ရခိုင္ညြန္ ့ဖူး ၆

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PEAL
CD VERSION
About this book

Type - Daw Khin Si
Proof - U Myo Hlaing
Layout - U Khin Moung
- First Edition -
July, 2002
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vJw&dG a&/
rMumodcif &mpkr[kwfoda& q,fpk-3?4?5 pkavmuftcsdefu ]ckdif}wyfvkdY
ok;H pGcJ a& "avhwpfcu
k v
dk nf; wG&d jyefa&/ a,musmf ;\emartprSm ]ckid }f wyfv/Ydk
ckdifomxGef;ausmf? ckdifrdk;ausmfodef;? ckdif&mZm? ckdifrkd;vif;? ckdifausmfpdefxGef;?
,if;enf;wl rde;f r\ emartqk;H rSm ]ckid }f wyfv/Ydk apmjrwfcidk ?f oEmckid ?f oZifcidk f
vkdY]ckdiftpa,musfm;? ckdiftqkH; rdef;r}vkdY oauFw jyKvmuwfaw/ tiftm;pkwd
uvnf; wGdvm&a&/ ,if;pepfavh *edefYxd twkdif;twm wpfckavmuf&m
atmifjrifNyD; wpfvlrsKd;vkH; vufcHvma&tqifhokdY *edefYxda&mufpGm rwGD&od/
a'udpE iS yhf wfoufvYdk ay:vpD pm&D;q&mwpfa,mufu pme,fZif;wpfcrk mS
]ccs;D atmif? csv;l atmif? cspm&T;D } emarrsm;ukd wifjyzl;pGmukd rSwrf ?d zwfrv
d u
dk ,
f if/h
,if;pepfum; &ckdifwkdY\aumif;aom vuPmjy emarxnfhenf; oauFwukd
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
61
*krxl? ta&;rpkduf cvkdY&m/ emarxnfhenf;rsm;pGmxJu om;NrD;rwifvkdY ? jypfrI

wpfckck? ti,fuyif xl;cRef vkdY xnfha& csjcLojcL emarxnfh pepfavh &ckdifrSm
[doad & um;qkad & todwpfc&k m 0ifczkq
Yd adk u ,if;udpu
dk ajymp&mvkzd rYdk [kw/f
Zmenf; ZmudpE iS yhf if xnfx
h nfh &ckid ef marrsm;onf ok;H vk;H om txnfrh sm;
jcif;? okH;vkH;xufausmfvGefvnf; xnfhjcif;? wpfvkH;pDwpfvkH;pDwGif t"dym,f
wpfrsK;d pD yg0ifjcif;? emarpkaygif;t"dym ,fonfvnf; tqifajyvku
d af vsmnDpmG
[djcif;? wnfNidrf&ifhusufaom t"dym,f&Sdjcif;rsm;yg[d&m t"dym,f &ifhusuf
jynfhpkH tem*wfukd arQmfrSef;NyD; emart&Snf xnfhjcif;rsm;ukd &ckdifemar[kyif
owfrw
S Mf u&ayrnf/
ae&m pma&;olUdk onf pepftaMumif;ukd rsm;pGmrajymcsi/f ra0zefcsif
odyg/ pma&;olkdU pkaygif;&[dxm;a& &ckdifemarwdukd&m a'o? &yf&Gmtvkduf
emarwdukd xkwfjyvkdY t"dym,farQmfrSef;oufa&mufrIwdukd&m wifjyvm;ygar/
&ckid ef marokawoDUdk twGuf taxmuftuljyKa&qkad uyif pma&;olUdk auseyf
rdyg,if/h
zapmjzL(&ckid b
f &k if)
z=trdtzESpfOD;rS tzukd (zcifukd) udk,fpm;jyKonf/
apm=ykdifqkdifrI/(apmapm? apmapmpD;pD;? apmpD;pGm)
(ok=Yd pk;d )/
jzL=zGD;/ jzLjzLzGD;zGD;/ oefY&Sif;ajymifpif? vSyjcif;/
pkaygif;vku
d af u zcif\ tku
d t
f &mrsm;ukd apm(pk;d )ykid f tkycf sKyEf idk v
f rd rhf nfh
om;vS jzLpif zapmjzLjzpf\/
jrwfomxGe;f (ynm[d)
jrwf=jrifhjcif;? jrwfjcif;? jrifhjrwfjcif;/
om= omvGefaumif;rGefjcif;/
xGe;f =xGe;f um;jcif;/
pkaygif;vku
d af u olrsm;wdxuf jrifjh rwfomvGef xGe;f um;awmufajymifaom
om; &wem jrwfomxGef;yifjzpf\/
ukdif;....vlxkbufukd vSnfhMunfhuwfzkdY/
ay:xGef;atmif(q&mawmf Owr)
ay:=ay:aygufxu
G af y:vmjcif;
xGef;=xGef;awmufjcif;? xGef;um;jcif;/
atmif= atmifjrifjcif;? ausmfMum;jcif;/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
62
pkaygif;vkdufau ay:vGifxif&Sm;xGef;awmufatmifjrifvmvdrfhrnfh
ay:xGef;atmif jzpf\/
pma&;olUdk onf 0ufyyk &f mG rS oufBu;D &G,t
f rdk sm;\ emarwdudk pkaygif;rSw,
f l
c&m atmufwGifwifjyvkdufygonf/
yef;&TaD tmif
yef;=yef;yGifh(vSyjcif;? teHYrTD;BudKifjcif;)
&TD=&TDa&mifuJhokdY 0g0if;vif;xdefjcif;/ (,ck a&TowK)
atmif=atmifjrifjcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau yef;ykdif? &TDykdif vSyatmifjrifvmvDzkdY yef;&TDatmifjzpf\/
&Tv
D pS H
&TD=&TD(acR)&TDuJhokdY vSyjcif;? vif;xdefjcif;? tESpfjynfhjcif;? wefzkd;[djcif;/
vS=vSyjcif;/
pH=atmifjrifjcif;? pHpm;&jcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau &TDykdifvSyatmifjrifzkdY? pHpm;&zkdY &TDvSpH jzpf\/
OD;omxGe;f
OD;=yxr? tOD;qkH;rGD;aomol/
om=omjcif;? omvGefjcif;? jrifhjrwfjcif;/
xGef;= xGef;um;jcif;? awmufyjcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau olrsm;xufomNyD; xGef;awmufvmzkdY om;OD;&wem
OD;omxGef; jzpf\/
OD;pdeaf rmifBu;D
OD;=tOD;qk;H rG;D aomol/
pdef=pdefowK? pdef&wem? (wefzkd;BuD;)/
armif=tpfr? nDr\rGD;azmf? armif/
BuD;=tBuD;? tBuD;oef? oefrmBuD;xGm;jcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau tpfr? nDrkdU cspfzkdYaumif;a& armif? wefzkd;BuD;a&armif
?
oefrm BuD;xGm;a& armif? t&ifqkH;rGD;a& armif OD;pdefarmifBuD;jzpf\/
OD;MumoGif
OD;=tOD;qk;H rG;D ol/
Mum=Mumyef;? MumyGifh/
oGif=Oyrm? toGifwljcif;? ykHpHwljcif;/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
63
pkaygif;vku
d af u tOD;qk;H rG;D a& MumyGiyhf idk f vSyrT;D BuKd iaf & OD;MumoGijf zpf\/
pdeEf jk zL
pde=f &wempdef
Ek=EkEn
k n
hH hH
jzL=jzLzG;D oefpY ifjcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau pdef&wemykdif wefzkd;BuD;rm; zGD;oefYpifa& EknHhacsmarm
vSya& pdefEkjzLjzpf\/
xG;D oQirf
xGD;=txGD;qkH;? touf 40 rS &vmaom om;orD;/
oQif=t&Sif? tdrf&Sif? &wemykdif&Sif/
r=trow0g/
pkaygif;vkdufau txGD;qkH; rGD;zGm;vma& tdrf&Sifraumif; jzpfvmzkdY rdef;r
xGD;oQifr jzpfaw/
xG;D oQijf zL
xG;D =txG;D qk;H /
oQif=t&Sif? ykdif&Sif? &wemykdif&Sif/
jzL=oef&Y iS ;f jzLpif/
pkaygif;vkdufau txGD;qkH;rGD;a& tom;jzLpif oefY&Sif;vSya& tdrf&Sif?
&wemykdifjzpf zkdY xGD;oQifjzLjzpf\/
ESi;f &TjD zL
ESif;= tyfESif;? csrf;tD;jcif;? aqmif;&moDESif;/
&TD=&TD&wem? wefzkd;[da&&TD? tESpf[da&/
jzL= jzLpifvSyjcif;/
pkaygif;vkdufau aqmif;&moDrSm usa&mufaw ESif;[dykdif tdD;csrf;a&?
&TDykdifwefzkd; [da&? jzLpifvSya& orD;? ESif;&TDjzLjzpf\/
xGe;f ompdef
xGef;=xGef;xGef;um;um;? xGef;ayguf awmufxGef;/
om=omvGef? omom,m,m/
pdef=pdef&wem? wefzkd;BuD;/
pkaygif;au olrsm;xuf xGef;um;omvGef pdef&wemykdif wefzkd;BuD;
jzLpifa&om; xGef;ompdef/
eDpjH zL
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
64
eD=eD? xGufeD? eDeD&J&J? eDrif;BuD;/

