Working Kernel Linux

;-)
Linux
NOVELL PRESS

Ximian Desktop, Novell
www.williamspublishing.com
Novell

Linux

Linux Kernel
Development
Second Edition
Robert Love
Novell
Novell Press, 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis,

Indiana, 46240 USA
Linux

-
2006
32.973.26-018.2.75
13
681.3.07
"c"
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"" :
info@williamspubiishing.com, http://www.williamspublishing.com
115419, , / 783; 03150, , / 152
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13 Linux, 2- . : . . . : ".. "
2006. 448 . : . . . .
ISBN 5-8459-1085-4 (.)
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32.973.26-018.2.7

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Novell Press.
Aufhorued translation from the English language edition published by Novell Press, Copyright 200
by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmi
ted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permi
sion from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appro[
rialely capitalized. Novell Press cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this boo
should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Russian language edition is published by Williams Publishing House according to the Agreement wit
R&I Enterprises International, Copyright 2006
ISBN 5-S459-10854 (.)
ISBN 0-72-2720-1 (.)
"", 2006
2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., 200
15
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(softirq)

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101
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214
215
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s c h e d u l e _ t i m e o u t ()

11.

kmalloc ()
gfp_mask
kf ()
vmalloc ()

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percpu
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VFS
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superblock

inode

dentry

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226
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b i o

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find_vma ()
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mmap
()
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munmap ()

15.

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283
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11

-

pdflush
bdflush kupdated
:

16.
"Hello,Worldl"

17. kobject sysfs

k o b j e c t
ktype
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k o b j e c t

kref
sysfs
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sysfs

kobj e c t sysfs
18.

p r i n t k ()
p r i n t k ()

s y s l o g d klogd
p r i n t k ()
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Ximian Desktop Novell.
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http://www.williamspublishing.com
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115419, , / 783
03150, , / 152

Sams
Publishing - www. nowellpress.com.
ISBN ( ) .
22
Linux
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Unix
. Unix 1969 , (Dennis Ritchie)
(Ken Thompson) , ,
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Unix Multics , Bell
Laboratories. Multics, Bell Laboratories
Computer Sciences Research Center . 1969
Bell Labs , Unix.
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System 6, V6.
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(University of California at Berkeley).
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Distributions (BSD). Unix,
1981 , 3BSD. 4BSD:
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, (demand paging)
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Darwin, Dragonfly BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD OpenBSD.
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34
2 . 1 .
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current_thread_inf()
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thread_inf

struct task_struct
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struct thread_info 86 <asm/

thread_info.h> .
struct thread_info {
struct task_struct
struct exec_domain
unsigned long
unsigned long
u32
__s32
mm_segment_t
struct restart_block
unsigned long
__u8
};
*task;
*exec_domain;
flags;
status;
cpu;
preempt_count;
addr_limit;
restart_block;
previous_esp;
supervisorytack[0];
thread_info
. thread_info t a s k
task_struct .

,
(process identification, PID). PID
, pid_t5 , int.
5
(opaque type) ,
.
48
, Unix Linux 32768

( short int). pid .
, , . 32768 ,
. , ,
: ,
. , //
sys/kernel/pid_max.

t a s k _ s t r u c t . , , , t a s k _ s t r u c t . ,
, , current.
. t a s k _ s t r u c t , , , . ,
, ,
, thread_inf . thread_info, t a s k _ s t r u c t
.
86 current
13 thread_inf. current_thread_info ().
.
movl $-8192, %eax
andl %esp, %eax
c u r r e n t
task thread_info:
current_thread_info()->task;

PowerPC ( RISC- IBM),
c u r r e n t r2.
, ,
8, .
,
.
49

s t a t e
(. 3-3).
.

fork()

TASK_ZOMBIE
( )

: schedule ()
concext_switch ()

do exit()
TASK_RUNNING
(,
)
TASK_RUNNING
(]
TASK_INTRRUPTIBLE
TASK_UNINTERRUPTTLE
( )
. 3.3.
,
.
TASK_RUNNING (runnable). ,
, , ( , runqueue, 4. " ").
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE (
, sleeping), ..
50
. ,
TASK__RUNNING. (wake up) .
TASK_UNNTERRUPTIBLE - TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, , .
,
, .
, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE , TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE6.
TASK_ZOMBIE ,
w a i t 4 ( ) . ,
. wait4 (),
.
TASK_STOPPED .
. , - SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN SIGTTOU,
, .

.

set_task state(task, state);
/* 'task' 'state' */
. ,
(memory barrier), ( SMP-). :
task->state = state;
s e t c u r r e n t s t a t e ( s t a t e ) s e t _ t a s k _
state(current, state).

. (executable) . . (. 5,
" ") , .
6
- "" ,
ps (1) , D, , SIGKILL. , ,
, , - .
51
, " "
. current 1.
, . ,
.

.
.

Linux . i n i t , PID 1. i n i t
. i n i t , , (initscripts) , .
.
, .
, , (siblings). . t a s k _ s t r u c t
t a s k _ s t r u c t , p a r e n t ,
,
children. , (current),
:
struct task_struct *task = current->parent;
,
, :
struct task_struct *task;
struct list_head *list;
list_for_each (list, scurrent->children) {
task = list_entry(list, struct task_struct, sibling);
/* task ,
*/
}
i n i t i n i t t a s k .
, .
1
, 6, " ". ,
. ,
.
52
struct task_struct *task

for (task = current; task ! = $init_task; task = task->parent)
/* task init */
, ,
. , ,
. , . , - , :
list_entry(task->tasks.next, struct task_struct, tasks)
.
list_entry (task->tasks.prev, struct task_struct, tasks)
next_task (task)
( ), p r e v _ t a s k ( t a s k ) ( ).
, for_each_process (task)
. t a s k :
struct task_struct *task;
for_each_process(task) {
/* PID
*/
printk("%s[%d]\n", task->comm, task->pid);
}
, ,
, .
(
).

Unix .
(spawn).
, ,
. Unix ,
: fork () exec ( ) 8 .
8
e x e c ( ) e x e c * ( ) .
e x e c v e ( ) , e x e c l p ( ) , execle(),
execv()
execvp().
53
f o r k ( ) ,
. PID ( ), PPID ( PID ,
PID ), , ( ),
- exec ()
.
f o r k () e x e c ()
, .

f o r k ( )
.
. Linux fork () (copy-on-write) .
(copy-on-write, COW)
.
.
,
, , . , ,
,
(read-only). ,
. ,
, , , exec () fork (),
. ,
f o r k ( ) ,
. (
10 ), .
, Unix
.
f o r k ()
Linux f o r k ()
c l o n e () .
, , (
) . "
Linux" .
f o r k ( ) , v f o r k ( )
c l o n e d c l o n e ()
. c l o n e ()
do_fork ( ) .
54
do_f ork (),

kernel/fork.. , , copy_pracess () . , copy_process ().
dup_task_struct (), , thread_info task_struct ,

