DB2 LC SLIDES02 FP2005 Ver1.0

DB2
Session Plan
• SPUFI Hands On
• Introduction to Embedded SQL
• DCLGEN Hands On
• SQLCA Copy Book and its Use
• Single Row Manipulation
• Multiple Row Manipulation
• Cursors
Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

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Technologies Ltd Version No:2.0a
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Embedded SQL
• Embedded SQL refers to the use of standard SQL statements within a

high-level language program such as COBOL, PL1, C, PASCAL, etc,.
• The high level language is called Host language
• Embedded SQL statements are preprocessed by SQL Pre processor

before the application program is compiled

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Embedded SQL
• Embedded SQL syntax is almost same as the SQL syntax used in interactive
mode.
• The output of a query is directed to a pre-defined set of variables instead of the

terminal.
• These variables are defined in the host language and are referred to as the
host variables.
• An additional INTO clause is placed after the SQL SELECT statement.

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Types of SQL
• Static SQL: The application programmer knows in advance the SQL statement
completely.
2. Dynamic SQL: The application programmer is unaware of the SQL statement in

advance. This requires dynamic compilation and binding.

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Host Variables(1 of 2)
• Host variables are just like any other variable of the high level language
• They are referred as host variables because they are used for receiving data
from the table or inserting data to the table.
• One must declare host variables for all values that are to be passed between
the application program and DB2.
• The host variables may appear anywhere in the WORKING-STORAGE

SECTION.
• The data types of the DB2 columns and corresponding host variables must be
compatible.

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Host variables (2 of 2)
• The host variables can not be group items, the only exception to this rule is the
variable corresponding to VARCHAR.
• The host variables may be grouped together in a host structure.
• The host variables can be Redefined
• The host variable cannot be Renamed.

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Declaring Host Variables
• Need to declare in the working-storage section of your program
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION

END-EXEC.
01 EMPLOYEE-REC.
03 EMP-NO PIC S9(4) COMP.
03 EMP-NAME PIC X(15).
03 EMP-ADDRESS.
49 EMP-ADDRESS-LEN PIC S9(4) COMP.
49 EMP-ADDRESS-TEXT PIC X(25).
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

END-EXEC.

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Using DCLGEN copybook
EXEC SQL
INCLUDE STUD627
END-EXEC

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SQLCA
• This is the communication area (a copybook containing some variables)

through which DB2 passes the feedback of SQL execution to the program
• In the working-storage section use
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
EXEC SQL
INCLUDE SQLCA
END-EXEC.

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SQLCA Copy Book (1 Of 3)
01 SQLCA.
03 SQLCAID PIC X(8).
03 SQLCABC PIC S9(9) COMP.
03 SQLCODE PIC S9(9) COMP VALUE 0.
03 SQLERRM.
49 SQLERRML PIC S9(4) COMP.
49 SQLERRMC PIC X(70).
03 SQLERRP PIC X(8).
03 SQLERRD OCCURS 6 PIC S9(9) COMP.
03 SQLWARN.
05 SQLWARN0 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN1 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN2 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN3 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN4 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN5 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN6 PIC X.
05 SQLWARN7 PIC X.
03 SQLSTATE PIC X(5)

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SQLCA Copy Book (2 of 3)
03 SQLCAID For Reading dumps.
03 SQLCABC Length of SQLCA (136 bytes).
03 SQLCODE = 0 (Successful)
= +ve (Exceptional condition)
= -ve (Failure)
03 SQLERRM.
49 SQLERRML Error Message Length.
49 SQLERRMC Error Message Text.
03 SQLERRP Info about internal Error.
03 SQLERRD(1) Internal Error Code.
03 SQLERRD(3) Number of Rows affected by
INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
03 SQLERRD(4) Estimate of resources needed
by dynamic SQL statement.
03 SQLERRD(5) Info about dynamic SQL.

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SQLCA Copy Book (3 of 3)
05 SQLWARN0 ‘W’ if any other SQLWARNx fields are

set to ‘W’.
05 SQLWARN1 ‘W’ indicates truncation of character
strings.
05 SQLWARN2 ‘W’ indicates null values were ignored.
Ex: AVG, COUNT.
05 SQLWARN3 ‘W’ indicates more columns than host
variables.
05 SQLWARN4 ‘W’ indicates no WHERE clause for
UPDATE or DELETE.
05 SQLWARN5 ‘W’ indicates SQL/DS statement.
05 SQLWARN6 ‘W’ for adjustment of DATE.
05 SQLWARN7 Reserved for Future use.

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Programming guidelines (1 of 2)
• Every SQL statement must be coded between columns 12 and 72.

• Every SQL statement must be delimited between EXEC SQL and END-EXEC.
• All the tables that are used in a program are to be declared in the WORKING-
STORAGE SECTION. This can be done using INCLUDE statement
• All SQL statements other than INCLUDE and DECLARE TABLE must
appear in PROCEDURE DIVISION.
• Anything on a line within an SQL statement following two hyphens is

treated as a comment. Even * can be coded in column 7 for comments.