pH=pHpm;jcif;/
jzL=jzLzG;D vSyjcif;/
pkaygif;au eDrif;Bu;D ykid f yljyif;wefc;dk xufjrufNy;D pnf;pdrrf sK;d pku
H dk cHpm;&zkYd
om;vS jzLpif eDpHjzLjzpf\/ (eDrif;BuD;\ tEG,f? ol&d,0Ho)
pm&Snv
f wfar aMumufvYdk wefu
Y wfzYdk eef&Y m? aemuftaMumif;qkaH uavh
wifjyyg zkdYod? &ckdifemar okawoDkdU BudK;pm;EkdifuwfygpD/
r[mjr0g
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
65
ajrmufOD;NrdKUjywkdufrS
xl;qef;aomausmufpmwpfcsyf
ajrmufO;D NrKd UpGm a&S;acwfu &ckid rf if;kUd aemufq;Hk xD;eef; pku
d cf a& NrKd Uawmf
a[mif; wpfNrKd Ujzpfyga&/ ajrmufO;D NrKd UpGm &ckid b
f &k ifUdk \ a&S;a[mif;NrKd Uawmf?ae&m
a[mif;wpfckjzpfvkdY a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif &ckdifkdU\ a&S;usa& Adokumynm?
ausmufqpfyk v
f ;Hk <uynmwd udk bk&m;ykx;dk apwDrsm; ae&mtESUH rSm awGU[d&yga&/
,if;twGufeefY jrefrmEkdifiHt&yf&yfu pmayeefY orkdif;okawoDBuD;wd? EkdifiH&yf
jcm;u pmayorkdif;okawoDBuD;wd? jrefrmEkdifiH wpf0Srf;u wuokdvfbGJUtwGuf
pmwrf;jyKpzk Ydk vmuwfaw ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wd eefY 0ifxu
G rf pJ[v
d yS ga&/
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf tpkd;&uavh ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme vuf
atmufrSm a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmecGJ jywkdufwpfckukd ajrmufOD;NrdKUrSm zGifhvSpf
xm;[dyga&/
,if;a&S;acwfa[mif; okawoejywku
d x
f rJ mS "n0wDacwf? a0omvDacwf?
av;NrdKUacwfkdUu Ak'qif;wkawmfwdeefY ausmufqpfvuf&m? ausmufpmwd
trsm;Bu;D [dyga&/ Ak'q
if;wkyaHk wmf? bk&ifrif;jrwfUdk \ bdou
d o
f eG ;f ykaH wmfwrd mS
aMu;oGe;f ynm? yef;awmh? yef;warmhynm tpcyford ;f aom ausmufqpfvuf&m
wdeefY aumif;aumif; BuD; vuf&majymifajrmufvSyga&/
xkdausmufqpfvuf&m ausmufpmwdxJu t*k uRefawmfwifjycsifa&
ausmufpmwpfcsyu
f taemfrmbk&m;rSm wG[
d ad &vkYd trnfwyfy;D xm;a& ausmuf
pmwpfcsyjf zpfyga&/ tjcm;trSwt
f om;yg[da& xl;qef;aom ausmufpmwdavh
trsm;Bu;D [dygoda&/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
66
uReaf wmf owdjyKNy;D au Munfah &cg ,if;ausmufpmrSm xl;qef;a& trSwf

