Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,
: ,
. 1
,
: ,
..
1974:
. 9
-
. 18
( )
. 20
.
(UNCTAD)
. 40
. 43
,
,
.
-,
, , forum ,
.
, , * .
( )
.
, , , ,
.
, .
,
,
,
- - .
,
;
10 , 1999
2009,
, ,
.
, ,
.
(
), , 56%. 75%.
20% , , ,
.
.
.
(absorption)
,
.
- -
( )
-
. E ,
,
- 1.
(
).
,
1919-1933 , , , (
),
85% .
120% .
! , ,
,
,
.
, , 2.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
1999-2009;
.
.
.
-
, ,
. (
). , ,
,
.
, ,
conspicuous consumption
positional goods, . , ,
Mercedes .
, , ,
BMW, Mercedes
,
,
. (
,
, ,
).
, ,
,
.
Mercedes ,
trendy club
.
agence ,
- -
.
-
- , . (
,
700 , , ,
, 3).
, ,
, , . ,
2008
(: ) , .
, ,
,
.
,
, :
.
.
.
,
. ,
, -
,
.
. (, , ). , , , ,
Prada .
,
.
, ,
, back
of the envelope calculation
. , , Eurostat,
2003
, ,
15.600 ( 172 ). 2010 20.400, , -
3. .
, 30% (
230 ). , 2003 168 (97% ). 2010
326 (143%
),
. 20032010 90%
30%
15.000 2003 29.000
2010,
15.600 20.400.
,
,
.
,
,
. , ,
.
( ) ,
,
,
, 2003 ,
-
.
(
100%
) .
Mercedes
. ,
,
4.
, ;
-
4. ,
,
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, , .
.
5. , ,
, 2009,
:
, (!),
.
,
Armani,
.
, ,
,
.
, , , , .
.
, ,
. , , -
. 1/2
,
.
, ( )
,
,
,
,
55%6.
,
,
.
1999-2009
, 2008,
5. . Gros Daniel, From Pain to Gain on the EU Frontier, Project Syndicate, 25 August 2001.
6.
65%, . (
). . Michael Spencee, Closing Americas Growth Deficit, Project
Syndicate, 23 September 2011.
.
7. ,
, ,
, ,
2008 ,
, -
. ,
,
() ,
.
. -
( 200 ) ,
. ,
, , 8.
2010 12%.
( 14%, 17%, 22%),
. ,
,
,
20%. (
, ,
, ,
7. ,
, ,
20 ,
.
8.
.
(toolkit)
.
.
.
, ,
undershooting
50%).
;
, , ,
2010
. ,
.
,
, .
:
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
15%
2010 2011; ,
, ;
; .
,
.
, , , .
,
( )
4
9.
9. , 4
1, ,
2,5 1, 3,5
1 - ,
100 2000 ,
2009 140
10510.
, , . , 2011
180%
, .
(. )
,
. ,
, .
. ( ). (
100% ),
!
:
. , ,
2011;
2009 15%
2% 2010
10% 5%,
-
(
-
, . , (Baumol effect) -
-
. , ,
,
2,5 1 . , ,
.
10. . T. Barnebeck Andersen, M. Barslund, D. Gros, Can Greece grow solvent?, CEPS Commentary, 8 September 2011.
. Unleashing Greeces medium-term
growth potential, Greece economic & market analysis, National Bank of Greece, November 2010.
. . , , . 70,
2011.
) 2010
, , 10%,
20%.
. :
, .
, (
), .
, , ,
. ,
, , , , 15%, ,
. .
,
, -
, ,
,
. (
,
custom made, - -
,
). ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
11,
11. !
. , , .
, , (
, , ,
),
,
.
;
. ( )
() () (),
.
.
. , ,
.
2009
.
,
. ,
.
(
)
, , .
, , ,
,
- - .
,
,
, , .
, , .
:
,
,
,
,
,
12
,
, ( )
,
-
13
14.
.
, . , , ,
, ,
. , ( , , 11.000.000
12.
. :
, ,
.
13.
, (masterpiece). ,
1950
.
14. .
,
, . . Laurence Seidman, Keynesian fiscal stimulus: what we have learned from the Great Recession?, working paper no 2011-11, University of
Delaware, August 2011.
, ,
, , , , sovereign fund
.
).
.
. . , ,
Christian Louboutin
, (
), ,
, ,
. ,
,
: --
,
, (
- ). ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
,
: , .
,
, ,
, .
.
,
,
, - -
,
, ,
,
, - - , , ,
19 . ,
.
,
.
, ( ), ,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
: -- , ,
,
, , .
,
,
,
( !)
( !)
200 ,
: .
! ( ,
, ,
1000,
200.
,
, .
).
;
, ,
-
.
. ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
, -
.
.
( ,
balance sheet crisis)15.
,
.
, , ,
, (,
,
).
, ,
, .
:
, ,
. , ,
15.
, (. Koo Richard, The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics: Lessons from
Japans Great Recession, Wiley, 2009) , , .
,
, .
.
, ,
1999-2009
, ,
.
,
.
- ( ),
( )
.
-
. (, , ).
, ,
202016. ,
,
.
,
: ( ). 1999-2009
,
. ,
,
,
17.
16. . Adda Jacques, Etats-Unis: pourquoi l emploi ne repart pas, Alternatives Economiques, no
305, septembre 2011.
17.
. .
.Delong Brad, The Euro Crisis Is, at Its Heart, Not a sovereign Debt Crisis, http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2011/09/the-euro-crisis-is-at-its-heart-not-a-sovereign-debt-crisis.html.
(
).
.
,
. ,
,
200
100 .
,
: 12%,
8,5%
2011 ( 10%
).
, ,
, -
,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
18.
( - 75 ,
,
,
, ).
, ,
. -
18. . Aaron Tornell and Westermann Frank, Greece: the sudden stop that wasnt, Vox, 28 September 2011 - TARGET.
,
,
,
, .
, , .
,
,
. , ,
,
. pacman
;
() ,
(!!!),
.
, , , .
. , , -
.
:
,
.
200 100 ,
(
).
, , ,
.
200 (, ,
).
.
,
,
. , ,
,
. , , ( )
,
, ,
,
,
.
:
,
; (
).
( )
,
.
,
,
, . ,
(
),
. (
-
!). 20%
( 10% 10%,
, ),
, ,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
( ),
( Lehman Brothers),
.
-
,
.
,
.
.
. 1981 ,
,
( !).
free rider,
. ,
(
) . , ,
Greek statistics.
( ).
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
2011