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Potencia Reactiva en
Condiciones de Armnicas
Contenido
Conceptos fundamentales
Armnicas en sistemas elctricos
Definiciones importantes
Correccin del factor de potencia
Conclusiones
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Conceptos fundamentales
Funciones peridicas
f (t ) = f (t + T )
T = 1/ f
Series de Fourier
f (t ) = a0 + ( an cos nt + bn sin nt )
n =1
T /2
1
a0 =
f (t )dt
T T / 2
T /2
2
an =
f (t ) cos ntdt
T T / 2
T /2
bn =
2
f (t ) sin ntdt
T T / 2
tiempo
f (t ) = A0 + An cos( nt + n )
n =1
f (t ) =
c e
n =
jnt
T /2
1
jnt
cn =
f
(
t
)
e
dt
T T / 2
1
cn = ( an jbn ) = cn e jn
2
c n = cn*
1
cn = An
2
cn n
cn = n
N 1
f [n]e jkn 2 / N
k = 0,1,2, , N 1
n =0
N 1
F [k ]e
jkn 2 / N
n = 0,1,2, , N 1
k =0
f[n]
-1.2437
F[k]
0.2
Magnitud y ngulo
0.2
-2.0468 -0.7572+j1.2948
-3.3871
0.0
0.0
0.1951
0.0354-j0.4987
0.5 -85.94
4
5
1.6437
2.4468
0.0
0.0354+j0.4987
0.0
0.5 85.94
3.7871
0.0
0.0
0.2049
-0.7572-j1.2948
1.5 -120.32
1.5 120.32
Coeficiente
c0
c-1
c-2
c-3
c3
c2
c
amp
Armnicas en sistemas
elctricos
Operacin de equipos
elctricos
Motores
Lmparas
incandescentes
Capacitores
Entre otros
2
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
Voltaje(volts)
5
0
0
-5
0
-1
0
0
-1
5
0
-2
0
0
Operacin de equipos
electrnicos
Rectificadores
Computadoras
Lmparas
ahorradoras
Entre otros
00
.0
5
00
.1
00
.1
5
T
ie
m
p
o
(s
e
g
)
00
.2
00
.2
5
00
.3
00
.3
5
00
.0
5
00
.1
00
.1
5
T
ie
m
p
o
(s
e
g
)
00
.2
00
.2
5
00
.3
00
.3
5
2
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
Voltaje(volts)
5
0
0
-5
0
-1
0
0
-1
5
0
-2
0
0
Horno de induccin
Equipo de computo
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Televisor
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Horno de microondas
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Definiciones importantes
S = Vrms I rms
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
Potencia promedio P
Factor de potencia FP
FP = P / S
1
P = p (t )dt
T 0
Potencia aparente S
Valores RMS
T
Vrms
1 2
=
v (t )dt
T 0
I rms
1 2
=
i (t )dt
T 0
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Funciones senoidales
V1I1
S=
2
v(t ) = V1 cos(0t )
i (t ) = I1 cos(0t + 1 )
Potencia instantnea
Potencia promedio
Potencia reactiva Q
V1I1
Q=
sin 1
2
V1I1
P=
cos 1
2
Factor de potencia
FP = cos 1
V1I1
V1I1
p(t ) =
cos 1 +
cos( 20t + 1 )
2
2
Potencia aparente
Valores RMS
Vrms
V1
=
2
I rms
I1
=
2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
VAr
S
watts
P = S cos
Q = S sin
S = P2 + Q2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Funciones nosenoidales
v(t ) = V1 cos(0t )
N
i (t ) = I n cos( n0t + n )
n =1
Potencia instantnea
N
N
VI
V1I1
V1I1
=
cos 1 +
cos( 20t + 1 ) + 1 n cos(0t ) cos( n0t + n )
2
2
n=2 2
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Potencia media
V1I1
P=
cos 1
2
Valores RMS
Vrms
V
= 1
2
2
I
n
n =1
Potencia aparente
N
V1
S=
2
I rms
1
=
2
2
I
n
n =1
Factor de potencia
FP =
I1
N
2
I
n
cos 1
n =1
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Potencia reactiva
V1I1
Q=
sin 1
2
S 2 P2 + Q2
Potencia de distorsin
S 2 = P2 + Q2 + D2
D = S 2 P2 Q2
VAd
D
P
Watts
Q1
VAr
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Funciones nosenoidales
N
v(t ) = Vm cos( m 0 t + m )
m =1
i (t ) = I n cos(n 0 t + n + n )
n =1
Potencia instantnea
M
p (t ) = Vm In cos( m 0 t + m ) cos( n0 t + n + n )
m =1 n =1
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Potencia media
Vm I m
cos m
2
m =1
M
P=
Valores RMS
Vrms =
m =1
2
m
I rms =
1
2
I
n =1
2
n
Potencia aparente
1
S=
2
2
m
m =1
2
I
n
n =1
Factor de potencia
M
FP =
V
m =1
I cos m
m m
V
m =1
2
m
2
I
n
n =1
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Potencia reactiva
V1I1
Q=
sin 1
2
Potencia de distorsin
S 2 = P2 + Q2 + D2
VAd
D = S 2 P2 Q2
S
D
P
Watts
Q1
VAr
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
= 120.2082 V
=
28.28 A
= 3399.26 VA
= 3347.61 W
FP
Q1
D
Fdesp
=
0.984
= 590.27 VAr
=
0
=
0
2 0 0
1 0 0
-1 0 0
-2 0 0
0
0.