. .
,
.
.
. .
TASK_
UNINTERRUPTIBLE, ,
.
copy_process () copy_f lags (), flags task s t r u c t .
PF_SUPERPRIV, , . PF_FORKNOEXEC, , exec (), .
get_pid () , PID .
, clone (), , , ,
(namespace). . .
( 4,
" ").
,
.
do_fork () .
copy_process () , . 9.
9
, ,
, .
55
,
exec () , , ,
, .
v f o r k ()
vfork () ,
fork (), , . ,
exec () .
. 3BSD,
fork ()
. ,
,
vfork ()
. - Linux
10,
. vfork () (, , , exec () ?),
, vfork () . vfork ()
fork (), Linux 2.2.
vfork () clone (), .
copy_process () vfork_done
t a s k _ s t r u c t NULL.
do_fvork (), , vfork_done ( ).
,
, copy_process () , , vfork_done.
mm_release () (
, ), vfork_done NULL, .
do_fork() .
10
Linux. , , 2.6
, .
56
, , ,
. , .
Linux
. .
.
(concurrent programming),
.
Linux . Linux
. Linux
, . Linux
-
. , .
t a s k _ s t r u c t (
, , ).
Linux ,
Microsoft Windows Sun Solaris, ( , lightweight process). " " Linux
. ,
, ,
. Linux
( ) 11 .
, , .
,
. , . , . Linux,
, , ,
t a s k _ s t r u c t . , .
, , ,
c l o n e () , :
Clone (CLONE_VM | CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND, 0 ) ;
11
( )
Linux .
.
57
,
f o r k (), , , , . , , , . , f o r k ()
:
clone (SIGCHLD, 0 ) ;
v f o r k () :
clone (CLONE_VFORK | CLONE_VM | SIGCHLD,
0);
, c l o n e () , ,
. . 3.1
c l o n e () .
3 . 1 . c l o n e ()
CLONE_FILES
CLONE_FS
CLONE_IDLETASK
PID (
(idle) )
CLONE_NEWNS
CLONE_PARENT
CLONE_PTRACE
CLONE_SETTID
CLONE_SETTLS

TID ?
(thread local storage, TLS)
CLONE_SIGHAND
CLONE_SYSVSEM

SEM_UNDO System V
CLONE_THREAD
CLONE_VFOK
v f o r k ():
,
CLONE_ONTRACED

CLONE_PTRACE
CLONE_3T0P
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID
CLONE_CHILD_SETTID
CLONE_PARENT_SETTID
CLONE_VM
T A S K _ S T O P P E D
58
TID
TID
TID

.
(kernel thread)
, .

, ( mm NULL).
, .
,
.
Linux ,
, pdflush ksoftirq. .
, .
:
int kernel_thread(int (*fn) (void * ) , void * arg, unsigned long flags)
c l o n e () , f l a g s .
t a s k _ s t r u c t .
, fn,
arg. CLONE_KERNEL,
CLONE_FS, CLONE_FILES CLONE_SIGHAND, f l a g s .

(, , ,
Linux- ). ,
,
.
.

, .
, , ,
, , ,
, , "".
, e x i t ()
( e x i t ()
main ()). . , , -
59
. , , d o e x e c (),
.
PF_EXITING flags task s t r u c t .
del_timer_sync (), .
,
.
,
(BSD process accounting), acct_process ()
, .
__exit_mm() mm_struct,
. ( , ), .
exit_sem (). IPC,
.
__exit_files (), __exit_fs () , exit_namespace ()
e x i t _ s i g n a l s () , , ,
. , ,
.
, e x i t c o d e
t a s k s t r u c t . e x i t () , - .
e x i t n o t i f (), (reparent) ,
- , i n i t . TASK_ZOMBIE.
schedule () (. 4, " ").
TASK_ZOMBIE , , .
do_exit () k e r n e l / e x i t . .
, ( ). (,
, ), , TASK_ZOMBIE. ,
, , thread_inf task_struct.
60
, .

do_exit ()
, TASK_ZOMBIE . ,
. , .
, task_struct .
wait () (
) wait4 (). , . PID . ,
,
.
, release_task (), .
free_uid () . Linux ,
. ,
,
.
unhash_process () - pidhash .
(ptrace),

, (pirate)
.
p u t _ t a s k _ s t r u c t ()
, thread_inf, a
, task_struct.
, , , .
""
, , -
, , ,
, .
:

61
-
, i n i t . d o _ e x i t ()
n o t i f y _ p a r e n t (), f o r g e t _ o r i g i n a l p a r e n t ()
(reparent),
.
struct task_struct *, *reaper = father;
struct list_head *list;
if (father->exit_signal != -1)
reaper = prev_thread(reaper);
else
reaper = child_reaper;
if (reaper == father)
reaper = child_reaper;
r e a p e r
. , r e a p e r c h i l d _ r e a p e r ,
i n i t . , ,
, .
list_for_each(list, &father->children) {
= list_entry(list, struct task_struct, sibling);
reparent_thread(p, reaper, child_reaper);
}
list_for_each (list, sfather->ptrace__children) {
p = list_entry(list, struct task:_struct, ptrace_list);
reparent_thread(p, reaper, child_reaper);
}
: child list , ptraced child list. ,
, ( 2.6). ptrace,
, (debugging).
,
. .
, ,
, , :

.
,
, - .
62
I n i t wait () , , -, .
.
, ,
. , , Linux , ( t a s k _ s t r u c t t h r e a d _ i n f ) , (
clone () fork ()), ( exec ()), ,
(
wait ()) (
e x i t ()).
, , , , ( ).
, ,
, - .
63

, .
, .
(scheduler) , , . , (, , )
, ,
. (multitasking) , Linux. ,
, , .
, , . , , , -
. , , . (runnable). ,
, ,
, .
, .
, .
.
, . , , .
, , (
, ,
..). , Linux 100 ,
.
(multitasking) : (cooperative) (preemptive,
) . Linux, Unix ,
. , , , . , , (preemption)
. , ,
, . (timesiice)
. , . . , ,
.
, Linux
, .
,
,
. ,
,
(yielding). : ,
; ,
; "" ,
, . , , , . Mac OS 9
. , Unix
.
Linux 2.5,
. 0(1)-
(0(1) scheduler)
1 .
Linux , .
,
(1)-, 0(1)-, , , .
(1) " ". , ,

, . , " ",
, " ".
66

(policy) , , .
. , .
,
-
, - (I/0-bound), , (processor-bound). ,
-
. , ,
,
- (
-, - ,
, , ).
, , , .
, , -.
-, , . , , ,
, . ,
. , , .
. : X Windows ,

-.
-, . , , ,
.
:
( , low latency)
(throughput).
, , ,
, . Unix- , ,
-, .
, -, -
67
,
-. Linux ( ), .. ,
-, .
, , ,
.

(priority-based). , . , ,

( , round-robin), .. .
, Linux,
. , , , . ,
.
Linux (dynamic priority-based), .
, ,
. , ,
, -,
-. Linux
. ,
, , , .
.
Linux .
nice, -20 19,
0. nice
(ic . , ).
nice ( )
niie ( ).
nice , . nice -20 ,
nice 19 . nice Unix .
68

(real-time priority), . 0 99.
.
Linux POSIX. Unix- .