tom;aoQwpfckygpGmudk wGd[dyga&/ ausmufpm ykHyef;o@mefuawmhcg
jrif;acgif;vkdvkd? bmvkdvkdjzpfyga&/ obm0ausmufwkH;wpfwkH;ukd &Smyem
ynm[dBuD; wpfa,muf a,mufu &D;xm;ca& ausmufpmwpfcsyfvkdYavh
xifjrif,q
l rdyga&/
ZmjzpfvYdk xifjrif,q
l rda&vJqadk u ,if;ausmufpmrSm xdyyf idk ;f u wG&d a&
taygufaoQwpfaygufu pm\t"dym ,feefY wGv
J zYdk wfrS ykv
d Ydk t"dym ,fay:pGmudk
wGd[d&yga&/ xyfqkH;u&D;xm;a& pmvkH;uawmhcg ysufcsifcsifjzpfedefvkdY aumif;
aumif;BuD;xifxif &Sm;&Sm;zwfvkdY r&yg,m/
a,auavhaomh uReaf wmfBuKd ;pm;vdYk zwfMunfah &cg Zmykid t
f "dym ,fxu
G f
awvJ qkdau xdyfqkH;pmvkH;]armif}ukd ]armif}vkdY t"dym,faumuf,lvkdufaw/
]armifayguf usKid ;f}vkYd t"dym ,f&jyefa&/ wu,fv&Ydk m xdyq
f ;Hk upmvk;H ukd ]awmif}
vkYd t"dym ,faumuf,v
l u
dk af u ]awmifayguf}vkaYd vh t"dym ,faumuf,El idk jf yef
a&/ ausmufpm&D;xm;a& ausmufw;Hk ykyH ef;ukd yef;csD aI xmifw
h pfeed &f mu ok;H oyf
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aumif;aumif;xl;qef;a& ausmufpmwpfcsyfygum;vkdY oabmaygufrdyga&/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Ujywku
d u
f dk A[kow
k tjzpf avhvmzkv
Yd m;a&cg xl;qef;a& trSwf
tom;yg pmyef;csDausmufpmwpfcsyfjzpfvkdY uRefawmff wul;wuul;,lyem
Munhrf yd ga&/ ausmufpmrSm pmaMumif;a& (12)aMumif; yg[dNy;D au ausmufpm\
tvsm;(okdYr[kwf) tjrifhu (1)awmif[dyga&/ teHuawmhcg wpfxGmeefY
vufESpfvkH;[dyga&/ xkxnftxlu (1)xGm[dyga&/ ausmufpm atmufqkH;rSm
awmhcg xl;qef;a&yk'jf zwf? yk'&f yfoauFw trSwt
f om;(3)ck? (L L )yg[dpmG ukad vh
wG&d yga&/ vQKd 0u
S af w oauFwtrSwt
f om;wdeefY &D;xm;pGmukv
d nf; wG&d yga&/
vQKd0Sufaw oauFwtrSwftom;wdeefY &D;xm;pGmausmufpmawmh r[kwfyg/
yd#uwfocFsmenf;eefY &D;xm;a& pmrsK;d vnf; r[kwyf g/ ud,
k f Udk &ckid b
f mompum;
eefY &D;xm;a& ausmufpmwpfcsyf&m jzpfyga&/
ausmufpmu i,fauavh jrefrmbmompum;qkid &f m avhvmp&m tcsuf
wdyga& twGuef efY uReaf wmfoo
d avmuf A[kow
k twdt
k xGmaoQwu
d dk pmayukd
avhvm vku
d af pma& vli,f pmzwfy&dowfUdk a0zefpOf;pm;Ekid &f ef avhvmwifjy&
jcif;&mjzpfyga&/
ausmufpmyg&Sdaom jrefrma0g[m&rsm;
rawGpD =
rawGU&ap
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
67
usHEAf = uREkfyf
tukd0f= tpfukd
t0DZdyg =t0Dpdi&J
o&if = oQifbk&if
[d = &Sd
pmESifhwGJxm;a& trSwftom;pm
a? ? mif =
armifaygufusKid ;f /
L L / =om"k-? om"k-? om"k-/
pmESifhwGJvkdY t"dym,fxGufatmif&D;xm;a&
txufatmufpmaMumif;? pmvkH; qifhrsm;$
i&Jopfiw
k f =
i&Jopfiw
k f
owku
d f=
opmwku
d u
f
tudOaf v =
tpfuv
dk nf;
aom =
pDaom
oHajymif;jyoauFw
csKdU,Gif;csuf(atmufjrpf? 0payguf)
rawGpD
=
rawGUpD
tukOd af v =
tpfuv
dk nf;
uReaf wmfvnf; ausmufpmudk aumif;aumif;zwfwwfaw vlwpfa,muf
r[kwfyg/ rdrdavhvmod[dxm;a& pmayA[kokwwdeefY aygif;pyfyem zwfMunhf
a&cg wcsKdUpmaMumif;wdukd t"dym,fay:atmif zwfEkdifauavh wcsKdUa0g[m&
pmvkH;? pum;vkH; wdudk t"dym,fay:atmif rzwfEkdifyg/
,auavh pd w f 0 if p m;zk d Y a umif ; a& ausmuf p mwpf c syf j zpf N yD ; au
pmaMumif;a& (12)aMumif;&myg[da& ausmufpmwpfcsyjf zpfvYdk pmzwfy&dowfUdk
rQ0cD pH m;MunhEf idk yf g&ef rdrad vhvmod[o
d avmufudk A[kow
k Iaxmifh wpfeed &f mu
&D;om;wifjyjcif;&m jzpfyga&/ uRefawmfavhvmwifjycsufwdpGm tjcm;ausmuf
pmynm&SifkdU wifjypGmeefY wlcsifrS wlEkdifyg vdrfhar/ wu,fvkdY vkdtyfcsufwd[d
cauavh ynmrjynfpkHa& uRefawmfykdif vli,faoQ wpfa,mufukd cGifhvTwfEkdif
uwfygvdrfharvkdYavh ,kHMunfrdyga&/
ausmufpmrSm &D;xm;a& wcsKUd a0g[m&pum;vk;H wdu uReaf wmfUdk t*kjrefrm
pm &D;a&cg xk;H edeu
f wfaw a0g[m&wcsKUd jzpfawtwGuef efY ajrmufO;D acwfuyif
pNyD;au &ckdif-Arm a0g[m&rsm;a&maESma& pmyDt&D;tom; xGef;um;edefAsmvkdY
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
68
avhvmod[dEkdifyga&/ ,if;twGufeefY pmzwfolkdU em;vnfod[dEkdif&ef

