HIU O PHT Phng Bi Ngun http://thuvienhoasen.org Chuyn sang ebook 8-7-2010 Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin namthien@gmail.

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VN PHNG PHP VN SIU HNH VN- T-DO -CH VN- GII THOT VN- LUN-HI VN- NHN-DUYN VN BN-NG KHI NIM V THIN HC

LI NI U o Pht c mt kho tng kinh-in phong ph hn ht thy cc tn gio trit hc khc. Ni mt i-Tng-Kinh gm gn mi ngn pho cng lm cho nhng hc-gi kin-ch nht phi lc u e ngi. Hung na cn bit bao nhiu sch v cn i trn th gii, trc tc, gii thch, bnh lun v gio l o Pht! Chng ti nh duyn may, c hc Pht t khi cn chm; n nay tuy ba mi my tui u ri m vn cn thy dt, v khng bit cn phi bi-li bao nhiu nm na trong ci bin Pht hc mnh mng kia. Chng ti no c dm vit sch dy ai v ci mn hc m chng ti t thy cn dt nt y. Ch v mt s bn hu qu yu p-ung m phi cho in tp ny y thi. Chng phi khoe mt m hiu bit cn ct m ch l khi ph lng bn -hu trng i. Nhng bi in trong tp ny, nu may mn lm cng ch gy c trong tm hn ngi c nhng nhn-thc khi-qut v Pht Hc, mt mn hc bao-la khng bn b. Chng ti vit nhng bi y trong nhng thi gian khc nhau; mt t bi c in trong cc tp-san Pht Hc trong nc. Nh vy, hnh nh tp sch khng c xp t mt cch nht-tr v c h thng. Tuy nhin, bn c vn c th, trong ni dung, tm thy s nht tr y ca c tp sch; bi v khi vit, chng ti thng ng trn phng-din nhn-thc-lun trnh by vn .

Vi s bc-bch trn y, chng ti tin-tng rng cc bc cao-minh s hoan h ch gio cho chng ti nhng ch nhm ln, v nu may mn tp sch ny c s n-tip n-cn ca ch-v, chng ti s xin nguyn gp li ch v trong nhng tp sch khc, vit v nn trit-hc v o-hc m chng ti c tm hiu v sng: o Pht. Vit ti Hu ngy 01 thng 10 nm 1958 PHNG BI NGUYN L CN BN CA O PHT NGUYN L CN BN CA O PHT Phn tinh-ba nht ca con ngi l t-tng. Con ngi c th t-ho rng mnh hn vn-vt ch bit suy-tng. "Ngi l mt cy sy bit suy tng", cu ni y va th nhn s yu ui ca con ngi trc v-tr m cng li va cao kh nng bt-dit ca con ngi trc v-tr. ng trc vn tng bao la, v nhn li bn-thn mnh, con ngi khtkhao c hiu bit. Hiu bit c tha mn, v hiu bit sng cho ng sng. Chnh khuynh-hng mun tm hiu y lm ny sinh ra trit hc. Nhn loi ngy nay hiu bit ti u? Trit hc vch ra c con ng tin ca con ngi cha? gii quyt c nhng ni thc mc ln lao ca con ngi v cuc sng, v v-tr v v bn thn ca con ngi cha? l nhng cu hi m chnh nhng con ngi c kh nng suy-tng nht cng phi ngm-ngi mi khi ngh n. Ngi ta bn-khon t hi tri-thc con ngi c kh-nng t n s thc hay khng. Nu khng th con ngi cn suy-tng lm chi. Th rng c - cc-cc m sng trong cuc i, bi v s suy-tng v vng y ch lm cho con ngi thm au kh. Nhng con ngi khng th khng suy-tng. Sng l suy-tng, v v th, d trit hc l mt mn hc khng-h, vin-vng, v-ch th trit-hc cng cn phi tn-ti mi mi; bi v khi con ngi cn suy-tng n nhng

vn- cn-bn ca kip ngi th trit-hc vn cn. Ba nghn nm lch-s ca trit-hc hnh nh ni vi ta nh th. Vo bui rng ng ca trit-hc, con ngi rt tin tng kh-nng trithc ca mnh. Nhng cng vi nhng trit-gia hoi-nghi, lng tin y mt dn, mt dn Cng i su vo s suy-tng, con ngi cng cm thy r rng ci bt-lc ca tri-thc nhn loi! Con ngi li cng bi-quan hn na khi thy bn cnh ci tri-thc yu ui v hn km y, cn c mt tm-hn nng-tru nhng c-vng en ti, xu- xa. Chnh nhng m ti, c-chp v ch-quan ny d phn vo vic che lp phn khch-quan ng qu m trithc cn phi y . Vi nhng vn ling ngho-nn nh vy m con ngi dm hy-vng c th tm ra chn-l. th li cn mun bay xa, rt xa trong ci siu hnh. Cng xa cng hay. Cn g n thc nghim! Thi "duy l" cng m bo ri! Vng vo thc-nghim lm sao m bay xa uc! V nh th, con ngi tha h t do kin to nhng gic mng siu hnh. Ni "nhng gic mng siu hnh" rt ng, v chnh nhng kin to duy-l ca con ngi v siu-hnh u do nhng ng lc rt ch quan ca con ngi sp t: phn l-tr nhiu lm lc v thnh-kin, phn tnh cm nhiu m-m, thin lch, cho nn gic mng ca ti khng phi l gic mng ca ngi, v loi ngi c n mun ngn gic mng c ai cng nhn ca ai l ng u. c Pht lc ng thi nhn thy ci v ch ca nhng gic mng siu hnh. Ngi khng mun cho cc -t Ngi m chm trong nhng suy tng siu-hnh, nhng vng-tng sai lm ca tri-thc v tnh cm ch quan. Vn trng i m Ngi t ra cho -t l phi tiu-dit ngay phn m-m thin lch nm trong tri-thc v tnh cm ca mi ngi ngha l phi tu-hnh t gii thot khi v minh trin- phc. Dit tr c phn m-vng l t n tt c. Cha dit tr c phn m vng th d c suytng ngn kip n cc vn- siu-hnh cng vn khng i n mt kt qu tt p no. Phng-php ca c Pht l phng-php thc hin, khng phi l phng-php suy-tng. o Pht l mt o sng ch khng phi l mn hc siu hnh. Mt hm c Pht cm trong tay mt nm l "sinsapa" v ni vi cc v t xut gia: "Cc ngi ngh sao? L trong tay ta nhiu hn hay l l trong rng ny nhiu hn?" "Bch c Th Tn, nhng ngn l Ngi cm trong

tay th t m l trong rng th qu nhiu" "Cng nh th , cc thy tkhu, nhng ci ta bit th rt nhiu, nhng nhng ci ta em ra dy cc thy th rt t. Ti sao ta khng em tt c ra dy cc thy? Bi v nhng ci y khng c li g cho cc thy c. Chng khng gip g cho s gii-thot cho nn ta khng em dy cc thy. Ta dy cc thy nhng g? Ta dy v s kh, nguyn-nhn ci kh, s dit kh v con ng i n dit kh. Nhng th y c ch li, v chng c th a cc thy n ch gii-thot" (Samyutta). Ta thy r rng o Pht l mt con ng v l mt con ng duy nht a n ch dit kh. o Pht ch l mt li sng, mt li thc-hnh, khng phi l mt thuyt-l v ch, mt "h-lun". Bi v o Pht nhn thy ci cn thit ca s dit-tr m-vng. c Pht ni: " Ny cc thy t kheo, ng ngh v vn rng th gii ny l hu hn hay v hn, hu cng hay v cng. D cho th gii ny l hu hn hay v hn, d cho n hu cng hay v cng th iu m chng ta phi nhn l hin-hu i ny, l nhng kh au: sinh, lo, bnh, t" (Anguttara). Vy o Pht ch trng dp b tt c cc l lun vng tng, cm tr-c phiu-lu vo trong nhng th gii suy-tng siu-hnh m o Pht quyt chc rng ch l nhng vng tng h-ngy v v ch. o Pht ko con ngi tr v vi thc- nghim. Thc-nghim ny l mt thc nghim bao-la rng ri. l s nhn thc ci "kh" i. "Kh" l mt chn l thc-nghim. Khng nhng ch sinh lo bnh t mi l kh. Cn bao nhiu ci kh khc, lt vt hn, nhng phin toi hn, v dy v con ngi thng xuyn hn. "Nhn thc ci kh" khng phi ch l xcnhn cm gic kh-th l thc hu. Nhn thc ci kh dukkha ngha l phi nhn chn mt cch r rt v su xa tnh cch v thng v ng chng i nhau ca vn-s, vn-vt. Rng ri hn, nhn thc ci kh tc l bit mnh sng au kh trong mt th-gii kh au vi mt nghip bo khng tt p. Tt c nhng gio-l Pht dy u hng v ch ch lm cho con ngi c -thc v ci kh, v nhn chn c ci kh theo nh ngha rng ri nh trn. Con ngi trc tin phi thc-nghim mt cch su xa v rng ri ci "kh" y, ci s thc V-Thng, V-Ng, Bt-Tnh v Mu-Thun y. C thc nghim nh th ri, con ngi mi t vn cn thit: tm nguyn do ca s kh v phng-php dit kh. K no ch c thc nng cn v ci kh th khng th tm n nguyn nhn ca ci kh c. Khi con ngi chng nghim mt cch y v su xa ci kh V Thng, V Ng, Bt Tnh v Mu Thun, con ngi s tm

n nguyn nhn ca ci kh mt cch d dng. c chn l th nht l Kh-, th c chn l th hai l Tp- , nguyn nhn s kh. c Pht bo rng nguyn nhn s kh l m-vng, c nghip, l i-nhim, v con ngi cng nhn thy nh th. Nguyn nhn ca s kh cng nh s kh, khng phi l mt kt qu do nhng suy tng siu hnh em li m l mt chn l c th thc-nghim. Ai cng c th thc nghim chn l y c. Kinh nghim sng dy cho con ngi chn l y. c Pht mun cho con ngi c thc r rt v chn l y. Gio in o Pht thuyt minh r rng v chn l y. Vy Kh- v Tp- l nhng iu thc-nghim rng ri v y dng lm nn tng cho phng php o Pht. ng trc nhng chn-l thc nghim y, con ngi c nhin phi nhn thy con ng ca mnh: gii thot dit kh. Nu nguyn-nhn ca au kh l dc vng th dit-tr dc-vng tc l dittr au kh. l mt iu qu gin-lc m khng ai khng thy. Cuc i l kh. V nguyn-nhn ca ci kh y l dc vng. Tiu dit c dcvng tc l tiu dit c cuc i au kh. Vy, theo o Pht, cuc i kh au, con ngi phi tiu dit cuc i kh au y tin n Nit-bn. ng vi la ln rng: nh th th o Pht l qu tiu cc, l ch trng ng sng, l ch trng xa lnh cuc i, l ch trng bin tt c thnh h-v. Dc vng l nguyn nhn ca s kh au, l gc ca sinh, lo, bnh, t v ngn mun kh-th khc. Nhng con ngi khng phi ch c dcvng m thi. Con ngi cn c nhng g thanh thot cao siu hn dcvng, nh lng t bi, nh tr tu Vy tiu dit dc-vng ch l tiu dit cuc i kh au; ni mt cch khc hn, l tiu dit phn kh au ca cuc i. Phn dc vng b tiu-dit, nhng cn phn tinh-ba cao khit s ra sao? Phn tinh-ba cao khit ny, khi dc vng tiu dit, c nhin s c thc hin ton vn. Khng l s thc hin ton vn ca phn ny li a n mt kt qu h v? Vy khi dc-vng tiu-dit, phn xu xa ca cuc i (v thng kh au v ng bt tnh) b tiu dit, nhng phn tt p ca cuc i (thng lc ng tnh) phi c thc hin ton vn, v con ngi, phn tinh ba cao khit c thc hin ton vn. Vy Nit-bn khng phi l h-v, m l s thc-hin ton vn ca nhng g cao khit nht, thanh tnh v nhimmu nht.

Sng trong cuc i v thng, v ng, bt tnh, kh au vi bao nhiu thng trm sinh t, m khng thy c v thng, v ng, bt tnh, kh au vi bao nhiu thng trm sinh t y: l Nit-bn. t n ch dit tr dc vng, con ngi c gii-thot, hon-ton t-do, khng cn b n-l cho mt th g na. Vn Gii-Thot ch l vn thay i nhn thc. Dc-vng tiu-dit, bi tr thc-hin, tc th nhn thc bini. V thng, kh au, v ng, bt tnh, trc nhn thc gii-thot, bin thnh Thng, Lc, Ng, Tnh. Sinh t trin phc l y. Nit-bn giithot cng y. V Nit-bn khng ri sinh t, "Nit-bn, sinh t th khng hoa". C mt xu ca cuc i l sinh t, th cng c mt p ca cuc i l Nit-bn. l chn l th ba. Nhng dit tr dc vng, t ti Nit-bn, con ngi cn phi c mt ng li, mt phng php. o Pht l ng li y, l phng php y. ng li dit-dc cn phi rt r rng, v phi khi u t b M, ngha l phi cho con ngi kh au c th t c nhng bc u tin, kh khn v ngng ngp. Php mn tuy nhiu v lng, song c bao hm trong my iu gin-lc thit yu: Tam hc v Bt chnh o. Tam-hc: gii, nh, tu. Ch ng ca nhng nghip qu xu xa, l cc hnh vi, ngn ng v -ngh m-vng. Cc "vng nghip" ny li cn gip sc cho dc-vng pht trin. Vy cng vic trc tin l phi nh ch chng li. "Gii" chnh l s nh ch y. Khng lm, khng ni v khng ngh nhng nghip nhn m vng tc l khng chu tun theo s sai s ca dcvng. l cng tc cch mng u tin. C thnh cng trong bc u khng c v bt phc tng ny, con ngi mi hy vng tin n giai-on tiu dit dc vng. Tr-gii tc l khng chu rt thm du trong ngn n dc-vng. Tuy th, ngn n vn chy mnh. Cho nn, con ngi phi dng thm nhng bin php tch cc lm yu dn sc chy kia v cui cng, tiu dit c ngn la n. Do cng nng tr-gii, ch cng lc cng mnh. Hnh-gi s thc-hnh php tp-trung t-tng, dng lc lng thin-nh ct xn dn nhng r dy chng-cht ca dc vng v tri qua nhiu cng phu, c th lay chuyn v x ng c ci r ca n.