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Single Row Manipulation (1 of 6)
SELECT
EXEC SQL
SELECT EMPNO, SALARY INTO
:WS-EMPNO, :WS-SALARY FROM EMMPLOYEE
WHERE NAME = :WS-NAME
END-EXEC
Error Handling
IF SQLCODE = 0 CONTINUE
ELSE IF SQLCODE = -811 DISPLAY “MULTIPLE ROWS”
ELSE PERFORM C9000-ERROR-PARA.

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INSERT
EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE (EMPNO, NAME, SALARY)
VALUES (:WS-EMPNO, :WS-NAME, :WS-SALARY)
END-EXEC
Error Handling
ELSE DISPLAY “UNIDENTIFIED ERROR OCCURRED”.

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UPDATE
EXEC SQL
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET SALARY = :WS-SALARY
WHERE EMPNO = 10878
END-EXEC
Error Handling

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DELETE
EXEC SQL
DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO = :WS-EMPNO
END-EXEC
Error Handling

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Selecting Nullable columns(Columns which can take NULL values)
EXEC SQL
SELECT NAME, SALARY
INTO :WS-NAME, :WS-SALARY:WS-SALARY-IND
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE EMPNO = :WS-EMPNO
END-EXEC
Indicator variable values and their meanings
(1) 0 Not Null

(2) -1 Null
(3) -2 Exceptional condition

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Inserting Null values to columns
MOVE -1 TO WS-SALARY-IND
EXEC SQL
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(SALARY)
VALUES:WS-SALARY:WS-SALARY-IND
END-EXEC
Error Handling

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Cursors (1 of 7)
• Are memory structures used to handle multiple row selections at a time.
• Conceptually they is a results table used by DB2 to contain the multiple results
of a query.
• They are data structures which hold some/all the results of a query.
• Are defined in the WORKING- STORAGE SECTION/ PROCEDURE

DIVISION.

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Cursors (2 of 7)
Operations associated with a Cursor
2. DECLARE
4. OPEN
6. FETCH
8. CLOSE

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Cursors (3 of 7)
Declaring a Cursor
Note: This is just the definition, DB2 executes this statement

when we open it.

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Cursors (4 of 7)
Opening a Cursor
EXEC SQL
OPEN EMPCUR
END-EXEC
Closing a Cursor
EXEC SQL
CLOSE EMPCUR
END-EXEC

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Cursors (5 of 7)
Fetching results from a cursor
EXEC SQL
FETCH EMPCUR
INTO :WS-EMPNO,:WS-NAME,:WS-SALARY
END-EXEC
• Remarks:
We get one row at a time.

Only forward READ till SQLCODE = 100.

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Cursors (6 of 7)
Fetching to Update
EXEC SQL
DECLARE EMPCUR CURSOR
SELECT EMPNO, NAME, SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMPNO > :WS-EMPNO
FOR UPDATE OF SALARY
END-EXEC
Note: This gives a U lock on the records.

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Cursors (7 of 7)
Updating a row fetched from a cursor
EXEC SQL
UPDATE EMPLOYEE
SET SALARY = :WS-SALARY
WHERE CURRENT OF EMPCUR
END-EXEC
Note: This updates exactly one row even if we do not

give the key value.

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Summary
• SPUFI Hands On
• Introduction to Embedded SQL
• DCLGEN Hands On
• SQLCA Copy Book and its Use
• Single Row Manipulation
• Multiple Row Manipulation
• Cursors

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DB2

• Introduction to Embedded SQL

• SQLCA Copy Book and its Use

• Single Row Manipulation

• Multiple Row Manipulation

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• Embedded SQL refers to the use of standard SQL statements within a

• The high level language is called Host language

• Embedded SQL statements are preprocessed by SQL Pre processor

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• The output of a query is directed to a pre-defined set of variables instead of the

• An additional INTO clause is placed after the SQL SELECT statement.

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

2. Dynamic SQL: The application programmer is unaware of the SQL statement in

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• The host variables may appear anywhere in the WORKING-STORAGE

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• The host variables may be grouped together in a host structure.

• The host variables can be Redefined

• The host variable cannot be Renamed.

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• Need to declare in the working-storage section of your program

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION

EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• This is the communication area (a copybook containing some variables)

• In the working-storage section use

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

05 SQLWARN0 ‘W’ if any other SQLWARNx fields are

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• Every SQL statement must be coded between columns 12 and 72.

• Anything on a line within an SQL statement following two hyphens is

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Indicator variable values and their meanings

(1) 0 Not Null

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• Are memory structures used to handle multiple row selections at a time.

• Are defined in the WORKING- STORAGE SECTION/ PROCEDURE

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Note: This is just the definition, DB2 executes this statement

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Fetching results from a cursor

We get one row at a time.

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Note: This gives a U lock on the records.

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

Updating a row fetched from a cursor

Note: This updates exactly one row even if we do not

Copyright © 2005, Infosys ER/CORP/CRS/DB01/003

• Introduction to Embedded SQL

• SQLCA Copy Book and its Use

• Single Row Manipulation