(timeslice2) , ,
, . , , .
, .
,
. , , - . , -,
, , , , , .
,
.
, ,
, 20 . Linux
, .
Linux ,
. Linux ( 4.1). , Linux
. , ,
.
.
,
. , ,
100 , 100 ,
. 20 .
2
timeslice ( ) quantum () processor slice. Linux timeslice.
69

100
800
. 4.1.
, , , ,
.
, ,
. , , , .
, ,
. . Linux , . .

, Linux . TASK_RUNNING, . ,
, , ,
( , ). ,
,
.

:
.
-,
( ,
, ). , ,
. .
,
,
, 100%. -
70
: , . , , .
, ,
. . , ,
. , .
, ,
.
.

Linux. , , , Linux.
Linux
k e r n e l / s c h e d . c .
,
2.5. , . , .
(1) -. ,
, ,
.
SMP-.

.
SMP- (SMP affinity). ,
,
, , ,
. .

.
.
(fairness). .
, .
71
, 1-2,

, .

(runqueue).
kernel/sched.c 3
s t r u c t runqueue. .
.
. , , . ,
. , .
.
struct runqueue {
spinlock_t lock; /* - */
unsigned long nr_rinning; /* , */
unsigned long nr_switches;
/* */
unsigned long expired timestamp; /* */
unsigned long nr_uninterruptible; /*
*/
unsigned long long timestamp last tick; /*
*/
struct task_struct *curr; /* ,
*/
struct task_struct *idle; /* */
struct mm_struct *prev_mm; /* mm_struct
*/
struct prio_array "active; /* */
struct prio_array 'expired; /* */
struct prio_array arrays[2]; /* */
struct task_3truct *migration_thread; /*
*/
struct list_head migration_queue;
/*
*/
atomic_t nr_iowait; /* , - */
};
: kernel/sched.,
include/linux/sched.h?
, .
72
, ,
. cpu_rq (processor) , , .
this_rq () , . , task_rq(task) ,
.
,
( 8, " "). , (, , ).

, , , .
, , . tapk_rq_lock ()
task_rq_unlock(), .
struct runqueue *rq;
unsigned long flags;
rq = task_rq_lock(task, &flags);
/* */
task_rq_unlock (rq, &flags);
this_rq_lock (), , rq__unlock (struct

runqueue *rq), .
, ,
, ( 8,
" ", ).
, , .
/* , ... */
if (rql < rq2) (
spin_lock (s,rql->lock] ;
spin_lock(Srq2->lock) ;
} else (
spin_lock(Srq2->lock) ;
spin_lock(&rql->lock)
}
/* ... */
/ , ... */
spin_unlock(brql->lock) ;
spin_unlock(&rq2->lock);
73
double_rq_lock () double_rq_unlock ()
. .
double_rq_lock(rql, rq2);
/* ...*/
double_rq_unlock(rql, rq2) ;
, , . 8, "
" 9, " ".
:
. -
. , . , , ,
.
, ( ), ,
. (, spinning),
, , . , , , , , . ,
,
.
, .
, . .
,
, ,
, .
,
. 8 9 .

(priority arrays): . k e r n e l / s c h e d . c
s t r u c t p r i o _ a r r a y . , 0(1)-. , . (priority bitmap),
,
.
struct prio_array (
int nr_active;
/* */
unsigned long bitmap[BITMAP_SIZE]; /* */
struct list head queue[MAX_PRIO];/* */
};
74
MAX_PRIO . 140. , s t r u c t l i s t _ h e a d . BITMAP_SIZE

, unsigned long.
. 140 32- , BITMAP_SIZE 5. , bitmap
, 160 .
b i t m a p , .
0. ( TASK_RUNNING),
b i t m a p 1.
, , 7, , 7.

. , ,
, , . , Linux (find first set) .
s c h e d _ f i n d _ f i r s t _ b i t ( ) .
4.
.
,
s t r u c t l i s t _ h e a d . queue.
.
, , ,
. , ,
. .
n r _ a c t i v e , .

( Linux)
, .
86 bsfl, cntlzw.
75
, ,
.
for ( ) (

}

. .
. ,
(n), n .
-
.
.

.
, (
- Linux).
Linux .
: (active) (expired). ,
, .
, . -
, , , .

.
, ,
. schedule ().
struct prio_array array = rq->active;
if (!array->nr_active) {
rq->active = rq->expired;
rq->expired = array;
}
, O(1)-.

, (1)- . .
76
schedule ()

schedule ().
(sleep), a
- . schedule () . , , .
schedule () , , . .
struct task_struct *prev, *next;
struct list_head *queue;
struct prio_array *array;
int idx;
prev = current;
array = rq->active;
idx = sched_find_first_bit(array->bitmap);
queue = array->queue + idx;
next = list__entry(queue->next, struct task struct, run_ist);

. .
, . , .
. 4.2.
schedule()
sched_find_first_set()
0 0
7 7

140
139 139

,
7
. 4.2. (1)- Linux

77
prev next ,
(next). , prev, , next, context_switch (),
. .
. , , , . -,
.
. , schedule ()
. .

, , , .
, , -
, , . ,
.
, nice.
-20 19, 0. 19 , -20
. nice s t a t i c _ p r i o t a s k _ s t r u c t . ,
,
. , prio. .
effective_prio () . ic -5 5,
. , ,
nice, 10, ,
5. , nice, 10,
, ,
12. , ,
, , nice.
, , . ,
, - . (sleep).
, -.
, 78
, . ,
,
-;
, .
Linux , , , ,
. sleep_avg
MAX_SLEEP_AVG, 10 . , sleep_avg
,
, sleep_avg MAX_SLEEP_AVG.
, (timer tick) , 0.
, , . , ,
, . , ,

, : ,
, .
. ,
, , . , .

sleep_avg. ,
nice, nice .
, , , nice ( ).

. ,
.

. , , . task_timeslice ()
.
. ,

. MAX_TIMESLICE, 200 . MIN_TIMESLICE, 10 .
79
, ( nice,
), 100 , . 4.1.
4.1.

nice
,
+19
0
100
-20
5 (MIN_TIMESUCE)
(DEF_TIMESLICE)
800 (MAX_TIMESLICE)
:
,
,
. , :
, . ,
O(1). , ,
, ,
"" . . , ,
, .
s c h e d u l e r _ t i c k (), ( 10, " "), .
struct task_struct *task = current;
struct runqueue *rq = this_rq();
if (!--task->time_slice) {
if (!TASK_INTERACTIVE(task) || EXPIRED_STARVING(rq))
enqueue_task(task, rq->expired);
else
enqueue_task(task, rq->active);
}
,
. ,
. SK_INTERACTIVE ().
nice , "
". nice ( ), . nice, 19,
-
80
. , nice, -20,
, . nice, , .. ,
, ,
. , EXPIRED_STARVING ( ) , , ,
(startving), .
,
, , . , . , .

( ,
, sleeping, blocked) , . ,
, "" , , ,
, . ,
.
,
- .
,
( 9,
" ").
-,
r e a d () , .
.
: , (wail queue),
s c h e d u l e d
. (wake up) :
,
.
,
: TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE.
, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE , TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE .
, , , .