Dc vng cng b tiu dit, tr tu cng thm tng trng. Tr-tu cng tngtrng th sc ph tr dc vng cng thm mnh lit. C th hnh-gi tin dn n ch tiu-dit hon ton nhng mm mng vi-t nht ca ci ngun au kh. "Nhn Gii sinh nh, nhn nh pht Tu" l cu ni tm tt ca tam-hc vy. Nhng cng phu tam-hc cn c thnh lp trn nhng kin thc chn chnh chnh kin (vue juste). Ngha l cn thu hiu v chng-nghim trit- bn s thc cn bn (gi l T ) c th trnh khi nhng nhn thc sai lm, nhng t kin tri chn l. Phi theo li Pht dy bit x dng php tp trung t tng v php thin-qun ng theo chnh-php chnh nh v chnh t duy (concentration juste et meditation juste). Ch tng nim nhng iu ng chnh php chnh nim (pense juste). Phi sing nng theo con ng chnh chnh tinh tin (effort juste). Phi c mt phng-tin sinh tn chn-chnh chnh mng (moyen dexistence juste). Phi hnh ng v ni nng ng theo chnh php chnh nghip v chnh ng (action juste et parole juste). l bt chnh o. Con ng tuy gay go nhng l con ng duy nht. Tt c cc h thng gio l phong ph ca o Pht ch c mt mc-ch duy nht l trnh by phng-php v ng li gii thot, ngoi ra khng h c nhm mc ch gii quyt nhng thc-mc siu-hnh. Ngi no nhn o Pht nh mt khoa hc siu-hnh chnh ngi khng hiu o Pht. VN LCH S Hin nay tt c cc tng phi Pht-hc, d l i tha, d l Tiu-tha, d l Bc-Tng hay d l Nam-Tng, u khng phi l Pht-gio nguyn-th. Tt c u tri qua nhiu bin-ha. Nhng bin-ha ny khng lm mt nhng tnh cht cn-bn ca o Pht, m cn khai thc n cng tn nhng tnh-cht y, thc-hin mt s pht-trin cn thit cho cc thi-i v cc a-phng. Nu o Pht ch l mt m gio iu c-nh th o Pht khng c av nh ngy nay trong vn-ha nhn-loi. o Pht l mt gio-l c nha sng mnh-lit, phong ph cho n ni tri qua my ngn nm, vn cn sc tip-tc pht-trin theo nhu cu ca cc quc-gia v cc thi-i. im c sc ca o Pht l khng phi mt gio-iu c-nh cng ci, nm cht cng trong khun kh. Pht-php l "bt nh php" phi ty thi gian khng gian uyn-chuyn thch nghi vi cn c ca chng sanh. C th

ni rng o Pht nguyn-th l mt "cy gio l", b bm, mnh khe, v sung sc. "Cy gio-l" y theo thi gian m trng thnh, ri by gi tr nn mt ci cy to ln, cnh l rm-r xanh tt. ng ai bt "cy gio l" y ng yn trng thi ban s ca n, khng cho n sinh trng. Bi v nu khng sinh-trng thm th n tn hoi v ngy nay khng c n. ng ny n sinh-trng mnh-lit, v n c mt sc sng mnh-lit. By gi y n to ln sum-x nhng n vn l cy giol. Bao nhiu h-thng gio-l bao nhiu tng-phi lu truyn trn th-gii hin nay u l pht xut t Pht-gio nguyn-th, ni mt cch khc hn, u l nhng pht-trin ca Pht-gio nguyn-th. Nhng h-thng gio-l ny c Pht gio nguyn-th, nhng ch c khai thc v truyn dng theo nhu cu ca thi i m thi. Nguyn-th hay cn-i Pht-gio vn l Pht-gio, ngha l vn c mcch gii-thot dit kh, vn tn trng s sng v chn-l, vn ch trng t-bi t-. "Cng nh nc bn bin ch c mt v: v mn, gio-l ca ta cng ch c mt v: v gii thot". T giam mnh trong khun kh ca giol Nam-Tng ri bo Pht-gio Bc-Tng khng phi nguyn-th, hay ng v mt gio-l i-tha m cho rng Tiu-tha l hp hi c chp, hai thi u thin-lch, khng xng ng. Phi nhn gio-l qua s nhu cu ca nhn-loi, ta mi thy c kh-nng bt-dit ca o Pht v lun , c tinh thn tch cc nhp th ca Pht-gio. Nn vn-hc Pht-gio minh-chng mt cch hng-hn cho s-thc y. D cho Pht-gio phng-nam c t ho gi c nhiu tnh cht nguyn-th, ta cng thy c s bin i trn np sng t-tng v t-chc. Chnh thi i mi, sinh hot mi to nn s bin i . Bc-phng, nhiu phong th khc nhau, nhiu np sng khc nhau, cho nn o Pht i n u cng u thch-nghi ha mnh vo s sng ca cc dn tc. Tinh thn tch-cc nhp th ca o Pht l mt trong nhng nguyn-nhn lm cho o Pht pht-trin mnh-lit. thi c Pht, con ngi qu au kh v v vy rt mong-mi gii thot cho c nhn mnh. Gio-l Pht-gio c nhin phi cung-phng cho nhu cu gii-thot y. Ngi ta ch lo tuyn-dng gio-l gii thot c-nhn, sng thng gio-l y, v hu nh khng cn n gio-l nhp-th tch-cc na. Cc kinh in i-tha hu nh b b qun, khng c ai nhc n.

Dn dn v sau, theo nhu cu ca thi-th, ngi ta mi n kinh in i tha, mi tuyn-dng gio-l i-tha. Cho nn nhng kinh-in itha xut-hin chm hn cc kinh-in tiu-tha. Gio-l i-tha m c Pht truyn dy ring ty cho nhng bc b-tt, nhng hng i cn c tinh thn nhp th, gio-l y mi v sau mi c ch n. Vy trong lc nghin-cu vn-hc Pht-gio, chng ta hy gt ra ngoi nhng c-chp c th thy r c tinh-thn v kh-nng ca ton-b gio-l o Pht. VN TRI HNH "Bit ri mi lm" th bao gi cng hn "khng bit m c lm". Nhng ch "bit" ny tt nhin khng phi ch cho mt m kin-thc lng-lo c tnh cch l-thuyt. Tc ng ta c cu "Trm hay khng bng tay quen" tht c th l mt cu gii-thch v ngha Tri Hnh rt thn diu. "Trm hay" chnh l ci bit thun l-thuyt. "Tay quen" l ci bit do kinh-nghim. Ci bit thun l-thuyt khng th dn-o cho thc-hnh mt cch sng-sut v c hiu-qu bng ci bit ca kinh nghim. Ngi ta ai cng thng hay ni "Bit ri mi lm", nhng t ngi nhn thy r rng ci Bit i trc ci Lm y phi l ci bit ca kinh-nghim. Do pht sinh ra cuc tranh bin "Tri nan hnh d" v "Tri d hnh nan", v ngi ta ci nhau khng ngng. Gi h chu kh ngng li nh-ngha hai ch Tri v Hnh th c l h s ng vi nhau m khng cn tranh lun na. Ti mun v t trng rau ci. Nhng ti cha "bit" trng th no, nn ti phi tm hc "bit". Ti c sch v ngh trng trt. Ti i thm cc vn rau ci cc nh lng ging. Ti hi thm cch thc v ti c nhn cc nh trng rau ci chuyn-mn, khi h lm vic. V cui cng ti thu-thp mt m kin-thc. Ti cho m kin thc y l ci "bit" cn thit c th lm nn-tng cho ci ngh trng rau ci hnh ca ti. Ng rng mnh s bn c tng lot rau ci gi hng my chc ngn ng mt ln nh cc nh trng ta chuyn-mn, nhng ai ng ti tht bi. C nhiu lm-li ti mc phi. C nhiu phng-chc hay ti khng p dng. C nhiu cng vic ti t lm theo s suy-on "duy-l" ca ti, thnh th, ti bit ci kin-thc m ti hin thu-thp c chng qua ch l

"mt m hiu bit lng lo c tnh cch l thuyt", khng cho ti thnh cng. Ln th hai c tng i thnh cng hn ln trc. Bi v gia thm vo m hiu bit lng-lo trn kia, ti c mt t hiu bit bng kinh nghim m ti va t c trong ln thc hnh va qua. Nhng trong ln thc hnh ny, ti li cng thu thp c nhiu kinh nghim na. Th l ci bit ca ti cng lc cng t; cng i su vo thc hnh th n cng c tnh cch thc-nghim m xa dn tnh cch thun l-thuyt. V ci bit cng lc cng rng cng t, nn phn thc-hnh cng ngy cng c hiu qu, cng thm pht trin. Nh th th ti cng lm th cng bit, m cng bit th cng lm c nhiu, ri cng lm c nhiu th li cng bit thm c rng C nh th mi, tri dn li cho hnh, hnh b tc cho tri, cui cng tri v hnh ng i n cu cnh mt lc. By gi y ti c th l mt nh trng ta chuyn mn, chng cn bn tm n chuyn "tri, hnh" rc ri na. Ti t n k-thut ti cao ca s trng ta. V nu ti c vit sch, c ging dy cho bn th ri bn cng ch c th thu lm nh ti trc kia nhng "m hiu bit lng lo c tnh cch l thuyt" m thi. By gi th n phin bn, v bn li phi bt u bc ln con ng thc nghim "tri, hnh". Nhng ci bit m ta hc c trong kinh in cng ch l "nhng m hiu bit lng lo c tnh cch l thuyt". Ta ch mi nghe ni n nhng chn-l "v thng, kh, v ng, bt tnh" m thi ch ta c "thc nghim" nhng chn l y u. Phi gng thc nghim. "Hiu o" khng phi ch l nghin cu kinh in. Hiu o l phi tri qua mt qu trnh "hc o thy o tu o chng o". Chng, tc l ci bit thc nghim, vt ra ngoi nhng l-lun v ch. Nu quay li chuyn lm vn th ta c th gi qu trnh y l "hc cch lm vn thy cch lm vn thc hnh vic lm vn t n ngh thut ti cao ca s lm vn". M mun "t n" chng th ta phi tri qua bao nhiu "tri, hnh" lin tip. Cho nn, "nhng m hiu bit lng lo c tnh cch l thuyt" rt cn cho lc ban u. l "khn gi" ln ng. l khi im. Min ta ng cho l ci Bit cu-cnh th thi. Theo phng php m thc hin cng cuc thc-nghim tm-linh, dit m-vng v khi pht Tr-Tu Vin-Mn.

Tr-Tu Vin-Mn y gi l Bt-Nh (Prajn). Chnh l ci Bit thcnghim cao tt ca k chng ng, rt khc vi ci Bit ca nhng k mi khn gi ln ng. Kinh in ca o Pht phn nhiu u nhm mc ch cung cp cho con ngi nhng th t-lng cn thit cho cuc thc-nghim v v th u cha ng nhng s ch bo cn-k cng phu. Th ly cun kinh Lng-Nghim phn-tch, ta s thy ton-b phn chia ra hai phn nh sau y: Phn th nht: CHN-L-LUN (t quyn 1 n quyn 4). Phn ny c mc-ch thuyt-minh chn-l, ch-by nhn-thc gii-thot cho mi ngi. Li chia lm hai phn: Phn I xt v th-tnh ca vn php (t quyn 1 n quyn 3) v phn II xt v tng trng ca vn php (quyn 4). Phn th hai: PHNG-PHP-LUN (t quyn 5 n quyn 8). Phn ny c mc ch ch by phng php thc-nghim chn-l trnh by phn trn. Li chia ra lm bn phn: Phn I: ni v s pht tm. Phn II: thut li lch-trnh tu chng. Phn III: ni v cch thc-hnh. Phn IV: ni v s phng v i tr nhng tr lc tai hon. Vi mt t chc ni-dung nh th, kinh Lng-Nghim ng c xem nh l mt cun sch ch-o cho thc-nghim. Khng nhng ch c mt cun kinh Lng-Nghim mi l sch ch-o thc-nghim m cc kinh khc cng u t-chc gn ging nh vy. Phn u thng l phn ch-by chn-l v phn sau l phn ch-by phng-php thc-nghim chn-l y. Ngi hc Pht u tin phi tm-hiu nhng iu c trnh-by trong cc gio in ca Pht, v kinh in l phng tin gii by chn-l chng ng v phng php thc-nghim th-hin chn-l y. Mc ch ca ngi hc Pht l: 1) Dit tr dc-vng, nguyn nhn ca kh au. 2) t n tr-tu chng-nghim chn-l.

Nhng k thc, hai mc ch y ch l mt . Bi v dit tr dc-vng tc chnh l t n Tr-Tu. S d Tr-Tu khng pht hin v ta khng chng nghim c chn-l l v dc vng che lp Tm ta. M dc-vng tc l v minh. Cng dit dc-vng, Tr-Tu cng khai m v khi dc-vng tiu dit th Tr-Tu Vin-Mn s c thc hin. Nh ta c bit, phng php dit tr dc-vng v khai m Tr-Tu chnh l Tam-Hc: Gii, nh, Tu. Gii v nh l Hnh, Tu l Tri. Gii nh cng vng, Tu cng pht hin. Tu cng pht hin th Gii nh li cng c tng cng, cng c cng c, v c th, hnh gi tin n giai on cht ca cuc "tri, hnh", dit c m vng, chng c chnh-gic. Ci Tri m o Pht hng n l ci Chnh Bin Tri s hiu bit chnchnh cng khp bao qut tt c nhng ci "hc nhi tri, sinh nhi tri, khn nhi tri" ca con ngi. n c ci Tri y th chng cn g m phi Hnh na. Ci Hnh ca o Pht hng n l ci Hnh vin mn ca s T Gic Gic Tha, mt khi i n cu-cnh ri th cng vi Tri l mt. Nhng ai mun t n ch cu-cnh ca Tri Hnh hy tm hc o Pht, ri bt tay vo cng cuc thc-nghim. VN THC CHNG Tt c cc gio-l ca o Pht u c xy dng trn nn-tng thc-chng ca c Pht, ca cc v b-tt v ca bc tng-gi tu-hnh c-o. Ttng Pht- gio v th u c th-nghim ha. o Pht m ly-khai vi s thc-chng th cng nh C-c-gio ly khai vi s cu nguyn. Bi v, nu ly khai vi s cu nguyn, C-c gio s mt ht sinh kh, v o Pht nu ly khai vi s thc-chng th s khng cn g na. Chn l m c Pht chng-ng c gi l gio l bn cht. Nhng li l, nhng lun-l m Ngi dng din-t chn-l y c gi l gio l nhtng. khng phi l bn-thn ca chn-l m ch l nhng -n dng th-nghim chn-l. Gio-l ca Cu-x-Tng, Thnh-Tht-Tng, Php-Tng-Tng, ThinThai-Tng hay Hoa-Nghim-Tng cng u l nhng kt-qu ca s thc-chng bng Thin-nh. Ty theo s chng-ng cao thp v ty theo nhu cu ca cn c v ca thi-i, s din-gii gio-l c sai khc nhau. Mi gio-l trnh-by mt kha-cnh ca chn-l, mt nh-tng ca chn-

l. S kin lp ca bt c mt h-thng gio-l no trong Pht-gio cng u ly nn-tng thin-qun. H-thng gio-l y nu sau ny c mang nng tnh cch l-lun hnh-thc, th cng l v hu-th khng lo thcchng m ch lo l-lun sung. Bin Pht-gio thnh mt mn hc nghin-cu bng l-lun hnh-thc, l mt cng vic m ngi i nay a lm, v cng l bng c chng t s suy-trm cu o Pht. o Pht khng ch trng lun-l sung: o Pht i hi s thc chng. Nu cc v t xa khng tu tp t-thin v t-v-sc-nh, th ngy nay ta khng c gio-l Cu-x. Nu khng c s thc-hin ng-trng duy-thcqun, ngy nay ta s khng c gio-l Duy-Thc. Nu cc Ngi khng thc hin php-mn thc-tu nh- v khng-qun ngy nay ta cng s khng c gio-l Tam-Lun Nhng vi nhng gio-l y, nhng n i tm chn-l m cc ngi li y, chng ta ch em ra tho-lun m khng chu thc-hnh, sinh-kh ca o-php lm sao m pht hin c? Trong phng php th-nghim ca o Pht, ta thy c hai phn: ch v qun. Ch l tc-dng iu-tr cm gic, ch ng biu tng, x b tt c nhng vng-nim v tp-nim. l phn tiu-cc. Cn qun, phn tchcc, l tc-dng kho-st nhng cng-n thin-nh, cn c trn lc lng tp trung ca tm-. Ch v qun c thc-hin mt cch qun-bnh v thng-tin s a hnh gi n s th nghim chn-l. Cng-nng ca ch l ngn nga s tn lon dao ng ca tinh thn, to cho ngi hnh-gi mt cm gic an lc, t ch, gii phng, nhng yu-t tothnh thin-duyt (khoi cm trong thin nh). Cng nng ca qun l ng-nht-ha kh-nng tm- v ni dung ca quan-nim, tiu tr s khubit ch-th v i-tng ch quan v khch quan v lm pht sinh s trcnhn chn-l (hin-lng-tr). y nhng cng-n gio-l c vai tr m li, gip cho trc-gic thin-qun. V th, l-lun gio-l d c tinh nhu bao nhiu, l tng gio-l d c cao xa bao nhiu, bt qu cng ch dng li phm-vi tri-thc v ch c th l mt th -n m thi. Hnh-gi phi cn c vo -n y, dng -n y lm nn tng cho phng-php ch-qun ca mnh. Nu gio-l khng c hc hiu v p dng nh th th d c cha tm vn bn ngn php mn, cng ch l bnh v m thi vy. c Pht, sau khi chng ng chn-l, lin ch by cho cc -t xut-gia nhng ti-liu v phng-php thc chng chn-l; nhng gio-l y ph

hp vi kh-nng v trnh- ca h. Ta khng th nhn qua cc ti-liu v phng-php y on nh ni-dung thc-chng ca c Pht, bi v nidung thc-chng y ch nm trong s th-nghim bn-thn ca Ngi. Ni dung y ch c biu-din-ha mt phn no ni gio-l. Cc php T-qun, Thp-nh-nhn-duyn qun, T-nim-x-qun, T-v-lng-qun u l nhng hnh-thc gio-l c pht-biu trong mt thi i, vi mt cn c. Sau ny, cc v b-tt v cc bc cao tng chng ng cng ty thi, ty c m tip tc biu-din-ha v gio-l-ha ni-dung s thc-chng y. Do cng trnh khng ngng y ca cc bc chng ng, m Pht-gio dn dn c phn-ha v tr thnh phong-ph thm v phng din gio-l. Tuy vy, t xa ti nay, gio-l Pht-gio vn c nhn thc nh "nhng ngn tay ch mt trng", nhng phng tin ch by chn l. Gio l khng th l chn-l, v gio-l ch l ng-ngn, vn-t, l-lun, trong khi chn-l l trc-qun, thot-ly suy l v t l. Chn-l c th c biu-din-ha bng trm ngn phng-thc v c gio-l-ha trn nhng c-s l lun ph hp vi s t-duy ca tr-c con ngi. Cc h-thng gio-l c thnh lp sau ny chnh l kt qu ca s khai-trin khng ngng ca Pht-gio thc hin s kh-hp vi cn-c v vi thi i. Gio-l chn-khng ca Trung-Qun-Lun chng hn l phng thc biu-din-ha chn l ng trn lp trng bin-chng-lun. Gio-l duy-thc ca Php-Tng-Tng l s biu-din-ha chn-l ng trn lp trng nhn-thc-lun. Gio-l "chn-nh" ca Khi-Tn-Lun l s biu-din-ha chn-l ng v mt bn-th-lun Tt c u l kt-qu ca s thc-chng. Nghin cu cc gio-l y l gip thm cho mnh nhng kin-vn cn thit cho s tu-tp, ch khng phi "thy" c ngay chn-l. Kt lun: Gio-l Pht-gio s d c gi-tr v l kt qu ca thc-chng. Trong hai ngn ri nm lch s, gio-l c phong-ph thm nhiu chnh l do s thc tu, thc-chng ca cc bc tin bi. Sinh-kh cu o Pht c nui dng t thi i n thi i, qua s truyn-tr v tuchng ca cc bc xut gia tnh-hnh. Ngy nay, nhng bc c thc-chng hnh nh him-hoi, sinh-kh ca o-Php v vy khng cn linh-hot nh trc. Nghin-cu gio-l Pht-gio l vic m ngi thi-i chng ta thch lm. Nhng nghin-cu m lm chi, nu chng ta ch bng lng vi nhng chic bnh v? C gng c thc-tu v thc-chng, mi thc l thi dy mt ngun sinh-lc mi cho o Pht vy.

