ရခိုင္ညြန္ ့ဖူး ၅

2
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About Type Setting
Daw Khin Si
Proofer
Sara Htun
Book Layout
U Khin Moung
Cover Design
Myint Zaw
( all photos and references are copyrighted by

their respective owners.)
First Edition - May, 1999.

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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
25
ajrmufO;D acwf &ckid v

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d rl sK;d wk\Yd pku
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28
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r,Suf pefeY pD mG ukMd unh/f &mpkEpS f ESppf /k a&m*gaysmufpmG awmhr[kw?f a,'gvJ tckuawmh
jref;jref;qef;qef;aoQw&dG vkYd tem*wftwGuf arQmv
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29
1962-ckueDyem 1990-avmufxd &ckid af 'oxkwpf mtkypf mwef;a&tvGeef nf;yg;

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k 0f rD aI & wk;d wufjzpfxeG ;f vmaMumif;ukd owdcsyrf d
yga&? txl;ojzifh toQipf uEd \
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BuKd qydk ga& &ckid o
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30
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pm&D;olUdku &ckid af 'opmyDe,f(&ckid ?f jrefrm)ESprf sK;fd pvk;H twGuf a0zef&;D ukd npuyif
vkt
d yfw,fvjYdk rifyga&/ a0zef&;D u@wpf&yfudk vkv
d v
dk m;vm; vufoifrh cHbeJ efaY wmh
&ckid af 'opmyDjzpfay:w;dk wufr\
I use;f rm&D;rSm aumif;rGeEf idk pf &mr[dvYdk qkcd siyf ga&/
(p)
a0zef&;D qkpd mG tajymvG,af &? tvkycf ufaw/ tcsKUduawmh a0zef&;D ukd jAef;pdum&
ajympGmeefY vGrJ mS ;wwfaw/ ig;pdr;f o,fryg;peefY vTrJG mS ;wwfaw/
a0zeforl mS tNccD jH ynfph zHk Ydk vkyd ga&/ ,if;,Sirhf mS .....
1/ rmea'go&Sx
d m;vkYd rajymqk?d ra0zefjcif;?
2/ teuft"dym ,fa&vnfpmG odvYdk ajymqkad 0zefjcif;?
3/ pum;aumif;ukd 0rf;ajrmufpmG vufcjH cif;?
4/ wpfzufu tajymkid ;f auvJ rNcrd ;f ajcmuf? rarmif;rJjcif;/
5/ taMumif;rJu
h &hJ UJ orIrjyKjcif;?
6/ owdvw
G v
f Ydk tqkt
d ajym cRw,
f iG ;f a&pum;ukd t&D;r,ljcif;/
7/ wpfzufom;ukd zdEydS v
f Ydk rajymqk?d ra0zefjcif;?
8/ rcHcsiaf tmif xduyg; &duyg; rajymqk?d ra0zefjcif;?
9/ oabmrSeu
f dk em;vnfatmifajymjya0zefjcif;?
10/ Munfvif&iT v
f ef;atmif ajymqkjd cif;?
(t*FwKd &f wdoedygw?f r[m0*f? uxm0wKow
k )f
tckajyma& tcsuq
f ,fcsuaf & tvsiu
f yif [dca&/ a0zeforl mS [dtyfaw
t&nftcsif;wdjzpfaw/
tckacwfrmS a0zefa&;q&m wpfa,mufrmS vkt
d yfcsuaf v;csu[
f ad &vkYd qkyd ga&/
,if;av;csurf mS .......
1/ tEkynmorm;\ qkv
d cdk su?f &nf&,
G cf suu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? tEkynmypn;f \ *kPf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
33
t*Fg&yfrsm;ukv
d nf;aumif; aumif;pGm (tmkcH pH m;rI xufjrufpmG ) cHpm;od[Ed idk jf cif;?
2/ tEkynm&yfrsm;wGif us,jf yefaY om twGt
d BuKH [jd cif;?
3/ tEkynm&yf\ orkid ;f aMumif; tp[daom todtjrifrsm; us,jf yefpY mG [djcif;?
4/ wefz;dk jzwf&mrSm useD yfavmufaom oD0&D tNccD t
H jzpf xm;[dEidk rf ,fh a0zef&;D pepf
wpfck[djcif;?
(aZmfaZmfatmif? tEkynmpH? pm 145)
txufu wifjypGma& a0zefol Udk rmS [dtyfwhJ t&nftcsi;f ? tcsut
f vufwd
jzpfyga&?
yxrwifjypGmrSm pdwyf idk ;f eefq
Y idk yf ga&/ 'kw,
d wifjypGmrSmawmh twwfynmeefY
vdvmqnf;yl;rI A[kow
k eefq
Y idk yf ga&/
t"duajym&zkq
Yd adk u apwemrSeaf & a0zef&;D orm;jzpfzv
Ydk ydk ga&/ pmyDw;dk wuf&;D udk
tvD;teufxm;wwfo?l tvD;teufjyKo&l m a0zef&;D twGuf ykNd y;D c&D;a&mufEidk yf ga&/
ajymvkpd mG uawmh apwem trsK;d om;pmyDw;dk wufjzpfxeG ;f &D;? jri w
hf if&;D twGuf jzpfzu
Ydk
t"duvkt
d yfawvkYd qkcd siyf ga&/
(q)
pm&D;olUdk ywf0ef;usiu
f dk tdrv
f n
S ;f vSn;f uwf&a&? zkrH wuf&atmif/ rsuEf mS opf
&a&? rsucf s;D rjcLatmif? tkid w
f ifeaD & ajrmif;ukd azmufy;D &a&? &Drykyaf tmif? jcifrvmatmif/
,if;ykid ,
f m pm&D;olUdk \ pmyDudk ra0zefau zkw
H ufvmygvrd ahf r/ rsucf s;D jcLvmyg
vdrahf r/ &Dyyk v
f mvdrahf r/ &Dyyk af ujcifvmvdrahf r/ jcifaMumifh jcifrw
S pfqifh ul;pufEidk af &
a&m*gb,?
a,eefYa0zef&D;ukd vufqefYwef;BudKqkduwfar/ a0zef&D;qkdpGm o&Jobuf
r[kw?f rdwaf qGyg&m/ okaYd omf a'rdwaf qG uawmhtrSeu
f dk trSet
f wkid ;f ajymwwfaw/
ZDwnfah jymwwfaw? ruG,rf 0Suw
f wf? a,eefo
Y el efY aygi;f oif;qufqzH Ydk aMumufeD
uwfjcif;jzpfyga&/ a0zef&;D pGm rdwaf qGyg&m/ aygi;f Munhaf u ol\k;d pif;ajzmifrh eS rf u
I kd
wG&d ygvrd ahf r/
(Z)
&ckid af 'opmyDa& tckwpfvidk ;f rSm jref;jref;qef;qef;[deaD &/ olcsijf cif;wyfepD mG u
awmh ikwo
f ;D ? ikwaf umif; ayguaf yguef efY a&Smufo;D okyjf zpfyga&/ okaYd omf olcY rsm
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
34
uawmh vQm&nfwef;vef;usv/Ydk rqkpd aumif; olcsijf cif;wyfeaD & a&Smufo;D okyu

f rdk pm;
&au? aemufwpfacguf xvmzkq
Yd pdk mG ....
a,eefY csOcf sOpf yfpyf a&Smufo;D vufoyk f a0zef&;D ukd rauR;Munho
f ifv
h m; vlUdk
av/
ompGav -
0lazqef
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
35
&ckid pf myD
&ckid pf um;qufpyfjcif; tNctD eD
vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d \ pmyDonf bmompum;rS qifyh mG ;jzpfwnfvmjcif;jzpfyg\/ vuf[d
&ckid pf um;rS pmyDjzpfvmjcif;ukd Zmtcsed u
f pwifcMhJ uygoenf;/ ok;H oyfp;D ppf&ef vkv
d myg
\/ Zpfjrpft&if;ukv
d u
dk &f ef vkt
d yfvmyg\/ vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d \ &yfwnfrI toufo;DG aMumonf
xkv
d rl sK;d \bmompmyDvnf; [d&um; tuRef Udk &ckid v
f rl sK;d \ bmompum;pmyDudk ok;H oyf
Munf&h jcif;jzpfr\
d / bmompum; pmyDaysmufu vlrsK;d ygaysmufu,
G Ef idk &f um;? bmom
pum;pmyDt&Sncf efY wnfw&hH efrmS tuRef Udk &ckid w
f pfrsK;d om;vk;H \ wm0efjzpfaMumif;
ESv;Hk tonf;wGif pGNJ rrJ w
S Mf uzkYd vked yD g\/ ,if;onfEiS hf ywfouf bmompum;ESihf pmyD
qufpyfjcif;tNct
D eDudk tuRev
f v
hd mok;H oyfro
d avmuf wifjytyfyg\/
&SOd ;D &ckid v
f rl sK;d rsm;onf vGecf aom ESpaf ygi;f ig;axmifausmrf wkid cf ifuyif &ckid af 'o
tNccD swnf[ed x
D idk Nf y;D [k orkid ;f ynm&Sio
f ak woDUdk u qkMd uvD\/ &ckid af 'o &SOd ;D vlrsK;d
onf Zmbmompum;ukd tok;H jyKajymqked MD uonfygenf;/ &ckid af 'o ukvm;wefjrpf0rS ;f
txufatmufa'o awmifyidk ;f 'Gg&m0wDtygt0if t&yfa'o ae&m rm*"pum;ajym
ousomuD0if rm*"vlrsKd;(0g) acwftac: tm&d,efvlrsKd;wd[dvD\/ ,if;olkdUum;
Zmtcsed af vmufuyif pwiftNccD sex
D idk v
f zD Ydk cefrY eS ;f rusyif/ ESpt
f &DtwGuf rqkEd idk v
f /D
,if;onfaMumifh eD&ma'oESiyhf wfouf &ckid o
f rkid ;f &mZ0if ynmoQiq
f &mwdu '@m&D
ozG,f ajymqk&d ;D om;MuvD\/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
36
rm*"bmompum;ukd urmOD;vl? awmwGi;f om;? ewfjA[m? jrwfpmG bk&m;? rm*"

