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THE WATER
 THE WATER CYCLE
DRINKING AND
PROCESS WATER
PLANT River, Lake, sea

ter
a
w
ing
k
rin
D
WASTEWATER
Pr
oc TREATMENT
es
s
w
PLANT
at
er

Rain water
 The water : H2O +
pollution

SOLUBLE

DISSOLVED
POLLUTIO
COLLOID
PARTICULATE
N
SUSPENDED
SOLIDS
Soluble: Particle size less than 0.45 µm
SS : Filtration on a 1.2 µm membrane and dewatering in an
oven at 105°C during 2 hours
 Pollution

 Organic substances

 Inorganic substances

 Micro-organisms
 Organic
substances
Any substance that contain C except Carbonates,
Carbon Oxides and Gases

 Proteins
 Fats
 Carbohydrates (sugars)
 Hydrocarbons (petroleum), phenols
 Chemical compounds as Pesticides
 Inorganic Substances : Mineral,
metals, non metallic elements …
 Nitrogen compounds (NH4+, NO3-)
 Sulphures (S-2), Phosphates (PO4-3), Sulfates (SO4-2)
 Bicarbonates (HCO3-), carbonates (CO3-2),
 Cations alcalines (Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2…)
 Halogens (Cl-, F-…)
 Metals (Fe, Cu, Al, As, Ni, …)
 Micro-organisms : Bacteria, Parasites
and Virus
Bacteria
- Total Coliforms
- Fecal Coliforms (Escherichia Coli)
- Streptococcus
- Salmonellas
- Staphylococcus
- Aeromonas
Parasites
- Cryptosporidium
- Helminthes eggs (nematods, cestodes)

Virus
- Enterovirus
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

Wastewater
treatment plant

 Origin
 Destination / why do we need to treat
 Composition (principal parameters)
 Different kinds of treatment
Municipal wastewaters : origin
 Municipal wastewater : composition

Domestic water Rain Water Industrial water

Vegetal and animal Suspended solids Organic or mineral

residues Minerals, Metals substances
Soil Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbones
Greases, Soaps Vegetal residues Soaps
Proteins, Fats, Nitrates Acids
Carbohydrates
Soaps Bases
Dissolved salts
Soils Toxics
Hydrocarbons substances
Nitrogen (organic + NNH4)
Phosphorus
Microorganism pollution
Bacteria
Virus
Parasites
Municipal wastewaters : Principal
parameters
 BOD : Biochemical oxygen Demand

 COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

 SS : Suspended solids

 KN : Kjeldahl Nitrogen = Organic N + N.NH4+

TN : Total Nitrogen = Organic N+N.NH4+ +oxyded N (NO2- + NO3-)

 TP : Total Phosphorus = Polyphosphates + P.PO4 + particulate P

Principal treatments for domestic wastewaters

Settling
Physical
Filtration

Clarification

Coagulation – Flocculation + Settling

Chemical

Coagulation – Flocculation + Filtration

Free Cultures : Activated Sludge, MBR

Biological
Fixed cultures : Bio-filters, Biodiscs,
Trickling filters...

Hybrid cultures : MBBR
DISINFECTIO
UV
N
Chemical
Municipal wastewaters :typical
values
Pollution for population equivalent (PE)
BOD5 : 60 g / PE / day
Water consumption : 120 to 600 l /PE / day

g/PE / day Concentration

(mg/l)
COD 120 to 150 200 to 1200
BOD5 55 to 70 100 to 600
SS 60 to 90 100 to 750
KN 13 to 15 20 to 125
TP 2.5 to 4 4 to 33
Typical values for microorganisms in wastewaters

Bacteria No. for liter in a domestic WW

- Total coliforms 109 à 1011
- Fecal coliforms 106 à 1010
- Streptococcus 105 à 108
- Salmonella 0 à 103
- Staphylococcus 101 à 105
- Aeromonas 105 à 108

Parasites
- giardia 101 à 105
- cryptosporidium 0 à 104
- Helminthes eggs (nematodes) 0 à 102

Virus 0 à 2x105
 THE
EFFLUENT
Municipal wastewaters :
destination

Natural environment  river, lake,sea…

- Hazardous
- Oxygen consumption
- Flore and fauna toxicity
- Unpleasant ecosystems development
- To protect the environment
European laws : quality of treated
water

Concen Efficiency Pollution load Conformity rules

Parameter maxi mini
mg/l % No. PE No. of Maxi values
Autorised
excess
Normal BOD5 25 70 2 000-10 000
Zones According BOD5 = 50
BOD5 25 80 > 10 000
Carbon To COD = 250
pollution COD 125 75 All loads Analyses SS = 85
no. mg/l
SS 35 90 All loads

Sensible TN 15 70 10 000–100 000

zones
N and P TN 10 70 > 100 000 To be respected in yearly
pollution average
TP 2 80 10 000–100 000

TP 1 80 > 100 000

Chinese Standards : quality of treated water
Standard Parameter Value Sampling type
1A COD < 50 mg/l 24 hours mixed
BOD5 < 10 mg/l sample
SS < 10 mg/l
Tot-N < 15 mg/l
NH4-N < 5 mg/l
Tot-P < 0,5 mg/l
1B COD < 60 mg/l 24 hours mixed
BOD5 < 20 mg/l sample
SS < 20 mg/l
Tot-N < 20 mg/l
NH4-N < 8 mg/l
Tot-P < 1,0 mg/l
 Typical values for a discharge in a river :
No. For 100 ml (for a discharge in a river)

Bacteria Total coliforms 1000 / 100 ml

Fecal Coliforms 100 / 100 ml
Streptococcus 10 / 100 ml
Salmonella 0 – 10 / 100
ml
Parasites Giardia 1 – 10 / 100
ml
Cryptosporidium 0 – 10 / 100
ml
Helminthes eggs 0 – 1 / 100 ml
Vietnamese Standards : TCVN 7222 : 2002

Standard Parameter Value Sampling type

F1 COD < 100 mg/l 24 hours mixed
BOD5 < 30 mg/l sample
SS < 30 mg/l
Tot-N < 30 mg/l
Tot-P < 12 mg/l
F3 COD < 50 mg/l 24 hours mixed
BOD5 < 10 mg/l sample
SS < 10 mg/l
Tot-N < 15 mg/l
Tot-P < 5 mg/l
TCVN 6987 : 2001
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