VN PHNG PHP Duy l tm-l-hc hay l siu-hnh tm-l-hc (psychologie rationnelle ou psychologie mtaphysique) cn-c trn nhng hin-tng tm-l m -thc v gic quan nhn bit c xc-nh bn-tnh ca tm-thc; do s xcnh y, tin n s suy-lun ra nguyn-nhn v cu-cnh ca n. Da trn nguyn tc thun-l, nhng xc-nh, nhng su-tm y khng th dng thc nghim kim-im c. Pht-hc ch trng rng l-tr v gicquan khng c c mt gi-tr hiu-bit tuyt-i, v nhng suy-lun cnc trn tr-c cn nng-n v-minh vng-tng rt d b sai-lc. Khoa-hc hin-thi chng-minh iu . Tm-l-hc thc-nghim cng nghin-cu nhng hin-tng tm-l v xcnh nhng nguyn-do v nhng nh-lut pht sinh, tn-ti, v tiu-dit ca cc hin- tng y; tt c nhng xc nh y u c kim-im bng thcnghim tm-l-hc thc-nghim theo phng-php khoa-hc tm-hiu v gii-thch cc sinh-hot tm- l mt cch chc-chn v tm nhng nh-lut tng-qut nhng xc-thc v cc hin- tng y, ch khng tm-hiu c bn-cht v nguyn-do cu cnh ca tm-hn. Nhng tm hiu qu c gitr, song con ng cn xa-xi, nhng ci tm-ti v pht-minh ra c cha c bao nhiu; hn na khoa-hc cha phi hon-ton l mt kh-c kim-im c chn-l v tri-thc ca con ngi v nng tru dc-vng v thnh-kin, ang th nhn mt cch r-rt s non-nt thiu-km ca mnh. Pht-hc phn-bit ba kh-nng nhn-thc: hin-lng, t-lng v thnhgio-lng. Hin lng l s nhn thc bng trc-gic, ci bit khng cn suy-lun. Hin-lng c hai th: bit bng trc-gic, m ng th gi l chn hinlng; bit bng trc-gic m sai th gi l t hin-lng. T lng l s nhn-thc cn-c trn suy-lun. Nhng t lng cng c hai th: bit ng do s suy-lun ng th gi l chn t lng, bit sai do s suy-lun sai lm th gi l t t-lng. Thnh-Gio-Lng l nhn thc ca cc bc gic-ng, nhng ci bit ca tr-tu v-ngi, ca tr chn-hin-lng. Cc bc gic-ng y chng-nhp chn-l bng chn hin-lng, trc nhn s thc khng cn suy-lun, v thun theo li suy-lun t-lng ca chng sinh m phng-tin ch-by chn-l y li cho chng sinh. Tr-c v-minh ca chng-sinh khng nhn thu c chn-l y, chng-sinh ch c th nghe li li ca Thnh-nhn v

do nhng thc-nghim ca mnh t dn dn tin n trong s tu-tp chng-nghim chn-l. V th Pht-hc khng ging vi duy-l tm-l-hc. Pht-hc khng phi cn c trn tr t-lng suy-on c-c ca chng-sinh m li cn-c trn li dy ca cc bc gic-ng. Ngi ta ni Pht-gio c tnh-cch tn gio l im y. Song Pht-gio khng bao gi bt buc ai tin-tng theo mnh mt cch mqung, nn trong s nghin-cu, vn c y tinh-thn thc-nghim ca khoa-hc. Tin hay khng tin quyn mnh. K hc-gi ng thi phi l hnh-gi, (ging ht nh khoa-hc phi lun lun tin bc trn s nghincu v thu-t) dn dn chng-nghim chn-l ca Thnh-gio-lng, thy r nhng ci m lu nay tr-c m-m ca mnh khng th thy. Mun hiu th phi t mnh chng-nghim ly. Ai ung nc ch mt mnh k y bit nng nhiu nng t, khng m t ci cm-gic nng y cho ngi khng ung bit mt cch trc tip c. Chn-l ca cc bc gic-ng (nh Pht) dy li, tin hay khng tin l ty ta. Nhng ta cng tr nng thy rng nhng li Thnh-gio cha tng sai bao gi; do tr nng nhn-xt y ta c th tin ngay s Gic-Ng ca c Pht. Bit bao nhiu iu ca Pht dy c khoa-hc v thc-nghim chng minh, nhng ci y cng cho chng ta t tin-tng trn tr gicng vin-mn cu Ngi. Ta li phi theo li Pht dy t chng-nghim ly chn-l, t mnh chng nghim ly ch khng th nh v ai c. Pht-hc c tnh-cch thc-nghim, nhng li khc vi thc-nghim tm-lhc ch Pht-hc thuyt-minh c chn-l cu-cnh m tm-l-hc thcnghim th ang m-mm trn mt con ng xa lc xa l. Kh hn na l nhng ci m tm-l- hc gi l thc-nghim vn cha chc l ng, v l li-kh ca thc-nghim l khoa-hc vn cha c th gi l c gi tr tuyt i. o Pht ch-trng rng l chn-l tuyt-i th khng th dng ng ngn, vn t ph din c. Chn-l l mt ci g v bin, v cng, khng c gii hn; tr c, vn t, ng ngn l nhng g c bin gii c hn lng; em ci c bin gii m so vi ci v cng em ci hu hn m ng trong ci v hn l mt vic khng th no thc hin. Chn l trong sch v khng phi l chn-l: vn-t danh-ngn ch l bng dng i hnh ca chn l m thi. Bng dng cn khng phi l chn-l, hung h l bng

dng i hnh! c Pht thuyt php trong 45 nm v Ngi ni: "Trong 45 nm, ta cha h ni c mt ting". Cu ni y chng t rng chn l khng th din t c bng ngn ng, vn t. Kinh Kim-Cang dy rng "chng ng m ni c rng chng ng th khng phi l chng ng thc". Pht li dy: "Y theo kinh in gii ngha th oan cho tam th ch Pht, nhng la kinh ra mt ch th li ng vi ma-thuyt". Kinh in, li dy ca bc Gic ng khng phi l chn l m ch l phng-tin ch by chn-l, ni l chn l th oan cho tam th ch Pht. Nhng thm hi thay, nu bo khng phi l chn l m b nhng phng tin ch by chn l (tc l kinh in) i th chng cn g na, m ch cn l t-thuyt ca Ma-vng. Pht li dy: "Chn l nh mt trng, gio l ta dy nh ngn tay ch mt trng cho cc ngi thy. ng chp lm ngn tay ta l mt trng" (Nht thit Tu-a-La gio nh tiu nguyt ch). Thm thy bao nhiu m cng y bao nhiu, ci v d y ca c Pht! Ci mi v ca mt mi "su ring", hnh dng ca nhng con vi trng thy trong knh hin vi, nhng ci khng phi l kh hiu lm y m chng ta cng khng th din t cho ngi khc nhn bit c mt cch trc tip, hung h l chn l m ch c tr gic ng xa li c m lm mi c th thn chng! Bi vy, "nghin cu hiu c chn-l" l mt ci mng khng th thc hin. Nghin cu t mnh thc hnh theo, nng vo y m chng nhp chn l, y mi l cng vic ca ngi hc Pht. Cho nn mc-ch ca Pht-Hc khng phi ch l tha-mn tr tm ti ca th-nhn, m lm phng-tin ch by chn l, v t n, n khng phi l chn-l thc th; l do l n c biu l bng ngn ng vn t v cn c trn tr t-lng ca chng-sinh. Tt c nhng g c biu l bng li ni u l nhng phng-tin m phng-tin khng phi l chn l, khng phi l chn l tc l sai-lm. Chn l l ci g? Chn-l u? Chn-l l chn-l, vt ra ngoi ng ngn v vn t. Mu thun bao gi cng biu hiu cho mt s sai lm d t d nhiu. Pht-hc ch trng rng trong tt c nhng quan-nim u cha sn mu thun v nhng chn l no c th din gii c u l nhng chn l tng-i, cng nh o c Kinh ch trng "o kh o phi thng o". Mu thun dn dt n s ph nhn quan-nim v chn l v em ta n mt tng chn l cao hn, song vn trong vng tng-i. l chn l tng-i th vn bao hm mu thun, ri c s ph nh chn l y, v do d, a s hiu bit tin dn ln. V th Pht-hc l mt bin-

chng-php rt hon-ton. Bin chng php duy-vt cn c khuyt-im: ngi ta c th cho n l sai lm v t n vn c cha ng mu thun. Pht hc v vy li rt khc vi cc hc thuyt siu hnh vin vng. Nh ta bit, li dy ca c Gic-ng tuy khng phi l chn l nhng qu gi v chng v n l phng-tin ch by chn-l. N khng phi l chn l v n c biu l bng ng ngn vn-t l mt phng-tin thit lp theo tr suy lng ca chng-sinh; song la n ra, ta khng th vn vo u chng nhp chn l na. Bi th hc hiu, thy, ng chp chn l l ci c th do ng ngn vn t biu l c, nng theo phng tin m i vo cu cnh. Trong khi tm hc ta c quyn nghi, v nghi, l mt li kh cho s gic-ng v c nghi mi c ng. ng m qung chp theo vn t, phi dng tr c, phi dng cng phu thc hnh qun chiu chn l, c gic-ng. Phng php ca Pht-Hc khc vi cc phng php ca tm-l-hc Ty phng ch y. Ct nht l ng c chp v chnh s c chp che mt chn l, m ph c c chp th ng thi cng ph tr c nhng tham vng m m che lp tr trc gic. Hai ngi bn ng chi, mt ngi bn ng quay mt v hng Nam, mt ngi quay v hng Bc. Ngi quay mt v hng Nam thy con chim Phng Hong bay qua, lin bo bn: "Ny, anh quay li xem con chim Phng-Hong". Nhng va ni xong chim bay mt. Th l ngi bn kia c mt mc i bit cho c chim Phng-Hong l chim g, hnh th nh th no, lng cnh ra th no. Ngi ny khng bit lm sao: m t th no cng khng gi c trong tr c bn mt con chim phng-hong, v d c gi c cng l gi nn mt hnh nh khc, nhiu khi phn li c hnh nh chnh na. Cui cng anh ta phi v mt con chim phng-hong tht ging (th c cho tht ging i) v tung n ln tri. Anh bn kia c th chp cht l con chim phng-hong tht v ngh: "Phng-hong l con chim giy y, chim giy y l phng-hong, chim giy v phng hong l mt" Cht cha! Sao li l mt c? Con chim giy khng phi l phng-hong m ch l mt phng-tin ch phng-hong thi. Nu n l phng-hong thc sao n khng bay? Chp n l phng-hong, ci kin chp y nguy him bit bao nhiu, i no c th bit c phng-hong thc? Nu anh bn b c chp i, v do chim giy m bit c rng: "Con phnghong va bay qua cng ging th, nhng n l mt con khc, mt con chim bay c, ht c v bay qua mt ri. Ta hiu, cn con chim ny ch l con chim giy, mt phng-tin ch by cho ta hiu y thi". Thy c nh vy mi tht l khng c chp. Hc Pht cng ging nh th, c iu l ta s thy c chnh chn l bng trc gic ch khng phi ch thy

c chn l bng tr suy-lng, nh anh chng kia chng c thy bng mt con chim phng-hong, m ch thy c bng -thc suy-c, cn c trn "mt thy" v trn con "chim giy". VN SIU HNH Bt c mt c-nhn no hay mt dn-tc no, d sinh-hot cn d-man v c-l n my i na, cng c trong u c mt v-tr quan. C-nhn y hoc dn-tc y rt c th khng -thc rng mnh c mt v-tr quan, nhng v-tr quan y vn m thm iu-khin cuc i ca mnh v quynh mt phn rt ln nhng hnh-ng, -tng v ngn-ng m mnh tng rng khi xc-s mnh mi quyt nh c. Bi v con ngi lun lun mun hnh-ng theo ci hiu ca mnh, d ci hiu nm phm-vi thc hay l nm trong phm-vi tim-thc. Mt lli sng, ni mt cch khc hn, mt quan-nim nhn-sinh bao gi cng thnh-lp trn mt quan-nim v v-tr. Nhn-s-gii du sao cng vn l mt b-phn ca t-nhin-gii, v s vn-hnh ca nhn-s-gii nu mun c kt-qa tt-p, phi c nhp-nhng theo ci ho-iu i-ng ca tnhin-gii. Lo-t sm bit c iu quan-trng khi ng ni: "Khng bit ci ha-iu i ng ca v-tr vn-hnh theo, c t- mnh m vng tc, th th no cng s gp phi tai-ha" ( Bt tri thng, vng tc, hung!) (o-c kinh). Nu v v-tr, ngi c mt quan-nim duy-vt, ngi s hnh-ng nh th ny; ng y c quan-nim duy-thn, ng y s hnh-ng nh th kia; v nu ti c mt quan nim khc hn, ti li s hnh-ng theo mt th khc na. Nhn-thc nu khng ng nhau, th hnh-ng cng s khng ng nhau. C mt v-tr-quan tc l c mt tn-ngng, khng hn khng km. Ch c nhng v-tr-quan ring cho mi dn-tc, mi c-nhn, m khng c mt v-tr-quan chung cho tt c nhn-loi. Ty theo kh-nng nhn-thc, ta chp thun mt v-tr-quan sn c hoc ta kin-to mt vtr-quan khc mi hn. Cng nh ty theo bn-cht con ngi, chng ta chp-nhn mt tn-ngng tn-gio hoc xy-dng mt tn-ngng mi. Vy th cn g phi tin vo mt ng thn linh mi l c tn-ngng? Ch cn c mt v-tr-quan tc c tn-ngng ri. V nh th, chnh nhng con ngi duy-vt cng c mt tn-ngng: tn-ngng y l mt v-trquan duy-vt m h cng c th nng-nhit sng-bi nh nhng k cungtn khc.