ausmuf p m rS m wG d [ d & a& jref r ma0g[m& pum;vk H ; rsm;uk d
xkwfEkwfwifjyxm;yga&/
aemufwpfck pdwf0ifpm;zkdYaumif;pGmu pmeefYwGJxm;a& obm0trSwf
tom;wpfck jzpfyga&/ pmeefw
Y v
JG Ydk zwfvu
dk af wcg armifaygufusKid ;f (okrYkd [kw)f
awmifaygufvYdk t"dym ,fay:a&twGuef efY ayguaH c: yk*jH ynfu armifaygufusKid ;f
&mZ0ifeefY Ak'0 if awmxGucf ef;ukd okyaf y:atmif &D;rSwx
f m;ca&pmvkYd cefrY eS ;f
Ekid yf ga&/ wpfzufu Munfv
h u
dk af u a*gwrAk'b
&k m;&Sif aovm*D&ad c: ausmuf
awmfawmifukd <ua&mufvma&taMumif;udk &nfTef;yem&D;xm;ca& txdrf;
trSwfausmufpmjzpfawvkdYvnf; t"dym,f rSwf,lEkdifygoda&/
Ak'0 ifawmxGucf ef; txdrf ;f trSwjf zpfaw taemfrmbk&m;wnfa&umvu
jrif;OD; acgif;eefw
Y al * obm0ausmufw;Hk rSm &D;xm;pGmuyif ausmufpmukd ykNd y;D au
t"dym ,f ay:vGipf yD ga&/ ausmufpm&D;xk;d ca& ynm&Si\
f Z0eOmPf? [moOmPf
aumif;pGmukdavh cefYrSef;Ekdifyga&/ ausmufpm&D;xkd;ca& yk*dKvfum; omref
yk*Kd vrf [kwaf Mumif;vnf; cefrY eS ;f Ekid yf ga&/ ]i,f&mi,fa& pmaoQrsK;d }vkYd wifpm;
avmufaw ausmufpmwpfcsyfvkdY avhcH,lrd yga&/ ausmufpm\atmufqkH;rSm
yk'fjzwf? yk'f&yf oauFw oabm&D;xm;a& trSwftom; okH;ck( L L /)uvnf;
ausmufpmudk ykdNyD;au av;eufpDjyefa&/ ,if;trSwf tom;okH;ckukd uRefawmf
uawmhcg ]om"k-om"k om"k}vkdY &D;rSwfxm;pGmvkdY xifyga&/ ,if;twGufeefY
]om"k om"k om"k}vkdY t"dym,f zGifhqkdvkdufyga&/
aemufwpfck pdw0f ifpm;zkaYd umif;pGmu tu&mpmvk;H eefY wGNJ y;D au &D;xm;a&
pmaMumif;wd jzpfyga&/ txufu pmaMumif;rSm &Dj;xm;a& pum;vk;H eefY atmufu
pmaMumif;rSm &D;xm;a&a0g[m& pum;vk;H wdu wpfv;Hk eefY wpfv;Hk tu&mpmvk;H
tvkduf? pum;vkH;tvkduf owfykHowfTef;csif; qufpyfedefa&twGufeefY
xl;jcm;av;eufaw t"dym,fukd azmfaqmifaMumif; wdG&yga&/
tjcm;odrSwfp&maumif;a& tcsufwpfcku ao;ao;wif? atmufjrpf?
0paygufUdk ukd rwG[
d &d jcif;jzpfyga&/ ,if;acwf ,if;tcgu pmyDta&;tom;wdrmS
ao;ao;wif? atmufjrpf? 0paygufkdU okH;EIef;yem &D;om;rIr[dodaMumif;
avhvmod[Ed idk yf ga&/
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(r[mou&mZf -218)? (at'D 4-&mpk)?
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13/ xkt
Yd jyif oljrwf (r[matmifajr) qko
d \
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lyw
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129
14/ &ckid &f mZ0ifaMumif;t& jyefMunhyf gvQif wwd, "n0wDacwfudk wnfaxmif

olrmS pEmol&,
d rif; aemuf0,f (6)qufajrmufrif;rSm ol&,
d purif;jzpfygonf/ txuf
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d purif;\ eef;oufou&mZfwu
Ydk dk
aygi;f pyfvu
dk yf gu atmufygtwkid ;f awGU&ygrnf/
r[mou&mZf 218(4-&mpk) okdYr[kwf bDpD-316

15/ uRefkyfwkdYonf &mZ0ifESifh qufpyfaeaom udpwpf&yfukd azmfjyvkdygvQif
ou&mZf t,ltqwdusrIukd txl;*kpkduf owdjyKMu&ef vkdtyfvSygonf/ xkdYjyif
Ak'b
momEkid if w
H pfct
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f Ydk tm;vk;H
udu
k n
f rD &I rdS o
S m trsm;u ,kMH unfvufcEH idk af om udpw
pf&yfjzpfygrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh txuf
tyk'd (f 13)wGif awGU&aom ou&mZf azmfjycsurf sm;rSm uku
d n
f rD I &Srd &Su
d dk jyefvnfqef;ppf
Munh&f ef vkt
d yfvmygonf/
16/ Date of Buddha's Birth and Death
''The dates of Gautama's birth and death are very important
forstudents of Indian history because an era was reckoned from his death
and is used by the Buddhist even in Burma. Siam and Ceylon (Myanmar,
Thiland, Srilanka).The dates of the earliest events in the historical periods of Indian History are also given in reference to Buddha's death According to the calculations of orthodox Buddlists Buddha was born in 623
B.C, but these contain mistake of sixty years. Many scholarsthink that he
was born in 557 B.C. According to the calculations of Chinese Buddhists,
Guatama was born in 563 B.C. As it is known that he died at the age of
eighty, we possess their different dates of his death also.''
17/ pmyk'd rf mS - RD. Banerji & Manindra Nundy M.A, Proffessor of

