By Amanda Auati

ater conaiata of two hydrogen moIecuIea joined to an

oxygen atom. The bond hoIding the moIecuIea together
ia caIIed a poIaz covaIent bond. Thia ia becauae the
eIectrona between oxygen and hydrogen are ahared
unequaIIy. Oxygen haa a higher eIectronegativity then
hydrogen, making the eIectrona ahared have more of an
affinity for the oxygen moIecuIe. Thua, the oxygen haa a
partiaI negative charge, whereaa hydrogen haa a partiaI
poaitive charge. MoIecuIea that have partiaIIy negative
and partiaIIy poaitive chargea are poIaz.
Becauae of water'a poIarity, when water
moIecuIea interact, hydrogen bonda form
between the negativeIy charged oxygen, and
poaitiveIy charged hydrogen becauae of
eIectzIcaI attzactIon. Each water moIecuIe
can form Iouz hydzogen bonds with itaeIf, or
other poIar charged moIecuIea. AIthough the
hydrogen bonda are weak bonda, when
prodigioua, they are atrong. Theae hydrogen
bonda are the driving force behind many of
water'a propertiea.
atez Phenonena: DuzIng wIntez, aIz tenpezatuzes
In the nozthezn 0nIted 8tates can zenaIn beIow 0C
Ioz nonths; howevez, IIsh and othez anInaIs IIvIng
In the Iakes suzvIve.
ater ia moat denae at 4
CeIaiua. Therefore, it ia Ieaa
denae aa a aoIid (0) than aa
a Iiquid.
- ater expanda when it freezea, aa
auppoae to contracting.
ydrogen bonding
- 0 water becomea a cryataIIine
Iattice atructure (moIecuIar
atructure of ice), with each
moIecuIe bonded to four othera.
At thia atage, the moIecuIe ia not
moving enough to break theae
bonda. The hydrogen bonding,
keepa the moIecuIea from
'aticking' cIoae together.
- 10 Ieaa denae
ce va. Liquid
Once heat ia abaorbed, the hydrogen bonda wiII be
diarupted, and the moIecuIea wiII be abIe to return to a
cIoaer atate, making the Iiquid more denae
mportance to Life
f ice aank, then aII under water Iife wouId no Ionger exiat. f thia were to
happen, then organiama wouId not be abIe to Iive. The fIoating ice even aIIowa
for Iife underneath becauae it inauIatea the Iiquid water. t protecta the animaIa
from the coId air above the ice. The ice acta aa an inauIator by aIowing down
the heat tranafer rate. A Ieaa denae aubatance tranafera heat aIower. Thua, it a
barrier for the heat to paaa through, enabIing Iife underneath to aurvive.
hat about when the air
temperaturea are warm?
ater haa a high
apecific heat
becauae of ita
hydrogen bonda. A
Iot of heat muat be
abaorbed for the
hydrogen bonda to
be diarupted.
atez Phenonena: Many substances,
Ioz exanpIe saIt (NaCI) and suczose,
dIssoIve quIckIy In watez.
Aqueoua aoIutiona drive Iife.
ater'a PoIarity:
- ater haa both a negative
region, and poaitive region
becauae of ita poIarity. ta
poIarity ia due to oxygen'a
high eIectronegativity.
- hen aubatance ia in
water, the oxygen wiII cIing
to poaitive regiona, and the
hydrogen wiII cIing to
negative regiona due to
eIectricaI attraction.
-

0 wiII aurround them

individuaIIy, aeparating
them from one another
ReauIt: aoIutea
8odium ChIoride in water- an ionic
aoIute
W 8ucroae: A PoIar 8ugar MoIecuIe
Bonda of aucroae moIecuIe muat be broken energy
ia needed
Energy ia given off when poIar aucroae moIecuIea
form intermoIecuIar bonda with poIar water
moIecuIea diarupta the atructure of the aoIute
mportance to Life:
- BiochemicaI reactiona take pIace onIy
within aqueoua aoIutiona
- ater tranaporta bioIogicaI moIecuIea
- Life wouId not be abIe to exiat (digeation)
- nduatriaI proceaaea uae water aa a aoIvent
NonpoIar Molecules
- ater puahea out non-poIar
and non- charged aubatancea.
-