(wait queue). ,
81
. wait_queue_head_t. DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD () i n i t _ w a i t q u e u e _ h e a d ().

. , , , , . ,
(race).
,
. : , .
.
.
/* q ( ),
*/
DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current) ;
add_wait_queue(q, &wait);
set_current_State(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE); /* TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE */
/* condition ,
*/
while (!condition)
schedule() ;
set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
remove_wait queue(q, &wait);
, ,
.
DECLARE_WAITQUEUE ( ) .
add w a i t _ q u e u e () .
, , , . , -
, wake_up () , .
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_
UNINTERRUPTIBLE.
, . ,
.
, s c h e d u l e ().
, . ,
82
. , schedule ()
.
, TASK_RUNNING
remove_wait_queue().
,
,
. ,
. , schedule () ; ,
-ERESTARTSYS; .
(wake up) wake_up (),
, , . try_to_wake_up () ,
TASK_RUNNING,
activate_task () need_resched , ,
, . , , wakeup ()
, . , , VFS wake_up ()
, , .
, . , , , , :
, , ,
, (. 4.3).

, Linux
. ,

. , , . - ?
, , ,
, ? , ,
. .
83
add_wait_que-je() ,
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
schedule(). scheduled
deactivate_task(), .

,

TASK_RUNNING
, , ,
try_to_wake_up() TASK_RUNNING,
activate_task() schedule() .
remove_wait_quaue () .
. 4,3. (sleeping) (wake up)
, , . , ,
, .
k e r n e l / s c h e d .
l o a d _ b a l a n c e (). .
s c h e d u l e (), . 1 , , 200
. l o a d _ b a l a n c e () ,
, .
, , . , load b a l a n c e ( ) s c h e d u l e ( ) ,
,

. , .
, , . 4.4.
84
load_balancer()
20
4
5
6
15

1,
20

2,
15
. 4.4.
load_balance ()
, , , .
load_balance () find_busiest_queue ()
.
. , 25% , ,
f ind_busiest_queue () NULL
load_balance ().
.
load_balance () , .
,
, ,
(.. , not "cache hot").
, , .
load_balance () ,
( ), , .
, , -
. ,
, p u l l _ t a s k ()
.
,
.
, , load_balance ().

85
load_balance (), ,
.
static int load_balance(int this_cpu, runqueue_t *this_rq,
struct sched_doraain *sd, enum idle_type idle)
{
struct sched_group *group;
runqueue_t *busiest;
unsigned long imbalance;
int nr_moved;
spin_lock(&this_rq->lock);
group = find_busiest_group(sd, this_cpu, &imbalance, idle);
if (!group)
goto out_balanced;
busiest = find_busiest_queue(group) ;
if (!busiest)
goto out_balanced;
nr_moved = 0;
if (busiest->nr_running > 1) {
double_lock_balance(this_rq, busiest);
nr_moved = move_tasks(this_rq, this_cpu, busiest,
imbalance, sd, idle);
spin_unlock(&busiest->lock);
}
spin_unlock(&this rq->lock);
if (!nr_moved) {
sd->nr_balance_failed++;
if (unlikely(sd->nr_balance_failed > sd->cache_nice_tries+2)) {
int wake = 0;
spin_lock(abusiest->lock);
if (!busiest->active_balance) {
busiest->active_balance = 1;
busiest->push_cpu = this_cpu;
wake = 1;
}
spin_unlock(&busiest->lock);
if (wake)
wake_up_process(busiest->migration_thread);
sd->nr_balance_failed = sd->cache_nice_tries;
)
} else
sd->nr_balance_failed = 0;
sd->balance_interval = sd->min_interval;
return nr_moved;
86
out_balanced:
spin_unlock (&this_rq->lock) ;
if (sd->balance_interval < sd->max_interval)
sd->balance_interval *= 2;
return 0;
}

, .
context_switch(), kernel/sched.. schedule (), .
.
switch_mm (), include/asm/
mmu_context.h
.
s w i t c h _ t o () , i n c l u d e /asm/
system.h,
. .
, schedule ().
,
, .
need_resched , ,
schedule () (. 4.2). schediiler_tick (), ,
try_to_wake_up (), ,
, .
, , schedule ()
. ,
,
.
4.2. n e e d _ r e s c h e d
need_resched
set_tsk_need_resched (task)
clear_tsk_need_resched (task) need_resched

need_resched()
need_resched
. t r u e ,
, f a l s e ,
87
, need_resched . ,
, .
, , (-
current ,
). ,
2.2. 2.2 2.4 t a s k _ s t r u c t
i n t . 2.6 t h r e a d info. ,
.

(user preemption) , ,
need_resched , , . , "" . ,
,
.
, need_resched. , ,
. ,

entry.S ( ,
, ). ,
.
.
.

Linux,
Unix, (, preemptible). . , ,
- , .
, ( )
. 2.6, Linux : , ,
,
.
? , , -
88
. ,
, . (SMP-safe), ,
.
, ,
p r e e m p t _ c o u n t t h r e a d _ i n f
.
, . . , , n e e d _ r e s c h e d
p r e e m p t _ c o u n t . n e e d _ r e s c h e d
preempt__count , ,
. . p r e e m p t _ c o u n t , ,
. . , ,
preempt_count . , , , n e e d _ r e s c h e d . , . ,
9.
, s c h e d u l e () .
, , , . ,
s c h e d u l e (), , .
.
.
.
, , s c h e d u l e ( ) .
, , , .. ( s c h e d u l e ()).

Linux (real-lime): SCHED_FIFO SCHED_RR.
SCHED_OTHER , .. . SCHED_FIFO
" " (first-in
first-out, FIFO) .
SCHED_FIFO
SCHED_OTHER.

89
SCHED_FIFO , , .
,
SCHED_FIFO, (roundrobin). , SCHED_FIFO, , , .
SCHED_RR SCHED_FIFO, ,
, . , SCHED_RR
SCHED_FIFO , .. (round-robin)
. SCHED_RR, . , .
SCHED_FIFO,
, SCHED_RR, .
. . , ,
, .
Linux (soft real-time).
,
,
.
(hard real-time)

. Linux . Linux
, ,
. Linux , , Linux .
2.6 .
1 MAX_RT_PRIO 1,
MAX_RT_PRIO 100, 1 99.
nice
SCHED_OTHER, MAX_RT_PRIO (MAX_RT_PRIO+40).
, nice -20 +19 100 139.
90
Linux
. , , ,
(yield) .
, (man pages), ( ,
). . 4.3
. , , 5, " ".
4.3.

nice ()
schedsetscheduler
()
nice

sched_getscheduler
()
sched_setparam ()
sched_getparam ()
sched_get_priority_max ()
Eched_get_priority_min ()
sched_rr_get_interval ()

sched_setaffinity()
sched_getaffinity
sched_yield ()
()
,

sched_setscheduler () sched_getcheduler ()
. ,
,
, .
p o l i c y r t _ p r i o r i t y
sched_setparam () sched_getparam () .
r t _ p r i o r i t y , sched_param. sched_get_priority_max ()
91
sched_get_priority__min () .
(MAX_USER_RT_PRIO-1), - 1.
nice () .
root , ..
nice . nice ()
s e t _ u s e r _ n i c e (), s t a t i c _ p r i a
prio task_struct.