C mt quan-nim v v-tr tc l c li gii-p mt t nhng vn- siu-hnh, hoc t ra, cng tin-tng theo nhng gii-p sn c. M ni n siu-hnh tc l ni n phm-vi siu thc-nghim . y ch c th c nhng gi-thuyt m thc-nghim khng th kim-im. Nu ta chp-nhn mt gi-thuyt no , bng -thc v bng tim-thc, tc l ta c mt tnngng v v-tr, ta c mt v-tr-quan. Ri da trn tn-ngng y, ta hnh ng. V-d: mt trit-phi n- cho rng tt-c th-gii nhn-loi v-tr m ta thy y u l nm trong gic mng ca Brahma: Brahma bun, ngi mun gii-tr, ngi nm mng. Trong gic mng ca ngi, hin ra th-gii, nhnloi, cm-th Bao gi ngi tnh mng, th tt c nhng th y u tan bin. Nu ti tin theo "v-tr-quan" ny, th ti c s ngi i gi Brahma tnh mng cho khe thn. Nhng nu ti tin rng th-gii ny l do mt ng Thng- to-lp, rng con ngi s c cu-chuc mt khi bit tin tng Thng-, ti s hnhng khc hn, by gi ti s trao ht bao nhiu hy-vng ca ti vo ng thng- y v tuyt-i vng theo li ngi. Hoc gi nu ti tin rng khng c mt lc-lng thn minh no c, th-gii ch l mt thc-ti vt-cht, linh-hn con ngi cng ch l mt thuc-tnh ca vt-cht v sau khi cht, tuyt-i khng cn g na ht, ti s chng tin g n lut nghip-qu bo-ng v ti s d-dng phm vo mun ngn ti c. Th cho nn mt quan-nim ng-n v v-tr rt cn-thit cho cuc sng nhn-loi. C mt v-tr-quan gn vi chn-l bao nhiu, con ngi s n gn c hnh-phc by nhiu. V-tr-quan cng sai-lc, th nhn-sinh-quan cng sai lc, v con ngi cng b au-kh. Nhng lm sao bit c rng quan-nim ny gn chn-l v quan-nim kia xa chn-l? Trm ngn quan-nim khc nhau, trm ngn tn-ngng khc nhau. Ngi no cng mun rng quan-nim ca mnh l chn-l, nhng rt cuc, khng c quan-nim no c ton-th chp-thun c, v tt c cc quan-nim u ch l nhng gii-p siu-hnh, vt ngoi phm-vi thc nghim. Bi th nn c ngi mun qut sch trong c mnh nhng li gii-p siu-hnh, khng mun chp nhn mt v-tr-quan no c. H khng mun

bt u bng mt v-tr-quan, h mun bt u bng cuc sng thcnghim, tm hiu ngay t cuc sng thc-nghim. l nhng nh o hc. H khng mun tr-c phiu-lu trong nhng th-gii siu-hnh. H tr v vi thc-ti, sng vi thc-ti, nhn-xt thc-ti. Thc-ti gn nht l bn thn h v s sng xung-quanh h. H vn-dng lc-lng tm-linh v khm-ph ra nhng s thc m h chng-nghim c mt cch minh bch: thn bt tnh, th th kh, tm v thng, php v ng H tm thy bn thn h v cuc i h l mt dng tm-l vt-l lin-tc, thc y bi mt lc-lng nghip-bo. H c-gng tn dit nhng cnghip v nui dng nhng thin-nghip bin dng i kh-au thnh dng i an-lc. V khi v-minh tr-dit, tr-tu khai m, h t n chnl, thu hiu mi l huyn-diu ca vn-php, thy c v d c vo s vn-hnh ca v-tr. H dy li cho nhng k cha "gic-ng" nhng ng li vn-hnh y nhng ngi ny c th hnh-ng hp vi ha iu i ng ca th-gii v-tr v i n a-v t-o nh h. Theo nhng li ch dn y, mi ngi cng c th c mt quan-nim v vtr. H tin theo nhng nh-lut nghip-bo, lun-hi, nhn-qa v thchnh theo xy-dng mt cuc nhn-sinh hp-l, t kh au, nhiu anlc. H hnh-ng theo chn-l v h khng s rng h s "vng-tc" phi i n nhng hu-qu kh-au na. H c mt v-tr-quan, mt tn-ngng; v nh th l h may-mn c tha-hng s khm-ph ca nhng ngi t o. V-tr-quan y (hoc tn-ngng y) l c xe a h i v chn-l, h s v n ch mt cch t kh nhc hn. Cn nhng nh o hc lm cng-vic khm-ph trn kia th khng cn da vo mt tn-ngng no c, mt v-tr-quan no c. H bt-u bng cuc sng thc-ti. Chng cn phi mang mt tn-ngng no ht, chng cn chp nhn trc mt quan-nim siu-hnh no ht, h vn c th i n chn-l, thnh-tu o-qu. V nh th, trong o Pht nhng vn- siu-hnh khng l vn- h-trng i vi nhng ai ang c thc-hin cuc thc-nghim tm-linh. i vi cc v t-kheo hay t nhng thc-mc siu-hnh, c Pht thng qu-pht l v l . Ngi dy rng iu h-trng nht l phi t tinh-tin ln c gii-thot gic-ng. ng ph th gi v tm-lc vo nhng vn- siu-hnh " Ny cc t-kheo, cc thy ng thc-mc v vn- th-gii ny l hu-

hn hay v-hn, hu cng hay v-cng. D th-gii ny l hu-hn hay vhn, l hu-cng hay v-cng, th iu m chng ta phi nhn l thc c gia i ny, vn l nhng kh au sinh lo bnh t" Nh th c Pht ko ch -t tr v thc ti gii-quyt vn- quan-yu nht l vn- gii-thot dit kh. S thc "au-kh" hin-nhin trc mt, cn c giiquyt cp-tc, ngi ta khng c th-gi i tm hiu nhng chuyn xa xi. Trong Kinh c chp cu chuyn ca mt ngi b trng tn c khng chu cho ngi ta nh tn rt thuc "Khoan, khoan nh mi tn . ti cn phi tm hiu k no bn ti, mt mi ra sao, tn g, lng no, c th hn g vi ti khng, ri sau hy nh." Nu m tm-hiu c tng y th th thuc c ngm vo thn-th ri, cn cu lm sao c. Cui on d, c Pht kt lun rng cc - t phi mau mau thc-hnh phng-php gii-thot dit kh, ng mt th-gi i tm hiu nhng chuyn vu-v. Trong rng chn-l m c Pht i n, ngi ch la chn mt t nhng chn-l cn-bn c li cho s gii-thot dit kh dy cho t chng -t. y, ta cn nh li li dy ca c Pht trong kinh Samyutta Nikaya. Nhng v -t cha chng ng thng thc mc v Nit-Bn v t nhng cu hi v Nit-Bn. c Pht c nhiu ln im lng trc nhng cu hi . S im lng ca Ngi cng l mt cch tr li. Tm hiu v Nit-Bn l mt iu m tr thc phm phu khng th no lm c, v rt cuc, l mt vic lm khin mt th gi li cn d a ngi ti nhng tng tng h-vng. Nit-Bn l mt thc-th cn c thc-chng ch khng phi l i tng ca nhng suy-lun duy-l. Khng cho nhng vn- siu-hnh l quan trng, l mt im c bit ca o Pht. Mt v t-kheo quyt tm chng o, khng bt buc phi c lng tin ca mt tn . Ngi y c th khng bn tm n cc vn cc lc, thin ng, lun hi, a ngc. Ngi y ch cn t vn- gii-thot dit-kh. Bi v ngi y c th nhn-chn c tnh cch kh, khng, v thng, v ng ca vn hu (kh ) cng nguyn-nhn ca nhng kh au rng buc y (tp ) v cng quyt tr dit chng bng nhng phng php hp l (o ) i n s chin thng kh au, sng trong tnh lc (dit ). Mt khi thnh cng, ngi s bit tt c, hiu tt c, v by gi ngi sng trong chn-l. Nhng c phi ton nhn-loi u l nhng ng trng-phu nh th c u? S ngi quyt tm x b dc lc, i tm chn l thi no cng him,

cng t. H l nhng chin-s can-m v song. Khng sc kham-nhn, khng ngh lc, h s b cuc d dng. H s tr v i con ng tim tin ca a s, con ng tng i t chng gai him tr. y tn-ngng ng vai tr quan-trng hn. Nh s hng dn ca cc bc gic-ng, ngi ta tin nhn qu, ti phc, nghip qa, lun-hi v ngi ta hnh ng theo nhng tn-ngng y. Nhng chn-l trn y t nhiu nm trong phm-vi siu hnh, t hp nn mt tn-ngng v v-tr mt v tr quan lm nn tng cho mt li sng an-ha v tnh-lc hn, t kh au hn. Nhng chn-l y c th nhn chn c mt phn no bng tr suy lun v c th chng nghim hon ton c bng nhng cuc thc nghim tm-linh m nu mun, ai cng c th lm c. M h lm c tc l bc ln con ng chng ng ca cc bc i-s trng phu. Vy c mt cn c yu ui, ta s bng lng i con ng tim tin: con ng bt u t tn-ngng (mt tn-ngng m ta c th chp nhn bng tr suy lun, ch khng phi mt tn-ngng v iu kin) v s st nhp vo con ng thc nghim chn-l khi no ta c mt cn-c mnh m. Nu sc ta mnh, lng ta hng, ngha l khi ta c i-cn, i c, ta s chn ngay con ng ca nhng bc xut trn thng s, bt tay vo cuc thc nghim tm linh, dit dc, t tu, chng qu. Vi con ng ny, ta khng cn mt tn-ngng siu hnh no c, nhng suy tng v bin-lun v cc vn- siu-hnh khng cn thit g cho ta, chng ch lm mt th gi v gy thm cho ta nhiu vng tng. Cuc thc-nghim tm linh s a ta n ch chng-o, thu hiu mi chn-l mu nhim bng tr-tu Bt-nh. Chn-l ch c th thu-trit bng thc-nghim, vy th nhng cuc suy lun v cc vn siu hnh u ch l "h-lun" khng cn thit. Mt ln na, l ngi hc Pht, ta ch nn ngh rng gio-l o Pht ch nhm mc ch gii p nhng thc mc siu hnh. VN- T-DO -CH "Nous avons trouv une trange empreinte sur les rivages de linconnu. Nous avons tabli des thories profondes lune aprs lautre pour expliquer leur origine. Enfin, nous avons russi reconstruire la crature qui avait laiss ces empreintes. Oh surprise! Ctaient les ntres."

EDDINGTON (Espace Temps et Gravitation) Phm-cch ca con ngi c nhn-thc qua hnh ng ca con ngi. Hnh-ng y phi c hiu theo ngha rng. Mt li ni, mt -ngh, mt thi- cng u c gi l hnh-ng. Ni theo Pht-hc, th hnhng y tc l "nghip". Hnh-ng cao p va chng-t mt phm-cch cao p m li va un-c cho phm-cch y cao p thm. M khi phmcch cao p thm th hnh-ng cng li tng phn thin-m. V th, do hnh-ng, mt phm-cch c th h-lit thm ln, hoc cao-thng thm ln. S bin i ca phm-cch y chnh l do -ch, c-nng ca mi hnh-ng vy. Vn- t-do -ch cn l mt vn- cha c gii-quyt, v l mt vn nm trong phm-vi siu-hnh, khng phi ch nm trong phm-vi lun-l o-c. -ch l g? "Ph-qu bt-nng dm, bn-tin bt-nng di, uy-v bt-nng khut, th chi v i trng-phu". (Mnh-t ng vn cng h) "Ph-qu khng lm cho dm dt, ngho-nn khng lm cho thay i, uy-v khng lm cho khut-phc, gi l i trng-phu." i trng-phu y chnh l phm-cch, m phm-cch y chnh l nh -ch mnh m "phqu bt- nng dm, bn-tin bt nng di, uy-v bt nng khut". Vy -ch tc l nng-lc -thc v t-ch ca c-nhn vy. Nhng khi xt v bn-cht ca t-thn -ch, cc trit-gia khng ng- vi nhau; do m c hai ch-trng: quyt-nh-lun (dterminisme) v t-dolun (libralisme). Quyt-nh-lun cn-c trn quan-im c-gii (point de vue mcanique), cn t-do-lun th cn-c trn quan-im mc-ch (point de vue thlologique) ca T-nhin trit-hc. Nh Lo-t ni: "Thin a chi gian, k do thc thc-h!" hay "Thin vng khi khi, s nhi bt tht" v "Ph vt vn vn, cc phc quy k cn, quy cn vit tnh, th vit phc mnh"

(o-c-kinh, chng 73 v16) chnh l mt quan-nim c-gii v v-tr, Spnoza bo "Vn s u c nh trc, con ngi khng th mun theo mnh". Nu con ngi khng hiu c tnh-cch tt-nhin v c-nh y ca v-tr, c mun lm theo mnh, lm tri nh-lut t nhin, tc l phi gp tai-ha. Trong oc kinh, chng 16 c cu: "Bt tri thng, vng tc, hung" "Nu khng bit l thng, m c lm theo mnh, th t gp phi tai-bin". Dmocrite, theo ca thy l Leucippe, cho rng vn-vt trong v-tr u do nguyn-t cu-thnh; tm-linh con ngi cng ch l s kt-hp ca cc nguyn-t vt-cht y, bt qu l tinh-t hn v c nhiu tnh-cht lu-ng hn m thi. S bin-dch ca nhn-tm v s thnh-hoi ca vn-vt, nhtlut u do s tp-hp v phn-tn ca nguyn-t. S vn-ng t-nhin ca nguyn-t khng c mt mc-ch no ht: cho nn s thnh-hoi bin-d ca tt c mi c-th u l ngu-nhin, do s sai-d v t-tn ca phnlng nguyn-t. Theo th ci nhn-ngha ca Khng-t, Nhan-Hi, hay ci bt-ngha ca k o-chch cng khng khc nhau v tnh-cht, m ch khc nhau v phn-lng phi-hp ca nguyn-t khng ng nhau m thi! Sau Dmocrite, Aristote ch-trng ngc hn li; ng cho rng trong vtr, khng c vt no l khng c mc-ch ca n. Vn-vt u pht-trin, t tim-th (potentialit) n hin-th (actualit): trng t-nhin cn phttrin thnh g, tm t-nhin pht-trin thnh bm. Con ngi cng cn pht-trin thnh bc hon-nhn. Ci m Aristote gi l energiea (ch Hy-lp) chnh l -ch; nh -ch m vn-vt c th t tim-th tr thnh hin-th. Nhn-loi phi nh -ch y m tin n ch nhn-sinh vin-mn. Hin-i, Henri Bergson, trong quyn "Thi-gian v T-do -ch" ph nhn lut nhn-qu trong bn-thn v-tr; cho rng lut y l do con ngi gi-to theo tri-thc suy-lun ca mnh, v ch trng rng bn-th l lun lun sng-to i mi, tuyt-i t-do. Hin-tng n sau tuyt-i khng chu s quyt-nh ca hin-tng n trc. Th-gii khng phi l mt gung my ln c xoay quanh con trc, m l mt sng-to bt on, khng c mt yu-t no quyt-nh hay ngn-cn s sng-to bt on y c.

Chng ta thy rng cng-nhn c-gii-tnh ca v-tr tc l ch-trng khng c t-do -ch. V-tr, theo tri-thc suy-lun ca chng ta, c caiqun bi nhng nh-lut tng-qut nh lut nhn-qu chng hn Khoahc i tm nhng nh-lut y li-dng thin-nhin, ch-ng thin-nhin. Cc nh-lut kia phi c tnh-cch tt-nhin, bi v khng tt-nhin th khng th gi l nh-lut c. M cng-nhn nhng nh-lut y tc l cng-nhn rng v-tr l mt i c-gii: con ngi l mt tiu c-gii trong ci ton-th y, cng phi sinh hot mt cch tt-nhin, ngha l khng c -ch t-do. Nhng ng v phng-din trit-hc nhn-sinh, khng ai chu cng-nhn nh th. t vn- cn-bn l nhn-loi phi c trch-nhim o c, ngi ta khng th khng cng-nhn t-do -ch. C t-do -ch mi c vn- phm-cch, mi c vn- ch c tu thin, v mi c gi-tr nhnsinh. Trit-gia Kant chia l-tnh lm hai th: thun-ty l-tnh (la raison pure) vi thc-tin l-tnh (la raison pratique) v cng-nhn trong thc-tin l-tnh c t-do -ch. Nhng lm sao c th cch-bit "thun-ty" v "thc-tin" cho c, cho nn trong y ta vn c thy mt thc-mc thm kn khng th gii-ta. Cng-nhn tnh-cch "tt-nhin" ca vn-s tc l ch-trng rng tt c u c quyt-nh trc, l ph-nhn kh-nng sng-to, ci-bin, ni tm li, l khng tha nhn t-do -ch. Vy nu mun ch-trng t-do ch th phi khng cng-nhn tnh-cch "tt-nhin" y ca vn-s, ngha l khng tha-nhn c nhng nh-lut ph-bin m v-tr phi vn-hnh theo. Khng "tt-nhin" th c-nhin phi l "ngu-nhin". M nu l ngu-nhin th v-tr tr thnh mt khi hn-tp, ri-reng, khng c mt ng li vnhnh no c. Th th t-do -ch s dng vo vic g? Nu khng c lut nhn-qu gieo thin gt thin, gieo c gt c, th t-do -ch cng s khng li g cho nhn-sinh c, bi v hnh-ng lun-l cng nh hnh-ng philun-l, khng em n mt hu-qu no ht. Vy o Pht gii-quyt th no v vn t-do -ch? ng v phng-din v-tr, o Pht ch-trng rng th-gii l mt sngto-phm cng-ng ca nghip-lc chng-sinh. Nhng chng-sinh no cng mang chung mt nghip-nhn th cng sng trong mt th-gii cng bo, tc l nghip-qu chung cho tt c cc chng-sinh y, gi l cngnghip. T thn ca mi chng-sinh cng l nghip-qu, nhng bt-cngnghip.