India History and Culture, Beneres University: a&;om;aom A Junior History of India pmtkyf pmrsuE
f mS 22ESihf 23wGif Ak'z mG ;jrifaomaeY? y&deAd m efjyKaomaeYrsm;ESihf
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18/ ,aeY &ckid w
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H ;Hk pGaJ eaom Ak'\
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l Qif pEmol&,
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/
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97
bDpD-580
/
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149
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/
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2
bDpD-528
xkaYd Mumifh ol&,
d pueef;wufEpS rf mS (212)+2=214 bDp-D 316
19/ wwd, "n0wDrif; ol&,
d pu vufxufonf tdE,
d jynf taomu
rif;Bu;D ESihf acwfNyKd ijf zpfaMumif;ukd omoem ou&mZfudk ,SOMf unhjf cif;tm;jzifh odEidk yf gonf/
wpfzewf taomurif;\ c&pfEpS &f &Sv
d mykrH mS -if;\tbk;d awmfonf Chandra Gupta
onf Alexender The Great ESifh acwfNydKifjzpfaMumif;ukd if;ppfbk&if tdEd,okdY
0ifvmcsed Ef iS hf csed u
f u
kd f odvmEkid yf gonf/ xkt
d csed rf mS bDp-D 327 jzpfygonf/ atmufazmfjy
ygMax Baloff (1948),\ Mankind and Story Time Chart t&vnf;odEidk yf gonf/
( Time Chart rSm Most reliable and accepted world wide urmwpf0rS ;f
,kMH unfpw
d cf s&qk;H ou&mZftpOftjzpf vufcMH uygonf/ if;wkrYd mS ........
1. B.C 327 2. B.C 323 3. B.C 321 -
Alexender invades India,

Alexender died at Babylon
Chandra Gupta (Asoka's grandfather) Maurya
conquered the whole north India.
B.C
4 - Birth of Jesus Christ (Later contention).
A.D 1 - Anno Domini-in the year of our lord.
A.D 30 - Crucification of Jesus Christ.
Christian Era reconed from supposed year of Christ's Birth .....ie.AD-(one)
BC-Before Christ -Oxford Dictionary 1955 BC-500 Begining of histosical
writing in Greece.
taomurif;Bu;D \ eef;wufEpS rf mS omoem 218 jzpfNy;D c&pfEpS rf mS bDpD 274

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taomu
218
274*
ol&d,pu
214
316
okrYd [kwf 218
312*
38
20/ txifygtwkid ;f taomu ou&mZfjzifh ,SOw
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(okdY)825
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S f
23/ uJo
h Ydk D.G.E Hall u pEmol&,
cJjh cif;ukd vufc,
H MHk unfaeMuovkd pEmrke&d iS af wmfudk ol&,
d purif;u oGe;f vkyo
f nfh
ESpo
f nfvnf; at'D(4)&mpktjzpf ,lvmMuyk&H onf/ [kwrf [kwu
f dk qef;ppfMunhMf uygp/Ykd
Hall owfrSwfaom omoem
rif;
eef;pH
c&pfESpf
ESpftrSef
pEmol&d,
52
at'D-146
ol&d,"dywd
47
at'D-198
2
ol&d,ywdywd
56
at'D-245
49
ol&d,opm
45
at'D-301
105
ol&d,pEmv
64
at'D-346
150
ol&d,pu
44
at'D-410
214
24/ onfudk Munhjf cif;tm;jzifh ol&,
d pu\eef;wufEpS u
f dk (4)&mpk[k qkx
d m;
jcif;rSmvnf; Hall \t,ltqtwkid ;f jzpfonf[k qk&d ayrnf/
xkaYd Mumifh Hall ESihf Oa&myokawoDrsm;? yrDvmwk\
Yd ou&mZft,ltqESihf tawG;
tac:rsm; rnfonfhtwkdif;twmtxd rSefonfrSm;onfrsm;ukd qufvufppfaq;Munhf
MuygpkdY/
acwf
ESpfpkaygif;
c&pfESpf
rSwfcsuf
pEmol&d,
at'D 146
wwd,"n0wDtqkH;xd 906
/ 1052
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
133
a0omvDacwftqkH;xd 454
/ 1506
taomutajccH
av;NrdKUacwftqkH;xd 612
/ 2118
ajrmufOD;acwftqkH;xd 355
/ 2473
av;NrdKU0efacwf
40
/ 2513
vGwfvyfa&;acwf
51
/ 2687
,aeYacwfou&mZf (-)at'D
1999
ESppf ak ygi;f =2540
688 ESpfaygif;uGm[rI&Sd
OD;atmifomOD;^&cu tvkt
d & ............
pEmol&,
d ou&mZfrmS bDpD 580 jzpf&m ........
,aeYou&mZf=2541(-) bDpD 580
=at'D 1961+ 38= at'D 1999
taomutajccHt&qkyd gvQif ......
pEmol&,
d ou&mZfrmS bDpD 542 jzpf&m ......
,aeYou&mZf= 2541(-)bDpD 542= at'D 1999
rSwfcsuf
(1)onfukd Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh taomu tajccHjzifh wGufcsufvQif ,aeY
ou&mZftrSeu
f dk &onf/
(2) OD;atmifomOD;^&cu t,ltqt& qkyd gvQif &&So
d nfh ou&mZfudk + 38 ESihf
aygi;f rS ,aeYou&mZftrSeu
f dk &rnf/
(3) D.G.E Hall \t,ltqt& ou&mZfudk wGurf nfqydk gvQif ESpaf ygi;f 688rQ
vGrJ mS ;aeonfudk awGU&ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh D.G.E Hall \t,ltqudk y,foifo
h nfrmS
xif&Sm;aeygonf/
(4)jynfyokawoDwkdY\ t,ltqjzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh pEmol&d,wkdYonf
ESpfaygif; 700cefY uGma0;ae rnfokdYrQ qkHEkdifzG,fr&Sdqkdonfh ta&;tom;rSm rdrdwkdY
vGrJ mS ;aeaom t,ltqukd rSm;aeonf[k rjrifMubJ ,aeYwidk f rSeaf omt,l[k xifae
MuqJjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? okrYd [kwf rSm;rSe;f odaomfvnf; wpfO;D OD;u pwifjyifqif&ef
vufweG aYf erIaMumifv
h nf;aumif; t,ltqtrSm;Bu;D ukd qufvuf rjyifbJ xm;&SMd u
[efwyl gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh acwfoak woDwu
Ydk owdjyKoifah yonf[k ,lqygonf/ okYd
rSom &ckid &f mZ0iftaMumif;rSm wdusreS u
f efr&I adS Mumif; avhvmolrsm; od&EdS idk af yrnf/
25/ onfwu
Ydk dk Munhjf cif;tm;jzifh Hall ESihf tjcm;Oa&myokawoDw\
Ydk Dating
System c&pfESpfvkyfZmwfukd avhvmolwkdY owdjyKNyD; ou&mZftrSefukd okH;pGJrI
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
134
jyKvyk Ef idk rf o
S m ol&,
d purif; eef;pHou&mZfrmS vnf; rSeu
f efygrnf/
rif;
eef;pH
c&pf
omoem
aumZm
ol&d,pu 44
bDpD-278
214
214
vGef
bDpD-234
258
258
ol&,
d purif;\ eef;ouf(44)ESpo
f nf bDp-D 278 bDp-D 234? omoem 214-258?
aumZm 214-258 jzpfygonf/
pEmrked r[musef kyf&Sifawmfjrwf