Linux
(processor affinity). ,
: " ".
cpus_allowed t a s k _ s t r u c t .
. 1,
.
sched_setaffinity ()
. sched_getaffinity () cpus_allowed.
. -, .
, . -, , (migration threads) . ,
,
cpus_allowed .

Linux sched_yield ()
,
.
( ,
) .
, ,
, ,
.
,
. ( ).
. Linux s c h e d _ y i e l d () .
.

,
, s c h e d _ y i e l d ().
, , y i e l d () , , TASK_RUNNING,
s c h e d _ y i e l d ( ) . s c h e d _ y i e l d ().

, ( , ) . , ,
. , ,
, , , . , Linux
,
, .
, , (
) ,
, , ,
.
. - .
NUMA (
) , NUMA- . (scheduler domain) , ;
2.6 .
,
Linux. ,
, .
93
, , , . .
,
, ( ). ,
, , , , , .
, .
. -,
. ,
, , , , . -, .
, . ,
, - ,
. ,
,
3, " ".
, . Linux ,
; . , /,
.
, Linux 1
, .
Linux.
API, POSIX
, (Application Programing Interface, API). ,
,
, , .
API , . , ,
. , , API .

Unix- POSIX. POSIX
I2, ,
Unix. Linux POSIX.
POSIX
API . Unix- API, POSIX, . , POSIX ,
, Unix,
. , , OS
Unix, Windows NT, , POSIX.
Linux,
Unix-, .
Unix-,
. , , , ,
, .
1
x86 250 (
). ,
.
2
IEEE, eye-trple-E ( , Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers) , ,
POSIX. : h t t p : / / w w n . i e e e . o r g .
96
p r i n t f ()
->
p r i r t f ( )
->
w r i t e ( )
w r i t e ( )
>
>
. 5.1. ,
p r i n t f ( )
API POSIX.
, :
, , API. , : ,
, . - , .
Unix " ,
". , , . , , .
syscall
( syscall Linux)
.
(inputs), 3 ,
,
. long 4 , . , ,
, .
( ) .
Unix e r r n o . y p e r r o r ().
, , . , g e t p i d () , , PID .
.
"". (.. - ), , , , getpid (),

.
4
long 64- .
97
asmlinkage long sys_getpid(void)

{
return current->tgid;
)
, .
, , , . , , ,
( )5.
, . -,
asmlinkage . ,
.
. -, , g e t p i d () , s y s _ g e t p i d ().
Linux: b a r () sys_bar ( ) .

Linux
(syscall number).
.
, .
.
, . ,
. Linux " " ("not implemented")
s y s _ n i _ s y s c a l l (), , ,
, -ENOSYS, , . " " , .

. , s y s _ c a l l _ t a b l e .
e n t r y . S .
s y s c a l l .
, , g e t p i d () tgid, (thread group ID)? ,

TGID PID. TGID . getpid () PID.
98

Linux ,
.
.
.
, .

.
, ,
. ,
" ".
-
, ,
, .
, ,
: (exception) .
(system call handler). 8 i n t $0x80.
128, .
s y s t e m _ c a l l ().
e n t r y . S 6 . , sysenter.
, i n t . .
, , , ,
, .

, ,
. .
x86. ,
.
99
86
, .
.
.
system_call() NR_syscalls. NR_syscalls, -ENOSYS.
:
call *sys_call_table(,%eax,4)
32 (4 ),
4 (. 5.2).

read()
read()

system_call()

sys_read()
read ()

sys_read()
. 5.2.

, .
-
.
:
. 86 ebx, ecx, edx, e s i , edi .
, ,
, .
. 86 .
100

Linux
.
Linux .
. .
, , Linux.
,
.. . . ( ,
, ,
) Linux
. , ,
i o c t l ( ) .
, ? , . , ,
.
. ? . , , .
, .
?
. 19, "", . ,
. Unix:
" , ".
, , .
Unix .
, !

,
, . , , .
, - , . , , , PID .
,
.
101
,
. , , , , !
, , , . ,
, .
. ,
.
. ,
.
. . ,
.

. ,
!
.
copy_to_user ().
: ; ; , , .
copy_from_user (),
c o p y _ t o _ u s e r (). ,
, , , .
, . .
-EFAULT.
,
copy_from_user () c o p y _ t o _ u s e r () . s i l l y _ c o p y ()
. . , .
.
/*
* silly copy ,
* len ,
* src, ,
* dst,
* . !
*/
asmlinkage long sys_silly_copy(unsigned long *src,
unsigned long *dst, unsigned long len)
}
102
unsigned long buf;

/* ,
, */
if (len != sizeof(buf))
return -EINVAL;
/* src,
, buf */
if (copy_from_user (&buf, src, len))
return -EFAULT;
/* buf dst,
*/
if (copy_to_user (dst, &buf, len) )
return -EFAULT;
/* */
return len;
}
, , copy_from_user () c o p y _ t o _ u s e r ( ) , . , , , , ,
.
, - (page fault handler)
.
.
Linux s u s e r () , root. , root.
" " (capabilities). . c a p a b l e ()
, , , , .
, c a p a b l e (CAP_SYS_NICE) , nice .
, , root, .
, , .
asmlinkage long sys_am_i_popular (void)
{
/* ,
CAP_SYS_NICE */
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_NICE))
return -EPERM;
/* , */
return 0;
}
" " , , <linux/capability.h>.

103

3, " ", . current
, , .
(,
schedule ()), .
. ,
. 6, " ",
7. , , , , ,
. , , . , . , ,
8, " ", 9,
" ".

system_call (),
, .

,
.
. ,
( ).
, . , .

include/linux/unistd.h.
( 8).
- kernel/.
7
, ,
,
.
8
. ,
, . . .
104

, f (). sys_f () . e n t r y . S .
ENTRY(sys_call_table)
.long sys_restart_syscall
.long sys_exit
.long sys_fork
.long sys_read
.long sys_write
.long sys_open
/*
...
.long sys_timer_delete
.long sys_clock_settime
.long sys_clock_gettime
.long sys_clock_getres
.long sys_clock_nanosleep
/* 0 */
*/
/* 280 */
:
.long sys_foo
, 283,
. ,
, (
). .
, ,
.

include/asm/unistd.h, .
/*
* This file contains the system
*/
#define __NR_restart_syscall
#define __NR_exit 1
#define __NR_fork 2
#define __NR_read 3
#define __HR_write 4
#define __NR_open 5
...
#define __NR_mq_unlink
#define __NR_mq_timedsend
#define __NR_mq_timedreceive
#define __NR_mq_notify
#define __NR_mq_getsetattr
call numbers.
0
278
279
280
281
282
105
.
#define __NR_foo 283
f (). ,
k e r n e l / s y s . . . ,
, s c h e d . .
/*
* sys_foo - .
*
*
*/
asmlinkage long sys_foo(void)
{
return THREAD_SIZE;
}
! . foo ().

.