Bn-thn ca chng-sinh v th-gii trong chng-sinh sng l mt nghip-qu, th c-nhin nghip-qu y cng l mt cu-thc khng nhiu th t i vi chng-sinh y. Do nghip-nhn qu-kh m con ngi c mt ng-un-thn, ngha l mt c-th tng-hp ca ng-un: sc (vt-cht) v th, tng, hnh, thc (tinh- thn). Sc-un nh rng phi chu lut chi-phi ca t-nhin. V tm-thc, khi sinh ra, con ngi mang theo mt khuynhhng thm-trm chp-ng, nng-n nhng tnh-cht ng-si ng-kin lm nn-tng cho ng-i, ng-mn sau ny. V th, con ngi khi sinh ra, khng phi hon-ton t-do nh Rousseau ni, tri li, mang nng nhng yu-t khng t-do. Tuy-nhin, theo li phn-tch Tm-hc ca Duy-thclun, con ngi c mt hin-tng tm-l giu kh-nng t-do: l thc th su: -thc. -thc khng b nghip-qu rng-buc, tri li, cn c th chuyn-di c nghip-qu. Thn-th v vn s vn-vt trong v-tr u phi vng theo nh-lut thnh, tr, hoi, khng. Nhn-sinh, trong s sinhhot, cng phi b nhng nh-lut ca t-nhin-gii chi-phi, duy ch c thc l cn kh-nng c t-do. Theo nghip-nhn xu hay tt m phm-vi ca s t-do y rng hay hp. Nghip-nhn nng n xu-xa s a n mt hon-cnh nhiu nghch-duyn v mt sc-thn nng-n, n n: kh-nng -thc v m c rt t t-do. Thiu i mt t cht cn-thit trong no cn, mt i mt vi c-quan cmgic th l phm-vi -thc b thu hp li v t do cng s gim bt theo s thu hp y. Dc-vng cng nng-n, ng-si v ng-kin cng kin-c, th nng-lc t-do y cng gim bt. C-nhin nhng qu-bo ca bit-nghip phi cha nhiu t-do hn nhng qu bo ca cng-nghip. -ch t-do tc-ng trn bit-nghip-bo (bnthn) d dng hn l trn cng-nghip-bo (th-gii v-tr). vo a-v ngi, t-do -ch tng i kh rng-ri; nhn cng-tc chuyn-nghip (chuyn c-nghip thnh thin-nghip) m tin dn n t-do tng-i rng hn v thot-ly cng-nghip bt t-do. Vy trn ng gii-thot gic-ng, cng i ln th con ngi cng thot-ly c nhng giai-on cng-nghip t t-do v tin n nhng giai-on cng nghip nhiu t-do. Nhng nh-lut chi-phi t-nhin-gii v nhn-s gii khng phi l nhng nh-lut no khc hn l nhng nh-lut ca thgii nghip-bo cng-ng. cng l nhng kt-qu ca nghip-nhn v c th thay-i c nu nghip-nhn thay-i. Hn na, t-do -ch khng bt buc phi l nghch li vi nhng nh-lut chi-phi th-gii, v-tr. Ta c th v-d -ch ca mi c-nhn ta nh l mt chic xe hi v cc nh-

lut kia l nhng h-thng ng s trong -thnh. Xe hi c quyn chn bt c mt ng no chy, min l phi chy trn ng. Nhng "c quyn chn bt c mt ng no chy" l g nu khng phi l t-do? Vy hot-ng theo nhng nh-lut t-nhin vi mt -thc quyt-trch, khng hn l khng c t-do -ch. Trong nhiu trng-hp, -ch c th theo hay l khng theo nhng nhlut ph-bin; v nh ta thy, khi chuyn-nghip t tch ri khi cng-nghip thiu t-do, -ch c th bin-ci c nhng nh-lut y v to nn nhng nh-lut mi trong nghip-qu cng-bin mi. S khc nhau gia mt nh-lut t-nhin v mt -ch l ch nh-lut tnhin y tc-ng mt cch v t v my mc trn ton th, cn -ch t-do tc-ng mt cch c -thc v ring cho tng c-nhn. Mt -ch m tcng khng -thc v khng c lin-h n bn-thn ca c-nhn th khng th gi l mt -ch t-do m ch l mt s in cung. Sng trong mt th-gii cng-nghip, con ngi khng th thay i nhng nh-lut ca th-gii cng-nghip y, nhng con ngi c quyn chn la nhng phng-tin hnh-ng m con ngi c th c c. S chn la y chnh l yu-t t-do. i su hn na, ta thy rng th-gii v-tr m ta xy-dng trong tr-thc ca ta xy-dng bng kinh-nghim v suy-lun cha t ging vi thgii khch-quan tn-ti ngoi chng ta. C th ni rng th-gii m ta quannim ch nm gn trong th-gii khch-quan thc-ti. Bi v th-gii m trong chng ta sng c th l mt th-gii lm chiu (de plusieurs dimensions) m tr-nng ca ta th li ch trnh-by c mt chiu thi. Hnh-dung bng tr-nng tt c nhng kinh-nghim ca mnh v cc chiuhng (dimensions) khc, th cng nh nh ha-s trnh-by li khng-gian ba chiu (lespace trois dimensions) trong mt mt phng hai chiu. Nh ha-s c th lm nh vy, nhng phi hy-sinh i t nhiu c-tnh ca s-vt v a vo bc ha mt trt-t mi v t-l, ci trt-t ch c th p-dng trong n-v nhn-to ca hi-ha m thi. Nhng nh-lut v vin-cn y cng tng-ng nh nhng nh-lut ca th-gii bn ngoi m trthc ta quan-nim. Ha-s -thc c rng mnh ang trnh-by khng-gian ba chiu trong mt mt phng hai chiu, ch tr-nng chng ta th c tin rng quan-nim c th-gii bn ngoi vi tt c thc-ti ca n. Tr nng ca ta tng u rng th-gii ca nhng nh-lut m tr-thc suy-lun xy-

dng nn chnh l th-gii khch-quan thc-ti. S p dng lun-l trong ttng cng cn-thit nh s p-dng lut vin-cn trong hi-ha, nhng ch c p dng nh l mt phng-php biu-th ch khng phi nh mt tiu-chun cho thc-ti. c suy-lun khng th t ti bn-thn ca thcti c chnh l do . Vy em tr suy-lun tm-ti, m i n"quyt-nh-lun" hay "t-do-lun" u l vic lm v b. Ch c nhng thc-gic ca chng ta v bn-th v v thc-ti mi c th a ta n ch nhn-thc chn-chnh m thi. Chng ta c trc-gic y khi chng ta t cm thy c t-do v t cm thy c trch-nhim v hnh-ng ca ta. Ta ang sng vi mt -ch t-do v nu thiu -ch t-do y, ta s tr thnh mt ci my v-tri khng c -thc. Vy ta c th kt-lun: 1.- C t-do -ch, nhng t-do y khng hon-ton. Tuy-nhin, trn bc ng tin-b n gii-thot t giai-on cng-nghip vi chng-sinh tin n giai-on cng-nghip vi thnh-hin, t-do -ch cng lc cng c m rng i n hon-ton khi no con ngi tn-dit c nhng cnghip v tng-trng n cng nhng thin-nghip. 2.- T-do -ch khng th em ra nghin-cu nh mt i-tng m ch c th nhn-thc c bng trc-gic v kinh-nghim. Vn- t-do -ch l mt vn- hon-ton ch-quan, khng th gii-quyt mt cch khch-quan c. 3.- Nhng nh-lut m ta cho l ang chi-phi ta v l tri chng vi -ch ca ta c th l nhng nh-lut do chnh tri-thc ca ta to nn. Bi v ta lm sao c th ng ngoi th-gii ta v c-nhn ta quan-st mt cch khch-quan cho c? Ta ch nh mt ngi ng trn chic , thy b i m khng bit rng chng ta ang i. Tri-thc suy-lun ca ta sng to ra nhng "nh lut" v thc-ti, v quan-nim thc-ti qua nhng nh-lut y, ri vng-tng. Ta i-tng-ha thc-ti mt cch sai-lm. Ch khi no ta th-nhp thc-ti vi mt -thc sng sut ngha l t n t-do hon-ton, ta mi trc-nhn c thc-ti ton-vn. VN- GII THOT " Nc trong bn bin ch c mt v l v mn, cng nh th gio-l ca ta ch c mt v l v gii thot".

Cu ni y ca c Bn-s xc nhn rng mc-ch duy nht ca o Pht l a chng sanh n ch gii-thot gic-ng. Nh vy th tt c cc Pht-t, d xut gia hay ti gia, cng u phi hng v mc ch gii-thot y c. Nhng ni n gii-thot tc l ni n mt s ci m, thot-ly. M ch khi no ngi ta cm thy b rng buc, t tng ngi ta mi ngh n s ci m, thot-ly, ni tm li, mi ngh n vic gii thot. Vy th y, con ngi b ci g rng buc, cu thc? "Tt c cc chng sinh v v-minh che lp mt chn-tnh, b dc vng phin no sai khin, to ra mun ngn nghip c v m phi tri ni trong bin kh lun-hi" ( Kinh Lng-Nghim ). i t qu n nhn, ta thy: Bin kh sanh t lun-hi nghip c dc vng phin no lp mt chn tnh v minh. Do v minh m chn tnh b m m, chn tnh m m cho nn sinh ra dc vng phin no1, dc vng to ra nghip c, v nghip-c a n kt-qu kh au lun hi. Gii thot ngha l ph tan c dng nhn qu lin-tc y. Nhng mun c gii-thot, trc ht, ngi ta phi nhn thy rng mnh ang b rng buc. Bit bao nhiu k ang sng trong s rng buc m khng h bit rng mnh b buc rng, cho nn khng h ngh n s giithot. V th, mun cho h c tng gii thot, phi tm cch lm cho h nhn thy rng h ang b rng buc . Phng php ca o Pht l lm cho con ngi c -thc r-rng v cuc i m mnh ang sng: mt cuc i kh au. Con ngi khng th an-vui c trong cuc i kh au: phi tm cch thot-ly cuc i y. Nhng dy xch no rng buc con ngi vo cuc i kh au? y chnh l dc vng, l phin no, l c nghip, l v minh. Ph tan nhng xing xch ny th c th tm n mt chn tri t- do, khng cn b kh au bc-bch. Vy con ng Gii-Thot bt u bng mt nhn-thc: nhn-thc cuc i l kh. l chn-l th nht trong T-diu-. Bit bao nhiu ngi nh -thc su xa chn-l y m c gii-thot. Cng cm thy i l kh au bao nhiu, ngi ta cng mnh m bc ln ng gii-thot by nhiu. Kh au y l mt th thuc ng, tht ng, nhng l mt th thndc gip ngi mau thot c bnh no phin.

Nhng "kh au" y khng nhng ch c ngha l nhng cm-gic n au m thi. Ting kh (dukkha) ca o Pht cn c ngha l v ng, bttnh, v thng v u ti na. Sng, nhng ta c th thc-mc rt nhiu v t-thn chng ta. Bn ng chng ta l mt ci g m chnh ta cng khng th nhn bit c. l mt ci-th sinh-l (sc) hay l nhng hin tng tm-l (th, tng, hnh, thc) kt-hp? Ti sao qua nhng hin tng bin i v thng li c th c mt ci Ta ng nht bt bin? Phi chng ci Ta y ch l mt gi-danh, mt i-tng ca c vng-tng? Sng, nhng ta lun lun nhn thy rng tm ta l ngun gc pht sinh bao nhiu t-tng bt thin ti li: tham lam, gin d, si m, thn ta l mt khc to bao nhiu nghip c: st hi, trm cp, t hnh Tm cng nh thn, u l nhng rng ti (tm th c nguyn, hnh vi ti tu: Kinh Bt-inhn-gic). Lm lc chng ta li t chn ght chnh c ci bn thn ca chng ta. Sng, nhng ta lun lun cm thy ta l n-l. N-l cho dc-vng. N-l cho c cuc i do c-nghip ca chng ta dng nn. Chng ta b vy trong vng nghip bo, b m trong m ti ca v-minh. Chng ta c c sng trong hin-ti u, c thy c hin ti u, c vn c ti hin ti u? Hnh th ca cuc i m ta nhn thy bng gic-quan, l hnh th ca mt cuc i qu kh mt ri! Vn vt lun lun chuyn bin v thng. Ta ch sng c trong ci qu-kh ca cuc sng ch cha bao gi c sng trong cuc sng c. Chng ta cng ging ht, nh nhng ngi ngi trn xe hi, lng quay v pha trc, v ch thy c cnh vt qua. Ban m, v-tr y tinh-t m ta trng thy y chc chn khng phi l v-tr ca hin-ti. Bi v c hng triu ngi sao tan v t bao nhiu th k, m hnh dng vn cn cho ta trng thy hm nay. V v-tr tinh t ca hm nay, c l n bao nhiu i sau, chu cht ta mi trng thy c! Cha bao gi c sng trong cuc sng, cha bao gi c sng vi hin ti! Kh au cho chng ta n chng no! Ta tng nh bao nhiu ut c dn ln, ta mun ph tan bao nhiu xing xch v-minh, buc rng, vn n chn tri thc ti, sng t do trong bn thn cuc sng, th nhp vo cuc sng mun i.

Nhng kh au, nhng cm tng t y ca cuc sng y, lm tiu tn ni ta nhng c mun tha-mn dc-lc ph-phnh ca cuc i v lm cho ta cng-quyt tin bc mnh dn trn ng t gii phng. Chn-l "i l kh" phi gy ni ta mt bt-mn. S bt-mn y phi ln ti cc c th thc-hin trong tm-hn ta mt cuc khng-hong mu-nhim khin ta chuyn hng cuc i. Ta gt b tt c nhng c-ao ca cuc i tm thng kh no, ta ln ng i tm chn-l v gii-thot. Trong th-gii chn-l v t-do, ta s c t-ti v an-nhin, thot-ly bao nhiu kh au thc mc. "i l kh" v th i vi chng ta l mt vn- then cht. Chn-l ny khng c quan-nim mt cch qu th-s! Khng nn hiu ch "kh" ny nh l nhng "cm-gic kh th", m phi hiu vi tt c nhng ngha vthng, v ng, bt tnh, v minh ca n. Tuy nhin, mt c im ca o Pht l gio-l cn kh-hp vi thi c. Chn-l "i l kh" kia i vi hng i cn nu l mt th thuc hay, th i vi hng yu ui li l mt th thuc nguy-him. Mt bn nh nhn thy cuc i l kh m c th ra cng dit kh gii-thot. Mt bn v nhn thy cuc i l kh m cng thm kh au, tay chn bn rn v rt cuc b m chm su thm trong bin kh. Cho nn vi nhng ngi icn c nng-lc gii-thot, o Pht mi khai-th cho h chn-l "i l kh" y. Mt khi h -thc c rng h ang sng trong "au kh" h s cng quyt dit kh. o-l dnh cho hng ngi ny l o-l xut th (xut-th-php). Cn i vi nhng k m cn c yu hn, o Pht chtrng xy dng cho h mt bn-lnh trc . Gio-l ca h l gio-l nhp th (nhp-th-php) ca nhn-tha v thin-tha. Khng cn t mc ch gii-thot cho h gii-thot ngay trong hin ti. Bi v nu t vn y ngay by gi, h s chn nn, khip s, v cng -thc v ci kh bao nhiu, h cng cm thy au-kh by nhiu. Mc ch m h nhm n th gn vi h hn mc ch gii thot nhiu. H s i tng chng ng, v ch khi no sc, h mi c nhm vo mc ch ti-hu l mc-ch gii thot. Nhng mc ch gn kia, tuy khng hn l mc ch cui cng, nhng l nhng phng tin a dn n mc ch cui cng. Qua gio l phng tin, ta c th nhn thy gio l cu cnh, v qua nm tha ca o Pht, ta c th thy c mt Pht tha duy nht (Kinh Php Hoa). V l y cho nn c Pht dy rng gio l ca ngi ch c mt v l v gii thot.