wkid ;f om;wd ajymqkMd uvD\[k o'gusr;f wpfapmifu jyqkx
d m;\/ &SOd ;D &ckid af 'o rm*"
bmompum;ajym rm*"ousomuD0ifvrl sK;d rsm; twnfwus eDxidk v
f su[
f ad Mumif;
vufcHEkdifavmufyg\/ &ckdif&mZ0if ordkif;aMumif;t& 'Gg&m0wDt&yf 'obmwdu
nDaemifZmwfvrf;ESihf &SOd ;D a0omvDacwfudk &ckid &f mZ0iftptjzpf jyxm;\/ ]&ckid t
f p
rm&,ku} [laompum;t& toQit
f ZKe&od(ousomuD0ifrm*"vlrsK;d ) ukvm;wefjrpf
zsm;rS &ckdifjynfa'ookdY a&muf[dvmjcif;? oufvlrsKd; (ousomuD0ifrm*"vlrsKd;)
rif;orD;ErmkEiS hf oifjh rwf om;awmfrm&,k zGm;jrifvmjcif; ponfjzifh xkad cwfxt
dk cg
uyif rm*"wkid ;f om; ousomuD0ifrsm;jzpfaMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;\/ "n0wDacwftcg
u &ckid t
f rnfudk &[dNy;D ousomuD0if rm*"vlrsK;d pifppf tdE,
d tEG,jf zpfjcif;aMumifh
rm*"bmompum;ajymvDzYdk qko
d nfrmS rkcsyif/
xko
d aYdk Mumifyh if &ckid v
f rl sK;d wdu ud,
k u
hf dk ud,
k w
f ifpm; rm*f(Mag)h [k ac:a0:o;Hk pGJ
k;d [dv\D / tckacwf ,if;tok;H tEIe;f ukd E,Ekid if H Mwyd &l e,f? &ckid t
f ac: taemufjynf
(b*Fvm;a'h&)fS &ckid af 'otcsKUd ok;H pGv
J su[
f yd g\/ rm*"vlrsK;d ? ousomuD0ifrif;rsK;d rif;EG,f
[k ok;H EIe;f onfyif/
&ckikd &f adS cwf ousomuD0if rm*"vlrsK;d (0g) tm&D,efvrl sK;d rsm;onf tm&if;oH?
vQm&if;oH? vQmvdyo
f H jYdk zifh vD,v
l o
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d oHxw
k Mf uvD\/ rZrd a'o E,
d
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H ygt0if oD&v
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l o
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d yif [dNy;D om;twdik ;f
toHUdk udk tm&if;oH? vQm&if;oH? vQmvdyo
f H Udk jzihf XmefukP
d ;f yDopGmxkwv
f su[
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d /
"n0wDacwftcguyif pwif ajymqk&d if;pGJ XmefukP
d ;f usepGm a'od,bmompum;
ukd ajymMuvD\/ tu&mwvk;H wvk;H \jzpfwnf&mudk o'gusr;f kUd wifjyxm;&um;
&if;jrpfvo
D H XmefukP
d ;f rSerf eS jf zifh ajymqk[
d v
d rD nfrmS jiif;Ekid pf &mtaMumif;r[d[k rSwo
f m;
rdyg\/
rm*"bmompum;onf ygVb
d momyifjzpf&um; jrwfpmG bk&m;tygt0if &SOd ;D vlUdk
ok;H EIe;f aom pum;jzpfaom ygVb
d mom tu&m(41)vk;H [d\/ ,if;tu&mkUdjzifh &ckid jf ynf
okYd jrwfpmG bk&m;<ua&mufawmfrcl ahJ Mumif; &D;xk;d xm;aom E,
d ajrmufyidk ;f jA[;D tu&m
rm*"ygVad usmufpm (awmifayguBf u;D ausmufpm)t&? ,if;acwftcguyif tu&m(0g)
rm*"ygVb
d momok;H pGaJ Mumif; odomEkid yf g\/
t&m0wKtygt0if vlom;wkYd &yfwnfjcif;onf worwfwnf;r[dEidk ?f ajymif;vGJ
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
37
wwfaom oabmw&m;[d\/ &ckid af 'o "n0wDacwfrS a0omvDacwftxd jA[;D

tu&mok;H pGv
J m&mrS Mumvwfaomf ou#pmyDoYdk ul;ajymif;vm\/ ou#pmyD a&mxG;D vm
\/ ou#pmyDus,jf yefv
Y mjcif;aMumif[
h k ,lqEkid \f / ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm;t&
tmeEpjEa usmufpm? a,"rmausmufpmrsm;ukd vdvmuodEidk \
f / acwfumvtm;jzifh
wwd,"n0wD bDpD 6 &mpkrS at'D 4-&mpktpykid ;f txd (a0omvDacwfO;D txd) xkrd S
aemufyidk ;f a0omvDacwfx?d rm*"ou#pmyD a&mxG;D ok;H pGv
J m\/ou#pmyD AsO;f (35)
vkH;? (ookH;vkH;tygt0if) o&(18)vkH;[dyg\/ ,if;AsOf;o&kdUudk XmefukdPf;usepGm
,if;ou#vDox
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f v
d \D / ,if;okEYd iS hf rm*"ygVo
d ?H ou#oHtwd xGuv
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d oHreS t
f wkid ;f p? q? oQxu
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(p? q? oQ)oH &ckid af 'od,pum; ok;H pGv
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at'D 4 &mpk apmapmydik ;f uyif &ckid b
f mompum;\ tpa0g[m&rsm;jzpfwnfvm
rnf[k cefrY eS ;f &yg\/ ou#a0g[m&rS ajymif;vGjJ zpfwnf &ckid af 0g[m&wpdww
f azG
tenf;tusO;f jzpfwnfvmaMumif; rSe;f qrdyg\/
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f mompum;jzpfwnfvmjcif; ou#pmyDysupf um;vk;H wDxiG af jym a0g[m&
tok;H tEIe;f ajymqkv
d mEkid jf cif;aMumifh &u0Ptu&m? &ckid af 0g[m&tok;H tEIe;f bmompmyD
yDjyifvm&\/
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Y m\/ [d&if; rm*"ygVd usr;f *efwwf&[ef;
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tu&m &ckid b
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d ;f us? tm&if;oH?
vQm&if;oH? vQmvdyo
f jH zifh ajymqk&d if;jzpfv\
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towforH eS f u, owfudk w, owfo?H i, owfudk e, owfo?H n, owfudk
tkid o
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d / aemufypf
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f [
d \
d / ,if;pMumvDoH pmo@mefUdk um; av;NrKd Uacwfxyd gvwf\/ av;NrKd U
acwftcgwiG v
f nf; bmompmyDEiS ,
hf Ofaus;rIwd xGe;f um;vmvD\/
ajrmufOD;acwfodkY a&mufaomtcg bmompmyDtxl;xGef;um;wkd;wufvm\/
,Ofaus;rIwv
d nf; twnf[d xGe;f um;eD\/ ajrmufO;D acwfumvwGif t&SEd iS hf ul;vl;
qufqrH rI sm;jym;vmjcif;? Ekid if rH Nird rf ouf[v
d mjcif; ponfh tjzpftysuf UdkMum;wGif pum;
vDo?H pmo@mefUkd vnf; avsm&h v
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
38
,cif&ckid t
f oHxu
G f
qwfvlrsKd;
ZDp0g
qykef
azhoQm? azhqm
pufwefYem
pufusrmefatmif
toQif
,ck&ckid t
f oHxu
G f
oufvlrsKd;
ZDo0g
oykef
azhom? ayom
oufwefYem
ousrmefatmif
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q&marmifAode;f u &oHtNc,
D idk v
f monfudk azmfjyxm;zl;\/ ]],if;&oHtNc,
D idk f
vmjcif;tjyif tm&if;oH? vQm&if;oHUdk vnf; toH,idk v
f m\/ ]]&ckid af jrmufyidk ;f ok;H Asm,ff
um;ESm oHAsO;f NyD rS toHxu
G -f tdeo
f &oHzufrS ,kid ef v
YJ m;aomf jzpfEidk o
f nf/
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YJ m;onf jzpfEidk \
f /}} &ckid f
kUd onf bmompum; txl;avsmeh nf;vmeDonfudk wG&d \/ a0g[m&tok;H tEIe;f kUd vnf;
ysupf ;D vm\/ t&Sb
d ufoYkd ta&muftaygurf sm;ol yk*Kd vw
f Ed iS hf twnfwus eDxidk o
f l
rsm;jym;vm\/ ,if;oHaMumihf &ckid b
f mompum; bl;? ayg?h awmh? ,, owfvQmzsm;oHUdk
a&mxG;D vm\/ &ckid t
f ok;H tEIe;f rsm; ysupf ;D vmykt
H csKUd rmS .........
,ciftok;H rsm;
tcktcgrmS
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tef'rm&D
,cktok;H rsm;
tckawmhcg
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aMumiftrd f
tckumvwGif rlvo&(Mo) tk;d onf toHaysmh toH,idk jf zpfvmvD\/ Moo&u@

Mo#ZXmef? vnfajcmif;EIwcf rf; t&yfrS 'EMo!ZXmef oGm;eIwcf rf;t&yf wnfvm\/
a0omvDacwftcguyif pwifay:aygucf aom &ckid b
f mompum;onf XmefreS ?f ukP
d ;f rSef
jzpfwnf&mrS ajymif;vJvmjcif;uku
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
39
&ckid af 0g[m& tok;H tESKe;f pmyDwx

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d ?f vdru
f spef nf;wd? ypfenf;wd
trsK;d rsK;d [da&ykid ?f tcHom;bufuavhaomh cRwef nf;? ypfenf;? cgenf;? jyefuidk f
enf;? tjyefypfenf;wd [dyga&/
(6) usijf cif;? usiu
f u
G (f usiu
f idk ef nf;)wd pepfwus [dyga&/
a,eefY usiyf nmpGm eufeo
J rd rf UdGNy;D au pepfwus zGUJ pnf;qif;oufvma& tm;u
pyfenf;ynm&yfyif jzpfyga&/ tjcif;tuGuw
f ed efY wnfaqmufxm;pGmyg/ Zmykid f tjcif;?
tuGuf wdav;/
usifjcif;rsm;(usifuidk ef nf;rsm;)
usipf nf;urf;(2) eefY usijf cif;aygi;f (30)[da&vkYd pmxJrm wG&d yga&(*)/ uRr;f ypf?
*kycf sK;d ? aMumifvrd ?f b,fwifypf? nmwifypf? NccD si;f ku
d ?f aygupf ufuiG ;f ? wpfyifoef;?
armif;ypf? cg;ykwo
f wf? vufzsm;qG?J cGmwifpnf;? armif;axmifeif;(+)...,if;ykid af ,Smif
usijf cif;wd azmfjyxm;pGm avhw&dG yga&/
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1/ jynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f (,Ofaus;rIu@)
2/ jynfaxmifpyk 0JG if k;d &m&ckid o
f cD si;f rsm;
3/ &ckid o
f w
k tbd"mef
(+) jynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f (yOrwG)J pm-33/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
60
usijf cif;? usiu

