CHNG 2 : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC- NH LUT TUN HON

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC

TIT 25:

S LC V S PHT MINH RA
BNG TUN HON
Thi trung c loi ngi bit cc nguyn t vng, bc, ng, ch, st, thu ngn...Nm 1649 tm ra nguyn t pht pho. u th k 19, nhiu nh ho hc bt u tm kim nhng qui tc chung, mi lin h gia cc nguyn t, hp cht.

Nm 1817, Dobereiner (c) nhn thy khi lng nguyn t stronti gia khi lng hai nguyn t bari v canxi. ng tm ra b ba u tin.

 Nm 1864, John Newlands tm ra qui lut mi nguyn t ho hc u th hin tnh cht ho hc tng t nh nguyn t th 8 khi xp chng theo chiu tng dn khi lng nguyn t.

Nm 1869, nh bc hc ngi Nga Men--l-p. cng b bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc u tin.

Electron ha tr l nhng electron c kh nng tham gia lin kt, thng nm lp ngoi cng v c th nm c phn lp st ngoi cng cha bo ha.
VD: + Mg (Z=12): 1s22s22p63s2 : 2 e ha tr.

+ Cl (Z=17): 1s22s22p63s23p5: 5e ha tr. + Mn (Z=25): 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s2 : 7e ha tr.

I. NGUYN TC SP XP CC NGUYN T TRONG BNG TUN HON

1. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng

dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. 2. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh mt hng. 3. Cc nguyn t c s electron ho tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c sp xp thnh mt ct.

II. CU TO BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC

 NGUYN T
nguyn t khi S th t (s hiu n.t) k hiu ha hc tn nguyn t cu hnh electron s oxi ha. 13 26,98 1,61 3s23p1
+3

Al
Nhm
[Ne]

m in.

20

Ca
Canxi

40,08 1,00 [Ar] 4s2

+3

HY CHO BIT CC THNG TIN TRONG NGUYN T SAU?

1. NGUYN T S th t nguyn t = s hiu n.t = s n v in tch ht nhn = s proton = s electron trong nguyn t. Cc thng tin c ghi trong nguyn t : - s hiu nguyn t - nguyn t khi, - k hiu ha hc - m in - tn nguyn t - cu hnh electron - s oxi ha

2. CHU K
k l dy nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron. S th t chu k bng s lp electron trong nguyn t. Chu k no cng c bt u bng mt kim loi kim v kt thc bng mt kh him (tr chu k 1).
Chu

Chu k 1 c bao nhiu nguyn t? M u nguyn t no? Kt thc l nguyn t no? Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t m u v kt thc? C bao nhiu lp electron?

 Chu k 1 gm 2 nguyn t H (Z=1) 1s1 v He (Z= 2) 1s2. Nguyn t ca hai nguyn t ny ch c 1lp electron l lp K.
1.

H 1s1

He 1s2

- Chu

k 2 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u l Li (Z=3)1s22s1 v kt thc l Ne (Z= 10), 1s22s22p6. - Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 2 lp electron: lp K (gm 2electron) v lp L c s electron tng t 1 Li n 8 Ne.
Li 3 Be 4
2s2

B 5
2s22p1

C 6
2s22p2

N 7
2s22p3

O 8
2s22p4

F 9
2s22p5

Ne 10
2s22p6

2s1

- Chu

k 3 gm 8 nguyn t, bt u l Na (Z=11) 1s22s22p63s1 v kt thc l Ar (Z= 18), 1s22s22p63s23p6. - Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 3 lp electron: lp K (gm 2electron) , lp L (c 8 electron) v lp M c s electron tng t 1 Na n 8 Ar.
Na 11
3s1

Mg 12
3s2

Al 13

Si 14

P 15

S 16

Cl 17

Ar 18

3s23p1 3s23p2 3s23p3 3s23p4 3s23p5 3s23p6

 Chu

k 4 gm 18 nguyn t, bt u l kim loi K (Z=19) [Ar]4s1 v kt thc l Kr (Z= 36) [Ar] 3d104s24p6. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ny c 4 lp electron: lp K (gm 2electron) , lp L (c 8 electron), lp M v lp N . k 5 c 18 nguyn t ( T Rb n Xe) c 5 lp electron.