( ,
).
, , g l i b c !
, Linux - .
i n t 50x80. s y s c a l l n ( ) ,
. , , ,
, ,
. , open (),
.
long open(const char "filename, int flags, int model
.
#define NR_open 5
_syscall3(long, NR_open, const char *, filename, int, flags, int, mode)
open ( ) .
2 + 2*n .
. . -
106
, . NR_open,
<asm/unistd.h>, . , .
, ,
.
, open ().
,
, , .
#define NR_foo 283
__syscallO(long, foo)
int main ()
{
long stack_size;
stack_size = foo () ;
printf (" %ld\n", stack_size);
return 0;
}

,
, . ,
, . "" "" .
"".
.
Linux
.
"".
, .
, " ". , .
.
"
".
107
.
r e a d () w r i t e ()
, i o c t l ()
.
, ,
. .

sysfs.
, .
Linux
, .
,

(deprecated) (.. , ).
,
Linux .
2.3
2.5. .

,
(API). , Linux,

: , , .
, ,
.
! ,
.
, ,
, .
"" ""
.
108
, , .
. , ,
,
, . ,
, .

(polling).
. , , ,
,
. , .
(interrupt).
. , (
, ) , , .
,
.
, .
, . ,
, .
,
. .
, . ,
.

, . ,
, , ,
.
, . .
, ,
(interrupt request lines, IRQ lines).
. , PC IRQ, 0, , a IRQ, 1, .
. , PCI, ,
. ,
PCI, .
, , . ,
, "! ! !.

(exceptions) . , . , .
(, ) , (, - , page fault).
, , , .
, (, ), (, ).
.
, 86
. ,
. ,
, , .
110

, , (interrupt handler) -
(interrupt service routine). , ,

. ,
, , . - , .
Linux , .
, , . ,
, ,
,
(interrupt context), .
, , , .
, . ,
, ,
, . ,
,
, .
. ,
.
, , ,
. , .

, ,
, , ,
. ,
, .
(top half)
, ,
. ,
, ( )
(bottom half). , ,
.
.
111
, 7, " ".

.
, ,
. ,
. : ", ! !.
.
,
, , . ,
.
. , .

, . , ( ), .
.
/* request_irq: */
int request_irq(unsigned int irq,
irqreturn_t (*handler)(int, void *, struct pt_regs *),
unsigned long irqflags,
const char * devname,
void *dev_id);
, irq, . , , , , , , , . (probing)
.
, handler, , . ,
. -. i r q r e t u r n _ t .
.
, i r q f l a g s ,
.
112
SA_INTERRUPT. ,
. , Linux .
, , , ,
. : .
,
. ( )
, , . ,
, .
SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM. , ,
, . . , ,
, . ,
(, , ) (, , ).
,
.
.. , "
".
SA_SHIRQ. , (shared). , ,
.
. .
, devname, ASCII-, ,
. , "keyboard".

/proc/irq /proc/interrupts, .
, d e v i d , ,
. ( ), dev_id (cookie), .
,
.
, NULL,
,
(cookie) ( ISA,
, , ).
113
. (
), , , , .
r e q u e s t _ i r q () .
, .
-EBUSY, ,
( ,
SA_SHIRQ).
, r e q u e s t _ i r q ()
(sleep) , , , , .
, request_irq()
, .
, ,
r e q u e s t _ i r q ( ) - . . /proc/irq.
proc_mkdir ()
procfs. proc_create () p r o c f s ,
kmalloc () . 11, " ", kmalloc () . !

.
if (request_irq(irqn, my_interrupt, SA_SHIRQ, "my_device", dev)){
printk(KERN_ERR "my_device: cannot register IRQ %d\n", irqn);
return -EIO;
}
irqn , my_interrupt , ,
"my_device", dev dev_id.
, , .
, . .
, ,
.

void free_irq(unsigned int irq, void *dev_id)
114
, .
, , dev_id. ,
. , dev_id.
, , , f r e e _ i r q ( ) . ,
devoid NULL, ,
.
free_irq() .
6 . 1 .
request_irq
f r e e _ i r q ()
()
.
,

.
static irqreturn_t intr_handler (int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
, , request_irq (). , irq, , .

, . ,
2.0, dev_id, i r q , , ,
(
).
, dev_id, , , request_irq () .
, ,
, , . , ()
(device structure) , , ,
, dev_id
.
, regs, ,
, . ,
.. _
115
. ,
. ,
, .

i r q r e t u r n _ t . : IRQ_NONE
IRQ_HANDLED. ,
, , , . ,
, , . , IRQ_RETVAL (x).
, IRQ_HANDLED, , IRQ_NONE. , () .
, , IRQ_NONE, . ,
, i r q r e t u r n _ t ,
int. , , .
2.6 void.
typedef i r q r e t u r n _ t
void 2.4 .
s t a t i c ,
.
, . , , .
, . ,
, .

Linux .
, ,
. , , . ,
.
.

(shared) ,
. , , .
SA_SHIRQ flags request_irq ().
116
dev_id .
, . ,
,
, ,
.
dev_id NULL!
, , . , .
,
, .
, , .
, , , .
request_irq () SH_SHIRQ, ,
SH_SHIRQ. , 2.6,
, "" SA_INTERRUPT.
, , . ,
,
. ,
. , (status register)
, .
.

,
RTC (real-time clock, ),
d r i v e r s / c h a r / r t c . . RTC , (PC). , ,
(alarm)
(periodic timer). ( ) -
(I/O range). .
: , .
RTC r t c i n i t ()
117
. . .
if (request_irq(RTC_IRQ, rtc_interrupt, SA_INTERRUPT, "rtc", NULL) {
printk(KERN_ERR "rtc: cannot register IRQ %d\n", rtc_irq);
return -EIO;
}
,
RTC_IRQ, . ,
IRQ 8. , r t c i n t e r r u p t ,
SA_INTERRUPT. ,
" r t c " .
- , dev_id
NULL.
, .
/*
* .
* SA_INTERRUPT,
* set_rtc_mmss ()
* ( rtc
*
* ). ,
* - rtc_lock,
*
* . ( set_rtc_mmss()
* ./arch/XXXX/kernel/time.c)
*/
static irqreturn_t rtc_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
/*
* ,
* .
* ()
* ,
* rtc_irq_data
*/
spin_lock (&rtc_lock);
rtc_irq_data += 0x100;
rtc_irq_data &= ~Oxff;
rtc_irq_data |= (CMOS_READ(RTC_INTR_FLAGS) & OxFO);
if (rtc_status & RTC_TIMER_ON)
rnod_timer(&rtc_irq_timer, jiffies + HZ/rtc_freq + 2*HZ/100);
118
spin_unlock(&rtc_lock);
/*
*
/*
spin_lock(&rtc_task_lock);
if (rtc_callback)
rtc_callback->func(rtc_callback->private_data);
spin_unlock(&rtc_task_lock);
wake_up_interruptible(&rtc_wait);
kill_fasync(&rtc_async_queue, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
,
RTC. , -: ,
rtc_irq_data SMP-, rtc_callback.
9, " ".
r t c _ i r q data RTC m o d t i m e r (). 10,
" ".
, -, (callback), . RTC , ,
RTC.
IRQ_HANDLED,
, .

, RTC ,
IRQ_HANDLED.

