Vi ky thuat FM, cac tan so can dung khi phat va thu cac bit che o goi nh sau : - Phat bit 1 : 1270 hertz, nhan bit 1 : 2225 hertz - Phat bit 0 : 1027 hertz, nhan bit 0 : 2025 hertz

3.3.2 S truyen thong qua ieu tan (FM) :
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3.3.2 S truyen thong qua ieu tan (FM) : + Vi ieu tan cho phep ta s dung modem vi ky thuat n gian va bang thong cho phep cua ng truyen trong khoang 300 3300Hz. + ong thi o khuech ai trong ieu tan cung han che khong nh trong ieu bien. + o cung la ly do tai sao ieu tan khong c dung trong truyen so lieu vi toc o nho va bang thong ln hn 3000Hz khi phat tn hieu

3.3.3 S truyen thong qua ieu pha (PM): Phng phap nay hoat ong theo nguyen tac thay oi pha cua song mang theo s bien thien cua tn hieu.
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3.3.3 S truyen thong qua ieu pha (PM): Phng phap nay thng c ng dung trong ky thuat truyen hnh mau analog. Mot trong nhng phng phap ieu pha trong truyen thong d lieu so la PSK.

3.3.3 S truyen thong qua ieu pha (PM): + Dang cai tien cua PSK la QPSK con goi la 4-PSK, nguyen ly cua phng phap nay xet en 4 gia tr cua o lech pha 00, 900, 1800, 2700. + Vi phng phap QPSK, moi bauds mang c 2 bit thong tin v vay lam tang toc o truyen d lieu.
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3.3.4 S truyen ket hp bien o va pha (QAM) : + Nham cai thien toc o truyen thong, ngi ta a ra phng phap QAM, o la s ket hp gia ieu bien va ieu pha e tao thanh 16 mc logic khac nhau. + Moi baud mang c 4 bit thong tin. V vay phng phap QAM lam tang ang ke toc o truyen thong, QAM con c goi la 16-PSK.

3.3.4 S truyen ket hp bien o va pha (QAM) :
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3.4 Truyen noi tiep bat ong bo :

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+ Viec truyen d lieu gia hai au truyen thong theo kieu noi tiep tng bit, nhng noi tai trong ban than thiet b au cuoi (t CPU en vi mach truyen thong UART) th qua trnh truyen d lieu lai dang song song. + V vay can phai co mot qua trnh bien oi d lieu t dang truyen song song sang noi tiep va ngc lai. + Viec bien oi d lieu t dang song song sang dang noi tiep c thc hien nh thanh ghi PISO cua vi mach UART va t dang noi tiep sang song song nh thanh ghi SIPO + Ngoai ra phai thoa man ong bo bit ni thu va loi thch hp

3.4.1. Nguyen tac ong bo bit: + Qua trnh ong bo bit xay ra khi bat au co d lieu en. Bnh thng khong co d lieu en th ng day se mc logic cao (bit 1) goi la trang thai idle. + Khi 1 byte c truyen th start-bit (gia tr 0) se i trc, nh vay ng day t mc logic cao chuyen xuong mc logic thap va nh the se kch vao bo em counter lam no hoat ong. + Bo counter bat au em vi gia tr ban au la n/2, sau khi em ti n th mach lay mau bat au hoat ong e lay d lieu tai iem gia cua bit-cell en. + Sau o bo counter se c at lai gia tr zero va qua trnh em se dc tiep tuc dien ra nh the.
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3.4.1. Nguyen tac ong bo bit:

3.4.2. Nguyen tac ong bo byte:

+ Viec ong bo byte kha n gian, lam the nao e ben thu va ben phat thong nhat vi nhau ve so bit trong mot ky t, so stop bit, so startbit, co bit chan le hay khong va neu co th kiem tra chan hay kiem tra le, theo bit 0 hay theo bit 1,... Qua trnh nay c gan lien vi ong bo khung truyen d lieu.
3.4.3 Nguyen tac ong bo khung :

+ Thong thng d lieu khong phai truyen rieng le tng byte ma chung c truyen i tng khoi n byte di dang frame, packet hoac segment. + Vi dang d lieu loai Ascii viec ong bo khung kha n gian, ch can qui c mot ky t nao o ong vai tro ky t au khung va mot ky t nao o qui nh cuoi khung.
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STX Cac byte d lieu ETX
Start-bit Thi gian ong bo khung truyen tap tin Ascii
+ Thong thng STX (Start of Text character) va ETX (End of Text character) co san trong bang ma Ascii chuan am nhan chc nang nay.

3.4.3 Nguyen tac ong bo khung : + Vi d lieu dang binary, viec ong bo khung phc tap hn v cac byte d lieu co the trung vi cac ky t ETX va STX. + Khi o cac ky t DLE (Data Link Escape character) c them vao trc ky t au khung la DLE-STX va cap ky t cuoi khung la DLE-ETX. + Mat khac e tranh s nham lan khi d lieu co cha ky t DLE chung ta gap oi no len khi truyen i.
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DLE STX DLE DLE DLE ETX
Cac byte d lieu Start-bit Thi gian ong bo khung truyen tap tin nh phan

3.5 Truyen noi tiep ong bo :
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+ Truyen khong ong bo c dung e truyen vi nhng thong bao ngan. e truyen nhng files d lieu dai, phng phap truyen ong bo co nhieu hieu qua hn. + Truyen ong bo th khong co start-bit va stop-bit kem theo t ma. Nguyen tac cua truyen ong bo la xen cac xung ong bo vao chung vi thong tin luc ma hoa e truyen i. + Thong bao c truyen thanh khoi ma nhng bit start, stop cho cac ky t bo i. Cac ky t trong khoi c truyen lien tiep nhau, kiem tra sai c thc hien theo tng khoi. + Co hai phng phap truyen ong bo : ong bo hng bit va ong bo hng ky t.

3.5.1 Truyen ong bo hng ky t : + Phng phap nay nh ngha mot so ky t ieu khien nh ky t ong bo (SYN), ky t bat au van ban (STX), ky t ket thuc van ban (ETX)
ETX Data STX SYN SYN SYN
Nguyen tac ong bo nh sau : + au tien thong tin en tren ng day, ben thu bat au do tm ky t SYN (co gia tr 01101000) bang cach at ong bo bit + Lan lt lay 8 bit lien tiep va so sanh vi t ma cua ky t SYN. + Sau khi tm c ky t SYN, ngha la a at c ong bo ky t, ben thu se nhan tng byte va so sanh vi cac ky t ieu khien nh STX, ETX,... nham phan biet ky t ieu khien va d lieu.
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3.5.1 Truyen ong bo hng ky t :

SYN 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 SYN 1 0 0 0
Lay 8 bit
iem at c ong bo bit
Lay 8 bit Lay 8 bit
Qua trnh tiep dien
Thi gian
Qua trnh san tm ky t ong bo SYN

3.5.1 Truyen ong bo hng ky t : + oi vi viec truyen tap tin binary, ta them ky t DLE (Data Link Escape character) vao trc STX, ETX va nhan oi ky t DLE co mat trong d lieu trc khi truyen. + Qua trnh tm ky t ong bo va loai bo cac ky t ieu khien cung dien ra tng t.
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3.5.2 Truyen ong bo hng bit : + Phng phap nay khong nh ngha cac ky t ieu khien nh SYN, ETX,.. ma a ra mot chuoi 8 bit ieu khien goi la c co gia tr 01111110. + D lieu c truyen lien tuc thanh mot chuoi bit dai. e tranh nham lan gia d lieu va c, neu thay d lieu co xuat hien 5 bit 1 lien tuc, ben phat se xen bit 0 vao trc khi truyen i. + Thanh phan d lieu bat au bang c m va ket thuc bang c ong co gia tr giong nhau. Co nhieu dang truyen ong bo hng bit.

3.5.2 Truyen ong bo hng bit :
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3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : a. Protocol SDLC(Synchronnouse Data Link Control) + Bisync (BSC) la loai protocol s dung byte e kiem tra, no la protocol truyen half duplex. + SDLC la protocol kiem tra theo bit, no t phu thuoc vao cac ky t. Nh vay s chap nhan cua bo thu co the ch en khi thong bao ket thuc hoac thiet b thu san sang phat. + Vi mot so ky t d tr cho kiem tra ng day, SDLC de dang lam cho day so lieu truyen trong suot. Thong tin trong SDLC c to chc theo frame.

