chuyên đề - Ứng dụng của đạo hàm

THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy
ng dng o hm trong gii v bin lun pt-bpt-h phng trnh-bt ng thc Trang - 1-
Chuyn : NG DNG CA O HM
Mt s lu chung:
hc sinh c th gii cc bi ton dng ny, yu cu hc sinh nm vng mt s kin thc
c bn sau:
1. Phng trnh f(x) = m c nghim khi v ch khi m thuc tp gi tr ca hm s y = f(x)
2. S nghim phng trnh f(x) = m l s giao im ca th hm s y = f(x) vi ng
thng y = m
3. Xt bt phng trnh f(x) m vi f(x) l hm s lin tc trn [a; b] .
Khi :
[ , ] [ , ]
min ( ) ( ) max ( )
a b a b
f x f x f x
*) f(x) m c nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x
*) f(x) m v nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x >
*) f(x) m c nghim x [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x
4. Xt bt phng trnh f(x) m vi f(x) l hm s lin tc trn [a; b] .
Khi :
[ , ] [ , ]
min ( ) ( ) max ( )
a b a b
f x f x f x
*) f(x) m c nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x
*) f(x) m v nghim thuc [a; b]
[ , ]
min ( )
a b
m f x <
*) f(x) m c nghim x [a; b]
[ , ]
max ( )
a b
m f x
A.1)Phng trnh:
Bi ton 1:
Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim :
m(
2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 2 ) 2 1 1 x x x x x + + = + + (1)
Li Gii
iu kin: 1 x
t t =
2
1 x + -
2
1 x 2
4
1 x = 2 t
2

Ta c : t =
2
1 x + -
2
1 x 0 (du bng t c khi x = 0)
t
2
= 2 2
4
1 x 2 (du bng t c khi x = 1 )
suy ra iu kin ca t l: 0 t 2

Phng trnh (1) c chuyn v dng m(t + 2) = 2 - t
2
+ t
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
= m (2)
Khi phng trnh (1) c nghim (2) c nghim tho : 0 t 2
ng thng y = m ct phn th hm s y =
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
trn [0; 2 ]
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
2
2
+
+ +
t
t t
trn [0; 2 ]
Ta c f(t) =
( )
0
2
4
2
2
+

t
t t
, t[0; 2 ] hm s nghch bin trn [0; 2 ]
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim ( 2) (0) f m f 1 2 m 1
Bi ton 2:
Chng minh rng vi mi m > 0 phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
x
2
+ 2x 8 = ( 2) m x (1)
Li Gii
iu kin x 2
(1) (x 2)( x
3
+ 6x
2
32 m) = 0

3 2
2
6 32 0
x
x x m
=

Ta cn chng minh phng trnh: x
3
+ 6x
2
32 = m (*) c nghim trong (2; +)
Xt hm s: f(x) = x
3
+ 6x
2
32 vi x > 2
f (x) = 3x
2
+ 12x > 0 , x > 2

Da vo bng bin thin ta c: m > 0 phng trnh (*) c nghim trong khong (2; +)
Vy m > 0 th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
Bi ton 3:
Tm m phng trnh sau c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]

2 2
3 3
log log 1 x x + + - 2m 1 = 0 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin : x > 0
0
+
+
+ 2
f(x)
f '(x)
x

t: t =
2
3
log 1 x + vi x[1; 3
3
] 0
3
log 3 x 1
2
3
log x +1 41 t 2
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: t
2
+ t = 2m + 2 (2)
Phng trnh (1) c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]
Phng trnh (2) c t nht 1 nghim thuc [1; 2]
ng thng y = 2m + 2 ct phn th y = t
2
+ t vi t [1; 2] ti t nht mt
im
t f(t) = t
2
+ t , t [1; 2]
f (t) = 2t + 1 > 0 , t [1; 2]

Vy phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim thuc [1; 3
3
]
2 2m + 2 5 0 m 1,5
Bi ton 4:
Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim :
(m + 1) tan
4
x 3m(1 + tan
2
x)tan
2
x +
4
4
cos
m
x
= 0 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin: x
2
k
+
(1) m( 2tan
4
x + 5tan
2
x + 4 ) = - tan
4
x

2
2
2
2
2
tan
tan
(2 5 4)
2 5 4
t x
t x
t
m t t
m
t t
=
=

+ +
=

+ +

Xt: f(t) =
2
2
2 5 4
t
t t
+ +
vi t 0
f (t) =
( )
2
2
2
5 8
2 5 4
t t
t t

+ +
0 , t 0

Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh c nghim -0,5 < m 0
Bi ton 5:
-0,5
0
f(t)
_
f '(t)
+
0
t
+
5
2
2 1
f(t)
f '(t)
t

Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: 9
x
m 3
3
+ 2m + 1 = 0 (1)
Li Gii
(1)
2
3
( 2) 1
x
t
m t t
=
= +
vi t>0

2
3
1
(2)
2
x
t
t
m
t
=
+
=

(v t = 2 khng phi l nghim ca pt)
Xt hm s f(t) =
2
1
2
t
t
+
ta c:
f (t) =
( )
2
2
4 1
2
t t
t

f (t) = 0
2
4 1 t t = 0
2 5
2 5
t
t
= +

t 2 5 0 2 2 5 + +

f(t) 0 - - 0 +

f(t) -0,5 + +
4 2 5 +
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh c nghim khi m < - 0,5 hoc m 4 2 5 +
Bi ton 6:
Tm a phng trnh:
2
3 1
2 1
2 1
x
x
x
+ a (1) c nghim duy nht