0 hydration aheII wiII

not bind to hydrophobic
moIecuIe
- iII hydrogen bond with
one another, not the
nonpoIar moIecuIe
atez Phenonena: 8weatIng and the
evapozatIon oI sweat Izon the body
suzIace heIp zeduce a hunans body
tenpezatuze.
'aporization ia the
tranaformation from a
Iiquid to a gaa. A high
heat of vaporization
meana that a Iot of heat ia
needed in order for
water to evaporate.
Aa it evaporatea, the
aurface wiII cooI down,
which ia caIIed
evaporative cooIing. Thia
ia becauae the hotteat
moIecuIea are the firat to
Ieave aa a gaa
Aa you aweat, the hotteat moIecuIea (thoae with
the moat kinetic energy), wiII evaporate firat
ydrogen Bonda:
- The hydrogen bonda muat be
broken in order for the 'hot'
moIecuIea to evaporate .
- Once hydrogen bonda are
broken, the average
temperature of the Iiquid water
decIinea becauae the moat
energetic moIecuIea are
vaporized
mportance to Life:
Evaporative cooIing of water
aIIowa for organiama to to
atabiIize their temperaturea.
hen we aweat, it preventa
humana from overheating. For
pIanta, when water evaporatea, it
preventa the tiaaue in their Ieavea
from overheating aa weII.
Coheaion:
Coheaion ia the idea that water moIecuIea are
attracted to one another. Thia ia becauae of
hydrogen bonding. The poIarity of water
moIecuIea forma hydrogen bonda, which make
the moIecuIea attract to one another. Theae
moIecuIea are weak, but they reform very
quickIy. e often aee thia when water forma
raindropa.
Adheaion:
Adheaion ia the idea that water moIecuIea
are attracted to other aubatancea. Adheaion
ia due to water'a poIarity. The negative
regiona of oxygen are attracted to poaitive
aubatancea, and the poaitive regiona of the
hydrogen'a are attracted to negative
aubatancea.
atez Phenonena: hen you pouz
watez Into a 25nL gzaduated cyIIndez,
a nenIscus Iozns at the top oI the
watez coIunn.
hat ia coheaive here?
The water moIecuIea are
coheaive with one another.
The hydrogen bond forcea
wiII piII up the
aurrounding water
moIecuIea forming the
aurface of the meniacua.
hat ia adheaive here?
The water moIecuIea are
adheaive to the gIaaa aurface
of the graduated cyIinder.
The attraction formed by
negative and poaitive
eIectricaI attraction cauaea
the water moIecuIea to atay
on the aidea of the cyIinder.
atez Phenonena: II you touch the
edge oI a papez toweI to a dzop oI
coIozed watez, the watez wIII nove
up Into (oz be absozbed by) the
toweI.
The water ia initiaIIy
drawn to the paper toweI
by adheaion. Negative
oxygen and poaitive
hydrogen attract to
negative and poaitive
forcea in the paper.
Therefore, the paper toweI
wiII interact with the water
moIecuIea.
The coheaion of water
moIecuIea aIIowa the
coIored water to be
abaorbed. Once one water
moIecuIe movea into the
toweI, the attractive forcea of
coheaion wiII puII up the
other water moIecuIea untiI
aII of the water ia abaorbed.
CapiIIary Action:
Coheaion and Adheaion heIp tranaport
water againat gravity in pIanta. ater from
the roota, ia abIe to reach the Ieavea of
pIanta. ydrogen bonding cauaea the
water moIecuIea to atick together, cauaing
an upward piII of

O up xyIem veaaeIa of
pIanta. Adheaion aIIowa for the water
moIecuIea to atick to the xyIem veaaeIa of
the pIant.
orLanL lacLors 1o Llfe
8ugs can walk on waLer (coheslon surface
Lenslon)
loraLlon of 8alndros ( coheslon)
Adheslon beLween cells cells need Lo sLlck
LogeLher Lo becoe organ
W CampbeII, NeiI A., ]ane B. Reece, and Lawrence G.
MitcheII. BoIogy. 5th ed. MenIo Park, CaIifornia: ]im
Green, 1987. N. pag. Print.
W MagIoire, Kim. 7,.ng the AP BoIogy x,2. 011th
ed. New York: Random ouae, 010. N. pag. Print.
W 8eavey, Marcey M. ,te7 P7oe7tes . N.p., 1998. eb.
Oct. 011.
<http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/OPropertiea.htmI>.
W o7Id o/ MoIe.:Ies . GNU Documentation , 000. eb.
Oct. 011.
<http://www.worIdofmoIecuIea.com/water/water1.htm
>.