26/ "n0wD wwd,acwf\ (6)qufajrmufrif; ol&,
d puu pEmrked yk &f iS f
awmfudk wjcm;rke(d 4)qljzpfaom plVmrke?d &mZmrke?d ousrek ?d a'0grek w
d EYdk iS hf twl oGe;f vkyf
ukd;uG,fcJhonf[k tqkd&Sdygonf/ odkY oGef;vkyf&mwGif if;rif;BuD;\ ]]tZl}}jzpfol
pEmol&,
d rif; oGe;f vkycf ahJ om r[mrked ky&f iS af wmfEiS n
hf aD wmfrek q
d if;wkrsm;;ukd oGe;f vkyf
use&f adS ecJah om yOavm[m &wemrsm;jzifh oGe;f vkyaf Mumif; tqk&d &dS m r[musef
rkeid g;qlrmS yxrqk;H aom r[museq
f if ;wkrsm;jzpfonf/ xkUd aemuf t&G,t
f pm;trsK;d rsK;d
aom r[musef yk yf mG ;awmfrsm;ukv
d nf; xkrd if;uyif oGe;f vkyaf pcJo
h nf[k tqk&d ydS gonf/
27/ ol&,
d purif;vufxufrmS tdE,
d jynf yd#vdyw
k jf ynf&h iS f oD&"d rmaomurif;
BuD;xHrSm r[ma&0wrax&fESifh aemufyg&[ef;ig;yg;wkdYonf Ak'\"mwfawmfarGawmf
tcsKUd tm; yifzh w
d ,
f al qmifvmum a'opm&D <ucsaD &muf&adS wmfrv
l mcJMh uygonf/ xku
d o
hJ Ydk
omoemjyK&ef a&mufvmonft
fh csed rf mS taomurif;Bu;D uruxjyKaom wwd, o*Fg
,emwifco
hJ nfEh pS f aemufyidk ;f rSmrS jzpfay&m xkad emufyidk ;f ESpu
f dk wGu,
f rl nfqydk gvQi.f .......
omoem
c&pf
taomurif;eef;wufaomESpf
= 218
bDpD 274
o*Fg,emwifESpfrSm(17)ESpftMumrSmjyKvkyf =(+) 17
(-) 17
235
bDpD 257
omoemou&mZf 235? c&pfbpD D 257 jzpfygaomaMumifh taomurif;Bu;D xHrS
omoemjyKa&mufvmcsed Ef iS hf jrwfpmG bk&m;\ "mwfawmfrsm;ukd yifv
h mcsed rf mS o*Fg,wem
wif ou&mZf aemufykdif;rSmrS jzpfyg oljrwf(r[matmifajr)ESifh wjcm;okawoDwkdY
tqkt
d & rkeid g;qludk ol&,
d puoeG ;f avmif;csed ?f omoemou&mZf 222? c&pfEpS f bDpD
257 aemufyikd ;f rS omoem 258? c&pfEpS b
f pD D 234 tcsed t
f wGi;f rSm[k qkjd cif;onf u
ykdrkdeD;pyfzG,f&m&Sdonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
135
28/ ol&,
d purif; ae&ma'otESUH tjym; toD;oD;wGif "mwfawmfrsm;ukd Xmyem
apwDwnfxm; udk;uG,fawmfrlavonf[k tqkd&Sdygonf/ xkdapwDrsm;onf EGm;vm;
Oob wpfarmhcef&Y o
dS nfh pwlygausmufpmapwDrsm;jzpfonf/ &ckid w
f pfvmT ;wGif ,aeY
wkdif awGUae&aom pwlygausmufwkdifrsm;ukd qifjcifMunhf&efjzpfygonf/ uJhokdY
ausmufapwDi,frsm;\xdyw
f iG f Xmyemwku
d cf ef;i,frsm;tjzpf xGi;f vkyf tay:rzS ;Hk tkyf
aqmif;i,frsm;ukd xD;awmftjzpf jyKvyk u
f m "mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;tm; wnfxm;uk;d
uG,af wmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xkt
d csed t
f cgrS pwif &uy&l &ckid jf ynfBu;D Ak'b
&k m;&Siaf wmf\
"mwfawmfapwDrsm; uk;d uG,rf o
I nf pwifcjhJ cif;yif jzpfavonf/
29/ ol&,
d purif;Bu;D vufxufrmS t&d,moHCmawmfrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;cJh onf[k
tqkd&Sdygonf/ oHCmawmfwpfodef;txd &SdcJhonf[kvnf; qkdMuygonf/ "n0wD\
omoema&mif0gonf tcsed w
f iG f vGepf mG awmufajymifcahJ Mumif; awGU&&dS onf/
30/ ol&d,purif;BuD;onfum; oufawmf (74)ESpf c&pfESpf(bDpD 234)wGif
tedpa&mufcJhygonf/
wlazmf&&Sdaom ol&d,purif;kyfwk
31/ kyw
f u
k dk "n0wDNrKd Ua[mif;\ taemufbuf? Ak'j rwfpmG bk&m; yxrqk;H
&yfwefaY wmfro
l nf[k tqk&d o
dS nfh aovm*D&ad rm&yAw[k ac:onfh ausmufawmfawmif
ajc(qifrusy)f &GmrS 1968-ckEpS u
f wl;azmfawGU&jdS cif;jzpfygonf/ ol&,
d purif;Bu;D [k
,lqonfh kyw
f \
k vufEpS zf ufpvk;H wHawmifraS e usK;d jywfaeaomfvnf; uset
f pdwf
tykid ;f rsm;um; taumif;yuwd xif&mS ;pGm &Sad eygao;onf/ OD;acgi;f awmf ywf0ef;usif
a&mifvQaH wmf puf0idk ;f yg&o
dS nfh "n0wDacwf\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyu
Hk v
dk nf; txift&Sm;
awGUjrifEkdifygonf/
32/ aovm*D&ad wmifajcrSmyif vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygi;f (75)ESpaf usmcf efu
Y tvm;
wl ausmufwpfcsyu
f dk wl;azmf&&Scd zhJ ;l ygonf/ xkq
d pfxm;aom ykaH wmfrmS jrwfpmG bk&m;u
"n0wDjynfh&Sif pEmol&d,rif;tm; "rpMumw&m; a[mMum;aeonfhykHjzpfaMumif;
okawoDynm&Sifrsm;u qkdygonf/ vuf&mrSmvnf; txl;ajymifajrmufygonf/ (,ck
ajrmufO;D NrKd U a&S;a[mif;okawoe jywku
d w
f iG f &So
d nf/)
33/ 1986 ckESpfwGif wl;azmf&&Sdaom ol&d,purif;[k ,lqaom ykHESifhtwl
tjcm;Ak' yk yf mG ;awmf kyw
f ak v;qluv
dk nf; &&Scd yhJ gao;onf/ kyw
f ak wmfrsm;tm; Ak'
bmomukd tvGeMf unhn
f Kd awmfrcl o
hJ nfh bk&ifwpfyg;yg;u Ak'& iS af wmf\ rkj'mtrsK;d rsK;d ESihf
yg&rDawmf xl;jcm;aeonfh omoem'g,um rif;jrwfr[mrsm; jzpfMuaom Ak'j rwfpmG bk&m;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
136
ESihf pEmol&,
d rif;Bu;D \ kyw
f ?k ol&,
d purif;Bu;D \ kyw
f rk sm;ukd &nfarQmu
f ;dk uG,&f ef
xkvyk x
f m;cJjh cif;jzpf[efwo
l nf/ ajrBu;D rS azmfxw
k o
f ufaoxljyaom ausmufcsyrf sm;
[k ,lq&ygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm tmeEmausmufpmwkdifyg a0omvDrif; wpfyg;yg;u
xkqpfc[
hJ ef&ydS gonf/ ausmufcsyrf sm;yg qif,ifx;Hk zGrYJ u
I dk oljrwf(r[matmifajr)u
if;r[museif g;ql pmtkyw
f iG f tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/ (if;\pmtkyf 42-46
ukdIyg/)
ausmufcsyrf sm;onfum; Ak'0 ifcef;rsm;ukd ausmufxufyx
Hk k jrwfpmG bk&m;ukd
ylaZmfcjhJ cif;yifjzpfayonf/ aemufwpfenf;ajym&ygvQif &ckid w
f iG f pEmol&,
d rif;? ol&,
d pu
rif; tygt0if "n0wD wwd,acwfEiS hf xkad cwfudk qufcaH om a0omvDausmufavS
um;acwf tcsed t
f cgrmS &ckid w
f iG f Ak't
,l0g'(0g) Ak'b
momukd pGpJ NJG rNJ rJ ,kMH unfu;dk uG,f
vsu&f adS eNyq
D o
dk nfudk ajrBu;D rS oufaoxkwjf yjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ r[myx0DajrBu;D rS
oufaoxljyaom aemufxyf Ak'0 ifcef;wpfc&k ydS gonf/ if;rSm Aku
d yf b
l &k m;ac: bk&m;0rf;
yl ausmufkyfwkESifh if;ausmbufwGif taomu acwfNydKifausmufpmjzpfaom
jA[t
D u&mjzifh a&;xk;d aom ]]y&dbmpuZde}} [laom opuyk&yku
d Ef iS hf ywfouf
a&;xk;d xm;aom ausmufpmjzpfygonf/ Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan pmtkyyf g
(14? 15)wGif pma&;ol OD;pHomatmifu atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;xm;ygonf/
"Saccaparibajaka was a Nirgrantha Jina ascetic. He lived in Vesali during
the life time of Buddha. He was a Philosopher and Teacher. He was said to have
Challenged Mahavira and the Buddha to a discussion with him about whose
Philosophy was the best. We are told that at the end of the debate he had to
bowdown to the Buddha and acknowledge of the Buddha's superiority. In Dr.
Malasekera's Dictionary of Pali proper names, Saceaka was mentioned as those
who became a followers of the Buddha."
34/ onfwrYdk mS um; xkt