Li Gii
(1) a =
2
3 2
2 1
x x
x

Xt hm s : f(x) =
2
3 2
2 1
x x
x
xc nh trn (0,5; +)
Ta c f(x) =
( )
2
3
9 8 2
2 1
x x
x
+
> 0 x 0,5 f ng bin trn (0,5; +)



0,5
+
+
+
-
f(x)
f '(x)
x

Da vo bng bin thin ta c ng thng y = a ct th hm s f(x) ti mt im duy
nht a.
Vya phng trnh (1) lun c nghim duy nht
Bi ton 7:
Gii phng trnh: x +
2
2 2 x x + = 3
x-1
+1 (1)
Li Gii
(1) x 1 +
2
2 2 x x + = 3
x 1

2
1
1 3
a
a x
a a
=
+ + =

( )
2
1
ln 1 ln3
a x
a a a
=
+ + =
(*)
Xt f(a) = ln(
2
1 a a + + ) aln3
f (a) =
2
1
1 a +
- ln3 < 0 , a
Vy f(a) nghch bin trn R v f(0) = 0 nn (*) c nghim duy nht a = 0 .Do phng
trnh (1) c mt nghim x = 1
Bi ton 8:
Gii phng trnh : 4 1 x +
2
4 1 x = 1 (1)
Li Gii
iu kin:
2
4 1 0
4 1 0
x
x

x 0,5
Xt: f(x) = 4 1 x +
2
4 1 x vi x 0,5
f (x) =
2
4 1 x
+
2
4
4 1
x
x
> 0 , x 0,5
f ng bin trn (0,5; +)
Do f lin tc v ng bin trn (0,5; +)
Mt khc : f(0,5) = 1 nn (1) f(x) = f(0,5) x = 0,5

Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0,5

Cc bi tp tng t
1) nh m phng trnh c nghim thuc tp hp cho trc
a) x
3
3x = m vi 2 x 3
b) x
2
- 6lnx m = 0 vi 1 < x < e
c) 4sin
6
x + cos4x a = 0
2) Bin lun s nghim phng trnh:
a) 3x
4
10x
3
+ 6x
2
= m
b) 2 1 x + 5 x = m
3) Tm iu kin m phng trnh sau c nghim:
1 x + 3 x - ( ) 1 (3 ) x x = m
4) Tm m cc phng trnh sau c ng mt nghim ( d b H 2007)
a)
4 4
13 x x m + + x 1 = 0
b)
2 4
1 x + - x = m
5) Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
2
3
sin x
+ 3 tan
2
x + m(tanx + cotx) = 1
4(sin
4
x + cos
4
x) 4(sin
6
x + cos
6
x) sin
2
4x = m
7) Bin lun theo k s nghim x thuc ;
4 4
(
(

ca phng trnh:
4k(sin
6
x + cos
6
x 1) = 3sin6x
8) Tm tt c gi tr m phng trnh c nghim duy nht trn on 0;
2
(
(

:
2cosx .cos2x.cos3x m = 7 cos2x
9) Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh:
a) x +3 = m
2
1 x +
b) x + m = m
2
1 x +
c) 1 x + 4m
2 4
3 2 x x + + (m + 3) 2 x = 0
10) Xc nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:
a)
2 2
4 2 1 4 2 1 x x x x + + + = 2m
b)
4 4 4
4 4 x x m x x m + + + + + = 6

11) Tm m phng trnh sau c ng hai nghim thc phn bit :
a) ( ) ) 8 ( 1 8 1 x x x x + + + + = m
b) x x x x + + + 6 2 6 2 2 2
4 4
= m
a) tan
2
x + cot
2
x +m(tanx + cotx) + 3 = 0
b) ) 4 5 ( 12 x x m x x x + = + +
c) 2x + x x x x 7 2 7
2
+ + + + = m
13) Tm m phng trnh :
sinx + 2 cos
2
x
= m( cosx + 2sin
2
x
) c nghim trong on [0 ;
2
]
A.2) Bt phng trnh:
Bi ton 1:
Tm m bt phng trnh :
m(
2
2 2 x x + + 1) + x(2- x) 0 c nghim thuc [0; 1+ 3 ]
Li Gii
t t =
2
2 2 x x + vi x [0; 1+ 3 ]
t
x
=
2
1
2 2
x
x x
+
,
t
x
= 0 x = 1
Vi x [0; 1+ 3 ] th t [1; 2]
Bt phng trnh tr thnh: m(t + 1) t
2
2
m
2
2
1
t
t
+

m
[1,2]
max ( ) f t vi f(t) =
2
2
1
t
t
+

Ta c f (t) =
( )
2
2
2 2
1
t t
t
+ +
+
> 0 , t[1; 2]
Suy ra f(t) ng bin trn [1,2]
Vy bt phng trnh c nghim x [0; 1+ 3 ] m
[1;2]
ax ( ) M f t = f(2)
m
2
3

Bi ton 2:
Vi gi tr no ca m th bt phng trnh sin
3
x + cos
3
x m , x (1)
+
_
2 2
1
0
1+ 3 1
0
t
t'
x
x

Li Gii
t t = sinx + cosx = 2 cos( )
4
x

, iu kin : 2 t
Bt phng trnh tr thnh: t(1
2
1
2
t
) m, t [- 2 ; 2 ]
3t t
3
2m, t [- 2 ; 2 ]
[ 2, 2]
2 min ( ) m f t

Xt: f(t) = 3t t
3

f (t) = 3 3t
2

f (t) = 0 3 3t
2
= 0 t = 1 v t = -1

2
- 2
1 - 2
+
_
2
-2
0
2 -1
t
t'
x
x

Da vo bng bin thin ta c :
Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x 2m -2 m - 1
Bi ton 3:
Tm m bt phng trnh mx
4
4x + m 0 , x (1)
Li Gii
(1) m(x
4
+ 1) 4x , x
m
4
4
1
x
x +
, x
Xt : f(x) =
4
4
1
x
x +