Chn l "i l kh" chnh l gio l xut th, dnh cho cc bc xut trn thng s; i a s qun chng v cn c yu ui, khng th sc thi hnh. H phi nng theo gio l nhn thin tha, t nhng mc ch gn hn cho khi chi, khi ngp v t nn lng. Gio l nhp th khng bt buc con ngi phi nhn i vi tt c nhng s tht kh au ca n, ri chn nn vi kh au thm. Nh vn L vn Siu khng nhn c tinh thn thip th phng tin y ca o Pht khi ng ni: "i vi qung i qun chng, cng dng ca t tng v gio l y (i l kh) li l thc y thm thc v nhng au kh ca cuc sng m mnh ng qun qui chu ng". Ngi ta thng bo o Pht ch trng chn i. ng! Bi v cn ham m cuc i v ln li theo bao nhiu dc vng ca n th lm sao m gii thot kh au cho c. C chn i n trit th mi ngh n s gii thot. Chn, y l chn mt li sng (sng theo dc vng v minh) v cng l tm mt li sng khc (sng theo tnh thng v chn l). Cho nn gii thot khc vi thot ly. Cuc sng ca mnh t bt tnh tr thnh thanh tnh, t kh au tr thnh an lc: l gii thot. Ci chn ca o Pht l mt th chn lnh mnh, bi v i tng ca ci chn y l dc vng. Chn m khng nn. Ci chn i tri li l ci chn bnh tt, mt th chn nn ch trng bung xui hai tay. Nhng ai "ch" o Pht l chn i hy th tp "chn" ci chn ca o Pht trong giy lt xem c c khng. S l khng, bi v lc-lng dc vng ni nhng k kia khng phi l nh; mun chn th t ra cng phi tiu dit mt phn no cc dc vng y . Tuy nhin l ni v phng din gio-l xut th gian. Cn v phng din th gian, i a s nhn loi cn cha nng lc t ngay vn gii thot. H phi thc hnh gio l nhn-thin-tha, b c, lm lnh, nui dng tr tu v t bi o luyn mt cn c vng mnh lm nn tng cho giai on xut-th. t vn kh au cho h trong khi h ang cn yu ui th ch lm cho h thm kh au m thi vy. VN- LUN-HI i vi nhng bc -t gic-ng, Lun-Hi l mt thc-th hin nhin khng cn bn ci. Nhng cc bc y ch c xut hin nhiu trong thi-i c Pht hay hn na l trong nhng th-k k cn m thi. Ngy nay, rt t ngi chng c qu A-la-Hn, v cng v th t ngi c th t mnh

chng-nghim c nhng gio-l Pht dy. Cng do m gio-l Nghip-Bo Lun-Hi ngy nay tr thnh nhng ch tn ngng. Vn Lun-Hi tr thnh mt vn tn ngng c nhn. Theo li Pht dy, chng ta tin tng rng do nhng nghip nhn qu kh m ta c kip sng hin ti. Bn thn ca ta sinh hot trong hon cnh hin ti l kt qu ca nhng tng, ngn ng v hnh ng ca ta t nhng kip trc. Do v minh thng xuyn, chng ta to nghip v sinh hot trong cuc sng v thng, kh-khng v v ng. Li cng do v minh m ta lm tng c mt Bn Ng ring bit, thng cn, bt bin. S vng tng v Bn Ng y lm pht sinh v trng thnh nhiu dc vng, v chnh dc vng thc y ta to thm vng nghip ri phi b sinh t lun hi mi mi trong cuc i kh au. Bao gi ta dit c tn gc nhng vng nghip, ta s c gii thot ra ngoi vng sinh t lu chuyn. Lc by gi cuc i v thng kh au khng cn tn ti na, v ta s an nhin thng tr trong Nit Bn tnh lc, kt qu tch cc ca bao nhiu thin nghip v lu m ta vun xi bn trng. Lc by gi nhng v minh vng tng khng cn na, v ta t n Tr-Tu v-thng, hon ton gii thot khi bng ti m lm. Gio l Nghip Bo v gio l Lun-Hi l hai s thc bt-tng-ly. Tin tng thuyt Nghip Bo tc l tin tng thuyt Lun-Hi. Ngi Pht-t khng cn n nhng "chng minh khoa-hc" mi tin tng c l Nghip-Bo v Lun-Hi. Bi v chnh gio l y c thnh-lp trn nh lut bt-di bt-dch ca v-tr m c-Pht trc-nhn nh Tr-Tu Gic-Ng ca Ngi. c Thch-Ca trnh by nhng khm-ph ca Ngi trong nhng gio-l cn bn nh T-Diu- v Thp-Nh Duyn-Khi. Ngi t mnh chng-nghim Chn-L tuyt-i v theo li Ngi dy, tt c mi ngi u c th t n qu-v gic-ng t mnh gii-thot ra ngoi vng lun-hi nghip-bo. Con ng i n gic-ng l con ng Bt Chnh o. c Pht v cc bc gic ng khc nh trc-gic ni-tm m chng qu gii-thot. Con ng trc-gic ni-tm l con ng ca cc nh o-hc ng-phng, trong khi con ng ca ty phng l con ng trung-gian ca nhn-xt khoa-hc v kinh-nghim. Phng-php ca ngi Ty-phng cn c trn s o-lng chnh xc v trn nhng kho st ton-hc, nh s gip ca my mc v ca nhng dng c khoa-hc. Ci phng-php khoa-hc i n chn-l y l mt phng-php lu-lc; tuy nhin, khoa hc a li

nhiu tin-b, nht l trong cc a-vc y-hc, ha-hc v l-hc. Nhng iu ng k hn c l khoa-hc gip ta nhn bit c vn vt mt cch r rng hn. Khoa hc pht-minh nhiu phng-tin gip gic quan ca chng ta m rng c phm-vi nhn-bit. Tuy nhin, tt c nhng pht-minh thn-diu y ch c th khong-i thm ci phm-vi nhn bit ca gicquan m thi, ch khng th gip ta nhn bit c s tht tuyt-i ca vn-hu. Chng ta ch c th nhn bit s tht trong mt gii-hn rt hp hi. Chng ta ch c th nhn v-tr qua nhng ca s t hon, mc d khoahc gip cho th-gic v thnh-gic ca chng ta mt kh nng nhn bit rt ln lao. Con ngi ca thi i mi phi kt lun rng trong v-tr cn c v-s nhng s-vt m chng ta khng th nhn bit bng gic-quan c, d ta c nh n nhng pht minh k diu ca khoa-hc gip sc i na. Cc nh khoa-hc cng bt u t hi c phng php no gip gicquan nhn c s tht mt cch hu-hiu hn phng php khoa-hc khng, v mt s quay v tm-linh-hc. C nhng nhn-vt siu phm sng sut nhn bit c nhiu s-vt thc-ti m gic-quan tm-thng khng th nhn-bit. S kin r rng ny chng minh rng con ngi c th nhn-bit thc-ti bng nhng phng-php khc hn vi phng-php nhn bit thng thng ca gicquan. Hn na t khi Freud khm ph ra hin tng "v thc" (linconsient) khm ph nh phng php thi-min v nhng phng php phn-tm-hc tr bnh ngi ta thy c nhiu ngi, nh lc-lng thi-min, c th nh li c nhng chuyn hi cn ba bn tui m khi tnh to h hon-ton qun lng. Ngy nay, y-hc p-dng phng php phn-tm thi-min bng cch chch vo mch mu bnh-nhn cht Sodium Amytal hay cht Penthotal trong lc ng tm hiu chng-trng ca cc bnh thc-lon tmtr v cng tr-liu mt vi chng bnh nh bnh suy nhc tinh thn (psychonvrose) chng hn. Li na trong nhng cuc th-nghim gi l "hon-ng" (rgression de lge), cc nh tm-l-hc chng minh rng trong trng-thi thi-min, ngi ta c th hon ton sng li nh thi th u. Cc nh tm-l-hc kia c th bt nhng ngi chu thi-min vit ng theo tung ch m nhng

ngi ny vit hi mi tui hay by tui. Nu c "y lui" rit cho n khi h tr v ba bn tui, h s khng vit c na v ch k c ln giy nhng ging lng nhng m thi. Tm-l-hc hin-i chng minh mt cch khoa hc rng ngoi tc-dng -thc, con ngi cn c tc-dng v--thc, duy tr nhng kinh-nghim v nhn-thc t hi con ngi mi sinh. Nh nh sng ca khoa-tm-l-hc mi, gio-l Lun-Hi bng nhin tr thnh d hiu, d nhn i vi nhng ngi c cht t kin-thc v khoahc. Bi v ngi ta thy r rng rng khng nhng ci v-thc duy tr nh tng v kinh nghim ca i ny m cn bo tn nhng kinh nghim v nh tng ca nhng i qu kh na. iu y chng minh rng khnng v-thc kia cha ng nghip nhn qu-kh ca nhiu giai on sinh-mnh qu-kh. Gio-l o Pht dy rng khi con ngi cht, nghip-nhn gy trong kip sng vn cn li; v chnh l nguyn-nhn cho mt giai-on sinhmnh khc. Cng c ngha l nghip-nhn y ti-sinh trong v-thc cu mt chng-sinh mi, v bin thnh mt ng-lc thc-y s trng thnh v pht-trin ca chng-sinh y. Nghip-lc c xem nh l ng-nht vi tm-thc, v tm-thc y c gi l "Kt-sanh tng-tc thc" (Ptisanddhis Vinnana). Khi a tr mi sinh, v-thc nm sn trong y su ca tm-thc; trong lc y ngoi biu-din -thc bt u khai m v pht-trin. V-thc cha ng nghip-nhn qu-kh, nh hng v iu-ng -thc sinh-hot theo l-li qu kh. Trong kip sng hin-ti, chng ta hnh ng di nh-hng ca nhng tim-lc m tm-l-hc ngy nay gi l nhng "c-mun v thc" (souhaits inconscients) sn c khi mi sinh v t nhng kip trc. Tuy vy, con ngi cn -ch t-do ca mnh, c th cn ngn khng cho hnh-ng t tng v ngn ng ca mnh i theo ng li vng-nghip c, ri ly lm phng-tin dit-tr nhng nghip-nhn m-vng ngy xa. c t ch v thot ra ngoi nhng chi-phi ca nhng l-thi qu-kh, ngi Pht-t phi thc-hnh php thin-qun. S tp-trung t-tng gip cho ngi c -thc trn y v nhng kinh-nghim qu kh. Con ngi s hiu rng bao nhiu kh au hin ti chnh l nghip-nhn ca chnh mnh t to, v cng thy rng mnh c nhng phin no Tham, Sn, Si rng

buc mnh vo ci vng sinh t th-ng v kh au. Nh nhn-thc y, con ngi s c nng-lc gii-thot lun-hi. Khoa-hc hin-i, khi khm ph ra nguyn-t-lc, chng minh rng lut v-thng (Anicca) ca o Pht l mt thc-ti. Tm-l-hc ngy nay cng tm ra hin-tng v-thc trong b su ca tm-l con ngi. Mt ngy mai, nh phng- php "hon-ng" hay nhng phng-php phn-tm-hc mi-m hn, khoa hc s c th chng minh c s thc-ti ca Lun-Hi. Nhng bng chng y s nh tan c tr ngi cui cng, cho mi ngi c th nhn r gio-l o Pht, v cng cho nhn loi ngy nay c th tm c s an-tnh ca tm-hn. L Pht-t, chng ta khng cn n nhng bng chng khoa-hc tintng. Lun-Hi i vi chng ta l mt s-thc, bi v ta thy nhiu ngi c th nh li nhng kip gn y ca h. c Pht dy cho chng ta con ng Bt-Chnh i n s thot-ly Kh-No v Lun-Hi. Con ng vch, chng ta c th tin bc vi mt nim tin vng mnh. VN- NHN-DUYN Vo thi-i ca c Pht, vn- nguyn-l ca vn vt l mt vn- rt c ch-trng trong t-tng-gii n-. Kinh Phm-ng c chp li n su mi hai li gii-thch khc nhau ca cc trit-phi n- thi y. Tu trung, ta thy c ba khuynh hng sau y: 1.- Khuynh-hng Tc-mnh-lun (Pubba katahetu). Cc trit-phi thuc khuynh-hng ny ch trng tt c t-nhin-gii v nhn-s-gii u do tin-nh an bi. Mi s u vn-hnh theo nhng quy lut t nhin sn c. Gi-tr nhn-lc v vt-lc y khng c tha nhn. 2.- Khuynh-hng Thn--lun (Issara-mimmarahetu). Cc trit-phi thuc khuynh-hng ny ch trng tt c vn-s u tn-ti do -ch ca mt ng thn-minh. V thn-minh y l Phm-Thin (Brahma) v trungtm ca cc trit-phi thuc khuynh-hng ny l B-la-mn-gio. 3.- Khuynh-hng Ngu-nhin-lun (Ahetu apaccaya) Cc trit-phi thuc khuynh-hng ny khng tha-nhn c l nhn-qu. Tt c vn-tng u sinh khi v tn ti mt cch ngu nhin, khng theo mt quy-lut, mt l-php no c.