f ikd ef nf;wdudk uGi;f qif;avhvmrSwo
f m;pkaqmif; okawoejyKEidk f
rS&m usijf cif;wd trsm;Bu;D pkrEd idk yf gz/Ydk usipf nf;urf;wdavh wjynf;nD pkaqmif;owfrw
S f
Ekid yf gz/Ydk jynfjh ynfph pHk aHk vhjzpfvmygzaYdk v/
t*katpm&D;olrmS usijf cif;? usiu
f u
G ?f usiu
f idk ef nf;wd pkpnf;&D;xm;pGm oifh Hk
[deyD gAsm,f/ usijf cif; ok;H q,fruyg/ a,'gavhaomh txufazmfjyxm;a& usijf cif;xJ
u]]aygipf ufuiG ;f }}qkad & usijf cif;ukd tuRerf Mum;zl;od? rodo;D ygaxm? a'owpfcek efY
wpfck tac:uv
JG v
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wifx;dk vkYd ypfawenf;ukd ac:pmG vm;/ ]]armif;ypf}} qkpd mG u 0g..../ armif;ukq
d v
JG Ydk ypfaw
enf;vm;/ pDppfp&mwdyg/
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d pJG mG ? vdrpf mG ? jyefpmG ? vSepf mG ? owfxm;pGm trsK;d rsK;d [dygoad &av/]]cg;ykwf
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f wf}} &m jzpfyga&/ ]]NccD si;f ku
d }f } qkpd mG avaomh ]]NcjD ym;owf}}enf;&mjzpf&ygz/Ydk
a,eefu
Y sijf cif; tac:ta0:wd a'oepfcek efw
Y pfck Zmykid jf cm;em;edeaf v/ tac:ta0:?
tok;H tEIe;f ? ukid yf u
Hk idk ef nf;? pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;wdudk wdwu
d sus jzpfa,mif uGi;f qif;
avhvmcGi&hf zkYd vkyd ga&/
rSwfwrf;wif "mwfykHwdeefY tm;jznfhEkdifrSav; ykdjynfhpkHNyD;au odvG,fEkdifygzkdY/
attvkyu
f Bu;D rm;a& tvkyBf u;D wpfvyk f qkpd mG oabmayguu
f wfygov
d rd ahf r/ aygah ygh
aoQr[kwfyg/
ed*;Hk ykid ;f teDeefY usiu
f ikd ef nf;wd\ tNccD o
H abmavSmufudk pdauwifjyygar/
usiu
f idk pf mG rm tzrf;om;(tzrf;usio
f ef)? tcHom;(tcHusio
f ef)vkYd [dpmG ukt
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d ?f ypfcs&a&/ usijf cif; usiu
f u
G w
f d
eefY ypfcsEidk af &/ tcHom;u pvkNYd crD ok;H &/ ypfrcs&/ tzrf;om;u Ncw
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G cf iG ?hf cRwx
f u
G cf iG ?hf cgciG ?hf wefjyefypfcsciG hf tcGit
hf a&;wd
&vmyga&/
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f idk ef nf;wdeefY tcHom;\ usiu
f idk ef nf;wd
oD;jcm;pD[yd ga&/ tzrf;om;\ tcGit
fh a&;u tcHom;\tcGit
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k dG
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f ikd ef nf;wdu tcHom;wd\ usiu
f idk ef nf;wdxufyrdk sm;pGmukd
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
61
avhwGd&yga&/
tcHom;wd\ ckcu
H muG,ef nf;wdu tzrf;om;\ ukid ef nf;wdxuf aysmufv,
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ekid yf ga&/ Ekid zf t
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hf mkpH u
dk rf u
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a&/ a,Zl;eefY tcHenf;wdudk pepfwus azmfxw
k pf pk nf;oifyh ga&/
tzrf;om;\ usijf cif;? usiu
f idk ef nf;wdrm vufcsn;f oufouf ok;H vkyYd pfcsa&enf;
wd? NccD sn;f oufoufo;Hk vkYd ypfcsa&enf;wd? vufeefNY cu
D dk wGo
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au tykid ;f ok;H ykid ;f cGjJ cm;yga&/
attydik ;f ok;H ykid ;f rm vufygNcyD gwv
JG yYdk pfawusiu
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vufowfowfeefY qGzJ rf;udik w
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NcjD ym;owf? Ncv
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rxm;rdcifrm jzKe;f ceJ jzwfceJ vQyw
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ckdifausmf(Oya')
20-10-97
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
62
toGifxl;jcm;onfh &ckdifomjcif; uAsm