d csed ?f xkt
d cg Ak'b
mom,kMH unfu;dk uG,rf I &ckid w
f iG f
ysUH EUHS vsu&f adS eNy;D qko
d nfudk aemufxyfoufaoxljcif; wpf&yfjzpfayawmhonf/ Aku
d yf l
bk&m;rSm a&;xk;d xm;onfh ausmufpmrSm jA[t
D u&mjzpf&m jA[t
D u&mukd ok;H EIe;f onfh
tcsdefukd &nfTef;jcif;yif jzpfay&m xkdtcsdeftcgonfum; &ckdifwGif wwd,"n0wD
tapmykid ;f tcsed jf zpfaMumif; owfrw
S Ef idk yf gonf/ tcsed u
f yif Ak'b
momuk;d uG,rf I &ckid f
wGi&f adS eNy;D qko
d nfudk aemufxyfajrBu;D rS oufaoxkwaf zmfjcif;wpf&yf[k qk&d ayrnf/
onfw
f u
Ydk m; &ckid w
f iG f Ak'b
momukd rnfonft
h csed u
f p ,kMH unfouf0if uk;d uG,rf I
pcJo
h enf;qko
d nhf txuftyk'd (f 3)yg ar;cGe;f wpfc\
k tajzyif jzpfygawmhonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
137
'kwd, rkedig;ql 'g,um rif;&ifjzL