Khuynh-hng th nht v th hai quy tt c trch-nhim cho mt th-lc siu-nhin. Trch-nhim c nhn y khng thnh vn-; ha phc u l nhng g m con ngi khng th quyt-nh. Nhng hnh-vi thin-c ca con ngi khng phi l ng-c ca tt c mi s thnh bi h nn. Khuynh-hng th ba cng khng t c nn tng ca trch-nhim oc c nhn. Nu tt c u l ngu-nhin, th thin cng ngu-nhin, c cng ngu nhin, ha phc cng ngu-nhin; khng c g lm tiu chun cho hnh-vi con ngi c. Do con ngi khng th tin dn n chnm-thin, tri li cn rt d sa vo dc ti-li v try-lc na. ng v phng-din l-lun, nhng thuyt thuc khuynh-hng trn u c nhiu khuyt-im. ng v phng-din nhn-sinh, hu-qu do nhng thuyt kia em li l nhng hu-qu en ti, bun nn. Tt c u khng th gy cho con ngi mt s an tm lp mng, khng xc nhn c kh-nng cn thit v sn c ca con ngi. Lp trng ca c Pht l thuyt-minh nguyn-l v-tr lm nn-tng cho mt ng li nhn-sinh. Nguyn-l y phi ph-hp vi s tht ca mun ngn hin-tng, v ng li nhn-sinh y phi a con ngi n s hon-thnh mt gi-tr o-c v tn-gio. Mc-ch ca c Pht khi thuyt Trng-A-Hm khng phi l c nh l-thuyt ca k khc m ch l bi-xch nhng quan-nim trit-hc sai-lc c th cn ngn s thchin o c v gii thot ca con ngi. Th-gii-quan m c Pht thuyt-minh l th-gii-quan nhn-duyn (paticca samuppada). Tt c mi hin-tng u nng vo nhau m thnh-lp. Tt c u c lin-h mt-thit n nhau. Khng c s lin-h y, s khng c mt vt no c thnh lp. S lin-h y chnh l nhn-duyn. Trong kinh in c nhng danh-t NHN (Hetu), DUYN (Paccaga), IU-KIN (Nidana), TP (Samudaya) u l nhng tn gi khc nhau ch s lin-h y. c Pht nh ngha NHN-DUYN nh sau: "Nhc th hu tc b hu, nhc th sinh tc b sinh, nhc th v tc b v, nhc th dit tc b dit" (Ci ny c th ci kia c, ci ny sinh th ci kia sinh, ci ny khng th ci kia khng, ci ny dit th ci kia dit" Ni "Ci ny c th ci kia c, ci ny khng th ci kia khng" tc l trnh by s quan-h ca nhng s-vt tn-ti ng thi. Ni "Ci ny sinh th ci

kia sinh, ci ny dit th ci kia dit" tc l trnh by s quan-h ca nhng s-vt tn ti khc thi. Tt c cc php u sinh dit v tn ti trong s htng lin-h rt mt-thit y; khng c php (hin-tng) no c th tn-ti c-lp v tuyt-i. Nhn trc qu sau th gi l d-thi nhn-qu, nhnqu cng mt lc th gi l ng-thi nhn-qu. Mt nhn c th c nhng qu khc nhau ty theo cc duyn (iu-kin) ph tip. V vy, khng th c nhn tuyt i v cng khng c qu tuyt-i. Th-gii c dt thnh bi nhng h-thng nhn-duyn ng-thi (ng v phng-din khng gian) v nhng h-thng nhn-duyn d-thi (ng v phng-din thi-gian). l quan-nim nhn-qu ca o Pht. Trong kinh lun, danh-t hu-vi-php (Samkhata dhamma) chnh l ch cho nhng hin tng ca th-gii nhn-duyn y. Tt c u v thng binthin chnh cng do s lin-h nhn-duyn, bi v trong th-gii nhnduyn, khng th c nhng hin-tng thng hng vnh-cu. Do quannim duyn-sinh ny m o Pht bi-xch quan-nim sng-to th-gii ca mt ng Thng- hu-ng. l mt iu m chng ta khng th khng tha-nhn. Theo ch trng ca Hoa-Nghim Tng, ton th v-tr l c mt h-thng duyn-khi trng-ip v-tn. Gio-l Hoa-Nghim, nh th, thnh lp trn quan-nim lin-h nhn-qu ca A-Hm. Cn tc-phm A-T-t-Ma ca Pht-gio Nam-Tng cng phn loi nhn-duyn quan-st tm hiu v chnh cng l nhim v ch-yu ca cc lun-s Thng-ta-b. (Lun Mahapakarana phn bit n 24 duyn; X-Li Pht A-T-m-Lun quyn 25 phn bit 10 duyn; Hu-B ch trng 4 duyn). y chng ta ch tm hiu s-lc v hai loi: d-thi nhn-qu v ngthi nhn qu. 1.- Vn- ng-thi nhn-qu, cng l vn- ch-quan v khch-quan. c Pht dy: th-gii l s giao tip gia nhn-thc ch-quan v itng khch-quan. Ngoi ra, khng c g c th gi l th-gii na: "Ny cc thy T-kheo! Ta mun khai th cho cc ngi v vn- tt c (cc php). Cc ngi hy lng nghe. Cc thy T-Kheo! sao gi l "tt c (cc php)?" l mt i vi sc, tai i vi ting, mi i vi hng, li i vi v, thn i vi xc, tm i vi php. Ny cc thy T-Kheo! Nh th gi l "tt c (cc php)" (Samyutta)

Nh th, th-gii c thnh lp trn s lin-h nhn-thc ca lc-cn v lc trn. Ngoi lc-cn v lc-trn tt c i vi chng ta u l v ngha. Cho nn nh li Pht dy, nu khng c ch-quan th khng c khch-quan, khng c i-tng th khng c ch-th! Nu ly-khai s lin-h gia chquan v khch-quan th th-gii khng th thnh-lp. Tt c u c thnh lp trn s lin-h y, cng nh hai nhnh lau da nhau m sng vng: "Ny cc bn! Nh hai cy lau nh lin-h nhau, da nhau m ng, cng nh th, nh Danh, Sc (le nom et la forme) lm duyn m c Thc, nh Thc lm duyn m c Danh, Sc Trong hai cy lau, nu ly cy ny i cy kia s ng, nu ly cy kia i, cy ny s ng. Nh th, ny bn! do Danh, Sc dit cho nn thc dit, do Thc dit cho nn Danh, sc dit." (Samyutta) "Danh Sc" y l ch cho t-chc sinh-l v tm-l ca loi hu-tnh, lm i-tng cho "Thc" tc l phn nhn-thc ch-quan. Nhng khng phi Danh Sc l nhng g tn ti bit lp ngoi Thc. C hai nng nhau c thnh lp. Gia c hai c mt lin-h mu-nhim, khng phi mt ci c trc, mt ci c sau. La s lin-h y, c hai u khng th tn-ti. 2.- Vn- d-thi nhn-qu cng l vn- lin-tc tn-ti. Tt c mi hintng tuy l v thng, bin-thin, nhng khng c mt vt no hon-ton on-dit. Khng c mt c-th no vnh-cu bt-bin, nhng lun lun c nhng "ging" hin-tng lin-tc bt-on. Mi vt bin-chuyn lin-tc theo nhng php tc nht-nh, c Pht ch-trng c-bit v s thuytminh dng lin-tc sinh-mng; ngha l v nhng hin-tng hu-tnh. Ngi dy rng ng c cn bn ca lun-hi sinh-t l v- minh v i-dc. Bn thn loi hu-tnh l nhng kt-hp ca ton th nhng kinh-nghim v nhng nghip-nhn qu-kh. Do nhng nghip-nhn hin-ti, cc loi hu tnh s i n nhng giai-on sinh-mnh v-lai. V phng-din lun-l, Ngi khai-th quy-lut d-thc-nhn v d-thc-qu. V phng-din tm-l, Ngi gii by quy- lut ng-loi-nhn v ng-lu-qu. V phng-din siu-hnh, Ngi trnh-by quy-lut Thp-Nh Nhn-Duyn. Tuy rng cch y hai ngn nm trm nm, nhng thut- ng v cch dng-ng cn nghonn, nhng vn t T-A-Hm cng c th din gii c nhng gio-l tinh-vi y. Tm li, quan-nim nhn-qu ca Pht-Gio theo ngha hp, ch l Nhnqu-lut (Loi de Causalit); nhng theo ngha rng, khng phi ch l nhng quan-h nhn-qu c tnh cch thun-ty l-lun. Quan-nim nhn-qu ca

o Pht bao-hm c nhng quan-h o-c, gii-thot; b rng th dn tri khp mi phng v chiu di th thu sut qu-kh v-lai hin-ti. "Mt" c lin h mt-thit n "Tt C v "Tt C" c th nhn-thc qua "Mt". Mt v thin-s Vit-Nam thi xa din t l y trong hai cu thn-diu: "Tc hu trn sa hu Vi khng, nht thit khng" Dch: "C th c t my may Khng th c th-gian ny cng khng." Mt ht bi tuy l nh, nhng tn-ti trn s lin-h ca ton th. Ton th tuy l ln, nhng mt s lin-h vi ht bi nh, s khng th thnh-lp. V vy, mt v thin-s khc triu L din t: Cn-khn tn th mao u thng, Nht-nguyt bao-hm gii t trung. (Cn khn rt li u lng xu, Nht-nguyt nm trong ht ci mng.) S ln nh y khng cn l s ln nh na. Mt ht ci tuy nh, nhng c thnh-lp trn s lin-h ca ton-th. Tt c v-tr ha hp to nn n cng nh n ha hp vi tt c v-tr to nn nht-nguyt. C n th c tt c, khng c n th tt c u khng. "Tri t c th nm gn trn u mt si tc." Chnh l y. Th-gii v-tr v mun loi c dt nn bi nhng h-thng nhn-duyn trng trng v tn. l nhn-nh cn-bn v su-sc ca o Pht. Trn nhn-nh y, s c thnh-lp nn nhng h-thng gio-l siu-vit v nhng phng-php hnh-tr mu-nhim. Khoa-hc hin thi vt qua quan-nim nhn-qu n gin mt chiu v tin gn n quan-nim trng trng duyn khi ca o Pht. Chng ta mong rng mt ngy kia b uc ca gio-l nhn-duyn s c hon-ton t rng tip tc ph tr nhng quan-nim v tc-mnh, v ngu-nhin v v thn-to, loi ngi sm nhn-thc c ng li ca mnh.

VN BN-NG Bn-ng tht ra ch l ng chp. C hai th ng-chp: cu sanh ng-chp v phn-bit ng-chp. I.- Cu-sanh ng-chp. Cu-sanh ng-chp l th ng-chp c ngay t khi con ngi mi sinh, ch khng phi do s phn-bit vng-chp mi c. Ng-chp ny c t v-th, ch khi no gic-ng thnh Pht mi hn tiu-tan, cn l chng-sinh th vn cn. Cu-sanh ng-chp c hai tc dng phn-bit; Mt l "trc-gic ng-chp", tc l ch cho Mt na (1) do duyn vi kin phn A-li-gia v chp ci cnh tng m mnh bin ra lm tng-phn ca mnh. y l th ng-chp su-xa, thm-thit. Hai l "phn bit ng-chp", khi trc tip vi i tng, c nhng tm s ng-kin, ng-i, ng-mn, ng-si pht-sinh phn-bit v tham m. Hai loi ng-chp thuc v Mt na ny tht kh tr on, chng tn ti trc khi c sinh mnh; chng c t v-th, ch khng phi ch khi con ngi sinh ra mi pht hin. Trn ng tu-o hnh-gi phi "qun thng sinh-khng" mi dn dn tr dit c. II.- Phn-bit ng-chp: l th ng-chp mi pht hin sau khi c thn, do s phn-bit vng-chp. Th ng-chp ny d tr-on hn; khi mi vo a-v kin-o hnh-gi qun, "sinh-khng chn-nh" l c th tiu dit c. Phn bit ng-chp thuc v -thc (conscience-connaissance), cng c hai tc dng phn-bit: mt l trc-gic ng-chp tc l ch cho thc khi chp ton th sinh l v tm l l "ng" mt cch trc tip khng cn phn-bit; hai l suy-nghim ng-chp tc l cho -thc khi dng suy-nghim chpng bng s suy-nghim o n. Phn bit ng-chp tt nhin phi nng trn cu-sanh ng-chp m pht hin. Tuy nhin hon cnh v -thc l hai ng lc thit yu cho s pht hin y. Trn Mt-na, lc no cng c ng-chp thm-kn, su xa; trn thc, trc-gic ng-chp do suy nghim ng-chp cu thnh, cng ly lm nn tng. Lc mi sinh, -thc v bn ng ca tr con rt l m, v l phn bit ngchp ca chng mi c -thc v ngoi cnh thai-nghn nn mt cch yu t. C th ni r rng khi y suy-nghim ng-chp c mt cch l-m,

nhng trc-gic ng chp th cn cha c. Tuy nhin cu-sanh-ng-chp ca chng vn c y nh thng ging ht nh ca ngi ln. (Xin c-gi tham kho thm trong cun Duy Thc Hc ca Gio-s Thcc) Ln ln mt cht, tr con c th quan nim v n v v k khc, v bt u phn-bit mnh v ngi, mnh v vt. Nh s ng chm gia cn v cnh, n phn-bit c thn n v s vt khc vi thn n. V th, i vi tr con, bn ng n tc l thn xc n. S phn-bit r-rng v mnh v v ngi luyn ni -thc ca n mt trc-gic chp-ng. Cng c nhiu ngi ln ch quan-nim v bn ng ging ht nh tr con cho bn ng l xc thn mnh, v ch c th. Ch nhng k m suy-nghim ng-chp tr nn tinh-vi mi c nhng quan-nim khc hn v bn-ng. Nhiu k khng cho xc thn l bn-ng na, v h ni: "ti mun thot khi ci xc ny cho ri." Th th ti v xc l hai ci khc nhau. Nhng k y hn cho ci ta (le moi) l thc1, l mt linh hn c tnh cch thun nht v c th tn-ti ngoi xc thn. C k li cho "ci ta", l tng hp ca tt c nhng kin-thc, t-tng, tnh cm, khng c tnh cch thun-nht. Vy bn ng l g? Tht kh tr li, v thc ra theo Pht hc ta khng tm hiu n c, v n khng thc c. Bn-ng m ta quan nim phi l mt ci g c tnh cch duy nht, bt bin v c kh nng ch-t. Ta th nhn xem ci g trong ta l duy nht, bt bin v c kh nng ch t. Thn xc ? Thn xc th lun lun bin i, hng gi, hng pht. Thn xc ch l s tp hp ca v-s t bo sng ang bin chuyn mau l v cng. Tinh-thn ? Tinh thn l s tp hp ca tt c mi t-tng, cm gic, tri gic, cc hin tng y vn tip-tc bin chuyn, thay i mu sc, khng khi no ging khi no v chng c g l thun-nht c. Ni "bn ng" tc l ton th nhng yu t vt-l, tm l cng khng c, v hp li, chng cng chng c tnh cch thun-nht cht no. Nu ni bn ng l mt ci g chng phi vt-l cng chng phi tm-l tc l bn ng ly-un th ci y s ng nh h khng, khng cn c tc dng g ht, lm sao c th gi l bn-ng c? Khi chng ta ni: "Ti Saigon", ting ti y chnh l ch cho thn xc. Khi chng ta ni: "ti suy ngh c m", th ch ti y khng ch cho th

xc na m li ch cho -thc1. Khi chng ta ni: "ti vit mt bi dinvn", th ch ti y ch cho c thn-xc ln -thc, v chnh ta phi nh tr c suy ngh v nh tay vit. Th th ti l ci g? L thn xc, l -thc, hay l c thn xc v -thc hp li? Sao li c s khng ng-nht y? Ti c th l xc thn, li c th l -thc, ti l hai hay l mt? Li nh chng ta bo: "thn xc ca ti to ln", th ti y l ci g? L d nhin l ci c mt thn xc1. Thn xc l ci s hu ca ti. Th th thn xc khng phi ti. Th th ngoi thn xc cn ci Ti no na? Chng ta li bo: "-thc ca ti, -thc ca anh" Th th -thc cng l mt vt s-hu ca ci ti v ngoi -thc cn c ci Ti no na? Ci Ti y l tru-tng hay c-th? Nu tru tng th hnh-tng n nh th no? Nu c-th th n l ci g? Nu khng tru-tng cng khng c-th, th n l ci "khng" sao? Ni rng bn-ng va l ng-nht va l bin chuyn, cng khng xong. Th hi ci phn ng nht y c khc bit vi phn bin chuyn khng? Nu khc bit, th khng c tnh cch duy nht, nu khng khc bit, th li b bin chuyn, sao c th gi l ng nht? Vy "Bn ng" ch l nhng quan-nim m h sai lc v mt ci g ng nht, bt bin, c tnh cch ch t, v ci g t thn n khng th c c S sng ch l mt ging bin chuyn m trong y khng c mt bn ng ch ng. Nm trc, ti mua mt chic xe p. Cch vi thng, ti thay cp bnh, cch na nm, ti thay cp nin. Ci xe c thay i, nhng ti c bo l ci xe ca ti trc kia. C lu lu, ti li phi i no chung, no hm, no n, i lun c khung xe, i cm, i lp, i tt c. n nay, ci xe y, ti ang dng bn tng. Tuy n hon ton thay i, ti c bo rng n l ci xe ca ti mua nm xa. Th th ci xe y, ngoi hnh thc n ra cn c mt ci "hn xe" duy nht, khng bin chuyn ? Nu hnh thc ci xe chu lut bin chuyn, th bn trong phi c mt ci g, ci "hn xe" chng hn, khng bin chuyn, ti mi c -nim rng l ci xe ca ti mua nm xa ch! Thc ra, lm g c ci "hn xe"! Ci xe l mt ging bin chuyn m khng c bn-ng, ch ng. Thn-th v tm-hn ta cng l mt ging bin chuyn m khng c bn-ng ch-ng.