&ckid pf mayavmuwGif xif&mS ;onfh ]tjcif;} wpfrsK;d rSm ]omjcif;}uAsmjzpfonf/
omjcif;uAsmrsm;onf &ckid w
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f ufpm; awmaevlwef;pm;wkYd
tMum;vnf; ysUH EUHS prd 0hf ifco
hJ nf/
wpfcsed af omtcgu omjcif;wwfrsm;u tcaMu;aiG&,l t&yfwum vSnv
hf nf
um omjcif;oDqjdk cif;? omjcif;a[mjcif;rsm; jyKvyk af vh&cdS MhJ uonf/
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nif;atmif? omjcif;uko
d if? q&moQirf mS ? pkv
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uJo
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G cf ahJ Mumif; awGU&&dS onf/
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d if? jynfuv
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63
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omjcif;uAsmrsm;onf xD;ok;H eef;ok;H awmf0iftqifrh o
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tzGt
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xkaYd Mumifyh if omjcif;uAsmrsm;onf &ckid w
f \
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(Characteristic)tzGUJ wpfcjk zpfaMumif; ynm&Siw
f Ydk qkcd jhJ cif;jzpf[efwal yonf/
&ckid w
f Ydk tapmqk;H awGUc&hJ aom omjcif;uAsmrSm ajrmufO;D acwf? rif;Ambk&if
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d rwf 0drv zGUJ qcdk ahJ om owxmEk? aumfumEk
ponft
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avmurmefatmif q&mawmf? uif;q&m? 0g;ausmif;q&m? q&marmifomatmif? q&m
armifa,mufau? opfuwk;d q&m? q&meE? q&mxGe;f vS? wefc;kd q&mxGe;f ? &Gmacsmif;Bu;D
q&mOD;atmifxeG ;f ? omcsr;f OD;z polwjYdk zpfMuonf/
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f EYdk iS hf omjcif;a[mpmrsm; uGi;f qufrjywf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
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atmifaqmif&u
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d nf;
aus;vufrsm;wGif &Gwq
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d av;rsm; jzpfavonf/
omjcif;uAsmrsm; yg'jcm; av;vk;H oD um&ef,&l onf/ um&efudk yg'jcm;aumuf
,l&onf/ avhvmMunh&f m wpfyg'jcm;? ESpyf g'jcm;? ok;H yg'jcm;? av;yg'jcm; um&ef,x
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t&d,m]ppf}? (ok'jd zLpif?
jrLrwifav? rQirf oef;au)
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
65
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
66
ajym]a[m}jcif;&m....(,m;? a[m)
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jzpfavonf/ if;jyif omjcif;uAsm&Snrf sm; pyfq&dk m wpfqufwpfpyfwnf; pyfqjdk cif;rjyK
bJ tykid ;f cGu
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67
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h abmrsK;d xm;cJah om aMu;kyrf sm;jzpfonf/ at'D 1431-ckEpS w
f iG f
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f pfwiG f bk;d awmfb&k m;onf &ckid rf S &wemykH
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f Ydk tcsKUdt0ufudk odr;f ,l
r,lrod&acs/ rl&if;tkyrf mS (30)jzpf&m tcsKUd rmS aysmufq;Hk aeonf/
Wihelm Klein. Insight Guides Burma. P-184
(e) u0dom&? &ckid t
f a&;awmfy?Hk pm-&ckid &f mZ0ifopfusr;f ? pm-148
G.E. Harvey: History of Burma. P,-183
M.Collis. The land of the great Image. P. 154
(f) vrf;pOfygwt
D ajcjy jrefrmEkid if aH &;orkid ;f ? pm-391
a rSefeef;(w)? pm-203? 216? 199 OD;ukvm;&mZ0ifBuD;? pm-208
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dk yf nmya'om
pmapmifwGJ-9? tykdif;-2? pm-94
(5) D.G.E. Hill . Burma . P. 60-62
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
90
trwfBuD;r[mynmausmf\
rSwfom;zG,f&mavQmufxkH;
avQmufxkH;(1)
rif;zavmif;rif;/ /
at;vm;...ynm,SdtrwfBuD;kdY nDvmcHac:,l&jcif;awmhcg? aA'ifudef;cef;t&?
ajrmufO;D NrKd UopfwnfaxmifzYdk vkt
d yfeaD &vkYd od,&dS a&? a,twGuef ef?Y NrKd Uopfwnfoifh
rwnfoifhudk pOf;pm;a0zef avsmufxm;wifjytyfygvkdY ajymMum;vkda&? [l&m;jzL?
[l&m;kt
d rwfUdk eef?Y tbk;d oQif ynm,Sd r[mynmausmt
f rwfBu;D /
[l&m;jzL? [l&m;kd trwfUdk wlnaD & wifavQmufxm;csu/f /jynfBu;D r@dKif
toQirf if;jrwf...aA'iftvkt
d & ajrmufO;D ude;f cef;ukev
f Ydk NrKd Uopfwnf&ef vkt
d yfeyD ga&
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cs,zf v
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r[mynmausmfavQmufxm;csuf/ /
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xD;eef;pku
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
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f ifjzLawmf a&mufvmyga&/
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3/ usDusb@m&wemaygrsm;yga&/
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d rwfUdk eefaY vh jynfph aHk &? t*Fgav;yg;eefaY vhjynfph aHk &/
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
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jynf&h iS rf if;uk,
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pD&ifoifah v trwfBu;fD r[mynmausmf ynm,Sd trwfBu;D /
r[mynmausmf avQmufxm;csuf/
/
toQirf if;jrwf .....
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f pk;d & jyKeD
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4/ jynfo
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a&S;xk;H ,Syd gvsuf zsuq
f ;D edyga&/
a'av;yg;aom tjypf,o
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rif;trdeUf awmf/
/
trwfBu;D r[mynmausmaf &? bk&ifrif;jrwfom;awmfvYdk t*wdw&m;rvku
d pf m;bJ
raMumufr&GU?H raxmufrSm [kww
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d dk t,St
d wkid ;f
yuwdtwkid ;f avQmufxm;a&/ jynfo
h Qirf if;rSwyg; rdz&k m;? om;awmf? orD;awmfUdk rmS
olwpfyg;toufukd owfykdifcGifhr,Sd/ jynfhoQifrif;awmifrS? wkdif;oljynfom;kdUukd
oDpm;oDpDyD;zkdY cufcJa&/ &if0,fom;ykdif? oem;Muifem&zkdY/ oHawmif pm;rSm?
igrif;jrwfom;awmfjzpfaw/
a,ZleefY om;awmf\ taqmifta,mifudk kyo
f rd ;f ap/ om;awmfudk NrKd Uvrl sK;d kUd
ae&m r&dyaf csmif;nm a0vmawmifoYdk ykaYd qmifap/ trdeaYf wmfcsrw
S v
f u
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avQmufxkH;(3)
rif;zavmifBuD;/ /
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f Re;f u a&Smu
f ef'a7qkd
a& olaX;wpfO;D Nr;D 'Dbef'a&mfwpfa,muf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfudk a&mufvma&/ 'Dbef'a&mf
tbk;d a&Smb
f ef'a&mf? &ckid jf ynfeefaY &mif;0,fazmufum;vm;ca&/
,if;tcgu ajrmufO;D NrKd U oabFmqdyjf zpfaw? abmif;'GwNf rKd UrmS olX;D oaxmfO;D eefY
&if;ESD;cifrifc*wfaw/ a'ykdif&if;ESD;c*wfvdkY a&Smfbef'a&mfu olXD;oaxmfOD;xHyg;rSm
tojym'*Fg;wpfoed ;f tyfEx
HS m;,Sad &/
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toem;cHavQmufxm;vma&/ r[mynmausmf trwfBu;D udak vh pkpH rf;zkYd ? ppfaq;zk?Yd
igu,
dk w
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Iyx
f ;DG eDa&/ a'udpu
dk tpkt
H vif avQmufvw
J ifjyyg trwfBu;D /
/
toQif r if ; jrwf ? abmif ; 'G w f o XD ; ? oaxmf O D ; ajr;? oXD ; yef ; pd e f a tmif
pkpH rf;ppfaq;rD;jref;rIjyKa&cg/ oXD;yef;pdeaf tmifu a'udpr mS ESpw
f pf&mausmef yD gaMumif;?
if;tbkd; oXD;BuD;oaxmfO D ; uG ,f v G e f t ed p r a&muf cif u ajymcbl ;pG m avh
rrS w f r d a Mumif ; ? ok d Y a omf a vh ouf o D w csK d U u k d pk H p rf ; rD ; jref ; Munf h v k d u f awcg?
ausmufzsmBu;D wpfcrk mS ESpOf ;D ESpyf g; oabmwl vufrw
S &f ;D xk;dk Ny;D au? trSwt
f om;jyK
jrK yx
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f cdk su,
f ydS ga&/
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h u
dk af wcg? toem;cHavQmufxm;a&twdik ;f
tojymwpfoed ;f ukd wGUd &yga& toQirf if;jrwf/
toQifrif;jrwf....tyfolvleefY xdrf;odrf;olkdU touftxift&Sm;&Sdaurlum;?
oabmwl tay;t,leefY eDoifyh ga&/
t*k trIupd r mS ? tyfawvleefY ay;&if;vlwv
d nf; r[kwu
f yfyg? om;wquf?
Nr;D wwef xde;f odr;f vm*wfpmG ESpaf ygi;f w&mausmv
f wfygAsm/
a,ZledefY wpfaomif;tojymukd xdef;odrf;a&vl yef;pdefatmifukd yD;ap/
useu
f ;dk aomif;tojymukd oD[Vdk o
f XD; a&Smifbef'a&mfNr;D ? 'Db'a&mfudk yD;apvkYd pD&ifoifyh g
aMumif; avQmufxm;yga& toQirf if;jrwf/
bk&ifrif;jrwfavh r[mynmausmf avQmufxm;a&twkid ;f pD&ifq;Hk jzwfvu
dk af w/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
94
avQmufxkH;(4)
rif;zavmif;/ /
at;vm; ynm,Sd trwfBu;D r[mynmausm.f ..rD;acsmif;pm; trwfBu;D aZ,socF
rSm uG,v
f eG t
f edpa &mufv?Ydk b0wpfyg;ukd ajymif;vm;cpGmMumAsm? rD;acsmif;pm;&mxl;ukd
qufczH Ydk vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufavh r,So
d /d
aygi;f wkwu
f Re;f rSmeDa&? ukvm;([m*s-D uk&d ed )f qkad & ukvm;wpfa,mufu rdz&k m;
Bu;D &Siv
f wfudk tojym'*Fg;wpfaxmifvufaqmifqufoNy;D oumv rD;acsmif;pm;&mxl;
ukd &atmifBuaH qmify;D ygvYdk awmif;yefvwfaw/ rdz&k m;Bu;D &Siv
f wfuavh igb&k ifudk
avQmufxm;vmvkdY? r[mynmausmfESifh wkdifyifjcif;jzpfaw/
/
&ckid jf ynfBu;D a& Ak'b
mom omoem awmf xGe;f um;a&wkid ;f jynfjzpfpmG eeft
Y nD
tBu;D tuJvyk o
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i,fom;wdeefY jynfow
l d Ak'o
moemawmfudk ouf0if,MHk unfu;dk uG,*f wfygr,f/
bmomjcm;ukd tBuD;tuJwifajrmufauawmhcg Ak'bmom omoemawmfukd
xdcu
dk Ef idk yf ga&/ rdz&k m;Bu;D &Siv
f wfrmS avh rdr\d *kPo
f u
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oifyh ga&/ wkid ;f jynfEidk if t
H yk cf sKy&f mrSm rdz&k m;wd 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufciG rhf &Sad Mumif;ukd avQmuf
xm;yga&/
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wdrSm cefYxm;jcif;r,Sdyg/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm rif;kdUusifhxkH;"rowfomr[kwf/ Ak'bmom
w&m;awmfuv
dk nf; t&dww
f u
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f wfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfyga&
toQirf if;jrwf/
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f &m;&um? ukvm; [m*su
D &dk ed f
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d &Gu
d dk orD;
trSwx
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Yd aMumif; trwfBu;D ukd ajymMum;cyga&/
trwfBu;D r[mynmausmf (i,femrnf jrwfomxGe;f )yg/
eef;wuf &ckid af umZmou&mZf 893(c&pfou&mZf 1531 ckEpS )f rSm eef;wufaw
rif;Ambk&ifvufxufrmS (22)ESpx
f d trwfynm,St
d jzpf xrf;aqmifcyga&/
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
95
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wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSm rif;tusK;d eefY jynfo
h w
Yl &m;wdudk a&SUNI y;D au raMumufr&GUH
rwGerYf qkw[
f w
k w
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olrwlatmifx;l jcm;Ny;D Z0eOmPf? wduO mPfeefY *r&D OmPfwjd ynfph aHk & yk*Kd vaf vh
jzpfyga&/ r[mynmausmrf mS rif;tvkv
d u
dk ?f rif;tBuKd uu
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yk*Kd vrf [kwyf g/
aemifvmaemufom;kUd ox
d m; rSwo
f m;pDzt
Ydk wGuf wifjyvku
d &f yga&/
oQifol&def
ukd;um;usrf;
&ckid &f mZ0if
OD;atmifomOD;(bDat)/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
96
okcrdeftrwfBuD; 0drv\ pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;

&cdik &f mZ0ifusr;f rsm;wGif ynm&S?d okcrde?f trwfBu;D wkYd acwftqufqufay:xeG ;f
cJah Mumif; od&&dS \/ &cdik b
f &k ifrsm;onf wkid ;f jynfEidk if u
H dk tkycf sKyt
f yk x
f ed ;f zkt
Yd wGuf ynm&Sd
? okcrde?f trwfBu;D wkt
Yd m; bGUJ x;l ? *kPx
f ;l trsK;d rsK;fd cs;D jri ahf y;avh &SMd uonf/ txl;
ojzifh jynfxed ;f okcrdet
f rwfBu;D wkt
Yd m; ]]0drv}}bGUJ udk cs;D jri ahf y;avh&MdS uonf/
"n0wDacwf oD&&d mZmrif;vufxuf jynfxed ;f okcrdet
f rwfBu;D 0drv? av;NrKd U
acwfrif;xD;rS rif;apmrGev
f ufxuft
f xd jynfxed ;f trwfBu;D 0drvESihf ajrmufO;D acwf
rif;apmtkd (pvwmapmrGe)f rS rif;AmBu;D wkYd vufxufwiG f ay:xeG ;f cJah om okcrdet
f rwf
Bu;D 0drvwkjYd zpfygonf/
ajrmufOD;acwfv,fykdif; 0drv
,ckaqmif;yg;wGif ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fykdif; rif; 3-4qufwkdifatmif
xif&mS ;ausmMf um;cJah om 0drvbGUJ cjH ynfxed ;f okcrdef trwfBu;D \b0ESihf ol\pGr;f aqmif
csuf? vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd vufvSrf;rDaom pmay? usrf;*efrsm;rS xkwfEkwf? pDppf?
SEd idI ;f um wifjyvkyd gonf/
okcrdeBf u;D \ rdb? ol\arG;ou&mZf? i,femrnfrsm;ukd rod&ao;/
okdYaomf ynm&SdrsKd;kd;rS qif;oufvmcJholyDyD rif;apmtkd (887-888-6v)vufxufuyif 0drvbGUJ x;l ukd cs;D jri chf &H Ny;D yif;0gNrKd Uuv
dk nf; tykid pf m;ae&onf[\l /
xkdrif;vufxuf oli,fwkdYEIwfzsm; atmf[pfMuonfum; ]]c&rf;oD;vuf
aumuf? ajymifajymifawmuf? ps;D rSm0,f avmifyeG ;f ajymuf}} [l wabmifay:ayguv
f m
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
97
ayonf/
xkw
d abmift& tdraf &SUpH bapmoD&rd if;bif(aemif rif;Ambk&if)onf ynm&Sw
d EYdk iS hf
(txl;ojzifh rif;*gpm; okcrdeftrwfBuD; 0drvESifh )wkdifyifSdEIdif;NyD; a&Teef;awmf\
ajrmuft&yf (jrwef;aqmif; ausmif;wku
d t
f eD;) apwDawmfwpfqu
l dk wnfaqmufawmf
rlonf/
vGepf mG vuf&majrmufaom yef;ajymufyef;qef; pkv
H ifpmG ESihf wnf yef;ajymuf
apwD(0g) avmifyeG ;f ajymufapwD[k ac:a0:orkwaf wmfrcl MhJ uonf/
xkdYaemufwzef bapmoD&drif;bifonf ou&mZf 893-ckwGif ajrmufOD;
a&Teef;awmfudk vuf0,fyidk q
f idk v
f monf/ nDvmcHobifusi;f y&mwGif ynm&St
d rwfBu;D wkYd
ESihf aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifNy;D a&S;bk;d awmf? bDawmfrif;wkYd pk;d rk;d ykid q
f idk f ;dk jzpfaom b*Fg(12)NrKd Uudk
vnf; jyefvnford ;f ,l&ef oabmwl qk;H jzwfcMhJ uonf/ xkad emuf a&TNrKd Uawmfw0Sr;f wGif
vnf; twdw?f edrw
d ?f wabmifwaYdk y:ayguv
f monf/ ]]ukvm;ukEd idk v
f dk pzkrd mS rD;xJ?h
0oJawmifudk xD;wif? ukvm;ukd &Sijf yK}}[l oli,fwq
Ydk Mdk uonfudk tqifq
h ifh bk&ifrif;
qDokdYa&mufcJhonf/
taMumif;t&mtjzpfoepfudk yif;0gpm okcrdeBf u;D 0drv avQmufxm;onfrmS .....
]]toQirf if;jrwf....]ukvm;udEk idk v
f dk pzkrd mS rD;xJ}h tvkad omfum; oabFmqdyf
abmif;'Gwo
f nf pzkjd zpfygonf/ ukvm;rD;qif AvDrw
k q
f w
d u
f dk tjcm;r&Sad p&/ abmif;'Gwf
wGio
f m xm;&ygonf/]0oJawmifukd xD;wif} tvku
d m; 0oJawmifxyd f eHawmfb&k m;
wnfxm;&ygrnf/ a&S;okdufa[mif;wGifvnf; ukvm;ykZGefxkwfq,fwefukd rvGef&m
(rlu-JG ukvm;ykZeG f q,fEh pS w
f efudk rvGe&f m)[l&Syd gonf/ rif;q,fquf (q,fEh pS q
f uf)
onfvnf; toQifrif;jrwfwGif aphygonf/ b*Fq,fhESpfNrdKUukdvnf; toQifrif;jrwf
vufxufwiG f &Nr&J ygrnf}}[k avQmufxm;cJo
h nf/
,if;aMumihf ou&mZf 894-ckEpS w
f iG f rif;Ambk&ifonf ppft*Fg (4)yg;ukd pepfwus
zGUJpnf;vsuf b*Fg (12)NrKd Uudk odr;f ,l&ef ppfaMumif; (3)aMumif;cGNJ y;D atmifppfcsw
D ufco
hJ nf/
,if;aomtcg bk&ifrif;Am\ pD;awmfqif ZD0Zk;d onf rmefawmf0if unifyifudk tjrpfu
vSJap\/
wpfcsdefwnf; wpfNydKifwnf;rSmyif rkd;pnfuRef;olBuD;aumif;vSatmifuvnf;
ig;uRJwpfaumif qufvmaponf/ xkdtwdwfedrdwf ESpfckukd okcrdefBuD; 0drvu
bk&ifrif;jrwf xH atmufygvuFmjzifh avQmufxm;cJo
h nf/
]]umvm0u? *a*F,sEiS ?hf y@&ac:? ayguaf usmw
f r? yd*v
F [k? ponfh ausm[
f ;dk ?
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
98
qifq,frsK;d xuf? wefc;dk tvGe?f q'eaf jymifjrwf? ywf&yfnpD mG ? vuPmum;? oEmpG,f