3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : a. Protocol SDLC(Synchronnouse Data Link Control)

Flag Address Control Use data FCS Flag
+ Vung Flag: dung e truyen tn hieu ong bo va bao cho s bat au cua khung truyen. Gia tr cua no c quy nh 01111110. + Vung Address: Thng co o dai 1 byte. No dung e ghi a ch cua tram th 2 ( o nhan hoac phat thong tin). a ch FF dung cho tat ca cac terminals trong mang.
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3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : a. Protocol SDLC(Synchronnouse Data Link Control)
+ Vung Control: co o dai 8 bit, e ch ra loai cua khung thi gian: u (unnumbered), S (Supervisory), I (Information): - Khung U : dung e kiem tra tram thu nh thiet lap, mat lien lac, th tram ... - Khung S : dung em khung (phat va thu), tra li ACK/NAK, thong bao ban ... - Khung I : truyen at thong bao, thong tin. ay ta thay neu bit cuoi cung co gia tr 0 dang I; 01 dang S; 11 dang U. Moi mot tram dung SDLC co 3 trang thai phng thc: thiet lap, tra li, giai phong. Vung Use data: co the co o dai tuy y nhng trong khi s dung no tuy thuoc vao so byte cua SDLC quy nh. Vung FCS: co o dai 16 bit,

3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : b. Protocol HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control ) + HDLC hoan toan giong nh SDLC, SDLC do ISO (International Standard Organization) a ra s dung khi truyen ong bo. + HDLC do CCITT e xuat s dung X-25 trong mang chuyen mach goi. + Co 3 iem khac biet gia HDLC va SDLC. HDLC cho phep ta m rong a ch va vung kiem tra, va ky t bao dng cua SDLC la 8 bit mot, con cua HDLC la 7 bit mot.
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3.5 Truyen noi tiep ong bo : e thoa man cac yeu cau neu tren. HDLC c nh ngha 3 loai cua tram, 2 cau hnh noi va 3 kieu truyen d lieu. + Tram s cap: co nhiem vu kiem tra cac thao tac tren ng noi. Frames do s cap cung cap la cac frames ieu khien. + Tram th cap: c hoat ong di s ieu khien cua s cap. Frames do tram th cap phat ra la: tra li. S cap se cho ng noi cach biet gia cac th cap. + Tram to hp: s to hp gia s va th cap, co the phat ra ca ieu kien va tra li.
3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : b. Protocol HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control )

3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : b. Protocol HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control ) Hai loai cau hnh ng noi la: Cau hnh khong oi xng: dung trong iem - iem va nhieu iem. Cau hnh nay bao gom 1 s cap va 1 hay nhieu th cap, s dung full duplex hoac haff duplex. Cau hnh oi xng: ch s dung cho iem - iem. Cau hnh nay gom co 2 to hp s dung full duplex hoac half duplex.
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3.5.3 Protocol SDLC va HDLC : b. Protocol HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control ) Cau truc Frame HDLC: + HDLC c s dung trong truyen ong bo. + Tat ca thong tin truyen eu trong frame va mot frame n gian sap xep cho tat ca loai d lieu va s trao oi ieu khien. Frame HDLC co cau truc nh sau:
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3.5 Truyen noi tiep ong bo : Frame co cac vung sau: + Flag: 8 bits. + Add: Mot bytes. Trong HDLC m rong vung Add co nhieu bytes. + Control: 8,16 bits. Trong HDLC m rong vung C co 16 bit. + Information: thay oi. + FCS: (Frame check sequence) 16 hoac 32 bits tuy yeu cau s dung CRC. + Vung Flag, Add., Control, trc d lieu c coi la header. Vung FCS, Flag sau d lieu c coi la phan ket thuc.
PHAN KENH VA GIAI PHAN KENH

4.1 M au 4.2 Bo phan kenh va bo tap trung 4.2.1 Bo tap trung 4.2.2 Bo phan kenh 4.3 Cau truc va hieu suat cua bo phan kenh 4.4.1 Nguyen ly 4.4.2 Hieu suat cua Mux-tan so 4.5 Bo phan kenh theo thi gian 4.5.1 Phan kenh thi gian theo ky t 4.5.2 Phan kenh thi gian theo bit 4.6 Bo phan kenh theo thong ke 4.7 He thong T1/E1
4.4 Bo phan kenh theo tan so (FDM) - ien bao ieu hoa
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Gia terminal A vaterminal B co nhieu thiet b truyen va nhan ong thi vi nhau. Ta co the mac ng day song song e ong thi cung truyen va nhan. Neu ta tao ra mot thiet b e phan phoi ng truyen thong tin th ta co the tan dung c ng truyen, ong thi cung giam c so ng day noi gia A va B. V du : ta co the nhom 50 ng telex co toc o 200 bauds tren 4 ng day chat lng tot (co the truyen c 9600 bit/s), nh vay gia thue ng day se 3 lan re hn cho moi trng hp rieng le. Tren thc te, co 2 cach thc hien viec nhom o: bo phan kenh va tap trung.
4.1 M au

Bo phan kenh hay bo tap trung eu co cung nhiem vu la nhom cac ng d lieu tren mot ng chnh goi la ng hon hp. 4.2.1 Bo tap trung: Nguyen tac chung la bo tap trung co nhieu au ra (thc te ch co 1) gia nhieu au vao. Thong tin nhieu au vao c a vao mot he thong x ly va a ra truyen tren ng day hon hp. Tong lu lng cua cac ng vao co the ln hn lu lng ng ra.
4.2 Bo phan kenh va bo tap trung
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4.2.1 Bo tap trung:

4.2.1 Bo tap trung: + Neu tat ca cac ng vao c s dung ong thi th toc o (lu lng) o ng day co the khong ap ng c. + Bo tap trung co the gi mot phan thong tin e sau o lai truyen hoac cung co the khoa mot hay nhieu ng vao. + Mot bo tap trung co the la mot may mini va he thong chng trnh cua no, no co the giai quyet cac chc nang phu khac nh: chuyen ma, oi toc o v.v...
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4.2.2 Bo phan kenh (Multiplex): + Bo phan kenh phan chia cac kenh s dung theo mot phng phap co nh theo thi gian, hay tan so. + Neu s phan chia o theo quy luat tan so, ta co bo phan kenh theo tan so; neu theo quy luat chia thi gian, ta co bo phan kenh theo thi gian.

4.3 Cau truc va hieu suat cua bo phan kenh (Mux):
4.3.1 Cau truc bo phan kenh: + Nhiem vu cua mot bo phan kenh la s tong hp d lieu tren nhieu ng toc o thap (ng c s) thanh day d lieu tren ng truyen co toc o cao (ng hon hp). + e thc hien viec nhom d lieu ngi ta dung bo phan kenh theo tan so hoac bo phan kenh theo thi gian. Trong ca 2 trng hp chc nang cua no hoan toan giong nhau: - mot bo phan e phan kenh (Mux hoac Demux) - bo phan quan ly nhng ng toc o c s (OVBV) - bo phan quan ly ng toc o cao (OVHV)
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4.3.1 Cau truc bo phan kenh: Trong trng hp phan kenh tan so : + ng toc o c ban (OVBN) thc hien s chuyen oi nhng tn hieu nh phan nhan c thanh tn hieu lien tuc gom nhng song hnh sin vi tan so a chon + ng toc o cao (OVHV) bao am phu hp ien gia bo phan kenh vi ng day. + Neu la bo phan kenh theo thi gian, bo phan kenh thc hien viec nhom va lien tiep hoa nhng ky t (hoac bit) cua ng toc o thap thanh ng toc o cao va cung cap tn hieu clock.

4.3.2 Hieu suat cua bo phan kenh: + Gia s mot bo phan kenh tong hp d lieu tren n ng toc o c ban vi nhp o van chuyen moi ng la Ci (i = 1 .. , n) va phat mot day d lieu tren ng day toc o cao co lu lng D. Trong trng hp bo phan kenh thi gian, lu lng D ac trng cho mach d lieu ng tong hp. + Hieu suat cua 1 bo phan kenh nh sau: Hieu suat =
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4.4 Bo phan kenh theo tan so (FDM) 4.5 Bo phan kenh theo thi gian 4.6 Bo phan kenh theo thong ke 4.7 He thong T1/E1
KIEM SOAT NG NOI D LIEU

5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen 5.1.1 o hnh 5.1.2 o uplex 5.1.3 Nguyen tac ng day 5.2 Kiem tra dong (Flow control) 5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol 5.3.1 Gii thieu 5.3.2 Cac kieu lien lac cua protocol 5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua protocol 5.4 Bao ve va chong sai 5.4.1 Tong quan 5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so
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5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen:
Ba ac trng e phan biet phng an cho cau hnh ng day noi la: o hnh, o duplex va nguyen tac ng day. 5.1.1 o hnh: + o hnh cua ng day noi d lieu la s chuan b ve ng noi vat ly t tram len ng day. - Neu nh ch co 2 iem th ta goi la: iem - iem. - Neu nh nhieu hn 2 iem ta goi la nhieu iem. + Thong thng, ng noi nhieu iem c dung trong trng hp mot tram s cap va nhieu tram th cap. + Khi mot may tnh can noi en nhieu terminal, neu moi terminal co ng noi iem-iem vi may tnh th may tnh phai co I/0 port cho tng terminal.