,
. , , , , .
current . , ,
..
119
, . c u r r e n t ( , ).
,
(sleep) , ?
. ,
, , .
, .
.
- (busy loop) .
. , (, !).

. , .
.
, . 1.
, 8 32- 16 64- .
,
, . ,
,
.
2.6
, 4 32-
. ,
,
. ,
, .
. , , ,
.
, . .
- . ,
(idle task).
120

, , Linux . , ,
.
. 6.1 ,
.
handle_IRQ_event()
do_IRQ()
ret_from_int()
. 6.1.

. ( ), .

. ( , ), , , ,

, . .

, . , .
IRQ .
( ).
do_IRQ (). , ,
,
.

121
do_IRQ() .
unsigned int do_IRQ(struct pt_regs regs)

, p t r e g s ,
. , do_IRQ () . 86 .
int irq = regs.orig_eax & 0xff;
, do_IRQ()
. PC,
mask_and_ack_8295A (), do_IRQ ().
do_IRQ () ,
, . ,
handle_IRQ_event (),
. 86
handle_IRQ_event () .
int handle_IRQ_event (unsigned int irq, struct pt_regs *regs,
struct irqaction *action)
{
int status = 1;
if (!(action->flags & SA_INTERRUPT))
local_irq_enable ();
do {
status != action->flags;
action->chandler (irq, action->dev_id, regs);
action = action->next;
} while (action);
if (status & SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM)
add_interrupt_randomness (irq);
local_irq_disable();
return status;
}
, ,
SA_INTERRUPT . ,
SA_INTERRUPT , . . , . .
a d d _ i n t e r r u p t _ r a n d o m n e s s (),
SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM. , . , " ",
.
122
( do_IRQ () , ). do_IRQ ()
,
ret_from_intr().
r e t _ f r o m _ i n t r ( ) , , . , ( 4, " ", n e e d _ r e s c h e d ) .
(.. ), s c h e d u l e () .
(.. ),
s c h e d u l e () , p r e e m p t _ c o u n t
( ),
s c h e d u l e () ,
, .
86, , ,
a r c h / i 3 8 6 / k e r n e l / e n t r y . S ,
a r c h / i 3 8 6 / k e r n e l / i r q . . .
/proc/interrupts
procfs ,
/.
procfs ,
. //
i n t e r r u p t s , , ,

.
CPU0
0: 3602371
1: 3048
2: 0
4: 2689466
5: 0
12: 85077
15: 24571
NMI: 0
LOC: 3602236
ERR: 0
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
XT-PIC
timer
i8042
cascade
uhci-hed, ethO
EMU10K1
uhei-hcd
aic7xxx
.
0-2, 4, 5, 12 15. ,
, .
. , .
123
, 3 . 6 0 2 . 3 7 1 2 ,
(EMU10K1) ( , , ). , . XT-PIC
PC (PC programmable
interrupt controller). I/ APIC IO-APIC-level
IO-APIC-edge. , , . dev_name
request_irq () , . , 4 ,
, .
, , procfs,
fs/proc. , /proc/interrupts,
show_interrupts () .

Linux .
.

<asm/system. h> <asm/irq. h>. . 6.2 .
, ,
, . ,
. ,
. ,

. Linux , ,
. . ,
. 8 9 .
.
10, " ", ,

( HZ) ?
124

(
)
.
local_irq_disable();
/* .. */
local_irq_enable();
(, , ). 86
l o c a l _ i r q _ d i s a b l e () c l i , 11_
i r q _ e n a b l e () s t i . ,
86, s t i c l i , (set) (clear) (allow interrupt flag).
, .
l o c a l _ i r q _ d i s a b l e () , .
l o c a l _ i r q _ e n a b l e () , ( l o c a l _ i r q _ d i s a b l e ()) .
, ,
. ,
, , . ,
. , ,
. , , .
.
local_irq_save(flags);
/* . . */
local_irq_restore (flags) ;
/* ..*/
, , f l a g s . ,
. ,
(SPARC), , f l a g s ( ,
). .
125
,
.
cli ()
,
. , - ,
, . c l i ( ) ,
s t i ( ) ; "86-" (
). 2.5, , ,
- ( 9, " ").
, ,
, , .
, , , c l i ( ) , . c l i () , (
) . , ,
c l i ( ) , ,
, c l i ( ) , ..
s t i ().
c l i () . -, . , ,
c l i (). -,
.
.

, .
. . , . Linux
.
void
void
void
void
disable_irq(unsigned int irq);

disable_irq_nosync(unsigned int irq);
enable_irq(unsigned int irq);
synchronize_irq(unsigned int irq);
. . , d i s a b l e _ i r q () ,
, , . ,
126
, , . d i s a b l e _ i r q _ n o s y n c () .
s y n c h r o n i z e _ i r q () , , , , .
, .. d i s a b l e _ i r q () d i s a b l e _ i r q _ n o s y n c ()
e n a b l e _ i r q ( ) . e n a b l e _ i r q ()
. ,
d i s a b l e _ i r q () ,
, e n a b l e _ i r q () .

(sleep). ! ,
(,
, ,
).
,
. , .
3.
PCI , . d i s a b l e _ i r q ()
, .

(,
,
).
i r q _ d i s a b l e d (), <asm/system.h>, , . .
, .
in_interrupt()
in_irq()
. , .
, . i n _ i r q ( )
, .
3
, ISA, , . - ISA-
. PCI , PCI .
.
127
, , .. , .
, -,
, . i n _ i n t e r r u p t () ,
.
6.2.
local_irq_disable()
local_irq_enable()
local_irq_save(unsigned
long
flags)
local_irq_restore(unsigned
long flags)
disable_irq(unsigned
irq)
int
disable_irq_nosync(unsigned
enable_irq(unsigned
int
int
irq)
irq)
irqs_disabled()
, ,
in_interrupt()
, ,

in_irq()
, ,

, !
, , .
, .
,
. ,
, , . , ,
, , -
128
, , .

, , . . 6.2
.
( ,
), .
.
. .
.
129

, , . ,
. , , . .

( ).
.

(
SA_INTERRUPT) .
.
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
, , . , ,
, .
.
(top half, )
, . (bottom half).

, .
, ,
(.. ) .
.
, , . .
, .
. , ,
, , . , , , , .
, .
, , , .
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ( ) , .
.

. , : "
, ". , ,
.
132

, . , ,
. , , SA_INTERRUPT,
( ). , ,
. , ,
, , . .
? , . ,
,
.
Linux, .
, . ( ) , . ,

.

,
,
. ,
. , .
Linux . ,
. , " ".
, Linux
2.6. , ,
.
, ,
, .
133
Linux
,
" " ("bottom half"). , .
"" , "bottom half ( ).
, .
32 .

32-
. , .. , . , ;
, .
(task queue) . .
,
. , ,
, , .
. , ,
. , "" ,
.
2.3 1 (softirq) (tasklet).
,
2.
- 32 ,
, .
, ,

, 3.
softirq , " ", , ( ) " ". (. .)