a&mif? tmabmifapG;apG;? azG;azG;jzLpif? aiGoiG t
f vm;? pG,zf sm;tnD? vusmf cs\
D / ei&D
ESpb
f uf? em;&GuEf mS Ek? rpkrnGw?f o&ywfoYdk rjywfraygu?f aemufa&SUO;D uif? rxifruk;H ?
uk,
d v
f ;Hk aMumh&iS ;f ? a&qif;nmwif? av;cGipf ufyef;? rcRe;f ryk? &Spcf t
k pGe;f ? v0ef;omef?
rSiaf &cHoYdk ? toHoeHG nf;? a&Munf;ESpo
f ,
G ?f nmb,fra&G;? tajy;toGm;? e*g;OD;cs?D
&moDo;Hk rnf? ig;wnfo;Hk csu?f rke;f oufrMuL;? xdyOf ;D vnfwidk ?f BuchH idk pf rG ;f oef? &Jrmefwnf;
wnf;? ajconf;aecsuf? ausmufrsufeDvm? yrmrjcm;? ESmarmif;zsm;wGif? ywjrm;&dyf?
ta&mifzw
d o
f ?Ydk ttdwo
f ;Hk axG? taeav;yg;? tpm;ok;H csu?f ruGurf oef;? awmifuRe;f
ZrL? qif[o
l rQ? rmerNyKd i?f OD;qkid rf wef?Y aMumufvefaY &Smifajy;? jraoG;ESmcsy?f Ny;D cyf&m[k?
puKawmufNr?J ykvt
J meD? pkn
H rD ,Gi;f ? qifrsm;rif;um;? aeYcsi;f ravmuf? ajcmufq,f
cefu
Y mG ? ,lZemukd ? rMumvsijf ref? aeYcsi;f jyefonf? q'eaf yguaf jymif? *kPaf &mif[;dk ausmf
qifawmfjrwfrsK;d ? ZD0Zk;d vQi?f atmifr*Fvm? pMumuGejYf rL;? wyfawmfO;D wGi?f unifopf
Bu;D ? usKid ;f xD;wrQ? yrmPukd ? 0ifcsw;dk vS?J Ncrd o
hf yJ w
hJ if? &Spcf iG w
f ek f u
dk ?f wku
d pf u0g?
ESpYH mG aMumufrif;? rmefoiG ;f tvk?d xku
d v
k m;jynf? ysurf nfrvG?J ig;uRq
J ufvm? b*Fgq,fEh pS ?f
yqpfw
G w
f yk ?f vuftyk &f pS af jrmuf? a&TpufatmufoYkd ? ykaYd &mufvmNy?D 'DvyD qm? Zmwm
EGr;f I;d ? cku
d ;dk rnfcsn;f ? tvHvn
S ;f ? uyfqnf;0ifvm? &wemaxG? rk;d okaYd pGrQ? usuo
f a&
pkH? a&TbkH&dyfzGm;? ukvm;rif;aqG? qif;Nidrfhavudk? ta&;awmfzef? qufrnfrSefonf?
vsijf refNy;D pD;? bke;f aerD;}}[lavQmufxm;avaomf ppfxu
G w
f yfawmfuyif okcrde0f rd v
wkYd trsK;d pm;k;d jzpfonft
h wGuaf Mumifh if;tm; ppfwaumif;NrKd Uudk pm;aus;ay;awmfrl
onf/
b*Fg(12)NrKd Uudk odr;f ,lcNhJ y;D aemuf rifAmbk&ifEiS w
hf uG okcrdet
f rwfBu;D 0drv
r[mynmausmw
f o
Ydk nf r[maAm"doYdk bk&m;zl;oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/
okcrdeBf u;D \ avQmufxm;csut
f & bk&ifrif;jrwfonf r[maAm"dapwDawmfudk
jyefvnfrGrf;rHvsuf oufawmfaph (41)qlaom qif;wkawmfukd wnfawmfrlcJhonf/
aumif;rIuo
k v
dk f tpkpu
k kd a&pufcstrQay;a0Ny;D ajrmufO;D aejynfawmfoYdk jyefvmcJo
h nf/
xkaYd emuf wzef rif;Ambk&ifonf nDvmcHobifwiG f &mZbdaoucH,&l ef trdeYf
awmf&Sdonf/
okEYd iS hf ppfwaumif;pm; okcrdet
f rwfBu;D 0drv avQmufxm;onfrmS toQirf if;jrwf
onf w&m;ESifhtnD atmifajreif;awmfrlrnfjzpfaomaMumifh t"dywdr@dKif(5)csuf
pku
d x
f Nl y;D wpf&maom rif;wk\
Yd OD;nGw&f mjzpfaom r[mapwDawmf (oQpaf omif; ac:
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
99
&efatmifaZ,sykxkd;awmf)ukd wnfxm;ukd;uG,fawmfrlvsuf &mZbdodufukd cH,l

awmfrloifhygaMumif;}}avQmufxm;avonf/
taMumif;ukd rif;Ambk&ifonf tvGeEf pS o
f ufoabmwlNy;D pDrrH jI yKvyk Mf u&ef
rdefYMum;cJhonf/
,if;aMumifh okcrdet
f rwfBu;D 0drv r[mynmausmEf iS hf oQijf r0gwo
Ydk nf apwD
wnf&efEiS hf bdou
d cf ,
H &l ef &mZyviaf wmfEiS hf ajreef;prkcaf qmifawmf topfaqmufvyk f
&efprD pH &mrsm;ukd jyKvyk Mf uavonf/
ajreef;prkcaf qmifEiS hf &mZyviaf wmf\ yko
H @mefudk okcrdet
f rwfBu;D 0drvu
vuFmjzifh pDu;Hk xm;onfrmS ...
]]'Dyatmifajr? uRe;f oajyxuf? y&arxGe;f vif;? w&m;rif;vQi?f rif;aewko
H m?
avmuem\? &wempkHa&mif? [kH;[kH;ajymifokdY ?wnfaxmifaqmufvkyf? eef;prkcfwGif?
rGe;f xdyv
f ufw?H ik[
H efpu
H m;? qwfomG ;ykid q
f idk ?f wkrEkid rf ?I ESpcf x
k ;D jzL? ESpq
f jl zefv
Y su?f
xD;ueufwiG ?f uGr;f zufvv
l ?l csLvnf;oGio
f iG ?f rsupf q
Hk ifvsu?f jrifqidk yf vi?f OuoHv;Hk ?
tHrh qk;H wnf;? jrvsijf rESp?f eku
d af jcoef;? cg;yef;oG,af rQmif? pdeaf Mumifrsujf rwf? e0&wf
wnf;? ky"f mwfqifyh mG ;? rk;d om;yZKe?f pNrKH Mumjyef? &So
d nf[efEiS ?hf aqmifwiG yf ef;k?H y'krf
MumavQmuf? MuufarmufMuufwu
dk ?f pkpH mG pku
d f ? ,yfEu
dI pf jrif? use,
f efvufruef?
wdrf,Hrkd;pGef? aqmif;oGm;[efokd Y? vSefcRefrSefzl;? vif;a&mifjrL;onf? pkdif;I;yrm?
okdYjcif;&maMumifh? jrifhacgifxdyfrSm? a0,EmESifh? yrmwrQ?wlarmvSonf? odMum;Adrmef
tvm;wnf;}} [l jzpfygonf/
rif;Ambk&ifonf ou&mZf 896-ckESpf? ESpfOD;ay:uqkefvqef;(1)&ufaeYwGif
&mZbdaoubdou
d u
f kd cH,al wmfro
l nf/ uqkev
f qef; (1)&ufaeYudk ajrrem aevrykyf
aom ESpOf ;D ay:aeY[k &ckid v
f rl sK;d wkYd t,l&MdS uonf/
]]ajrrem euwrf yky}f }qko
d nfrmS ESpq
f ef;? vqef;jzpfaomaMumifh ajrivsirf vIyf
ao;? aeveuwf rMuwfao;jcif;udq
k \
dk /
aeY &ufonf r*Fvm&Sad om &ufjrwf aeYjrwfjzpfojzihf ]]&mZbdaou
bdou
d yf aJG wmf}} usi;f yayonf/
,if;ESpf wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfh paeaeY bk&ifrif;jrwfarG;eHukd aqmifvsuf oQpf
aomif;ac: &efatmifaZ,s ykx;dk awmfudk wnfxm;awmfrcl o
hJ nf/
okcrdeBf u;D 0drvonf oQpaf omif;ac: &efatmifaf Z,syx
k ;dk awmfudk wnfaqmuf
Ny;D aemuf ou&mZff 898-ckEpS w
f iG f &ckid &f mZ0ifwpfapmifudk a&;om;cJo
h nf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
100
0drv&mZ0if [lvnf;aumif;? &ckdif&mZ0ifawmfBuD; #Dum[lvnf;aumif;