V th, ci bn-ng ch t (le moi-sujet) v ci bn-v i-tng (le moiobject) u l nhng gi danh, khng c thc, ch do phn-bit vng-chp m hnh nh thc c. Ci vng chp ca -thc, tuy th vn nng trn vng-chp ca Mt-na. Ngun gc su xa ca ng-chp l Mt-na. Mt-na kt tinh ca v-minh, lun lun ly phn tri-kin ca Alaya lm i-tng chp lm ng, chp mt cch cht cng, khng ri. Alaya t nhin khng mun m tr thnh "ng-tng" v b Mt-na chp. Ci kin chp y v-l qu, nhng cng li rt su thm, ta kh dng -thc tm hiu v on tr c. Do cng-phu thin-nh ta mi c th thy r v tiu-dit c n m thi. Nh cng nng tu thin nh, ta c th chuyn ng-chp thnh tr-tu, thnh " bnh-ng tnh-tr" tr sng-sut nhn r l bnh-ng tuyt-i ca vn-php, khng phn-bit mnh, ngi. Khi chng ng l phn-bit ng-khng v phn-bit php-khng, tc l n av hoan-h-a, a thp nht ca B-Tt, -thc c th dng "qun" ngn-nga bn tm s ng si, ng kin, ng mn, ng i, v tm tm s i ty khng cho hin-hnh. Do Mt-na mt rt nhiu tnh cht -nhim v bt u gn bnh-ng tnh-tr. Mt-na trong cng vic gii-thot ch ng vai tr th-ng, chnh k gii-thot cho n l -thc. Khi cha ln n tht a ca B-Tt th -thc cn cha c thng-trc an-tr ni nh-khng chn-nh nn php-ng-chp hy cn v s phn-bit mnh ngi ca -thc cng cha dt hn. n y Mt-na mi chu ri Alaya, v ph c cu sanh ng chp. Ln n tht a th -thc on c, s phn-bit h-vng v mnh v ngi, nhng php ng-chp vn cn. n bt a tr ln, c hai th nhn ng-chp v php-chp u c dit sch, ch cn lu li cc th php-chp vi-t m thi. n y ng-chp h-vng mi c vnh-vin tr dit. Khi Mt-na c hon-ton chuyn thnh bnh-ng tnh-tr, n qu v Pht, th c th hin ra cc tha th- dng thn ha chng sinh. KHI NIM V THIN HC Ni n Thin-hc, ta thng lin-tng n Thin-tng, mt hc-phi Pht-hc rt thnh-hnh Trung-Hoa, Nht-Bn v Vit-Nam thi trc. Nhng thc ra, thin-hc c nhiu chng-loi khc nhau, ch khng phi ch c mt Thin-hc i-Tha nh ta thy Thin-tng ca ba nc m thi.

Xt v gc ch, th ch "thin" l do ting Phn Dhyana (hay ting Ba-l Jhana) m ra: c ngha l t duy hay tnh-l. Du-gi-phi, mt trong su phi trit-hc ca n-, xem Thin l giai-on th by trong tm giai-on tuhnh. Pht-gio Tiu-tha c bit ch trng t-thin v xem thin l mt php-tu quan-trng nht. Trong gio-l i-tha, thin l mt trong lc Bala-mt (su phng tin vt sang b gii-thot) v gm c nhiu phng-php tu-chng sai-bit. Tuy c nhiu chng-loi, nhng thin bao gi cng mang ngha t-duy v tnh-l: phng-php ca Thin l tp-trung tm- vo mt i-tng tnim v suy-xt. Phng-php ca Thin l mt phng-php thn tm ton nht, ngha l mt phng-php iu-ng c thn v tm cng trong mt lc. Tuy vy, khi kho st, ta c th chia lm hai phn: phn hnh-thc v phn ni-dung. V hnh-thc, ta c s tu-luyn thn-th, tc l phng-php lm cho thnth an-tnh tr-lc cho s thng-nht ca tinh-thn. Trong bt c mn Thin no cng vy, s iu-luyn thn-th cng c xem l rt quantrng, bi v khng c n, php thin-nh s khng thnh cng. Ngi tathin nu c mt khu-xc qu yu ui s rt kh thu-ot c kt-qu. V ni-dung, ta c s tp-trung v t-duy ca tinh-thn. Nh tp-trung v thng-nht, tm- tr nn mnh-m; dng lc-lng tinh-thn ny t-duy kho-st v i n ch khai-ng. Ni tm li, thin tc l s thc-hin khaing, thc-hin l-tng. L-tng y l tiu-im ca t-duy, c a vo trung-tm thng-nht ca tinh-thn c kho-st v thc-hin. Ngoi danh-t thin, trong o Pht cn c danh-t ch-qun. Ch tc l s tnh-nh ca tm- v qun l s t-duy qun st cn-c trn s tnh-nh y ca tinh-thn. Ch-qun cn c thc-hin qun-bnh: nu Ch thi qu th hnh-gi s lm vo trng-thi bn thy-min, thiu mt kh lc; cn Qun thi qu th tm s tn-lon v tr thnh iu c. Tm li trong s chuyn nim l tng v kho st i tng ca t duy, hnh-gi phi rt bnh tnh: nh th l thit lp c s qun bnh gia ch v qun. Do ch-ch phng-php v quan-nim khc nhau, nn thin c nhiu chng- loi. Ngi Tng-Mt Thin-s i ng trong cun "Thin-Nguyn Ch Thuyn Tp T" c phn bit 5 loi Thin nh sau:

1.- Ngoi o Thin: Ch trng tha nhn ngoi bn-ng cn c nhng th-gii thn-minh; chn ght th-gii hin ti ny v mong cu t n cc th-gii thn-minh y. l phng-php v tng ch ca ngoi-o-thin. 2.- Phm-phu Thin: Tin-tng lut nhn qu, mong c t n nhng th-gii cng-nghip p hn th-gii hin-ti. Thin y cha c cng-dng gii-thot c cho con ngi ra khi tam-gii. 3.- Tiu-tha Thin: Tin-tng o-l v-ng v nhm vo mc ch dit-ng. 4.- i-tha Thin: Nhn r t-ng v ngoi-gii u khng; c mun th-nhp l-chn khng mu nhim y. 5.- Nh-lai ti-thng Thin: T-gic c kh-nng-tnh thnh Pht, nhm vo mc-ch thc-hin hon-ton ni mnh gic-tnh ca Pht-, nm vng c cng hnh t-gic, gic-tha v gic-hnh vin-mn. Ngi TngMt gii thch: Ti-thng-thin l mn thin-hc nng vo s nhn thc t-tm bn lai thanh tnh, khng c phin no: tr-tnh v lu vn sn y , tm y chnh l Pht, hon-ton khng sai khc". Ti Thng Thin cn gi l Nht-Hnh Tam-Mui, Chn-Nh Tam-mui, Nh-Lai Thanh-Tnh Thin. Mn Thin-hc c truyn sang Trung-hoa do t-Ma T-S v truyn sang Vit-nam do T-Ni-a-Lu-Chi T-S chnh l mn Nh-Lai Ti-Thng Thin ny vy. Tuy ht sc gin-lc, li phn bit ca Ngi Tng-Mt cng c th gi l xc-ng. Nhng ta cng c th cn c vo nhng sc thi c bit ca cc chng loi thin-hc phn bit nhng tnh cch khc nhau ca thin. C nhng mn thin ch trng phn-ly thn-tm, hy vng c th tiu-dit c -ch sinh tn c gii thot khi cuc i kh no. Tnh cch ca cc mn ny l ym th, v-hot-ng. C nhng mn Thin nhm vo mc ch vng sinh ln cc thin-quc th li mang nhiu sc-thi tnh cm v tn ngng, do c tnh cch y-c vo tha-lc. C nhng mn Thin ch tin chnh t kh nng sn c ni mnh v hon ton c tnh cch t lc. ng v phng-din trit-hc v tn gio kho st thin-hc, ta phi c bit ch trng n vn- t-ng. V y l vn- then cht ca Thin, lm cn bn cho nhng vn- khc nh vn- sinh-mng v vn- gii-thot.

Trit-hc v Tn-gio, t xa nhm vo mc-ch gii-quyt vn- t ng. Cho n by gi, vn- t-ng vn cn l vn- trung-tm ca trit hc. Thng thng v trc ht, t-ng ch l thn xc ca mi ngi. Tuy l quan nim n s, nhng chnh thc l cn-bn, bi v khu-xc l c-im qun-st t- ng ton-vn. Nhng xc thn, thc khng phi chnh l t-ng. Nu qu xc thn l tng th khi ngi ta mt mt cnh tay, t-ng cng b tn gim mt phn. M trn s thc, khng c nh vy. Ngi ct tay vn t gic mt t-ng ton-vn nh bt c mt ngi no khc. Li na, ngoi xc thn mnh, cn c nhng vt s-hu ca mnh, cn gia-nh mnh; t quc mnh, tt c nhng ci m mnh c th ng nht vi t-ng y khng th gi l nhng th phi-t-ng c. Ni tm li, t-ng l mt ci g c tnh cch "co gin" v mt phng din n c khuynh hng i su vo bn trong, v mt phng-din khc, n c khuynh-hng khai trin ra ngoi. Lm bin gii gia hai th gii ni ngoi , chnh l xc thn. T thn xc tr vo h-hp, t h-hp tr vo ni-tm, t ni tm tr vo chn ng, l con ng ninhip. T thn xc i n gia-tc, t gia-tc i n quc gia, t quc gia i n nhn loi v t nhn loi i n v-tr, l con ng khai trin ra ngoi. Con ngi trc ht l mt kt hp ca ng-un: sc th tng hnh thc. Sc tc l vt-cht Th tng hnh thc l tinh-thn. S dy lin-lc gia vt cht v tinh-thn chnh l h-hp. Nh h-hp, con ngi c th tr vo i sng ni tm, qun st cc hin-tng th tng hnh thc. y, ch-th qun-st v i-tng qun-st l mt v v th thay i chuyn bin khng ngng. Nhng cm-gic, suy tng, nhng tri gic lin quan n ngoi gii do s chi-phi ca nhc th Tt c cc hin-tng tm-l y u bin chuyn, tiu dit v khng th gi l t-ng. T-ng phi l mt ci g ng nht bt bin T-ng phi l mt nguyn-l ch quan thun-ty, mt nguyn-l hot ng thun-ty, m nh th th n vt ra ngoi phm vi kinh-nghim, phm-vi ca phi-ng. Dng khi nim trc tip vi t-ng, l iu khng th lm c. Bi v ni "t-ng l th ny, t-ng l th kia" tc cho rng t-ng l mt i tng ca tri-gic. M l i tng ca tri-gic th phi bin chuyn, tiu-dit, v nh th th khng phi l t-ng na.

V vy, t-ng phi l tuyt-i. Trn l-lun, t-ng tuyt i y c thnh-lp do mt gi-nh ti-hu cn phi c. Trn thc-t, t-ng tuyt-i y ch c th do trc-gic tm ti c m thi, ngn-ng v t-l khng th no tm n v din-t c. Vy dng thn th lm xut pht i su vo ni-gii, thi tr nhng yut phi-ng, cui cng tm n mt gi-nh ti hu l chn-ng nm su trong ni-gii v vt ra ngoi phm-vi kinh-nghim: l con ng ni nhip. ng v mt khai trin, t-ng c th bao gm c gia-nh, dn-tc, qucgia, x-hi. Khi con ngi lao-tn tm-lc v thn-lc nui gia-nh, con ngi khng quan-nim rng t-ng ch l xc thn na. Bao nh lun-l, bc-hc, chin-s v yu nc, yu ngi, yu nhn-loi m hy-sinh cho o-c, cho nhn-loi, cho t-quc. T ng ca h khai-trin t thn xc h cho n chng loi h, quc gia h Phn ng nhng ngi y u l nhng ngi chin thng c nhng dc-vng tm-thng ca thn xc. Vi nhng k chin-thng hon-ton cc dc-vng, t-ng ca h l tt c nhn-loi, tt c v-tr. i vi h, khng cn c g l phi ng cn phi loi tr ra ngoi na. Tt c nhng g trc kia nhn thy l phi ng by gi u tr thnh t-ng, khng st mt ho-ly. Vy ng v phng-din hnh thc, ta thy t-ng c th thu-nhip thnh cc-tiu cng nh c th khai-trin thnh cc-i. Lm cn-c cho s thunhip v khai-trin y l thn xc ca con ngi Nhn v hnh thc thy hnh nh c hai thi-cc mu-thun. Nhng xt v phng-din ni-dung thc-ti, ta thy ci cc-i v cc-tiu y vn hon ton nht-tr. Nu tqun c chn tng ca ci ng chn-thc, ci ng tuyt-i, th muthun hnh thc y khng cn thy na. Khng nhn c chn-ng, tc l c quan-nim sai lm v t-ng. Nhng k phm phu quan-nim t-ng l thn xc v ch bit lo lng cho thn xc y m thi. Nhn thn xc l t-ng, lo chiu chung v lm thamn dc-vng ca thn xc y, k phm phu vng vo hai ci t ln: i ngoi th ch-k, tham lam c c, khng c nh lng dung np k khc, ni tm li, khng th khai trin t-ng; i ni khng c nng lc t tnh, ni hng v v th khng bao gi c hy-vng trc nhn c chn-ng ca mnh.

Tri li, nu ci m dn dn dc nhng rng buc ca dc vng thn xc, th khi i ngoi, ta th nhp dn dn vi i-ng, khi i ni, ta dit tr nhng vng-nim dn dn i n trc-gic chn-ng. i sng ni-tnh cng thm-thit, i sng ngoi quan cng m rng. Cc bc thnh-nhn khi vo su trong i sng ni tnh, lm pht trin n v hn kh nng t-bi, t thy mun loi u nm trong chn-ng nn em kh nng t-bi y m bao trm tt c. Do , t-ng khai-trin n v- bin v chn-ng ha-hp vi v-tr trong mt s nht-tr hon-ton. Tnh cht ca t-ng l th, nhng bn-th ca t-ng l g? Mt gi nh ti hu tt nhin phi n: Chng ta khng th khng tha nhn s tn ti ca mt ci bn ng tuyt-i lm bn cht cho chnh chng ta. Ci tuyt-ing y chnh l s sng trn y, l sinh mnh tuyt-i. Sinh mnh ca chng ta tc l t-ng, u v lc no cng khuynh-hng v tuyt i, v v hn. N kt hp vi i-ng tuyt i v v hn. Trn thc cht i-ng y khng ri chng ta. Bi v nu i-ng tuyt-i y m ri khi chng ta th n khng cn c gi l i-ng tuyt i na. C nhin, ci bn th tuyt i y khng nm trong phm-vi nhn thc tng i cu chng ta. Ta khng th quan-nim c n. Ch c th tm gi n bng mt ci tn, hoc l Php Thn, l Pht-Tm, l Chn Nh, l Khng m khng th gii-thch n bng ng ngn, khng th tm hiu n bng suy lun. Bn th y tuyt i t do v vnh cu bt bin; l bn cht, l hot-ng lc ca dng sng trn y, v l bn tnh ca chng ta. Chnh l ci m chng ta phi th-hin bng phng-php thin-hc. Phi th-hin cho c ci bn-ng tuyt-i y, v l cn- ca tt c mi vt-th, mi hin-tng. Cnh cy ngn c u l biu-hin cho ci bn ng tuyt i y. Cc nh thin-hc thng bo "cc loi hu-tnh v v-tnh u c Pht tnh" chnh l v th. Mun thc hin i-ng, khng cn phi hng ngoi tm cu. Khng phi nh cng phu nghin-cu lch s vn minh nhn loi, hoc phn tch cc hin-tng o-c, tm hiu cc hin-tng sinh-l, vt-lm c th tm thy i-ng. Tt c cc hin-tng kia tuy nm trong dng sng tuyt i nhng vn l nhng hin tng tng i. Mun t n bn-ng tuyti, phi cn c vo nhng nguyn-l tuyt i.

Nh trn ni, phng-php ca thin-hc mt mt l ch-ng cm gic, mt mt l chuyn nim v tiu-im l-tng, dng ch-qun qut sch vng ng trc-nhn chn-ng. Ban u dng h hp t thn-th i vo tinh thn, ri em tinh thn tp trung chn-ng, trc tip dung-hp vi chn-ng. Trc-nhn c chn-ng tc cng l trc-nhn c i-ng tuyt i bi v c hai u l bn th bt nh "Trc ch nhn tm kin tnh thnh Pht" chnh l y. Vy s khai-ng ca thin-hc chnh l nh lc-lng thng-nht ca tm v kh nng trc nhn chn ng. Mt khi c khai ng, hnh-gi khng cn sng trong nhng mnh gi-ng ri rc na, v c an-tr trong mt cnh gii ton-nht tuyt-i. Cnh gii ton-nht y khng th dng ng ngn din t c, ch c th do t-thn thc nghim. Trong gii chng-ng, thnh thong c nhng li din t c bit, m vi tr suy lun ta ch thy ton l v l mu thun, khng th no lnh hi c. Nhng li ni l lng, nhng c ch k quc y ch c th c ngha vi nhng ai m tm-tr gn k vi s gic ng v ang i s khai th ca nhng bc trcnhn chn-l. HT