Ta c : f (x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4) 2 2
2 2 2
4 4 4
4( 1 4 ) 4(1 3 4(1 3 )(1 3 )
1 1 1
x x x x x
x x x
+ +
= =
+ + +

f (x) = 0
2
1 3x = 0 x =
4
1
3
v x = -
4
1
3

x
4 4
1 1
3 3
+
f(x) - 0 + 0 -
0
4
27
f(x)


0
-1
1
1
0
+
_
1
23
7
0
2
1/ 3
f(x)
f '(x)
x
-
4
27 0
Da vo bng bin thin ta c bt phng trnh c nghim x
m Maxf(x) m
4
27

Bi ton 4:
Cho bt phng trnh x
3
-2x
2
+ x 1 + m < 0 (1)
a) nh m bt phng trnh (1) c nghim thuc [0; 2]
b) nh m bt phng trnh (1) tho x [0; 2]
Li Gii
Ta c: (1) -x
3
+ 2x
2
x + 1 > m
Xt: f(x) = -x
3
+ 2x
2
x + 1 , x [0; 2]
f(x) = -3x
2
+ 4x 1
f(x) = 0 x = 1 v x =
1
3

a) (1) c nghim thuc [0; 2]
[0,2]
max ( ) f x > m m < 1
b) (1) c nghim x [0; 2]
[0,2]
min ( ) f x > m m < -1
Bi ton 5:
Tm iu kin p, q bt phng trnh sau c nghim tho x [0; 1]
px + 1
3 2
3 1
3 1
x x x
x
+ + +
+
qx + 1 (1)
Li Gii
x = 0 (1) tho
x (0; 1] ta c (1) p
2
2
1
x x
x
+ +
+
q
t f(x) =
2
2
1
x x
x
+ +
+
vi x thuc (0,1]
f (x) =
( )
3
2
2 1
1
x x
x
+
+


f (x) = 0 x = 2 1 y = 2 2 1

(1) c nghim tha x [0; 1] khi v ch khi p
(0,1]
min ( ) f x v q
(0,1]
max ( ) f x
Da vo bng bin thin ta c: p 2 2 1 v q 2
Bi ton 6:
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m bt phng trnh sau y nghim ng x > 0
(3m +1)12
x
+ (2 m)6
x
+ 3
x
< 0 (1)
Li Gii
(1) (3m +1)4
x
+ (2 m)2
x
+ 1 < 0

2 2
2 , 0
(3 ) ( 1)
x
t x
t t m t
= >
< +

2
2
2 1
( 1)
(2)
(3 )
x
t
t
m
t t
= >
+
<

Xt: f(t) =
2
2
( 1)
(3 )
t
t t
+
,vi t > 1

f (t) =
2
2 2
7 6 1
(3 )
t t
t t
+
> 0 , t > 1
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x > 0
bt phng trnh (2) c nghim t > 1
m -2
Bi ton 7:
Gii bt phng trnh :
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 x x x x + + + + < 181 4x
Li Gii
iu kin:
2
7 7 0
7 6 0
49 7 42
x
x
x x
+
x
6
7

t: f(x) =
2
7 7 7 6 2 49 7 42 x x x x + + + + + 4x vi x
6
7

1
+
+
-
1
3
-2
f(t)
f '(t)
t
2
+
_
2
0
2 2 - 1
2 -1 1 0
f(t)
f '(t)
t

f (x) =
2
7 7 98 7
2 7 7 2 7 6
49 7 42
x
x x
x x
+
+ +
+
+
+ 4 > 0 , x
6
7

Vy f(x) ng bin trn (
6
7
; +) v f(6) = 181
Khi x < 6 th f(x) < f(6) f(x) < 181
Vy nghim bt phng trnh l S = [
6
7
; 6)
Bi ton 8:
Gii bt phng trnh:
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + > 2 3 4 x +
Li Gii
iu kin:
3 2
2 3 6 16 0
4 0
x x x
x
+ + +
( )
2
2 (2 8) 0
4 0
x x x
x
+ +
- 2 x 4
Xt hm s f(x) =
3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + - 4 x vi x thuc [-2,4]
f (x) =
2
3 2
6( 1) 1
2 4
2 2 3 6 16
x x
x
x x x
+ +
+
+ + +
> 0 , x (-2; 4)
Suy ra f ng bin trong khong (-2; 4)
Do nu x > 1 th f(x) > f(1) = 2 3

3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + - 4 x > 2 3

3 2
2 3 6 16 x x x + + + > 4 x + 2 3 .
Vy khong nghim ca bt phng trnh l : (1; 4)
Cc bi tp tng t:
1) Tm m bt phng trnh sau c nghim: 3
2x+1
(m + 3) 3
x
2(m + 3) < 0
2) Xc nh m sao cho x u l nghim bt phng trnh:
2
2+cos2x
+
2 2
1 cos sin
2 2
x x +
m
3) Xc nh m bt phng trnh sau c nghim

2 2 2
sin cos sin
2 3 .3
x x x
m +
A.3. H phng trnh
1) H phng trnh dng:
(1)
(2)
( ) ( )
( , ) 0
f x f y
g x y
=

Hng dn hc sinh c th tm li gii theo hai hng sau:
Hng 1: (1) f(x) f(y) = 0 (3)
Tm cch a (3) v mt phng trnh tch
Bi ton 1:

Gii h :
(1)
3 (2)
1 1
2 1
x y
x y
y x
= +

Li Gii
Ta c: (1) x y (
1 1
x y
) = 0 (x y)
1 xy
xy
+
= 0
1
x y
x
y
=
Thay vo (2) v gii