ac:wiG f orkwMf uonf/ ,if;&mZ0ifayrlrmS (74)t*Fg&o
dS nf[k od&onf/
oQpaf omif;(ac:) &efatmifaZ,syx
k ;dk awmf wnfxm;jcif;ESihf t"dywdr@dKif (5)&yf
\ taMumif;ukd tao;pdwaf &;om;cJo
h nf/
xkaYd emuf rif;Ambk&ifonf rdr\
d i,fq&mjzpfaom awmifadk usmif;wku
d f q&m
awmf toQit
f *pad E,s(0g) toQit
f *rek u
d dk tBu;D tr;xm;vsuf okcrdet
f rwfBu;D
0drv r[mynmausmEf iS hf oQijf r0gwYdk IEd idI ;f wkid yf ifNy;D a&S;a&S;aom "rowfusr;f wku
Yd dk
pDppfwnf;jzwfum rdrw
d aYdk cwfEiS hf qDavsmaf tmif xyfrjH yKjyifaponf/ ]]a&TrsO;f "rowf
usr;f }}[k uifyeG ;f wyf? urn;f wifMu\/
xku
d sr;f um; a&Ta&mifvrT ;f aom ajrmufO;D acwfudk vrf;zGiahf y;aom usr;f wpfql
jzpfaMumif;od&\/
ed*cHk sKyt
f m;jzifh okcrdeBf u;D 0drvonf usr;f wwfaywwf? ESv;Hk &nf? ynm&nfEiS hf
jynfph o
Hk nft
h jyif &ckid jf ynfw;dk wufpnfyif0ajyma&;udk tpOf*k"rjyKvyk cf ahJ om wkid ;f jyK?
jynfjyK? yk*dKvfxl;? yk*dKvfjrwfyifwnf;/
(aqmif;yg;jzifh okcrdeBf u;D tm; OD;Twyf g\/ aus;Zl;qyfyg\/)
armifa'0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
rSDjirfukd;um;usrf;rsm;
u0dom&bd0o
H ? toQify@dtoQi-f
pErmvmvuFm&? toQi-f
omxGe;f atmif? OD;OD;omxGe;f ? OD;-
"n0wDta&;awmfykH
"n0wD &mZ0ifopf
&ckid &f mZ0ifopf
&ckid &f mZ0ifawmfBu;D
&ckid &f mZ0iftusO;f (rlMurf;)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
101
rif;jym;NrdKUe,f
auovmuRef; orkdif;jzpf&yfukd avhvmjcif;
auovmuRe;f rSm oD;jcm;uRe;f wpfct
k jzpf wnf&adS ejcif; r[kwaf y/ MuyfpifuRe;f
wGif yg0ifNy;D t&HuRe;f wpfck tjzpfjzifo
h mvQif wnf&adS ejcif;rsK;d jzpfayonf/
auovmuRe;f onf MuyfpifuRe;f \ ta&SUajrmufbuftpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfcw
k iG o
f m
wnf&NdS y;D ,if;onf rif;jym;NrKd UrS ta&SUawmifbuft&yfoYdk usa&mufum rkid t
f m;jzihf
(2)rkid cf efo
Y mvQif a0;uGmonf/
auovmuRe;f \ taemufbuf wpfaMumrl Muyfpifawmifwef;Bu;D u ae&m
,lxm;Ny;D ta&SUyidk ;f >yef&n
S af csmif;u pD;qif;onf/
ajrmufbufwGif &marmifjrpf\e,fajrjzpfaom ZD;yifBuD;jrpfu wnf&SdNyD;
awmifbufwiG f >yef&n
S af csmif;rSwqifh pD;0ifomG ;onfh vuf0g;cwfacsmif;i,fwpfcu
k
ykid ;f jcm;wnf&o
dS nf/
wnf&ydS t
Hk m;jzifh uRe;f rSm awmifEiS ahf jrmuf tvsm;onf ta&SUEiS hf taemufteH
xuf ESpq
f cefY &Snv
f sm;onf/uRe;f wpfcv
k ;Hk \{&d,mpwk&ef;rkid rf mS (4)rkid af usm&f adS vonf/
taemufbuf Muyfpifawmifwef;wpfavQmufum; ajrmufbuf Muyfpifawmif
armfrS tpjyK ajrmifacsmif;? td;dk xde;f awmif? a&cyfajrmif? vSn;f uk;d pD;awmif? jyefajrmif?
cifpidk ;f ajrmif? av;wkwaf jrmif? 'k;H awmifarmf? auovm&Gmr? oHvsiaf jrmif? ausmif;awmif?
ausmuft;dk Bu;D ausmuft;dk acs tpcyford ;f tac:ta0:rsm;u tpDtpOftwkid ;f wnf&dS
aeMuonf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
102
t*FvdyfacwfOD; tajctae
txl;ojzifh t*Fvyd af cwfO;D umv tcsed u
f qkv
d sirf l MuyfpifuRe;f \ ta&SUyikd ;f us
aom auovmuRe;f &Gmav;&GmwkrYd mS vGepf mG pnfum;om,mpGm&Sad ecJah Mumif;od&&dS onf/
auovm>yef0&GmrS acsmif;zsm;txd &GmpOfwu
Ydk vnf; wnf&cdS MhJ uacsonf/ wGif
auovm &Gmr&Gmonf t"duae&mjzpfco
hJ nf/
t&yf ]]0&mvuFm}}trnf&aom &[ef;ynm&Sw
d pfyg; ay:aygucf zhJ ;l onf/
q&mawmfBu;D oDwif;ok;H aexkid cf ahJ om t&yfrmS auovm&Gmryifjzpfacsonf/
t&yf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;ukd tacgiaf v;qifjh zifh jyKvyk x
f m; bko
H ;Hk qifh
yg&adS vonf/
q&mawmfxyH g;0,f ynm&ifEYdk aomufpcYdk MhJ u&m xl;cReaf jymifajrmufaom wynfh
ESpOf ;D u ay:xeG ;f cJo
h nf/ ,if;wkrYd mS &ckid af ESmif;acwf pmqk&d iS f usr;f wwfarmifxeG ;f OD;ESihf
eErmvm qko
d w
l aYdk ywnf;/
tqkyd gEpS Of ;D onf q&mawmfBu;D 0&mvuFmtxH y&d,wu
d sr;f *ef pmayrsm;ukd
oif,lcJhMuonf/
txl;ojzifh q&mawmfxH ynmoif,Ml u&m pmqk&d iS Ef pS Of ;D teuf usr;f wwf
armifxeG ;f OD;rSm xif&mS ;aom pmqk&d iS w
f pfO;D jzpfavonf/
usr;f wwfarmifxeG ;f OD;onf vuFmtwkt
d xGmrsm;ESiw
hf uG tjcm;aom Ak'b
mom
ESiq
hf ufE,
G o
f nfh usr;f rsm;pGmukd zGUJ EUJG a&;pyfco
hJ nf/
q&mBu;D a&;om;cJo
h nfh usr;f rsm;teuf ra[mvuFmusr;f ? Oyoum0de
pd ,
usr;f ESihf rdaw;okwu
f sr;f wku
Yd dk txift&Sm; awGU&onf[k od&\/
pmqk&d iS \
f 1230-ckEpS u
f a&;om;cJah om rdaw;okwf tem*0ifusr;f (ayrl) rSm
,cktcg rif;jym;NrKd Ue,f acG;awmufacsmif;aus;&Gm awGU&&dS ayonf/
aemufpmqk&d iS w
f pfO;D jzpfaom eErmvm\ a&;om;aom pmaypm&if;ukd wdwu
d s
us od&cdS iG rhf &&Sad omfvnf; ,if;pmqk&d iS af &;pyfcahJ om (awrdvuFm) vufa&;wqifu
h ;l rl
wpfcu
k dk toQipf udE x
H &Sad eao;onf/
okv
Yd Qif omoemhta&mif xGe;f vif;ajymif0if;cJah om auovmuRe;f &[ef;
ynm&Sd vlynm&Srd sm;u wpfv;Hk wpfcw
J nf; ay:xeG ;f cJo
h nfEiS t
hf nD t&yfa'o omo
emhta&mifonfvnf; wk;d wufjyefyY mG ;vmcJ&h acsonf/
auovmuRe;f \ taemufawmifaxmifh t&yf Muyfpifawmifwef;\ awmifuek ;f
jrifw
h pfae&mum; a&S;,cifb&k ifrsm; wnfxm;cJMh uaom jrwfo&D&"mwfawmf arGawmf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
103
wpfqjl zpfonfh ydXad wmf"mwfrmS xGe;f vif;ajymifc&hJ onf/ "mwfawmfwnf&&dS m uke;f ukd
um; eEyAwawmif [lwGi\
f /
jrwfbk&m;EkpOftcgu pyg;BuD;wpfZpfjzpfcJhonf/ ydXd[laom ygVdpum;onf
(ausmk;d )ukq
d v
dk o
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(17)/
(9) ode;f vIid ?f OD;-
ysmowf&ckid &f mZ0if(ayrl)

tif;apmuf&mZ0if(ayrl)
&ckid &f mZ0ifopfusr;f (yxrtky)f
&mZuroacFyusrf;
"n0wD&mZ0ifopf
at'D 6 &mpkEiS hf ,if;rwkid rf D &ckidk jf ynfo;Hk
tu&m/
&rm0wDa&S;tarGrsm;?&ckdifr*Zif;trSwf(9)
a0omvDacwfpdppfcsuf? &cdkifr*Zif;trSwf
a0omvDtxl;xkwf/
uGif;qif;rSwfwrf;rsm;/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
131
ajrmufOD;acwfaESmif; &ckdif
at'D (1742 - 1784)
ajrmufO;D acwfudk rif;apmrGerf S rif;acgi&f mZmtxd rif;quf 12-quf? ESpaf ygi;f
101-ESpf yxrrif;quf(a)[k owfrw
S Mf uonf/
rif;AmBu;D rS rif;paetxd 9-quf? ESpaf ygi;f 107-ESpu
f kd 'kw,
d rif;quf(b)[k
owfrSwfMuonf/
ukove&ywdrif;rS r[morwxdrif;quf 28-quf? ESpaf ygi;f 146-ESpu
f dk
wwd,rif;quf(c)[k owfrSwfMuonf/
ajrmufO;D acwf wpfacwfv;Hk rSm rif;qufaygi;f 49-quf&NdS y;D ESpaf ygi;f (354)ESpf
Mumanmif;cJo
h nf/
ajrmufOD;acwf wwd,rif;quf 28-qufaESmif;ykdif; e&tb,&mZm (at'D
(a)
(b)
(c)
(u) &rf;jynfah wmifausmif; &ckid &f mZ0ifopfusr;f