35/ "n0wD a0omvDacwf ukefqkH; av;NrdKUacwfokdY a&muf&Sdonfhftcg
ou&mZf(205)ckEpS ?f c&pfEpS f (at'D -843) ckEpS w
f iG f rif;&if;jzLrif;Bu;D onf av;NrKd Ujrpf
urf;ajc&Sd yOmNrKd Uudk odr;f jref;tkycf sKyaf wmfrcl o
hJ nf/
36/ aumZmou&mZf 209-ckESpf? c&pfESpf 847-ckESpfwGif yOmNrdKU &[Emt&Sif
jrwf (800)jzifh o*Fg,emwifawmfrcl ahJ vonf/ xkad emuf ol&,
d purif; oGe;f vkyaf wmf
rlco
hJ nfh rkeid g;yg; (rkeid g;ql)ukd r[mrked ky&f idS af wmfjrwfEiS hf ra0;uGmvSonhf ae&mrsm;
wGif ajratmufXmyemwku
d rf sm; jyKvyk Nf y;D oGe;f pufawmfrek w
d t
Ydk m; toD;oD;Xmyemxnhf
txufrSm ausmufndKqif;wkawmf ig;qlukd tpm;xkd;wnfxm; udk;uG,fawmfrlcJhav
onf/ xkad usmufnKd b&k m;ESihf Xmyemrkeid g;qlukd rif;&ifjzLud,
k w
f idk f igwnfaom a'0grek ?d
igwnfaom plVmrke?d igwnfaom &mZmrke?d igwnfaom ousrek ?d igwnfaom pEmrked
[l orkwaf wmfrcl NhJ y;D bk&m;wpfqcl si;f wGif ausmufpma&;xk;d bGeYJ mr ay;awmfrcl hJ
onf[k tqk&d ydS gonf/
37/ ,aeYtxd wGuaf &Munhrf nfqydk gvQif ESpaf ygi;f 1140 cefY &Scd ahJ om tcsed rf mS
ausmufnKd b&k m;rsm;ukyd g ,aeYwidk zf ;l awGUEidk af o;onf jzpfygaomfvnf; Xmyemxnfx
h m;cJh
aom oGe;f pufawmfig;qlteuf av;qludk &SmrawGUawmhyg/ rnfonfah e&mwGif ude;f 0yf
vsu&f adS eonfuu
dk m; rnfow
l pfO;D wpfa,mufrQ ajymEkid pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhyg/ ,aeYwidk zf ;l ajrmf
Ekid o
f nfh wpfqw
l nf;aomoGe;f pufawmfrmS pEmrke[
d k orkwcf &H aom ajrmufO;D NrKd U AEKv
bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif ,aeYwidk pf yH ,fvsu&f adS eaom qif;wkawmfBu;D yifjzpfygonf/
38/ pEmrked ky&f iS af wmfjrwf\ t&G,t
f pm; twkid ;f twmrSm ........
1/ OmPfawmftjrifh 4ay 10vufr
2/ cg;awmfv;Hk ywf 4ay 1vufr
3/ vufarmif;awmfywfvnf 1ay 11vufr
4/ yck;H awmfywfvnf 2ay 10 vufr
5/ &ifrkdYawmfywfvnf 5aycefY&Sdonf/
39/ pEmrkeo
d nfvnf; &pfo;Hk qpf&jdS cif;? oD[mear;aphawmf&jdS cif;? jcaoFrh if;vkd
&iftaHk wmfraYdk rmufjcif;? xuf0,fzUJG acG pHy,fawmfrjl cif;? MumouFe;f awmf wpfu,
dk v
f ;Hk
0wfqifxm;jcif;? "rcPfawmfrmS vjcrf;o@mef&jdS cif;wkEYd iS hf jynfph aHk Mumif; zl;awGU&onf/
ol&,
d purif; oGe;f vkyaf om userf [musef rkead v;qlonfvnf; ykpH t
H wkid ;f jzpfay
vdrrhf nf[k ,kMH unf&ayonf/ tb,faMumifq
h adk omf ,if;acwf,if;tcguwpfcsed w
f nf;
wpfrsK;d wnf;aom r[musef &wemrsm;ESihf oGe;f vkyjf cif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
138
40/ r[muserf ek id g;qltm; ol&,

d purif;onf r[mrke\
d r@Kid if g;&yftjzpf o&D
acsmif;(oD&rd me'D)\ vuf,mbufvrf;wpfavQmufwiG f wnfxm;cJo
h nf/ r[muserf ek d
ig;qlEiS hf r[mrkeb
d &k m;Bu;D ukd ]]r[mrkepd uf}}[kvnf; ac:wiG o
f nf/
41/ r[mrke\d r@dKiif g;&yfwiG f yg0ifaom pEmrkeu
d dk ol&,
d purif;onf r[mrked
\ awmifbuft&yf('DygyAw ,ckawmifO;D aus;&GmteD; pEmrkeu
d ek ;f awmf) awmifuek ;f
ay:wiG f ausmufvP
dI *f jl yKvyk Nf y;D uk;d uG,cf MhJ uonf/ a0omvDacwfwiG v
f nf; rif;tquf
qufMunfndKcJhMuonf/ av;NrdKUacwfwGifvnf; omoemawmf txl;MunfndKaom
rif;&ifjzL? 'o&mZmrif;wku
Yd jyKjyifyal ZmfcMhJ uonf/ aumZmou&mZf 792-ckwiG f rif;apm
rGef avmif;MuufNrKd UrS ajrmufO;D okYd ajymif;a&TUeef;pku
d cf MhJ uonf/ ol&,
d purif;rSp &ckid f
rif;tqufqufu;dk uG,cf ahJ om pEmrkeu
d dk a&S;acwfu t&Sirf [marm*vyd w
k w

d
ESifht&SifAm[kvrax&fwkdY &yfwefYawmfrlcJhaom ajrmufOD;&Sd bm;blawmifae&mokdY yifh
aqmifum ausmufvP
dI *f jl yKvyk Nf y;D uk;d uG,yf al ZmfcMhJ uonf/ aumZmou&mZf 898ck
wGif ajrmufO;D jynf&h iS f rif;AmBu;D onf pEmrkeEd iS *hf al wmfurdk rG ;f rHjyKjyifco
hJ nf[t
k qk&d ydS gonf/
42/ ajrmufO;D usq;Hk csed rf mS &ckid w
f Ydk txGwt
f jrwfxm;uk;d uG,&f m qif;wkawmfrsm;
ukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh yifah qmifomG ;Muonfrsm; &Syd gonf/ oQpaf omif;xkue o
Yf rd f ponfh
ajrmufO;D NrKd U\ txifu& ykx;dk awmfBu;D wGif ude;f 0yfaom aMu;qif;wkrsm;ukyd if t*Fvyd f
wku
Yd yifah qmif,o
l mG ;cJMh uaMumif; qkMd uonf/
43/ xko
d aYdk om tcsed t
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140
t*Fvdyfbmom
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Beneiji, R.D.M.A and

Manindre Chaudra Nundy
A Junior History of India,

Beneres University India, 1953.
Farchhammer;E
Papers on subject relating to the
Archaeology of Burma; Arakan, Rantgoon, 1891.
Irwin, A.B.M., C S I, I C S
The Burmese and Arakanese Cal
enders (AD 1909)
Gutman, P
Ancient Arakan Ph. D. Thesis
Australian National University 1976, unpublished.
San Tha Aung, U
Buddhist Art of Ancient Arakan.
Shwe Zan, U
The golden Mrauk -U , An
ancient Capital of Rakhine.
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150
23/
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35/
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