5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen: 5.1.1 o hnh :
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5.1.1 o hnh : * Tram s cap va th cap : - Tram s cap (con goi la tram ieu khien Primary (P)): la tram co nhiem vu gi cac lenh ieu khien en cac tram khac, dch va tra li nhng yeu cau t nhng tram khac gi ve. Thc hien cac thao tac: + To chc trao oi d lieu. + Bao am, giam sat s noi. + Bao am phuc hoi s noi khi co nhieu loan lam gian oan s noi.

5.1.1 o hnh : * Tram s cap va th cap : - Tram th cap (con goi la tram phu Secondary (S)): thc hien cac ieu khien do s cap gi en va sau khi thc hien no gi nhng tra li en s cap. - Tram chu va t: Tren thc te s cap hoac th cap eu co the la ni phat thong tin (ac biet trong trng hp phat text), luc o ngi ta goi tram phat thong tin la tram chu va tram thu thong tin la tram t. Vay s cap va th cap eu co the la chu va la t.
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5.1.1 o hnh :

5.1.2 o duplex : Ngi ta dung o duplex e ch ra hng va dong tn hieu. + Vi tn hieu so yeu cau phai co nh hng khi truyen. Khi truyen full-duplex yeu cau co 2 ng khac nhau, trong khi vi cach truyen 2 chieu gian oan ch can co mot ng truyen. + Vi tn hieu analog, van e 2 chieu phu thuoc vao tan so. Neu mot tram truyen va nhan tren cung tan so, bat buoc phai s dung half-duplex. Neu mot tram truyen mot tan so va nhan tan so khac no co the s dung fullduplex. + Vi phng an iem-iem: co the dung cach truyen 2 chieu gian oan hoac 2 chieu toan phan.
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5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen: 5.1.2 o duplex :
+ Vi ng noi nhieu iem. Co 3 cau hnh : - S cap: 2 chieu toan phan. Th cap: gian oan. - Ca 2 s cap va th cap eu gian oan. - Ca 2 s va th cap eu toan phan.

5.1.2 o duplex :
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5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen: 5.1.3 Nguyen tac ng day:
* ng noi iem - iem: + Neu mot tram muon gi d lieu en tram khac, yeu cau au tien la tram kia san sang nhan. + Tram th 2 tra li ACK e ch ra no a san sang. Tram th nhat se gi mot so d lieu trong dang frame. + Trong trng hp truyen khong ong bo, day d lieu se la dong cac ky t. Trong mot so trng hp sau khi truyen mot so d lieu, tram th nhat se tam dng e ch ket qua. Tram th hai chap nhan ket qua (ACK). + Tram th nhat se truyen tn hieu ket thuc truyen EQT va cham dt s trao oi, he thong tra ve trang thai ban au

Co 3 pha trong suot qua trnh ieu khien : - Thiet lap: Xac lap tram nao phat, tram nao nhan va tram nhan chuan b nhan. - Truyen d lieu: D lieu c truyen thanh mot hay nhieu khoi c chap nhan. - Ket thuc: Ket thuc s noi logic (tng quan gia tram phat va thu).
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+ Tram s cap (tram 1) phat ENQ e bao cho tram th cap biet no can truyen d lieu. + Khi tram th cap cha chap nhan no truyen NAK cho s cap. Ngc lai, no truyen ACK. + Nhan c ACK t tram th cap, tram s cap se truyen mot frame cho th cap. Khi nhan ACK no se a qua trnh truyen vao ket thuc. + Neu nh tram th cap muon truyen d lieu no phai ch tram s cap yeu cau va ch co luc o mi c vao pha truyen d lieu.
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* ng noi nhieu iem: S la chon nguyen tac ng day cho ng noi nhieu iem phu thuoc trc tien no la tram s cap hay th cap. + Neu nh no la tram s cap th s trao oi d lieu ch la s trao oi gia s cap va th cap ch khong phai gia 2 tram th cap. e hieu ro hn trng hp o ta s dung 2 khai niem: - Poll: S cap yeu cau d lieu t th cap. - Select: S cap co d lieu can gi va thong bao cho th cap d lieu se en

5.1.3 Nguyen tac ng day:
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5.1 Cau hnh ng truyen: + Vi cach noi ng day nhieu iem, mot s cap co nhieu th cap. Tren ng day co n iem thi gian poll can n lan cho n a ch khac nhau. Ngi ta s dung Hub polling. + Ky thuat nay yeu cau cac th cap cung tham gia qua trnh polling. Hai ng d lieu ong thi c dung va moi th cap yeu cau nhan ca 2 ng ong thi. Thao tac nh sau: + S cap truyen poll ong thi en nhieu th cap. Neu th cap co d lieu truyen no truyen d lieu cho s cap va sau o no gi poll cho th cap tiep theo tren ng day. + Neu nh th cap khong co d lieu e truyen, no truyen trc tiep poll cho tram tiep theo. Th cap cuoi cung tren ng day gi poll cho s cap va bat au chu trnh mi trong suot qua trnh o
5.1.3 Nguyen tac ng day:

5.2 Kiem tra dong (Flow control):
+ Kiem tra dong thong tin la ky thuat bao am cho mot tram truyen d lieu cho tram thu khong b tran, bao am tram thu tam gi d lieu vi o dai cc ai. + Khi d lieu en bo thu phai co c gia tr cua qua trnh trc khi xoa bo nh em e nhan thong tin tiep theo. + Khi khong co kiem tra dong th bo nh em cua bo thu co the b tran v con d lieu cu.
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Cach truyen cac frame.

Dang kiem tra n gian cho kiem tra dong la: Kiem tra dong dng va ch, no lam viec nh sau: + Nguon truyen mot frame, sau khi nhan bo phan nhan se gi tn hieu bao chap nhan frame khac vi tn hieu ACK cho frame trc. Nguon phai ch cho en khi no nhan c ACK mi truyen frame mi. + Bo phan nhan v vay dng nhan d lieu e phat ACK. Qua trnh lam viec nh vay co the dien ra vi mot thong bao dai. Tuy nhien, thng nguon ngat nhng thong bao dai o thanh cac khoi nho va truyen d lieu o thanh nhieu frames, v nhng ly do sau: - Vi o dai cang ln trong khi truyen se de sinh ra sai, can truyen lai nguyen ca khoi. Vi cac khoi nho t sai. - Neu co sai ta cung ch truyen lai mot khoi nho, t ton thi gian hn. - Tren ng noi nhieu iem ngi ta khong cho phep mot tram chiem nhieu thi gian qua bi v no se lam cham tre cho tram khac. - o ln cua bo nh em bo thu co han.
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Nghi thc ca so trt (The Sliding Window Protocol)
Nguyen tac ca so trt.

Nghi thc ca so trt (The Sliding Window Protocol)
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5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol
Protocol la mot bo cac qui c rang buoc ve trao oi thong tin. Khi cai at co the la mot driver hoac mot oan ma trong ROM, trong chng trnh ng dung, ...
5.3.1. Gii thieu :
Protocol co 4 tac vu c ban : + Request : yeu cau thc hien mot thao tac + Indication : Thong bao a nhan c mot s kien ang ch x ly (thong thng o la mot request cua mot layer khac) + Response : Tra li chap nhan hoac khong chap nhan oi vi yeu cau s kien ang ch x ly. + Confirm : Bao cao rang layer khac a phuc ap yeu cau

5.3.1. Gii thieu :
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5.3.2 Cac kieu lien lac cua Protocol : Gom co lien lac khong ket noi va lien lac hng ket noi + oi vi cac giao thc khong ket noi : th ch can chuyen cac goi d lieu en layer ma no quan he trc tiep ma khong can biet goi se i ng nao e ti ni nhan va d nhien tren goi d lieu o co cha a ch cua ni nhan. V du : gui th thong qua bu ien + oi vi cac giao thc co ket noi : viec trao oi d lieu tien hanh can than hn. au tien la gi yeu cau ket noi en ben nhan, ke tiep la thu tuc hand shaking va sau o la qua trnh trao oi thong tin. Cuoi cung la thu tuc ket thuc ket noi. Tien trnh nay tng t nh goi ien thoai e trao oi thong tin vi mot ngi xa.

5.3.2 Cac kieu lien lac cua Protocol :
Bc 1 : Ket noi va bat tay
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5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : + Kiem tra sai dung e kiem tra, tm va sa sai trong frames c truyen. + D lieu c truyen tao thanh cac frames va truyen lien tiep cac frames vi nhau. + Frames en ong thi hay en lan lt khi truyen, moi frames bao am s oc lap va gia tr co nh khi nhan. Ta thay co 2 loai sai: - Mat frame: 1 frame b mat trc khi en ben kia hoac nhieu lam cho frame h, lam cho bo nhan cho rang frame cha truyen. - Frame b h : Frame c xac nh en ma mot so bit b sai trong khi truyen.