Hng 2: Xt hm s f(t) .
Ta thng gp hm s lin tc trong tp xc nh ca n.
+) Nu hm s f(t) n iu th (1) suy ra x = y. Khi bi ton a v gii v bin lun
phng trnh theo x
+) Nu hm s f(t) c mt cc tr t = a th n thay i chiu bin thin mt ln khi qua a.
T (1) suy ra x = y hoc x, y nm v hai pha ca a
Bi ton 2:
Gii h:
2 1
2 1
2 2 3 1
2 2 3 1
y
x
x x x
y y y
+ + = +
+ + = +
vi x, y R
Li Gii
H
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 3
y
x
x x
y y
+ + =
+ + =

t: a = x 1 , b = y 1 ta c h mi

2
2
1 3
1 3
b
a
a a
b b
+ + =
+ + =
2
2 2
1 3 (1)
1 3 1 3 (2)
b
a b
a a
a a b b
+ + =
+ + + = + + +

Xt hm s f(t) =
2
1 3
t
t t + + = , t R
f (t) =
2
1
1
t
t
+
+
+ 3
t
ln3
=
2
2
1
1
t t
t
+ +
+
+ 3
t
ln3 > 0 , t (v
2
1 t t + + > 0 , t)
do hm s ng bin trn R

t (2) ta c f(a) = f(b) nn a = b. Thay vo (1) ta c:

2
1 a a + + = 3
a

ln(
2
1 a a + + ) = aln3
Xt : g(a) = ln(
2
1 a a + + ) aln3 (*)
g(a) =
2
1
1 a +
- ln3 < 0 , a . Vy hm s g(a) nghch bn trn R. Nn phng
trnh (*) c nghim duy nht a =0
Do h c nghim duy nht x = y =1
Bi ton 3:
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim

1 3
1 3
x y m
y x m
+ + =
+ + =
(I)
Li Gii
iu kin: -1 x , y 3
(I)
1 3 (1)
1 3 1 3 (2)
x y m
x x y y
+ + =
+ = +

Xt hm s f(t) = 1 3 t t +
f(t) =
1 1
2 1 2 3 t t
+
+
> 0 , t (-1; 3)
Vy f ng bin trn (-1; 3). Do f(x) = f(y) x = y
Thay vo (1) ta c: 1 3 x x + + = m (*)
Xt hm s : g(x) = 1 3 x x + +
g (x) =
1 1
2 1 2 3 x x
+

g (x) = 0 x = 1

Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh (*) c nghim 2 m 2 2
Do h c nghim khi 2 m 2 2
Bi ton 4:
Chng minh rng m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht
2 2
2 2
_
+
0
1 3
-1
g(x)
g '(x)
x


2 2
2 2
3 2 0 (1)
3 2 0 (2)
x y y m
y x x m
=
(I)
Li Gii
Nu y 0 th v tri ca phng trnh (1 ) khng tho suy ra y > 0.
Tng t x > 0
(I)
2 2
3 2
( )(3 2 2 ) 0
x y y m
x y xy x y
=
+ + =

2 2
3 2 x y y m
x y
=

3 2
3 2 x y m
x y
=

3 2
3 2
x y
x x m
=

Xt: f(x) = 3x
3
2x
2
c f (x) = 9x
2
4x :
f(x) = 0 x = 0 hoc x =
4
9

x 0 4/9 1
f(x) 0 - 0
f(x) 0

-32/243
Da vo bng bin thin phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim duy nht x > 0
m > 0. Do h c nghim duy nht khi m > 0
Bi ton 5:
Tm m h sau c nghim:
cos cos
2sin 3cos
x y x y
x y m
=

Li Gii
H
cos cos (1)
( )
2sin 3cos (2)
x x y y
I
x y m
=

Xt f(t) = t cost
f (t) = 1+sint 0 , t
f(t) ng bin trn R.
Nn (1) f(x) = f(y) x = y
Thay vo (2) ta c 2sinx 3cosx = m 13 sin( x - ) = m (*)
vy h c nghim phng trnh (*) c nghim - 13 m 13


Cc bi tp tng t:
1) Gii h phng trnh: 1
ln ln
2 .3 36
x
x y y
x y x y
+
=

2) Tm m h phng trnh
cos cos 1
cos3 cos3
x y
x y m
+ =
+ =
c nghim:
3) Gii h :
2
2
cos 1
2
cos 1
2
y
x
x
y

4) Gii h
3 2
3 2
1 2( )
1 2( )
x x x y
y y y x
+ = +
+ = +

2) H phng trnh c n khng thay i khi hon v vng quanh
Khi gii h ny cn ch :
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi thit x = max (x, y, z) x y, x z
Bi ton 1:
Gii h phng trnh:
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 5 1 4
3 5 1 4
3 5 1 4
x x x y
y y y z
z z z x
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

Li Gii
Xt hm s f(t) = t
3
- 3t
2
+ 5t + 1
f (t) = 3t
2
6t + 5 > 0 , t. Do f(t) ng bin trn R
H phng trnh c dng
( ) 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
f x y
f y z
f z x
=

V h khng i khi hon v vng quanh i vi x, y,z nn ta c th gi thit
x y, x z
Nu x > y f(x) > f(y) 4y > 4z y > z f(y) > f(z) z > x (mu thun)
Nu x > z f(x) > f(z) y > x (mu thun)
Vy x = y = z
T mt phng trnh trong h ta c: x
3
3x
2
+ x + 1 = 0
(x 1)( x
2
2x 1) = 0