0 0 50 .
0 1 0.
0 1 50 .
0 2 0.
0 2 50 .
0 3 0.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
0 3
Vrms
I rms
S
P
=
=
=
=
FP
Q1
D
Fdesp
=
0.6625
= 590.404 VAr
= 3740 VAd
=
0.9848
120.2028 V
42.0476 A
5054.5 VA
3348.3 W
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.005
0. 01
0.015
0.02
0. 025
0.03
0.035
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Vrms
I rms
S
P
=
=
=
=
FP
Q1
D
Fdesp
=
0.6455
= 590.404 VAr
= 3821.69 VAd
=
0.9848
120.416 V
42.0476 A
5063.2 VA
3268.35 W
2 0 0
1 0 0
-1 0 0
-2 0 0
0
0. 0 0 5 0. 0 1 0. 0 1 5 0. 0 2 0. 0 2 5 0. 0 3 0. 0 3
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Concepto de compensacin
Carga lineal sin
compensacin
Carga lineal
Medicin
Carga lineal:
KW, FP actual
KVAr
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Carga no lineal
Medicin
KVAcc
X sist
VLL2
=
KVAcc
X cap =
X eq =
2
LL
V
KVArcap
X sist X cap
Carga no lineal:
KW, FP actual
KVAr
X eq h = X cap / X sist
= KVAcc / KVArcap
f res = h 60 Hz
hX sist X cap / h
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Filtros sintonizados
VLL2 nom
XC =
Q3 nom
Ih
KVAr
XC
XR = 2
h
XR XC
V
I1
+
V1
_
Ih
+
Vh
_
Valores incluyendo
armnicas
Limite en % del
nominal
Irms
180
Vrms
110
Vpico
120
135
I rms
I12 + I h2
Vrms
V pico
=
V12 + Vh2
= V1 + Vh
I1
V1
Vh
Voltaje de lnea
Corriente de fase
Potencia trifsica
Impedancias de fase
3Vrms I rms
V
3( X C X L )
3I1 X C
XC
3I h
h
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Ejemplo 1
f res =
MVACC
125
60Hz =
60 = 306.18Hz
MVarCAP
4.8
X cap
111
. 1
=
= 111
. 1 a 11 Hz
11
.
X reac =
X cap
11
111
. 1
=
= 11
. 11 a 11 Hz
11
hX reac 5 1.587
R=
=
= 0.40
Q factor
20
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Ejemplo 2
a)
b)
c)
V
I1
+
V1
_
Ih
+
Vh
_
Conclusiones
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal
Referencias
E. Acha, M. Madrigal, POWER SYSTEMS HARMONICS:
COMPUTER MODELLING AND ANALYSIS, John Wiley & Sons,
2001.
W. Shepherd and P. Zang, ENERGY FLOW AND POWER FACTOR
IN NONSINUSOIDAL CIRCUITS, Cambridge University Press,
1979.
R.C. Dugan, M.F. McGranaghan, H.W. Beaty, ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM QUALITY, McGraw Hill, 1996.
IEEE Std 519-1992, RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR HARMONIC CONTROL IN ELECTRICAL
POWER SYSTEMS, IEEE Press, 1992.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
M. Madrigal