5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol 5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol :
Tong hp lai ta dung phng phap yeu cau phat lai ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest). Sau ay chung ta khao sat hai phng phap kiem soat loi quen thuoc la Idle-RQ va Continuous RQ. a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ : Idle-RQ con co hai ten goi khac la Stop and Wait va Send and Wait, lam viec vi kieu ket noi ng truyen half-duplex. Ben phat goi la primary va ben nhan secondary. Stop and Wait co hai kieu hoat ong goi la kieu an va kieu hien c e cap sau ay:
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a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ : * Hoat ong kieu an :

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a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ :
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a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ : * Hoat ong kieu hien :

a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ : * Hoat ong kieu hien :
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a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ : + Hnh a mo ta mot chuoi cac qua trnh truyen cac goi thong tin (trong o co goi d lieu va goi ieu khien) khong co s co. + Hnh b mo ta viec mat goi th N, ben nhan khong nhan c nen khong tra li (bang goi ACK); ben phat sau khi i tn hieu phuc ap (ACK) mot thi gian dai vt khoi thi gian time- out, no t biet goi N b mat, hoac ACK b mat nh hnh c, lap tc no truyen lai goi N

+ oi vi kieu an, neu goi gi lieu b mat, ben nhan se khong gi mot thong bao nao, phai lam cho ben phat phai i en thi gian time-out, va no cung khong biet rang goi d lieu b mat hay ACK b mat. + Ngc lai oi vi kieu hien , neu goi d lieu mat, ben nhan se gi thong bao NAK ve cho ben phat. + u iem cua phng phap Idle RQ la t ton bo nh , no ch can mot vung RAM u cha mot goi thong tin. Noi cach khac Idle RQ ieu khien luong bang ca so trt co cach tht bang 1. Phng phap nay c dung trong cac giao thc hng k t (Character Oriented ) nh giao thc BSC , DDCMP,...
5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : a. Phng phap kiem loi Idle-RQ :
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5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: + Trong khi Idle RQ la ky thuat kiem loi theo nguyen tac truyen goi nao, ch ket qua goi o xong mi tiep tuc truyen goi ke tiep th Continuous RQ cho phep truyen hang loat. + Ben nhan lam viec theo nguyen tac nhan goi nao th phuc ap goi o. Nh vay ben nhan lam viec theo nguyen tac FIFO cha danh sach ghi nh tat ca cac goi ma no a truyen i. + Khi nhan c phuc ap thanh cong cua goi nao (ACK) t pha ben nhan, no se xoa goi o ra khoi danh sach ghi nh. Ben nhan cung lap danh sach ghi nh tat ca cac goi ma no a nhan c.

5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Selective Repeat: + Hoi ap kieu an : Ben nhan ch phuc ap cho nhng goi ma no nhan c. Ben phat da vao o e suy oan la goi nao b that lac tren ng truyen.
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5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Selective Repeat: + Hoi ap kieu an :

5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol 5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Selective Repeat: oi vi kieu an viec hoi ap c thc hien theo nguyen tac nhan c goi mi phuc ap ma khong quan tam goi nao b mat, trong khi kieu hien lai quan tam en nhng goi b mat. V du : Neu ben nhan c hai goi I(1) va I(3) th no oan chac rang goi I(2) b mat va lap tc thong bao ve ben truyen rang NAK(2). Tren ng phan hoi, neu cac goi ACK hoac NAK b mat th ben phat cung suy oan c
+ Hoi ap kieu hien :
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5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Selective Repeat: + Hoi ap kieu hien :

5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Selective Repeat: + Phng phap Selective Repeat dung ky thuat ieu khien luong ca so trt vi kch thc la K (ke ca ca so nhan), + Khi truyen se truyen mot lt K goi nhng khong bat buoc cac goi phai co th t lien tuc va khi nhan cung nhan mot lt K goi.
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* Phng phap Goback-N: + Phng phap nay dung ky thuat ieu khien luong ca so trt vi kch thc ca so gi la K goi va ca so nhan co kch thc la 1, co ngha la khi truyen se truyen mot lt K goi co th t lien tuc va khi nhan ch nhan mot goi.
V du :
5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ:
Ta truyen mot loat 3 goi co th t lien tuc. Neu ben nhan hoi ap rang goi th 6 b mat, no lap tc truyen lai 3 goi lien tiep la I(6), I(7), I(8) mac du cac goi I(7), I(8), I(9), I(10),... a c truyen i va a c nhan an toan nhng lan trc. Tuy nhien ben nhan ch nhan lai goi I(6), con cac goi nhan c luc trc th no pht l i v ca so nhan luon co kch thc la 1

5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol 5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : b. Phng phap kiem loi Continuous RQ: * Phng phap Goback-N:
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5.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol 5.3.3 C che kiem soat loi cua Protocol : Bang so sanh 3 phng phap kiem soat loi :

5.4 Bao ve va chong sai :
Muc ch phan nay la: + Mieu ta phng phap thng dung e bao ve thong tin phat i, e chong sai do ng day gay nen. + Nhng phng phap bao ve c dung phan cng (bo ma hoa bo phan phat i va giai ma bo phan thu). Phng phap chung e giai quyet la at gia nguon phat va bo phan thu mot thiet b e ma hoa va giai ma
5.4.1 Tong quan :
+ Nhng thong tin truyen t A -> B nh ta a thay thong thng b sai: di(t) -> di(t) di(t) di(t) = (... , di-1 , di , di+1 ...) + S sai so o do nhieu nguyen nhan: ng day truyen, lu lng truyen, loai ma dung, loai ieu che, loai thiet b phat, loai thiet b thu... + Thng sai so o cho phep trong khoang: 10-4-10-7 va nhom sai phu thuoc loai mach.
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5.4 Bao ve va chong sai : 5.4.1 Tong quan :
+ V du: mot trang thong tin ta dung phng phap e nen lai, thong thng con 105 ky hieu nh phan. + Neu trang thong tin truyen tren ng day mang ien thoai cong cong vi o sai so: 10-4 th tong so cac ky hieu nh phan sai la 105 /10-4 =10 + Ve nguyen ly ta co:

+ Bo phan ma hoa chuyen day ky hieu nh phan {di}thanh day nh phan khac vi ...,ai, ai+1..... ai {0,1} Sau khi truyen ta co :{ai} vi {ai} ({0,1} + S chuyen oi o c goi la ma hoa.
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+ Sau khi truyen e lay lai thong tin can thiet ta can giai ma + Viec dung loai ma nao c ma hoa va he thong giai ma nao phu thuoc vao he thong truyen so lieu + Co c di bo phan thu, di co the sai. Cach bao ve n gian nhat la bao ong sai so . Thng co 2 cach + Neu bo giai ma t sa c no se sa trc tiep + Neu bo giai ma khong tm c sai th can phai truyen lai mot bo phan d lieu e thc hien s sa. Ngi ta con goi cach o la sa sai bang cach truyen lai va goi tat la ARQ

S truyen lai o co the thc hien bang 3 cach nh c ch ra hnh ve :
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5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : + Kiem soat sai so la qua trnh kiem tra tnh chnh xac cua d lieu truyen cua giao thc. + Co nhieu phng phap e kiem tra sai so nh : - VRC (them cac bit chan le vao t ma) - LRC (them mot byte chan le sau khi truyen c 8 byte thong tin) - CRC

5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so :
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5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : a. Kiem tra chan le theo ky t + Trong ma so 5 cua CCITT (ma ASCII) moi ky t gom co 7 bit va 1 bit kiem tra. Vi kiem tra chan, gia tr cua bit kiem tra la 0 neu so lng cac bit co gia tr 1 trong 7 bit la chan va no co gia tr 1 trong trng hp ngc lai. Con neu kiem tra le th ngc lai. + Thong thng ngi ta s dung kiem tra chan va bit kiem tra goi la P. Gia tr kiem tra o cho phep bo thu phat hien ra nhng sai sot n gian.

5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : a. Kiem tra chan le theo ky t V du: Ky t Ma ASCII T ma A 1000001 10000010 E 1010001 10100011 V 0110101 01101010
bit P
+ Van e la trong khi dung bit kiem tra, thong thng nhieu xung keo dai khong phai ch co o dai 1 bit ma la nhieu bit, nhat la khi toc o truyen tang cao. Vi cach kiem tra tren neu so bit sai la chan (2,4,6 bit) ta khong the phat hien c.. e giam bt sai so o ngi ta dung ma kiem tra khoi LRC (BCC).
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5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : b. Kiem tra chan le theo o dai va ngang : + Ta co the giam thieu sai neu dung cach kiem tra theo chieu ngang (theo tng ky t - VRC) va ong thi theo chieu doc (LRC) khi ta truyen mot khoi thong tin goi la kiem tra khoi (BCC). + Neu nh mot sai sot nao o sinh ra tai 1 bit bat ky, da vao cac bit kiem tra ngang va doc ta co the xac nh c toa o cua no va ng nhien nh vay ta co the tm ra va sa no.