1
1 2
x
x
=

Do nghim ca h l:
1
1 2
x y z
x y z
= = =
= = =

(Nhn xt : Xt h c dng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x g y
f y g z
f z g x
=

Nu hm s f(t), g(t) cng ng bin (hoc cng nghch bin) th l lun nh trn ta c x = y
=z)
Bi ton 2:
Gii h :
3 2
3 2
3 2
6 12 8 (1)
6 12 8 (2)
6 12 8 (3)
y x x
z y y
x z z
= +
= +
= +
(I)
Li Gii
(I)
3
3
3
( )
( )
( )
y f x
z f y
x f z
=

T phng trnh (1) ta c y
3
= 6(x
2
2x +
8
6
) = 6(x 1)
2
+
1
3
2 y
3
2
Tng t ta c: x
3
2 , z
3
2
Xt hm s f(t) = 6t
2
12t + 8
f (t) = 12x 12 > 0 , t
3
2
Vy f(t) ng bin trn [
3
2 ; +)
V h khng thay i khi hon v vng quanh i vi x, y,z do c th gi thit x y, x
z
Nu x > y f(x) > f(y) y
3
> z
3
y > z f(y) > f(z) z
3
> x
3
z > x mu thun
Nu x > z f(x) > f(z) y
3
> x
3
y > x mu thun
Suy ra x = y = z
T mt phng trnh trong h ta c: x
3
6x
2
+ 12 x - 8 = 0
(x 2)
3
= 0 x = 2
Vy h c nghim x = y = z = 2
Cc bi tp tng t:

1) Gii h :
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1) (1)
3 3 ln( 1) (2)
3 3 ln( 1) (3)
x x x x y
y y y y z
x z z z x
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

2) Gii h:
3 2
3 2
3 2
2 7 8 2
2 7 8 2
2 7 8 2
x x x y
y y y z
x z z x
+ =
+ =
+ =

3) Gii h:
3 2
3 2
3 2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
4
x x y
y y z
z z x
+ =
+ =
+ =

4) Chng minh a h sau c nghim duy nht :

2 3
2 3
2 3
x y y a
y z z a
z x x a
= + +
= + +
= + +

5) Tm a h:
2
2
2
x y a
y z a
z x a
= +
= +
= +
ch c nghim dng x = y =z
6) Chng minh rng a > 0 h phng trnh:

ln(1 ) ln(1 )
x y
e e x y
y x a
= + +
c nghim duy nht .

7) Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim thc:
3 3
3 3
1 1
5
1 1
15 10
x y
x y
x y m
x y
+ + + =
+ + + =

8) Gii h:
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
( 1) ln
x y y y
y z z z
z x x x
=

9) Gii h:
2 3
2 3
log 1 3sin log (3cos )
log 1 3cos log (3sin )
x y
y x
+ =
+ =

MT S BI TP THAM KHO
Bi 1:Tm m pt sau c nghim:
2 2
1 1 x x x x m + + + =
Gii:

Xt hm s
2 2
( ) 1 1 f x x x x x = + + + c tp xc nh l D=R

( ) ( )
+
= = + + = + +
+ + +
| | | |
+ + = + + =
| |
\ \
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1
'( ) ' 0 (2 1) 1 2 1 1 (1)
2 1 2 1
1 1 3 1 1 3
[( - ) ] [( ) ] 0 thay vao (1)ta thay khong
2 2 4 2 2 4
thoa man. Vay f'(x)=0 vo nghiem, ma f'(0)=1>0, do
x x
f x f x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x

= =
+ + + +
< <
2 2
x +
x +
o f'(x)>0 x
2
Ma t khac: Lim ( ) = Lim 1; Lim ( ) 1
1 1
Vay pt a cho co nghiem -1 1
x
R
x
f x f x
x x x x
m

Bi 2:Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a pt:
2
1 cos ax x + = c ng mt nghim 0;
2
x

| |
|
\

Gii:
Ta thy pt c nghim th 0 a
( )
| |
= =
|
\
| |
|
\
| | | |
= <
| |
\ \
2
2 2
2 2
sin
cos 1 sin
2
Khi o pt =a -2 . Xet ham so ( ) vi t 0;
4
2
cos -
.cos sin
ta co '( ) = 0 vi t 0; ( ) ngb tren 0;
4 4
t
x
x t
a f t
t
x
x
t t tgt
t t t
f t f t
t

= < < < <

| |
|
\
< < < <
2
2 2
0
2 2
sin
2 2 2 2 8
2
Ma f( )= va ( ) 1 ( ) 1 1 (0; )
4 2
2
8 1 4
Vay pt a cho co ung 1 nghiem (0; ) 2 1
2 2
t
x
Lim f t f t x
x
x a a

Bi 3: Cho phng trnh + + + =
6 5 4 3 2
3 6 ax 6 3 1 0 x x x x x . Tm tt c cc gi tr ca
tham s a, phng trnh c ng 2 nghim phn bit.
Gii:
V 0 x = khng phi l nghim pt. Chia hai v pt cho x
3
ta c

+ + + + +
+ = + = +
+ =
=
3 2
3 2
2 2 3 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
( ) 3( ) 6( ) a=0 (1). at t= ta thu c pt
( 3) 3( 2) 6 3 9 6 (1')
T cach at t ta co: 1 0 (2)pt nay co = - 4 0 2. T ay ta co
*Neu 2 th pt
x x x x
x x
x x
t t t t a t t t a
x tx t t
t
>

a cho co mot nghiem
*Neu 2 th vi moi gia tr cua cho tng ng hai gia tr cua x
Nen pt (1) co ung hai nghiem phan biet pt(1') co ung hai nghiem t= 2
hoac (1') co ung
t t
>
= +