Chu

Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t, bt u l kim loi Cs (Z=55), [Xe]6s1 v kt thc l Kr (Z= 36), [Rn] 4f 14 5d106s2 6p6. Ch : Ring chu k 6 cn c 14 nguyn t ng sau La(Z=57) c gi l cc nguyn t thuc h lantan.

Chu k 7 cha hon thnh d on c 32 nguyn t trong c 14 nguyn t sau Ac (Z= 89) gi l cc nguyn t h actini.

Cc chu k 1,2,3 gi l cc chu k nh

Cc chu k 4,5,6,7 c gi l cc chu k ln.

Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. Cc c im v n.t v chu k. BTVN: 1,2,3,4 SGK/35 v 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4SBT/13.

CHNG 2 : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC- NH LUT TUN HON

TIT 26: LUYN TP

KIM TRA BI C
HS1: nguyn tc sp xp trong BTH? Da vo BTH, nu nhng thng tin s 35. HS2: cc c im ca chu k? Nu cc c im ca chu k 2 ( c my n.t, cc n.t trong chu k c my lp e bt u, kt thc?)

 TRC NGIM: 1, 2, 3, 4 SGK/35 v 2.4 Bi 1: Xc nh e ha tr ca cc n.t c Z=19, 38, 31, 35, 22, 28,30. Lu : i vi n.t s, p: e ha tr= e lp ngoi cng. Cn vi n.t d: e ha tr= e phn lp d (cha bo ha)+ e lp ngoi cng.

Bi 2:

a) Chu k 1, chu k 2, chu k 3, mi chu k c bao nhiu n.t? bt u bng n.t g? Kt thc bng n.t g? b) Chu k 4, 5, mi chu k c bao nhiu n.t? c) Chu k 6 c bao nhiu n.t? d) Cc chu k no l cc chu k nh? Cc chu k no l cc chu k di?

Bi 3:

Cho bit s e thuc lp ngoi cng ca n.t cc n.t Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne. Cho bit cc n.t trn thuc chu k no trong BTH?

 Nguyn tc sp xp cc n.t trong BTH, cc c im ca chu k. Chun b bi trc nh: nhm n.t, hc cc n.t trong chu k 1, 2, 3.

CHNG 2 : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC- NH LUT TUN HON

BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC (TT)
TIT 27:

3. NHM NGUYN T
Nhm n.t gm cc n.t m n.t c cu

hnh e tng t nhau, do tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau, c xp thnh mt ct. c 2 loi nhm: A v B.

a) NHM A
-C 8 nhm (IA- VIIIA). -Cu hnh e ha tr tng qut: nsanpb

1 a 2

0b6

STT ca nhm A= a+b. VD: Z= 12: 1s22s22p63s2 n.t thuc nhm IIA. VD: Z=15: 1s22s22p63s23p3 n. t thuc nhm VA

-Nhm A bao gm cc n.t h s (IA, IIA) v h p (IIIA- VIIIA). -Nhm A c c cc n.t thuc chu k nh v chu k ln.

b) NHM B
Nhm B bao gm cc n.t h d (t nhm

IIIB n VIIIB) v n.t h f (h lantan v actini). Cu hnh e ha tr ca cc n.t d dng tng qut: (n 1)dansb
vi b = 2,

0 a 10

 Nu a+b<8

STT nhm =a+b

STT nhm =8.

Nu a+b=8,9,10

Nu a+b>10 STT nhm =(a+b)-10 VD: - Z=26: 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d64s2 Nhm VIIIB
- Z= 29: 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d104s1 -Z=24: 1s22s22p63s23p6 3d54s1

Nhm IB
Nhm VIB

-nhm B ch gm cc n.t ca chu k ln. Cc n.t nhm B gi l cc n.t chuyn tip.

 Nm vng cch xc nh cc nguyn t nhm A v nhm B. T suy ra v tr trong bng tun hon. BTVN: 5, 7, 8, 9 SGK/35.