5.4 Bao ve va chong sai : 5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : b. Kiem tra chan le theo o dai va ngang :
Mot frame coi nh la mot khoi ky t sap xep co hai chieu. Moi ky t co bit kiem tra chan le (P). Neu ta sap cac bit cua cac ky t ung v tr tng ng t tren xuong th ta co mot khoi cac ky t. Neu tnh theo chieu ngang. Rj = b1j b2j . bnj Rj : bit kiem tra th t th j. bij : bit th i cua ky t th j. n : so lng bit trong mot ky t.
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Neu tnh theo chieu doc ta co: Ci = bi1 bi2 . bim Ci : bit kiem tra cot th i. m : so lng ky t trong frame.

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5.4 Bao ve va chong sai : 5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so : b. Kiem tra chan le theo o dai va ngang : + Tuy nhien phng phap nay cung khong phai hoan toan hieu qua. Gia s bit th nhat (b11) va bit th ba (b13) cua ky t th nhat b sai, nh vay R1 se khong sai. Tuy nhien, neu dung kiem tra LRC ta se thay bit th nhat (c1) va bit th ba (c3) cua LRC b sai. + Ta biet c s truyen b sai nhng khong biet sai ky t nao. Bay gi gia thuyet rang bit th nhat va bit th ba cua ky t th nam cung b sai ong thi vi bit th nhat va bit th ba cua ky t th nhat, luc o ta se khong phat hien c LRC b sai, ket qua thu c co sai nhng ta khong phat hien c.

5.4 Bao ve va chong sai : 5.4.2 Kiem soat sai so :
Tom lai : + Nh vay VRC va LRC ch phat hien c so le bit theo chieu ngang hay theo chieu doc b sai. o cung la ly do tai sao trc kia co mot so protocol dung BCC e kiem tra ma hien tai cac protocol mi khong s dung. e at c s kiem tra tot hn trong protocol SDLC-HDLC s dung FCS la ma CRC e kiem tra sai.
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c. Ma vong CRC : + CRC la mot trong nhng phng phap kiem soat sai so co o tin cay cao nhat. + Tuy nhien o tin cay cua phng phap nay khong at c nh mong i (100%) v trong mot so trng hp khong phat hien c loi, con tuy thuoc vao bac cua a thc sinh. V du : Tnh CRC cho thong bao M(x) = 110101. + Cac phep tnh CRC c thc hien 4 bc sau vi cac phep tnh thc hien vi modul 2 :

c. Ma vong CRC :
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c. Ma vong CRC :

c. Ma vong CRC :
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c. Ma vong CRC :

c. Ma vong CRC :
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c. Ma vong CRC :

c. Ma vong CRC : * Thu va kiem tra CRC: + e kiem tra sai so khi truyen, bo phan thu em khoi thong tin thu c chia cho G(x) theo modul 2. + Neu phan d con lai la 0, ma nhan c la ung (khong sai), neu phan d khac 0 th ket qua nhan c khong ung.
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c. Ma vong CRC : * Thu va kiem tra CRC:

c. Ma vong CRC :
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d. Ma sa sai Hamming + Khi ma hoa moi ky t ta s dung n bit th vi n bit ta co c 2n ky t. V vay van e tm sai va sa sai khong the thc hien c. Neu ta them 1 bit e kiem tra th co the tm c nhng sai sot n gian (nh VRC, LRC). + Ong Hamming cua phong th nghiem Bell a ra mot e an ve ma khoang cach. + Theo Hamming: khoang cach gia 2 t ma bang so lng bit khac nhau gia chung.

d. Ma sa sai Hamming V du : B = 1000010 C = 1000011 Khoang cach la 1 Neu co P -> B = 01000010 C = 11000011 Khoang cach la 2 ieu o cho ta kha nang bo thu sau khi kiem tra co the sa sai trong mot gii han nao o bit sai. Hamming a phat trien no thanh ma Hamming.
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d. Ma sa sai Hamming 7 bit cua t ma bao gom: 4 bit bieu th thong bao m3 m2 m1 m0 va 3 bit kiem tra C2 C1 C0. Moi t ma co dang m3 m2 m1 C2 m0 C1 C0 . Cac gia tr cua C2 C1 C0 c tnh nh sau: C0 = m0 m1 m3 C1 = m0 m2 m3 C2 = m1 m2 m3

d. Ma sa sai Hamming V du: ma cho ch A16 la: m3 m2 m1 m0 = 1010 (A16 ) C0 = 0 1 1 = 0 C1 = 0 0 1 = 1 C2 = 1 0 1 = 0 Vay A theo ma Hamming la: 1010010 Khi bo phan thu thu c mot t ma, co the tnh lai 3 gia tr kiem tra: P0; P1; P2 nh sau: P0 = C0 m0 m1 m3 P1 = C1 m0 m2 m3 P2 = C2 m1 m2 m3
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d. Ma sa sai Hamming + Neu P0 = P1 = P2 = 0 th phep truyen khong gay sai so. Neu co sai ta da vao gia tr nh phan cua P2; P1; P0 ma xac nh v tr sai. + V du: ta nhan c thong tin 1110010 Ta co: P0 = 0 0 1 1 = 0 P1 = 1 0 1 1 = 1 110 =>
1 0
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6.1 Mang chuyen mach 6.1.1 Mang lien lac:
+ Viec truyen so lieu c thc hien gia hai thiet b au cuoi. Hai thiet b au cuoi o c noi dang iem iem qua mot moi trng dan. + Thng a goi la mang th t khi ch co hai thiet b au cuoi noi iem - iem vi nhau. So thue bao trong mang cang nhieu, yeu cau cac ng noi gia cac thue bao cang tang.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

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+ So ng day cho N thue bao c tang theo quy luat: neu so thue bao la N th so ng day la: N*(N-1)/2. + Ta se can N*(N-1)/2 ng day 2 chieu toan phan va moi thue bao can (N-1) ca vao va ra. Nh vay se lam cho gia thanh cang tang va ta cung khong co kha nang thc hien cac ng day noi. + e thc hien viec lien lac gia cac thue bao ngi ta tao ra mang lien lac vi cac nut (node). Cac thue bao c noi en cac nut
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

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+ Cac thue bao co the la: may tnh, terminal, ien thoai hoac la thiet b thong tin lien lac nao o. + Cac thue bao c noi vao mang thong qua cac Node. So lng cac Node trong mang tuy thuoc o ln cua mang. Nh vay moi thue bao ch can mot cong I/0. + Mot mang bao gom cac Node, cac Node c noi vi nhau, so lieu se truyen t ngi gi en ngi nhan theo con ng thong qua mang. + Cac Node c noi vi nhau theo hng truyen. So lieu t mot thue bao c nh ng t Node nay sang Node khac
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1 Mang chuyen mach
Ngi ta phan biet mang chuyen mach thanh chuyen mach mach ien, chuyen mach thong bao hoac chuyen mach goi tuy theo cach chuyen d lieu t Node nay sang Node khac.
6.1.2 Chuyen mach mach ien:

+ S lien lac thong qua chuyen mach mach ien gom co 3 pha: xac lap mach, truyen so lieu va giai phong mach.
a. Xac lap mach:

+ Trc khi co the truyen c so lieu t au nay en au kia. ng truyen trong mang can c xac lap. V du: Thue bao A can truyen so lieu cho E. No yeu cau Node 4 s noi mach en E. ng noi t A en 4 tren thc te a co. Node 4 can tm nhanh tiep theo e tao ng en 6.
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6.1 Mang chuyen mach 6.1.2 Chuyen mach mach ien:
+ Da vao nhng thong tin ve tm ng va s cho phep ve cac thong so khac. + Node 4 chon ng en 5 trong khi co nhieu thue bao c noi en 4 no can phai xac lap con ng ben trong t nhieu thue bao en nhieu Node khac. + Node 5 se tao cho ta con ng t 5 en 6 va nh vay con ng t 4 en 6 c xac lap va Node 6 hoan thanh cong viec noi vi E, trc khi hoan tat no can phai kiem tra xem E co b ban hay khong
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