= +
>
= + > = + =
3 2 2
1nghiem thoa man 2
2 6
1: Neu (1') co ung hai nghiem t= 2 vo nghiem
22 6
2 : (1') co ung mot nghiem 2
Xet ham so ( ) 3 9 vi 2, ta co '( ) 3 6 9 3( 1
t t
a
TH
a
TH t
f t t t t t f t t t t + )( 3) t

Ta c bng bin thin:

Da vo bng bt ta thy pt(1) c ng mt nghim > 2 t khi v ch khi
< + < < < 2 6 22 4 16 a a
Bi 4:Cho hm s = + + + ( )( ) y x x a x b vi a,b l hai s thc dng khc nhau
chotrc.
Cmr vi mi s thc ( ) 0;1 s tn ti duy nht s thc
| |
+
> =
|
\
1
0 : ( )
2
s s
s
a b
f (HSG QG-
A06)
Gii: Trc ht ta c BT :
+ +
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
c th cm bng hm s hoc bng BT
Bcnuli
p dng BT Csi v (1) ta c :
1
( )
2 2
s s
s
a b a b
ab
+ +
< < (*) (do a b )
Mt khc ta c:
2 2 ( )( )
'( )
2 ( )( )
x a b x a x b
f x
x a x b
+ + + +
=
+ +
ta d dng cm c f(x) >0 mi x>0
suy ra f(x) ng bin vi x>0 nn
0
( ) ( ) ( )
2 x
x
a b
Lim f x ab f x Lim f x
+
+
+
= = (**)
V f(x) lin tc khi x>0 nn t (*) v (**) ta c iu phi cm
Bi 5:Gii pt:
2 2
3 (2 9 3) (4 2)( 1 1) 0 x x x x x + + + + + + + = (Olympic 30-4 BSCL 2000)
f(t)
f(t)
x
-2 2 1 -3
0
0
+ -
2
22
27

Gii: Ta thy pt ch c nghim trong
1
( ;0)
2

( )
2 2 2 2
3 (2 ( 3 ) 3) (2 1)(2 (2 1) 3) (2 3) (2 3) (1) pt x x x x u u v v + + = + + + + + + = + +
Vi u=-3x, v=2x+1; u,v>0. Xt hm s
4 2
( ) 2 3 f t t t t = + + vi t>0
Ta c
3
4 2
2 3
'( ) 2 0 0 ( ) ( )
3
t t
f t t f u f v u v
t t
+
= + > > = =
+

(1) u=v -3x=2x+1
1
5
x = l nghim duy nht ca pt
Bi 6: Gii pt:
| |
+
|
\
2
osx=2 vi - ;
2 2
tg x
e c x
Gii: Xt hm s :

| |
= +
|
\
2
( ) osx vi - ;
2 2
tg x
f x e c x , ta c
| |
|
= =
|
\
2
2
tg 3
2 3
1 2e os
'( ) 2 . sin sin
cos os
x
tg x
c x
f x tgx e x x
x c x
V > >
2
3
2 2 os 0
tg x
e c x
Nn du ca f(x) chnh l du ca sinx. T y ta c = ( ) (0) 2 f x f
Vy pt cho c nghim duy nht x=0
Bi 7: Gii pt: + = + 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
x
Gii: Xt hm s : = + ( ) 2003 2005 4006 2
x x
f x x
Ta c: = + '( ) 2003 ln2003 2005 ln2005 4006
x x
f x
= + > =

2 2
''( ) 2003 ln 2003 2005 ln 2005 0 "( ) 0 vo nghiem
f'(x)=0 co nhieu nhat la mot nghiem f(x)=0 co nhieu nhat la hai nghiem
x x
f x x f x

M ta thy f(1)=f(0)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim x=0 v x=1
Bi 8: Gii pt: = + + +
3
3 1 log (1 2 )
x
x x (TH&TT)
Gii: k: x>-1/2
+ = + + + + = + + +
3 3 3
3 1 2 log (1 2 ) 3 log 3 1 2 log (1 2 )
x x x
pt x x x x x (1)
Xt hm s: = +
3
( ) log f t t t ta c f(t) l hm ng bin nn
= + = + = (1) (3 ) (1 2 ) 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 (2)
x x x
f f x x x
Xt hm s: = = = >
2
( ) 3 2 1 '( ) 3 ln3 2 "( ) 3 ln 3 0
x x x
f x x f x f x
= ( ) 0 f x c nhiu nht l hai nghim, m f(0)=f(1)=0 nn pt cho c hai nghim
x=0 v x=1
Bi 9: Gii h pt:
>
sinx-siny=3x-3y (1)
x+y= (2)
5
, 0 (3) x y

Gii: T (2) v (3) ta c :
, (0; )
5
x y (1) sinx-3x=siny-3y. Xt hm s f(t)=sint-3t
vi
(0; )
5
t ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin nn f(x)=f(y) x=y thay vo (2) ta c
= =
10
x y
l nghim ca h

Bi 10: Gii h:
=
+ = +
(1)
1 1 8 (2)
tgx tgy y x
y x y

Gii: k:

1
8
y
x y
(*)
(1) tgx x tgy y + = + x y = (do hm s ( ) f t tgt t = + l hm ng bin)
Thay vo (2) ta c: + = + + = + + 1 1 8 1 8 1 y y y y y y
+ = + + + + + = +

= + =

+ = + =

2 2
1 8 2 8 1 8 4 4 8
8 8
3 3 3 8 4 8 8
9 48 64 16 128 9 64 64 0
y y y y y y y y
y y
y y y
y y y y y