'kw,
d pmtkyf (aemif &mZ0ifopf[k azmfjyygrnf)
(c) jynfe,fjzpfpOforkid ;f yxrwGJ
(aemifjzpfpOforkid ;f [kazmfjyygrnf)
(u) &mZ0ifopf
(c) jzpfpOforkid ;f
(u) &mZ0ifopf
(c) jzpfpOforkid ;f
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
(pm-393)
(pm-124)
(pm-394)
(pm-126)
(pm-394)
(pm-127)
132
1472-1761)rS r[morwrif;(at'D 1782-1784)txd rif;quf (8)qufwrYdk mS uke;f

abmifacwf tavmif;rif;w&m;(at'D 1752-1760)rS A'krH if;(bk;d awmfrif;) (at'D 17821819)wkdYESifh acwfNydKifrif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
tavmif;rif;w&m;rwkid rf D anmif&rf;acwf tif;0bk&if r[m"r&mZm"dywd (at'D
1733-1752)(d) ? [Hom0wDb&k if qifusm;ocifbUJGcH ordeaf xm (at'D 1740-1746)ESihf
Anm;'v(1746-1752)wkEYd iS v
hf nf; xD;NyKd ief ef;NyKd irf if;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
tif;0NrKd Uwrd ;f ,dr;f anmif&rf;rif;quf tkycf sKycf NhJ y;D aemuf OD;atmifaZ,sonf
tavmif;rif;w&m;[laom bGUJ wq
H yd af wmfEiS hf uke;f abmifrif;qufudk wnfaxmifEidk cf hJ
ayonf/(e)
1 e&tb,&mZm
2 oD&dol&mZm
(at'D 1761)
3 pEy&r&mZm
(at'D 1761-1764)
4 tb,r[m&mZm
(at'D 1764-1773)
5 "m;ykdifaomMum pEokre
(at'D 1773-1777)
6 ykd;pE0drv
(at'D 1777)
7 atmifpkHpEowkd&mZm
(at'D 1777-1782)
8 owkd;atmif r[morwrif;
(at'D 1782-1704)
19
(u) r[m"r&mZm"dywd
(at'D1733-1752)anmif&rf;acwf
(c) [Hom0wDqifusm;ocifordeaf xm
(at'D1740-1746)
(*) [Hom0wDAnm;'v(at'D 1746-1752)
(C) tavmif;rif;w&m;(at'D 1752-1760)
3v
wy,if;(aemifawmfBuD;) (at'D 1760-1763)
3 ESpf
wy,if;(aemifawmfBuD;) (at'D 1760-1963)
9 ESpf
ajr'l;rif;(qifjzL&Sif) (at'D 1763-1776)
4 ESpf
ajr'l;rif;ESihf pOfhul;rif; (at'D 1776-1782)
40 &uf
pOfhul;rif;(at'D 1776-1782)
pOfhul;rif;(at'D 1776-1782)
5 ESpf
2 ESpf
A'kHrif;(bkd;awmf)(at'D 1782-1819)
(d) jrefrmEkid if t
H ajctae 1714-52(pm-11)
(aemufEidk if t
H ajctae[k azmfjyygrnf/)
(e)
,if;pm-126
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
133
e&tb,&mZmrS r[morwrif; txdrmS eef;pHEpS af ygi;f 42-ESpaf usm&f cdS o

hJ nf/
ajrmufO;D acwfaESmif; rif; 8-qufwo
Ydk nf anmif&rf;rif;qufwpfyg;? [Hom0wD
rS rif;ESpyf g;ESihf uke;f abmifrif;qufwEYdk iS hf acwfNyKd irf if;rsm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/
,if;wkrYd mS ajrmufO;D acwfaESmif;rif; 8-qufwu
Ydk dk txufygZ,m;wGif acwfNyKd irf if;rsm;ESihf
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;rif; 8-qufukd tvsO;f oifo
fh vkd a&;om;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/
e&tb,&mZm(at'D 1742-1661)
ajrmufO;D acwfaESmif;rif;quf 8-qufteuf e&tb,&mZmrSm eef;ouft&Snf
qk;H jzpfNy;D xif&mS ;onf/ xD;eef;ukd 19-ESpf pk;d pHco
hJ nf/
rdz&k m;apmoEma0ESihf ou&mZf 1104-ck? wykw
Yd v
JG qef; 10-&ufaeYwiG jf ynfpnf;
pdru
f dk pk;d tkyaf wmfro
l nf/ *
jynfow
l aYdk v;pm;jcif;cH&aom rif;jzpfonf/
vuf,mjref*w
l mrSm e&tb,r[m&mZmrif;\ tm;xm;&aomoljzpfonf/
vuf,mjref*w
l mrSm vuf;Hk &nf? ESv;Hk &nfEiS hf jynfph o
Hk nfo
h jl zpfNy;D pmqkad wmfvnf;
jzpfonf/ e&tb,&mZmrif;\ crufawmfojl zpfonf/
crufawmf vuf,mjref*w
l mukd ou&mZf 1106-ck?(at'D 1744)wGif [Hom0wD
qifusm;ocifbUJG cH ordeaf xmudk wku
d af ponf/
,if;wku
d cf u
dk &f mrSm aemif tb,&mZmrif; jzpfrnfo
h l oHawmifpm;vnf; yg0ifcsD
wufcJhonf/
{&m0wDvuf0v
J uf,m aeMuolwt
Ydk m; wku
d cf u
dk zf suq
f ;D cJo
h nf/
wvkid ;f trwf i0efpm;ukv
d nf; r,m;ig;a,mufEiS w
hf uG &cJo
h nf/+
ynm&So
d m;aumif;ausmx
f ifpm;ukd ou&mZf 1107-ck (at'D -1745)wGif aemif
vwfNrKd UoYdk apvTw
G af v&m aumif;ausmx
f ifpm;jrausmOf ;D ESv;Hk &nf? ynm&nfaMumifh
oufNrKd UEiS hf ppfwaumif;NrKd U? a*:awmfyviNf rKd Uudk ay;NrJ tcGeb
f @m&avonf/ NrKd Upm;?
(*)(u)&mZ0ifopf
(pm-260)
(c)"n0wD&mZ0ifopf (pm-233)
(aemif "n0wD[k azmfjyygrnf/)
(*) (u) &mZ0ifopf
(pm-260)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
134
aus;pm;? &Gmpm;ay;aomfum; rcHav/ *

1117-ck? 0guRwv
f (at'D -1745)wGif taemufjynfoYdk [&rm;wku
d f vuf,m
jref *lwmukd apvTwv
f u
dk o
f nf/ %
NrKd Uoif;Bu;D ukd qk;H rpdrahf omiSm trwfawmfqifuBJ u;D apvTw&f m ou&mZf 1110jynf?h wykw
Yd v
JG (at'D 1748)cso
D mG ; wku
d af vonf/
ysufpD; jyefvm&onf/ a
crufawmf vuf,mjref *lwmESihf trwfo;Hk axmifwYdk qefomG ; rdacsmif;okYd NrKd U
oif;Bu;D udk ou&mZf 1112-ck? wykw
Yd v
JG (at'D 1750)[&rm;wku
d f ysupf ;D onf/ b
1116-ck? waygif;v (at'D -1754)wGif crufawmf vuf,mjref *lwmukd
taemufuv
k m;jynf yif;0g? ppfwaumif;&yf ukvm;wku
Yd dk wku
d cf u
dk o
f rd ;f ,lco
hJ nf/ awmif
bufNrKd Uopfpm;ukd zrf;&onf/ c
,if;jzpf&yfrsm;ukd axmufjI cif;jzifh ajrmufO;D acwfaeSmif;ykid ;f rSm ,dr;f ,kid af eaom
tajctaeudk jyefvnfwnfrh wfvmatmif BuKd ;yrf;cJo
h rl mS e&tb,&mZmrif; jzpfaMumif;
awGUjrifEkdifonf/
(rSwcf su/f / "n0wD ta&;awmfyHk pm-129 wGiv
f nf;? "n0wD&mZ0ifopf
pm-233 wGiv
f nf;aumif; e&tb,&mZm [k razmfjybJ tb,&mZm[k azmfjyxm;yg
onf/)
pmwrf;rSm &rf;jynfNh rKd Urawmifausm;f q&mawmf pErmvmvuFm&jyKpo
k nhf ]]&ckid f
&mZ0ifopfusr;f }}rSm azmfjyxm;onft
h wkid ;f ]]e&tb,&mZm}}[kom azmfjyoGm;ygrnf/
tb,&mZm(at'D 1764-1773)ESihf e&tb,&mZmrif; twlw[
l k trSwrf mS ;oGm;
Ekid o
f nfudk owdjyK&ef vkyd gonf/)
(u) "n0wDta&;awmfykH (pm-129)