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6.1 Mang chuyen mach 6.1.2 Chuyen mach mach ien: b. Truyen d lieu: + Thong tin co the bat au truyen t A sang E. D lieu co the trong dang so hoac dang Anolog. Thong tin theo ng A en 4, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 4 en 5, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 5 en 6, qua iem noi mach ben trong cua 6 en E. Thong thng s noi mach cho phep hai chieu toan phan va d lieu co the truyen 2 chieu. c. Giai phong mach: + Sau khi hoan thanh s truyen. Co tn hieu bao cua A hoac E, bao cho 4, 5, 6 giai phong s noi mach. ng noi t A en E khong con na. + Tuy nhien khi ng noi gia 2 thue bao c noi th d lieu c truyen tren mot ng co nh, khong co th gian gi lai cac Node.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

ac iem : + Moi nut mang ong vai tro la mot tong ai. ng noi lien gia moi nut mang vi cac thue bao + ng noi gia cac nut mang : ng trung ke c thiet ke da tren s d bao lu lng truyen dan trong nhng khu vc khac nhau + Lien lac thong qua chuyen mach mach ien ac trng bi viec cung cap ng noi co nh gia 2 thue bao. No co the la ng noi vat ly hay kenh thong tin.
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ac iem : + Mat khoang thi gian e thiet lap mach. Cong viec nay c hoan thien da tren cac nguyen tac cua hoat ong bao hieu cua mang ien thoai + Mot kenh truyen dan se c thiet lap va ton tai t khi bat au cuoc truyen d lieu cho en khi ket thuc cuoc truyen d lieu + Sau khi hai thue bao hoan thanh cong viec cua mnh th mot trong hai thue bao co the gi yeu cau cat mach va mang se giai phong kenh truyen. Khi o kenh mi c cap phat cho thue bao khac.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

Nhc iem : + Mat thi gian thiet lap mach=>thi gian ap ng nhanh + Hai thue bao can phai hoat ong trong cung thi gian + Nhng nguon cung cap cung phai on nh va cung cap qua mang gia 2 thue bao. + Neu co s co tren ng truyen dan en gian oan th mang khong co kha nang nh tuyen tr lai
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6.1.3 Chuyen mach thong bao: + Hien nay nhng bc ien bao, th ien t, files cua may tnh c goi la nhng thong bao, va no c truyen qua mang nh s trao oi nhng d lieu so c trao oi 2 chieu gia cac thue bao. + Mot trong nhng loai chuyen mach e phuc vu s trao oi thong tin o c goi la chuyen mach thong bao. * ac iem : + Cac nut mang la cac may tnh lam nhiem vu nhan ban tin, dch ban tin, ong dau phat ban tin. + D lieu truyen dan qua mang phai c to chc thanh cac ban tin trong o ngoai phan d lieu th phai kem theo a ch ch va mot vai thong tin ve nh tuyen + Vi chuyen mach thong bao khong ton tai s thiet lap va cung cap lo trnh co nh
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1.3 Chuyen mach thong bao:

+ Moi nut mang ch hoan thien nh tuyen va gi ban tin en nut ke tiep. Mot nut mang muon truyen mot thong bao, no se gan a ch cua ngi nhan vao thong bao. Thong bao se chuyen qua mang t Node nay qua Node khac. tai moi Node thong bao c nhan, tam gi va truyen sang Node khac. + Thi gian tre moi Node bao gom ca thi gian nhan thong bao vao Node va th gian sap hang ch en lt mnh e chuyen en Node khac.
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6.1.3 Chuyen mach thong bao: V du : Thong bao can truyen t A en E + Thue bao A gan a ch cua E vao thong bao va gi no vao Node 4. Node 4 gi thong bao va tm nhanh tiep theo (v du nh 5) va no sap hang thong bao e ch truyen tren ng noi 4-5. + Khi ng noi cho phep, thong bao se c gi sang 5 va nh the no c a en 6 va E.
He thong chuyen mach thong bao la he thong luon gi va gui tiep cac thong bao.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1.3 Chuyen mach thong bao : * u iem : + khong mat thi gian thiet lap mach + Co kha nang nh tuyen tr lai + Khong can ong thi on nh cho ca ben phat va thu, mang co the tam gi thong bao khi bo phan thu cha san sang. + Thong bao co the ong thi gi en nhieu thue bao nhan, co the sao chep thong bao e gi en ngi nhan can thiet + Co the kiem tra sai va quan ly qua trnh trong mang thong bao.
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6.1.3 Chuyen mach thong bao :

* Nhc iem : + Cha ap ng c thi gian truyen dan khi lu lng hoat ong cua mang cao + Phai thue ng trung ke, cac kenh truyen dan => chi ph cao
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : + Chuyen mach goi (PS) gan giong nh chuyen mach thong bao. + Cho khac nhau c ban la o dai cua mot khoi d lieu a vao mang c han che thanh tng goi. o dai ien hnh moi goi t 1000 cho en hang chuc ngan bit. + Trong PS thong bao a c chia thanh tng goi nho. Goi bao gom d lieu cung vi a ch va cac thong so can thiet.
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6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : * ac iem : + Khong thiet lap mach t thue bao nay en thue bao khac + Moi nut mang co kch thc goi tin khac nhau. Moi goi ngoai d lieu con co thong tin ve a ch, nh tuyen, va cac thong tin c xac nh theo nhieu giao thc khac nhau. + Mot goi co the co nhieu ban tin va i nhieu ng khac nhau e en cung mot ch. + Tha ke cac u iem cua mo hnh chuyen mach thong bao. Cac nut mang eu co kha nang sap xep lai ban tin va x ly tren nguyen tac lap a ch e loai tr kha nang that lac goi.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi :
Mang chuyen mach goi.
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6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : * u iem : + Cho phep truyen dan vi lu lng ln + Thi gian ap ng nhanh + Hieu suat s dung cao nhat Thong thng mang chuyen mach goi cung cap hai dch vu truyen thong : data-gram va mach ao
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

a. Data-gram: + oi vi dch vu data-gram luong thong tin c chia thanh nhieu goi nho goi la data-gram, Tren moi packet o phan header cha hai thong tin can thiet la a ch nguon, a ch ch, th t goi + Khong co s thiet lap ng lien lac co nh gia hai DTE ma cac data-gram co the c truyen tren nhieu hng khac nhau. Trong qua trnh truyen tin, goi th nhat co the en sau goi th hai, th ba,... + Khi ben nhan a nhan u so lng goi, ben nhan se tai hp cac goi lai thanh message ban au. Thong thng dch vu data-gram ch c dung e truyen tai cac message co kch thc ngan hn kch thc cua mot data-gram.
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a. Data-gram:
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

a. Data-gram:
Message c chia thanh ba data-gram va c truyen i tren hai ng khac nhau. + Packet 1 va 3 : DTE1-CANTHO-HCM-DANANGHANOI-DTE2 + Packet 2 : DTE1-CANTHO-MYTHO-HCM-DANANGHANOI-DTE2 Ket qua nhan c la : packet 1-packet 3 packet 2
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6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : b. Mach ao : + Moi mach ao cung cap mot link gia hai DTE tren mang.Tuy thuoc vao cong nghe chuyen mach va toc o chuyen mach cua cac cac PSE (tong ai chuyen mach goi), mot kenh trung ke trong mang truyen so lieu co the cho phep thiet lap en 4096 mach ao tai mot thi iem.
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

+ Mach ao tam thi : khong co nh ve lo trnh, co ngha rang moi lan ket noi ao, cac tong ai trong mang truyen so lieu t chon mot lo trnh thch hp tren c s chon tuyen co mat o thong lng loang nhat e thiet lap mach ao cho thue bao. + Nhng lan ket noi khac nhau co the co nhng lo trnh khac nhau mac du hai DTE o khong thay oi v tr vat ly + Mach ao thng xuyen : c thiet lap mot lan va co nh lo trnh. Mach ao nay thng dung cho cac ket noi hoat ong suot 24 gi moi ngay. Co the so sanh mach ao thng xuyen nh kenh leased-line.
6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : b. Mach ao :
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6.1 Mang chuyen mach 6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : b. Mach ao :
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1 Mang chuyen mach 6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : b. Mach ao : + Mach ao th nhat c thiet lap cho ket noi gia DTE1 VA DTE2 : DTE1-MYTHO-HCM-DANANG-HANOI-DTE2 + Mach ao th hai c thiet lap cho ket noi gia DTE3 VA DTE4 : DTE3-MYTHO-CANTHO-HCM-DANANG-HANOIDTE4
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Author: MAI Vn H
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

6.1.4 Chuyen mach goi : Tom lai : oi vi mang chuyen mach goi th khong the da hoan toan vao khoang cach gia hai au truyen tin, v c che chuyen mach ao va datagram t chon lay lo trnh, co khi phai qua vong hang tram km trong khi hai DTE ch cach nhau vai chuc km. 6.2. Cac mang khac : ATM, VPN, WLan,....
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU VA CAC HE THONG M
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Author: MAI Vn H
S O TRUYEN D LIEU GIA CAC MAY TNH

Computer A AP User-to-user Communication Computer B AP
Phan he TSL
Computer - to - computer Communication Computer - to - network Communication
Phan he TSL
Mang truyen so lieu (moi trng)

AP(Application process) = trnh ng dung
CAC MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU

MANG N COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER
Computer A AP Computer B AP
Phan he TSL
Phan he TSL
a) Lien ket bang cap iem - iem
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Author: MAI Vn H
MANG N COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER

Computer A AP Chuan giao tiep Phan he TSL Line ien thoai co nh Phan he TSL Computer B AP
Modem
PSTN
Modem
b) Lien ket qua mang PSTN s dung Modem
CAC LOAI MANG TREN NEN MANG LAN

Building A LAN 1 Site-wide (backbone) LAN
LAN 3
LAN 2
Building B
= PC, Work station Building C a) ng dung trong van phong = Brige (cau)
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Author: MAI Vn H
CAC LOAI MANG TREN NEN MANG LAN

Cac bo ieu khien
Factorywide (Backbone) LAN
Sales b) ng dung trong nha may cong nghiep
Design
MANG RIENG DUNG TRONG THNG MAI

Tong ai noi bo (Private branch exchange) Tong ai truyen so lieu Data switching exchange
PBX
DSE
Site B Site A
PBX DSE
Site C
PBX DSE
Site D
Kenh thue rieng
=Intelligent MUX
PBX
DSE
(bo ghep kenh)
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Author: MAI Vn H
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU CONG CONG

PC PC
TC PC PSDN PC Communication systems TC Terminal controller
a) Public switched data network - PSDN
MANG TRUYEN SO LIEU CONG CONG
NTE
NTE
ISDN NTE
NTE
Network terminal equipment
b) Integrated services digital network - ISDN
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Author: MAI Vn H
LIEN MANG TOAN CAU

Ve tinh Tram mat at s Gateway
PSDN quoc gia
PSDN
PSDN
LAN LAN
LAN
LAN
MANG A DCH VU BANG RONG

ATM LAN
LAN
ATM MAN
ATM-WAN
ATM MAN
ATM LAN
LAN
Multimedia workstation/sever
Data - only workstation/sever
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Author: MAI Vn H
TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH H thng mng my tnh n gin

My tnh My in
Cp
TNG QUAN V MNG INTERNET
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Author: MAI Vn H
INTERNET Nh cung cp kh nng truy cp Internet
IAP: Internet Access Provider

ISP:Internet Service Provider
IAP
My ch
My ch
ISP
ISP
dng Ngi
truy cp trc tip
Nh cung cp dch v Internet My ch
ISP
Mng ngi dng cng cng
Ngi dng truy cp t xa (in thoi, thu bao)
OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session
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Author: MAI Vn H
OSI Model Overview

Application Application (Upper) Layers Presentation Session Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical
Data Flow Layers
OSI Model Overview

ng dng Application (Upper) Layers Trnh by Phin lm vic Truyn ti Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l
Data Flow Layers
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Author: MAI Vn H
Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application User Interface
Telnet FTP

Application User Interface How data is presented Special processing such as encryption
EXAMPLES Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG
Presentation
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Author: MAI Vn H

Application User Interface How data is presented Special processing such as encryption Keeping different applications data separate
EXAMPLES Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling
Presentation
Session

Application User Interface How data is presented Special processing such as encryption Keeping different applications data separate
EXAMPLES
Telnet FTP ASCII EBCDIC JPEG Operating System/ Application Access Scheduling
Presentation
Session
Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Physical
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Author: MAI Vn H
Role of Data Flow Layers

EXAMPLES
Physical
Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
EIA/TIA-232 V.35

EXAMPLES
Data Link
Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
802.3 / 802.2 HDLC EIA/TIA-232 V.35
Physical
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Author: MAI Vn H

EXAMPLES
Network
Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
IP IPX 802.3 / 802.2 HDLC EIA/TIA-232 V.35
Data Link
Physical

EXAMPLES
Transport Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
TCP UDP SPX IP IPX 802.3 / 802.2 HDLC EIA/TIA-232 V.35
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Author: MAI Vn H
Application

EXAMPLES
Reliable or unreliable delivery Error correction before retransmit Provide logical addressing which routers use for path determination Combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed and pin-out cables
Presentation Session
Transport
TCP UDP SPX IP IPX 802.3 / 802.2 HDLC EIA/TIA-232 V.35
Network
Data Link
Physical
BI TP V SUY HAO, BNG THNG GiI HN, TP M CA TN HIU V C CH KiM SOT LI
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Author: MAI Vn H
SUY HAO VA MEO TN HIEU

Tn hieu khi truyen tren cac moi trng eu chu anh hng cua:
Suy hao (Attenuation) Bang thong b gii han (Limited bandwidth) Meo do tre (Delay distortion), va Tap am (Noise)
Suy hao la s suy giam nang lng tn hieu khi i qua moi
SUY HAO
trng, c tnh bang bieu thc: A = 10log10(P1/P2) (dB)
(1)
Do o, e am bao tnh tin cay cua d lieu au thu can lam giam suy hao bang cach gii han o dai moi trng
Co the s dung cac bo khuech ai (repeater - lap) e lam tang o dai cap. o li (gain - G) cua bo lap c tnh bang: G = 10log10(P2/P1) (dB) (2) Trong o: P1 (watts) la cong suat au phat P2 (watts) la cong suat au thu.
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Author: MAI Vn H
SUY HAO (TT)

V du: Mot kenh truyen gia 2 DTE gom ba phan:
+ Phan 1: mc suy hao la 16 dB. + Phan 2: la bo lap co he so khuech ai la 20 dB. + Phan 3: mc suy hao la 10 dB. Gia s cong suat phat la 400 mW, xac nh cong suat thu.
SUY HAO (TT)
400 mW
A1=16 dB u pht G=20 dB
A2=10 dB u thu
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Author: MAI Vn H
SUY HAO (TT)
Giai: Ap dung cong thc (1) cho phan 1 va 3; cong thc (2) cho phan 2 cua kenh ta co:
Phan 1: 16 = 10lg(400/P2) P2 = 10.0475 mW

Phan 2: 20 = 10lg(P2/10.0475) P2 = 1004.75 mW Phan 3: 10 = 10lg(1004.75/P2) P2 = 100.475 mW
Cach khac: Tong suy hao va tang ch cua kenh la: A = 16 20 + 10 = 6 dB Vay: 6 = 10lg(400/P2) va P2 = 100.475 mW
V du: Mot tn hieu co toc o 500 bps c phat qua kenh.
BANG THONG B GII HAN
Xac nh bang thong can thiet nho nhat trong trng hp: a) Ch truyen qua tan so c ban. b) Truyen qua tan so c ban va hai bac 3 b) Truyen qua tan so c ban va cac hai bac 3, 5 Gia s chuoi thu c trng hp xau nhat
Giai: tnh huong xau nhat, tn hieu 500 bps co tan so c ban la 250 Hz v vay: Hai bac 3 la 750 Hz, hai bac 5 la 1250 Hz. Vay bang thong yau cau nho nhat cho tng trng hp la: a) 0 en 250 Hz b) 0 en 750 Hz c) 0 en 1250 Hz
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Author: MAI Vn H
Theo nh ly Nyquist, toc o truyen dan thong tin cc ai cua
kenh khong tap am, C, c cho bi bieu thc: C = 2W log2M Trong o W la bang thong cua kenh (Hz) va M la so mc cua tn hieu. Goi Tb la chu ky bit, R la toc o bit th Tb = 1/R. Goi Ts la chu ky phan t tn hieu th R = (log2M)/Ts = m/ Ts bps m = log2M la so bt cha trong moi phan t tn hieu.
Vay, Tb = 1/R = Ts /m
Neu goi B hieu qua bang thong, B = R/W ta c: B = R/W = m/(WTs) = 1/(WTb)
b/s/Hz
b/s/Hz
Nh vay, neu bang thong hep lai th phai lam tang hieu qua bang thong neu muon gi nguyen toc o bit (v du: s dung ieu che nhieu mc).
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Author: MAI Vn H

V du: Mot tn hieu tryuen qua mang PSTN vi s o ieu che 8
trang thai. Gia s bang thong cua mang PSTN la 3000 Hz. Xac nh C va B cua s o ieu che.
Giai: M=8, W = 3000 Hz C = 2W log2M = 2 x 3000 x log28 = 2 x 3000 x 3 = 18 000 bps B = 1/(WTb) = C/W = 18 000 / 3 000 = 6 b/s/Hz Trong thc te do co tap am nen ca 2 gia tr nay se be hn.
- Tren ng truyen luon co tap am. Mot thong so c ban e anh gia chat lng tn hieu la S/N (SNR): SNR = 10log10 (S/N) theo dB Trong o S, N lan lt la cong suat tn hieu va cong suat tap am.