Vy 8 x y = = l nghim duy nht ca h cho

Bi tp:
1. Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht thuc
[0; ]
4

+ + =
3 2
(4 6 )sin 3(2 1)sin 2( 2)sin cos (4 3)cos 0 m x m x m x x m x
2.Tm m s nghim ca pt:
2 2 4 2
15 2(6 1) 3 2 0 x m x m m + + = khng nhiu hn s
nghim ca pt:
2 3 6 8
(3 1) 12 2 6 (3 9) 2 0, 25
x m m
m x x + + = 3. Tm tt c cc gi tr a
bpt:
2
ln(1 ) x x ax + nghim ng 0 x
4. a)Cmr nu a >0 l s sao cho bpt: 1
x
a x + ng vi mi 0 x th a e
b) Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a : 1
x
a x x +
Bi 11:Gii h:
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
3 2
3 2
3 2
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
3 3 ln( 1)
x x x x y
y y y y z
z z z z x

Gii:Ta gi s (x,y,z) l n
o
ca h. Xt hm s = + + +
3 2
( ) 3 3 ln( 1) f t t t t t
ta c:
= + + >
+
2
2
2 1
'( ) 3 3 0
2 1
t
f t t
t t
nn f(t) l hm ng bin
Ta gi s: x=Max{x,y,z} th = = = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y f x f y z z f y f z x
Vy ta c x=y=z. V pt + + + =
3 2
2 3 ln( 1) 0 x x x x c nghim duy nht x=1 nn h
cho c nghim l x=y=z=1
Bi 12:Gii h:
+ =
+ =
+ =
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 6 log (6 )
2 6 log (6 )
2 6 log (6 )
x x y x
y y z y
z z x z
(HSG QG Bng A nm 2006)

Gii: H
+
=

= =

+
=
3
2
3
2
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 ) ( ) ( )
2 6
( ) ( )
log (6 )
2 6
x
y
x x
f y g x
y
z f z g y
y y
f x g z
z
x
z z

Trong
3
2
( ) log (6 ) ; ( )
2 6
t
f t t g t
t t
= =
+
vi ( ;6) t
Ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin,
( )
3
2
6
'( ) 0 ( ;6)
2 6
t
g t t
t t
= >
+
g(t) l hm b
Nn ta c nu (x,y,z) l nghim ca h th x=y=z thay vo h ta c:
3
2
log (6 )
2 6
x
x
x x
=
+
pt ny c nghim duy nht x=3
Vy nghim ca h cho l x=y=z=3

Bi tp:
+ + + = + +
+ =
+
= +
+ + =
2
3 3 2 2 3 3
10 10
2 2
cosx osx
1. 2 1 2 1 2 ;
81
2. 81sin os
256
3. (x-1)(x+2)=(x 2) ;
4. 3 2 osx;
5. (1 )(2 4 ) 3.4
x x
c
x x
x x x x
x c x
e xe
c
x

+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
3 2
3 2
3 2
x 3 2 5
6. 3 2 5 (HSG QG 2006)
3 2 5
x x y
y y y z
z z z x

7. Tm a h sau y c nghim duy nht

2 3 2
1 2 2 2
2 3 2
2 3 3 3
2 3 2
1 1 1
4 ax
4 ax
............................
4 ax
n
x x x
x x x
x x x
= +
= +
= +

8. Tm m cc pt sau c nghim:

6 6
2 2
2 2
) 12 ( 5 4 ); b) 3+x 6 (3 )(6 )
cos sin
) cot ( cotgx)+3=0; d) . 2
os sin
a x x x m x x x x x m
x x
c tg x g x m tgx m tg x
c x x
+ + = + + + =
+
+ + + =


Bi 13: Cho 4 s thc a,b,c,d tho mn: a
2
+b
2
=1; c-d=3. Cmr:
9 6 2
4
F ac bd cd
+
= +
Gii: ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )( ) 2 6 9 3 ( ) F a b c d cd d d d d f d + + = + + =
Ta c
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
'( ) (2 3)
2 6 9
d
f d d
d d
+ +
= +
+ +
v
2
2
3 9
1 2( )
2 2
0
2 6 9
d
d d
+ +
<
+ +
nn
3 9 6 2
( ) ( )
2 4
f d f
+
= ta c pcm
Bi 14: Cho 0 1. x y z < < : 3 2 4 x y z + + .Tm gtln
2 2 2
3 2 F x y z = + + (TH&TT)
Gii: T gt ta c:
4 2
3
y z
x

thay vo F ta c
2 2 2
1 2 1 1
( ) (4 4 ( 2) 10 16 16) ( ) (9 12 20) ( )
3 2 3 3
y
F f y z z y y y f y y g y
= + + + = + = Ta
xt
2
1
3
y (v y<2/3 th Max khng xy ra), khi
2
( ) ( ) 16
3
g y g =
16
3
F du = c khi
2 1
;
3 3
z y x = = = Vy
16