(c)"n0wD&mZ0ifopf
(aemif "n0wD[k azmfjyygrnf/)
( %)
,if;
(a)
,if; (pm-262)
(b)
,if; (pm-262)
(c)
&mZ0ifopf(pm-264)
(*)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
(pm-233)
(pm-261)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
135
omoema&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
e&tb,&mZmrif; xD;eef;pk;d pHpOf omoema&;aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
aumif;rIawmfrsm; d rSm &Gmawmfysm;wJ odrfawmf/
a&TNrKd Uawmftaemufjzpfaom vuf<u,fawmif apwDawmfudk *kbPf
ocsF w
D EYdk iS w
hf uG wnfawmfro
l nf/
rif;tjzpfoYdk a&mufonfah eYuukd wpfaeYrjywf/ wpfaeYwiG f yOi;f wpfyg;vQif &Sif
wpfyg;pDcsn;f obifBu;D pGmcH &ufpOfrjywf jyKawmfro
l nf/f
tvBu;D vnf; tBurd rf sm;pGm jyKawmfro
l nf/
ou&mZf 1109-ck? wykw
Yd v
JG wGif aemifawmf vuf0jJ reftm; ausmufyef; awmifNrKd U&dS
kyw
f ak wmf r[m*su
D dk NrKd UoBl u;D iyifudk vrf;Teaf p &wempHO;D ausmif; q&mawmf
uk;d uG,&f efwpfyg;? awmifeef;jym'frmS uk;d uG,&f efwyg;pDudk yifah qmifu;dk uG,f
awmfrlonf/+
[k omoema&; aqmif&u
G cf surf sm;ukd orkid ;f rSww
f rf;rsm;u azmfjyxm;ygonf/
jynfolukd tav;xm;
rif;bGUJ udk cH,x
l m;onfuyif jynfou
l kd tav;xm;aMumif; ay:viG o
f nf/
jynfow
l aYdk b;&efudk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&rnfrmS wkid ;f jynftyk cf sKyf rif;vkyo
f w
l Ydk
tav;ay;aqmif&u
G &f rnfh wm0efjzpfonf/
,ifukd e&tb,&mZmrif; oabmayguo
f nf/ vufcu
H sio
hf ;Hk olvnf;jzpfonf/
]]e&}}rSm vl? jynfow
l [
Ydk k t"dym ,fjzpfonf/ ]]tb,}}rSm ab;&efuif;&Si;f &ef[l
aom t"dym ,fjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf jynfow
l x
Ydk H usa&mufrnfh ab;tE&m,fru
S if;
a0;ap&ef umuG,af y;&ef wm0efux
dk rf;aqmifygrnf[k uwdjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh
]]e&tb,&mZm}} [k cH,jl cif;yifjzpfonf/
jynfow
l x
Ydk H uwdjyKjcif;rSm &mZbdaou cH,jl cif;jzpfonf/ e&tb,&mZmonf
&mZmbdaoucH,jl cif;jzpfonf/ e&tb,&mZmonf &mZmbdaouukd -
(d)
(+)
,if;(pm-266)
&mZ0ifopf(pm-261)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
136
ou&mZf 1114-ck? wykw

d v
JG qef; 10-&uf? we*FaEGaeYwiG f jynfpnf;pdru
f dk
pk;d tkyaf wmfr\
l / trsK;d av;yg;wkt
Yd m; ab;&efr&So
d nfudk taMumif;jyK ]]e&tb,
&mZm}}[laom trnfukd cH,al wmfro
l nf/*
ou&mZf 1118-ck? awmfovif;vwGif jynf&iS rf if;vnf; xyfrH tbdou
d cf H
awmfrl ]]e&tb,&mZm}} [laomtrnfudk xyfrH cHawmfro
l nf/+
ou&mZf 1122-ck? 0guRwv
f qef;(10)&uf? Mumoyaw;aeYrpS aemufyikd ;f rSm
usa&mufco
hJ nfh ivsiv
f yI cf o
hJ nfudk taMumif;jyK ]]trsK;d av;yg;wkt
Yd m; ab;&efuif;pdrhf
aomiSm trwfaygi;f Nc&H v
H suf bdou
d cf NH y;D vQif ]]e&tb,&mZm}}[l aom trnfudk
cHawmf rlaMumif; rSww

f rf;rsm;u azmfjyxm;ygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh jynfoltay:usa&mufvmrnfh ab;tE&m,fukd umuG,f&ef
twGuf ,if;acwftajctaet& jyKvyk af qmif&u
G af y;jcif;f jzpfonf/
jynforl sm;xd jyKusi&hf rnhu
f pd t
&yf&yfudk trsm;a&SUarSmufxH uwdjyKNy;D aqmif&u
G f
jcif;jzpfonf/
rif;ESijhf ynfow
l MYdk unfjzLonf/ tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;rI&o
dS nf/
rif;xHcpm; rif;rIxrf;vko
d l rsm;jym;onf/ rif;tm; tusK;d taMumif; jyTe;f onfh
r;aumif;rwfaumif;rsm;&So
d nf/ ta>ct&Hrsm;onf/
ta>ct&H r;rwf? ol&rJ sm;&Sjd cif;onf Ekid if \
H tiftm;jynfah ponf/
e&tb,&mZmrif; vufxufwiG f xif&mS ;onfh ESv;Hk &nf vuf;Hk &nf&o
dS nfh
ynm&Srd sm;rSm &Jatmif? ynm&St
d rwfrsK;d ud,
k &f BH u;D &Jatmif\ om;Bu;D aumif;ausmx
f if
pm; jrausmfOD; jzpfonf/
ynm&Sd aumif;ausmx
f ifpm; jrausmOf ;D \nD ynm&Sd a&To?J a&To\
J r,m; ynm&Sd
rdyef;&HwrYdk mS xif&mS ;onf/
ou&mZf 1122-ck? (at'D-1760)wGif jyu'ed f tjiif;tckrH sm;&So
d jzifh &[ef;ynm&S?d
vlynm&S?d euwyf nm&Sw
d EYdk iS hf tpnf;ta0;jyKNy;D 0gqv
dk jynfah eYEiS hf oBueF t
f wufaeYudk
owfrw
S v
f suf ESpaf ygi;f (2000)twGuf wefc;l vxyfjyu'ed u
f jdk yKvyk cf MhJ uavonf a
(+)
(+)
(a)
&mZ0ifopf(pm-260)
,if;(pm-265)
,if;(pm-266)
&ckdifjyu'defrsKd;quf(pm-42)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
137
,if;okYd r;rwfynm&Srd sm;ESihf SEd idI ;f pnf;a0;jyKvyk cf MhJ uonfrsm;aMumifh e&tb,

&mZmrif;ESiyhf wfouf orkid ;f rSww
f rf;wifMu&mrSm ]]om;orD; ta>ct&H? r;aumif;rwf
aumif;? ol&aJ umif;? qifaumif; jrif;aumif;wko
Yd nf tvGerf sm;jym;uke\
f }}b [l armf
uGe;f ukd a&;xk;d Ekid cf o
hJ nfrmS txift&Sm; awGU&EdS idk af yonf/
crufawmfvuf,mjref*w
l monf e&tb,&mZmrif;\ wefc;dk tmPmBu;D rm;yku
H dk
]]a&Teef;r@Kid ?f &ckid af wmifpeG ;f ? bkMH uiSe;f xuf? zk;H vTr;f tmPm? rif;a&;&mESi?hf
r[myGiahf vmif;? wnfwaHk csmif;? rwfaygi;f 0ef;&H? Akv
d f cI v
H su?f awmifpeG n
f mu? rdeaYf wmf
csonf? ykid o
f cGeyf ?Ydk nmNrKd U&yfceG ?f ukvm;wef0,f? cku
d &f efrjyK? ck;d olr'k rd ;f ? &efppfNird ;f ap}}c
[k zGUJ xm;onf/
vuf,mjref*w
l monf rdrt
d &Sio
f cifudk av;pm;Munfydk u
Hk dk e&tb,&mZmrif;
\ *kPu
f dk azmfusL;xm;onfh pmyk'd rf sm;u azmfjyaeayonf/
t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrPDESifh qufqHa&;
ajrmufO;D acwf 'kw,
d rif;quf 17-&mpkuyif Oa&mywku
d o
f m;rsm; jzpfaom
'wfcs?f ay:w*l rD sm;ESihf qufqrH &I adS eNy;D jzpfonf/
ta&SUtEd ,
d ukrP
rD sm;jzpfaom t*Fvyd Ef iS hf jyifopfrsm;onf tdE,
d ukd ajcuky&f ,l
Ekid &f efBuKd ;yrf;rI &Sad eMuonf/
e&tb,&mZmESihf acwfNyKd ijf zpfaom tavmif;rif;w&m;vufxufrmS jyifopf?
a&mr? t*Fvyd rf sm; yg0ifvyI &f mS ;rIteuf [kid ;f Bu;D uRe;f ta&;tcif; (at'D -1756)d
rSm xif&mS ;onf/
jyifopf-t*Fvyd w
f pYdk pfy(JG Seven Years War) 1756-1763)rSm tEkid &f vku
d f tdE,
d
wGif NyKd ib
f ufuif; wefc;dk Bu;D xGm;vmolrmS t*Fvyd jf zpfonf/ +
e&tb,&mZmrvufxufwiG f Oa&mywku
d o
f m;rsm;ESihf qufqrH ?I txl;ojzifh
e,fpyfcsi;f qufpyfaeNyjD zpfaom ta&SUtEd ,
d ukrP
ED iS fh qufqaH &;&Srd nfjzpfonf/ wdus
(b)
(c)
(d)
(+)
&mZ0ifopf (pm-266)
&mZ0ifopf (pm-263)
tajcjy jrefrmEkid if aH &;orkid ;f 'kw,
d wG-J yxrykid ;f pm(77)
(aemif Ekid if aH &;orkid ;f [k azmfjyygrnf/)
,if;(pm-77)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
138
aom rSww
f rf;rsm;ukd rawGU&yg/
ok&Yd mwGif atmufazmfjyyg rSww
f rf;rsm;rSm .....
]]ou&mZf 1114-ck? e,kev
f (at'D-1752)wGif taemufjynfu rif;apwref
vTwfa&mufvm\/
ou&mZf 1105-ck? 0gacgiv
f (at'D-1753)rSonf wefaqmifrek ;f vwkid af tmif
oabFmrsm; a&mufvm\/ xko
d abFmwkYd a&Tw;Hk ? aiGw;Hk rsm;yg\/ ukvm;tkyf ckEpS pf ;D yg\/
()
acG;Bu;D wpfaxmifyg\/
[k azmfjyrSww
f rf;wifxm;onf/
,if;rSww
f rf;rsm;t& taemufjynfu rif;apwrefvw
T yf ?Hk oabFmrsm; av;v
Muma&muf&v
dS myk?H ygvmonfh ypn;f rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;ykrH sm;udk avhvmrSe;f q&Ekid yf gonf/
,if;wrefrsm;rSm jyifopfrsm;avm? t*Fvyd rf sm;avm? tdE,
d wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;u
apvTwv
f u
dk o
f nfh apwrefrsm;avmqko
d nfuu
dk m; rodEidk yf g/
txl;ojzifh ta&SUtEd ,
d ukrP
rD S apvTwo
f nfh apwrefrsm;jzpfNy;D ,if;ukrP
rD S
oabFmrsm;yif jzpfEidk pf &m&So
d nf[k rSw,
f &l rnfjzpfygonf/
,if;aumufcsuo
f mjzpfcv
hJ Qif e&tb,&mZmrif;vufxufwiG f e,fpyfEiS hf xdpyf
aeonfh b*Fvm;wGif a&muf&adS eonfh t*Fvyd t
f Ed ,
d ukrP
ED iS hf qufqaH &;rSm a&SmifvJG
r&Ekid af om udpw
pf&yfyifjzpfygonf/
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2

About Type Setting

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First Edition - May, 1999.

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