TAP AM
Khi SNR ln tc la tn hieu co chat lng tot va ngc lai Toc o truyen dan thong tin cc ai cua kenh (thong lng kenh - C) co quan he vi SNR va c xac nh theo nh ly Shannon Hatley: C = W log2{1+(S/N)} bps Trong o: S la cong suat trung bnh cua tn hieu va N la cong suat tap am ngau nhien tnh theo Watts
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Author: MAI Vn H
TAP AM
V du: Mot kenh PSTN co W = 3000 Hz va S/N = 20dB, xac nh C cua kenh. Giai: Ta co: Thay so: Do o: Vay: SNR = 10log10 (S/N) 20 = 10log10(S/N) S/N = 100 C = 3000 log2{1+100} = 19 963 bps theo dB
NHIExung gay ra bva c xung ieMcac chuyen mach, U XUNG i ca TAP An, NHIET Nhieu
may moc hoat ong, s phong ien.
Cac qua o ien tan so cao co the gay ra nhieu hn so vi tan so thap.
Tap am nhiet do cac hat mang ien (e-) chuyen ong nhiet gay ra. Tap am nhiet co the c khuech ai cung vi cac mc tn hieu thap.
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Author: MAI Vn H
TAP AM
Nhieu trang la loai tap am ngau nhien anh hng tren mot dai rong cua truc tan so.
nh luat Shannon-Hartley xac nh toc o thong tin cc ai ly thuyet. C = W log2{1+(S/N)} bps
TAP AM

Nang lng bit cua mot tn hieu co cong suat S la: E = ST b

b
Mat o cong suat tap am nhiet c cho bi: N0 = kT [watts/Hz]
Trong o: k la hang so Boltzmann (1.38 x 10-23 Joules/K) T la nhiet o tnh theo o Kelvin (K)
Vay:
Eb N0
S/R N0
S/R kT
Tnh theo dB:
Eb N0
= 10 log10 (S/R) 10 log10 (kT)
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Author: MAI Vn H
TAP AM
Nh vay mc cong suat tn hieu S phai tang len khi T va R tang len e co c t so Eb/N0 chap nhan c tc la BER cc tieu. Mat khac: N = WN0 V vay: Eb = S W
N0
Tnh theo dB: Eb = 10log10 (S/N) + 10log10 (W) 10log10 (R) N0
TAP AM

Vi mot BER cho trc, cac ky thuat ieu che khac nhau can cac gia tr Eb/N0 khac nhau.
V du, tai BER = 10-6: - ieu che khoa dch tan so FSK can Eb/N0 = 13 dB, - ieu che khoa dch bien o ASK can Eb/N0 = 13 dB, - ieu che khoa dch pha PSK can Eb/N0 = 10 dB.
Vay vi mot kenh co bang thong cho trc, e co c toc o bit bang nhau, ty so S/N thu c cc tieu la khac nhau tuy thuoc vao loai ieu che.
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V du: Mot kenh PSTN co W = 3000 Hz va S/N trung bnh tai au thu = 12 dB, xac nh R cc ai va hieu qua bang thong B vi gia thiet gia tr Eb/N0: a) 13 dB, b) 10 dB. Giai: Ta co: B = R/W va Eb N0 (dB)
TAP AM
10log10 (R) = (S/N) dB + 10log10 (W)
a) 10log10 (R) = 12 + 10log10 3000 13 = 33.77 Do o: R = 2382.32 bps va B = 0.79 b) 10log10 (R) = 12 + 34.77 10 = 36.77 Do o: R = 4753.35 bps va
B = 1.58
C CH KIM SOT LI
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Author: MAI Vn H
C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 1 : C 1 message c kch thc 1Mb(106) cn truyn t A sang B qua 5 (hops) cng chng. Lin kt cc hops c di nh nhau v bng 25km. Tc pht d liu l 100Kb/s a> Tnh thi gian message c nhn ht B nu thit b kt ni trung gian l Repeater. b> Cng nh cu a nhng thit b kt ni l Router. c> Nh cu a nhng chia gi tin ban u thnh 10 gi c kch thc bng nhau. d> Tnh nh cu b v chia message thnh 10 gi e> Gi s ng gi mi gi vi thng tin iu khin l 50 bit. Tnh li cu d. (Tc truyn v=2.5*108 m/s)
C CH KIM SOT LI
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C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 2 : Vic truyn thng gia 2 my tnh A v B trn mng c m t nh sau (lin kt gia A va B l full-duplex) A gi gi u tin cho B, B nhn c gi u tin v gi bo nhn li cho A. Sau khi nhn c bo nhn cho gi u tin, A tip tc gi tng 2 gi 1 cho B v mi khi nhn c bo nhn t B th A li gi 2 gi tip theo (bo nhn cho tng gi). Gi s thi gian truyn l 1ms, tc pht d liu l 10 Mb/s a> Tnh thi im A bt u gi gi th 2 (b qua thi gian x l v kch thc ACK khng ng k, kch thc ca gi tin l 1Mb). b> Tnh thi im A gi ht gi 1000.
C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 2 :
Gii : a> Thi im pht gi 2 =Thi im ACK v n A Ttotal=1 tpht + 2 * ttruyn = 1/10+ 2ms=102ms b> Ttotal = 1 tpht +2 ttruyn + 999 ttpht + 1 ttruyn
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Author: MAI Vn H
C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 3 : Hai trm A v B cch nhau 9 hop (dng Router). Kch
thc message l 1Mb, kh nng kt ni nh nhau 10Mbps. a> Tnh thi gian M c nhn ht B (thi gian truyn =0.2s) b> Chia M thnh 10 gi, thi gian truyn u =2 thi gian pht 1 gi, di kt ni sau bng 3/2 kt ni u. Cho nhn xt v tnh li thi gian. c> Khi kt ni sau cng a ln u (b)
C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 4 : C mt tp ti liu kch thc 1Mb (106 bit) c nn v gi ln ng truyn. C 2 phng php nn, 1 phng php nn 40% th mt 1s, phng php nn 60% th mt 2s. Hi kh nng ca knh l bao nhiu thi gian truyn tp ban u vi 2 phng php nn trn l nh nhau. Gii : Gi d l kh nng truyn Khi nn theo phng php 40% th dung lng message cn li l: 0,6 Mb Khi nn theo pp 60% th dung lng message cn : 0,4 Mb thi gian truyn nh nhau th : 0,6/d +1 = 0,4/d +2 => d=0,2 Mbps
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C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 5 : Truyn ting ni :
Nu s truyn ting ni ch gii hn bng tn 4KHz ph hp vi bng thng trong ng in thoi. Khi i sang tn hiu s (PCM) bng thng yu cu truyn c vi dung lng ? Gii : Ph hp vi nh l ly mu vi fmax=4000Hz cn 4000*2=8000 ln ly mu trong 1 giy. Ta dng m PCM vi n=8 ta c c 256 gi tr biu din. Khi cc bit cn truyn s l : 8000*8bit=64Kbps
C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 6 : Mng ni b chia x kt ni Internet thng qua Proxy. RTT (hnh trnh quay vng) gia my tnh v Proxy l RTT1=10ms, RTT gia Proxy v Internet l RTT2=100ms. Cc my to ra 100 yu cu/giy, kch thc ca gi i vi tng yu cu l 100 Kb a> Tnh thi gian trung bnh ca 1 yu cu b> Tnh lng d liu ly v Internet trn 1 giy. Bi 7 : Message ban u c ni dung 11010101. Message c ng gi thnh khung, cho php sa 1 li v truyn i. Bn nhn nhn c khung 10001100101001. Hi c bao nhiu li trong qu trnh truyn. C sa c khng? Gii thch.
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C CH KIM SOT LI
Bi 8 : Trong cc h thng my vi tnh, mn hnh ca n biu din 40 dng v mi dng c 80 k t. Mi k t c m ho 8 bits. Nh vy ton mn hnh c 25.6Kbits d liu. truyn d liu qua ng 9.6Kbps cn 2.6 giy. Tuy nhin ch l trng hp c bit khi cn truyn ton b mn hnh. Nu nh d liu ch l mt phn mn hnh th tc bao nhiu? Bi 9 : Trn mn hnh c khong 1 triu im nh v mi im thng dng 3 bytes biu th (trong trng hp nh mu). iu c ngha l cn truyn 24Mbit. Dng ng ni 64Kbps th phi truyn trong 6 pht. Nu dng ng ni c tc 155Mbps th tn bao nhiu giy?
199

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Author: MAI Vn H

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA NNG

K THUT TRUYN S LIU

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Basic Data Communications Concepts

TERMINAL AND HOST COMPUTER

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PARITY AND BYTES

PARALLEL DATA TRANSMISSION

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SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION

ASYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION

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SYNCHRONOUS DATA TRANSMISSION

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

Hnh 1 : Mach truyen d lieu t A en B

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng:

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng:

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

1.2.2 Cac loai ma thong thng:

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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= Baudot = Int. Baudot = ASCII = EBCDIC =

BIT POSITION DIFFERENCES AMONG VARIOUS CHARACTER CODES

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TYPICAL DATA AND PARITY COMBINATIONS FOR VARIOUS CHARACTER CODES

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG

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SIMPLEX COMMUNICATIONS PATH

TNG QUAN V TRUYN THONG