3
Max F =
Bi 15: Cho 0 x y z .CMR:
x z y x y z
z y x y z x
+ + + +
Gii: Xt hm s : ( )
x z y x y z
f x
z y x y z x
| |
= + + + +
|
\
Vi k cho 0 x y z
Ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 0
y z
f x y z
z y yz
x x x
= = f(x) l hm ng bin
( ) ( ) 0 f x f y = pcm
Bi 16:Cho a>b>c>0. CMR:
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
a b b c c a a b b c c a + + > + +
Gii: Xt hm s:
( )
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) f a a b b c c a a b b c c a = + + + +
Ta c :
2 2 3 3 2 2
'( ) 3 2 2 3 f a a b ac ab a c = + . Tip tc ly o hm:
2 2 3 3 2 2
"( ) 6 6 2 2 2( )[3 ( ) - ] 0 f a ab ac c b b c a b c b c bc = + = + > do a>b>c>0
'( ) f a l hm b
4 3 2 2
'( ) '( ) 2 3 0 f a f b b bc b c = + > (ta c th cm c nh Csi)
Nh vy do f'(a) >0 nn f(a) ng bin hay l f(a)>f(b)=0 nh vy ta c pcm
Bi 17:Cho , , x y z o > Cmr:
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x + + + + + + + + + +
Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s: x y z . Xt hm s
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x y z xyz x y z xy x y yz y z zx z x = + + + + + + + +
Ta c :
3 2 3 3 2
'( ) 4 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) "( ) 12 6 ( ) 2 f x x x y z xyz yz x y z y z f x x x y z yz = + + + + + + = + +
"( ) 0 f x > (do x y z )
2 3 2
'( ) '( ) ( ) 0 f x f y z y z z y z = = nn f(x) l hm b
4 3 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0 f x f y z z y y z z z y = + = pcm
Bi 18: Cho n,k l cc s nguyn dng 7; 2 n k n < . Cmr: 2
n k
k n > (HSG QG bng B
96-97)
Gii : Bt ln ln ln 2 ln ln ln 2 n k k n n k k n > +
Xt hm s ( ) ln ln ln 2 f x n x x n = vi [2; -1] x n '( ) ln '( ) 0
ln
n n
f x n f x x
x n
= = =

2
2 7
ln
n
n
e n n
n
> > . Xt hm s
2
( ) '( ) 2 "( ) 2 0
x x x
g x e x g x e x g x e = = = >
7 7
'( ) '(7) 14 0 ( ) (7) 49 0 g x g e g x g e > = > > = >
Vy ( ) { (2), ( -1)} f x Min f f n . Ta cm { (2), ( -1)} 0 Min f f n
*
1 2
(2) 0 2
n
f n
ta d dng cm c bng quy np hoc o hm

*
1
1
( 1) 0 ( 1) 2 2(1 ) 6
n n t
f n n n t t
t
> + (*) trong t=n-1

Ta c
1 1
(1 ) 3 2(1 ) 6
t t
e t
t t
+ < < + < (*) ng Vy ta c pcm
Bi 19: Cho 0 a b c < .CMR:
2
2 2 2 ( )
3
( )
a b c c a
b c c a a b a c a
+ + +
+ + + +

Gii:t
b
a
= v
c
x
a
= K : 1 x . Khi bt cn cm tr thnh
2
2
2 2 2 4 1 2 ( 1)
1 (2 2 )
1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x

+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

Xt hm s
2
1 2 ( 1)
( ) 1 (2 2 )
1
x x x
f x x x
x

+ +
= + + + +
+ +
vi 1 x
Ta c:
2 2
2(2 1) 1 2x+1 2
'( ) 2 1 2 ( 1)[ ] 0
1 +1
( ) ( )
x
f x x
x x

+
= + =
+
+ +
do 1 x
Nh vy hm f(x) l ng bin do
2
1
( ) ( ) 3 3 f x f
= +
Nhng
3
2 2 2
1 1 1
'( ) 2 3 3 3 . . 3 0 f

= + = + + =
( ) ( ) (1) 0 f x f f = pcm
Bi 20: cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3
2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +

Gii: t , , 1
b c a
x y z xyz
a b c
= = = = v bt cho
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 2 x y z
+ +
+ + +

Gi s 1 1 z xy nn ta c:
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1
z
x y xy z
+ =
+ + + +

2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
z t
f t
x y z z t z t
+ + + = + =
+ + + + + + +
vi 1 t z =
Ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2(1 ) 3
'( ) 0 ( ) (1) 1
2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
t t
f t f t f t
t t t
= =
+ + +
pcm
Nhn xt:T bi ton trn ta d dng gii quyt c bi ton sau:
Cho a,b,c>0. Cmr:
3 3 3
3
( ) ( ) ( )
8
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
(chn i tuyn thi IMO 2005)
Bi tp p dng:
1.
> Cho , (0; ). : .sin sin 2(cos cos )

2
Cmr

2. Cho , x y R v 2 2 x y = .Tm gtnn ca
2 2 2 2
( 3) ( 1) P x y x y = + + + +
(HSG QG Bng B nm 1998)
3.Cho a,b>0. Cmr: ( 1) ln( 1) ( 1)( 1)
b
a a e a b + + + + +


2/Ti liu tham kho:
1)BI GING CHUYN PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH V BT
PHNG TRNH (ca GS-TS NGUYN VN MU-TRNG H KHTN H NI)
2)BI GING CHUYN PHNG TRNH H PHNG TRNH V BT
PHNG TRNH (ca TS NGUYN V LNG-TRNG H KHTN H NI)
3) NG DNG KHO ST HM S (ca TS NGUYN CAM-TRNG HSP
TPHCM)
4)CC CHUYN CHN LC BI DNG HC SINH NNG KHIU TON (Ti
liu Hi ngh Khoa hc)
5)CC THI CHN HC SINH GII CP TNH.
6)CC THI OLYMPIC 30/4.
7)CC THI TUYN SINH I HC V CAO NG
Ht

chuyên đề - Ứng dụng của đạo hàm

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

chuyên đề - Ứng dụng của đạo hàm

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THPT Chuyn Hng Vng GV: Nguyn Khnh Huy

+ a (1) c nghim duy nht

> 0 x 0,5 f ng bin trn (0,5; +)

Thay vo (2) v gii

c nghim duy nht .

= < < < <

ta d dng cm c bng quy np hoc o hm

> + (*) trong t=n-1

> Cho , (0; ). : .sin sin 2(cos cos )

You might also like