2
,
.
2.5 - .
3
task (). (softirq).
134
,
.
, . .
, , , . , . ,
. , ,
.
, , (software interrupt, softirq). ,
. , ,
, "" .
2.5 ,
. ,
(work queue). ,
.
, 2.6
: ,
. , .

. , , . , ,
- . , .
, , . 10, " ".

,
. .
" " ("bottom half") , ,
. Linux
. , , .
135

"soflirq", .
"Bottom Half" Linux. "", , " " ("bottom half") .

2.5.
: (softirq),
. softirq,
. . 7.1 .
7 . 1 .

2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
, .
(softirq)
softirq. .
. softirq,
softirq . , , k e r n e l / s o f t i r q . .

. , . softirq_action,
< l i n u x / i n t e r r u p t . h > .
/*
* ,
*/
struct softirq_action
{
136
void (*action)(struct softirq_action * ) ;

/* , */
void *data;
/* */
};
32 kernel/sof t i r q .
.
static struct softirq_action softirq_vec[32];
. , 32
softirq. , . softirq . 32
4.
softirq
, action, .
void softirq_handler(struct softirg_action *)
, action
softirq_action
. , rny_softirq
softirq_vec, - .
my_softirq->action(my_softirq)
, ,
, data.
. data
data.
softirq. , , softirq, .
( ) .

,
.
(rise softirq).
.
. .
4
,
softirq, .
137
.
ksoftirqd.
, , , , .
, ,
do_softirq (). -
. , do_softirq()
.
do_sof t i r q ().
u32 pending = softirq_pending(cpu);
if (pending) {
struct softirq_action *h = softirq_vec;
softirq_pending(cpu) = 0;
do {
if (pending & 1)
h->action (h);
h++;
pending = 1;
} while (pending);
}
.
.
pending , softirq_pending (). 32- . n, .
, 5.
h softirq_vec.
, pending, ,
h->action(h).
h , softirq_vec.
,
pending, .
. ,
..
5
, . ,
( ),
.
138
h ,
. .
,
. , . ,
, , h
softirq_vec, pending 32
32 .

.
SCSI softirq. ,
. , , .
,
. ,
. , , , softirq .

(enum) <linux/interrupt.h>. , , . .

(enum). , . , . , HI_SOFTIRQ
, a TASKLET_SOFTIRQ . ,
, -
TASKLET_SOFTIRQ. . 7.2 .
7.2.

HI_SOFTIRQ
TIMER_SOFTIRQ
NET_TX_S0FTIRQ
NET_RX_SOFTIRQ
SCSI_SOFTIRQ
1
2
3
4
TASKLET_SOFTIRQ

SCSI
139

o p e n _ s o f t i r q ( ) , : , -
d a t a . , , .
open_softirq(NET_TX_SOFTIRQ, net_tx_action, NULL);
open_softirq(NET_RX_SOFTIRQ, net_rx_action, NULL);
(sleep).
.
.
, ,
, . ,
, , , , (
). , .
.
,
, . ,
,
( , ), - ,
.
.
, . ,
.

o p e n _ s o f t i r q () , .
, ,
d o _ s o f t i r q ( ) , r a i s e _ s o f t i r q ( ) .
, .
raise_softirq(NET_TX_SOFTIRQ);
NET_TX_SOFTIRQ.
n e t _ t x _ a c t i o n () .
, , .
140
, raise_sof t i r q _ i r q o f f (), .
/*
* !
*/
raise_softirq_irqoff(NET_TX_SOFTIRQ);
.
, , . d o _ s o f t i r q ( ) . ,
. "
" " ".
, . , (task).
.
.
, , :
. ,
.
, . .

, (softirq). , : HI_SOFTIRQ TASKLET_SOFTIRQ.
, HI_SOFTIRQ TASKLET_SOFTIRQ.

t a s k l e t _ s t r u c t . .
<linux/interrupt.h> .
struct tasklet_struct {
struct tasklet_struct *next;
unsigned long state;
/*
*/
/* */
141
atomic_t count;
/* */
void (*func) (unsigned long); /* - */
unsigned long data; /* - */
);
f u n c - ( a c t i o n
, ), d a t a
.
s t a t e : , TASKLET_
STATE_SCHED TASLET_STATE_RUN. TASKLET_STATE_SCHED
, , TASLET_STATE_RUN
. TASLET_STATE RUN ,
, (,
, , , ).
c o u n t .
, ; ,
,
.

(scheduled) ( ) 6 ,
: t a s k l e t _ v e c ( )
t a s k l e t _ h i _ v e c ( ).
t a s k l e t _ s t r u c t .

t a s k l e t _ s c h e d u l e () t a s k l e t _ h i _ s c h e d u l e ( ) , t a s k l e t _ s t r u c t .
( ,
TASKLET_SOFTIRQ, HI_SOFTIRQ). . t a s k l e t _ h i _ s c h e d u l e (), .
, s t a t e TASKLET_STATE_
SCHED. , .

. ,
.
, , t a s k l e t _ v e c t a s k l e t _ h i _ v e c ,
.
6
. (softirq) (rise), (lasklet) (schedule)? ? ,

.
142
TASKLET_SOFTIRQ I_
SOFTIRQ,
d o _ s o f t i r q ( ) .

.
d o _ s o f t i r q ( ) ,
. , , , d o _ s o f t i r q () , . TASKLET_SOFTIRQ
HI_SOFTIRQ , d o _ s o f t i r q ()
. ,
t a s k l e t _ a c t i o n () t a s k l e t _ h i _ a c t i o n () - , .
, t a s k l e t _ v e c t a s k l e t _
hi_vec .

.
( , ,
).
.
,
,
TASLET_STATE_RUN. ,
(,

).
, TASLET_STATE_RUN,
.
c o u n t , ,
. ( c o u n t ),
, .
, ,
( ) c o u n t . . ,
TASLET_STATE_RUN s t a t e .
,
, .
143
, . ,
TASKLET_SOFTIRQ
HI_SOFTIRQ. ,
. , , ,
. ,
(
).
.

,
. , , .

. , , ( )
: . ( , )
, < l i n u x / i n t e r r u p t s ,h>;
DECLARE_TASKLET(name, func, data)
DECLARE_TASKLET_DISABLED(name, func, data);
s t r u c t _ t a s k l e t _ s t r u c t
(name). , func, d a t a . ( c o u n t ) .
, c o u n t , , ,
. count, , , , .
.
DECLARE_TASKLET(my_tasklet, my_tasklet_handler, dev);
.
struct tasklet_struct rny_tasklet = { NULL, 0, ATOMIC_INIT(0),
tasklet_handler, d e v ) ;
m y _ t a s k l e t ,
. t a s k l e t _ h a n d l e r .
d e v -
.
, s t r u c t
t a s k l e t _ s t r u c t * t , .
t a s k l e t _ i n i t ( t , t a s k l e t _ h a n d l e r , dev); /* , */
144
-
- .
void tasklet_handler(unsigned long data)
,
(). , , . ,
(,
), . ,
,
.
, (. 8, "
" 9, " ").

,
t a s k l e t _ s c h e d u l e (),
tasklet_schedule(&my_tasklet) ; /* , my_tasklet
*/
,
. , , , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, .
t a s k l e t _
d i s a b l e ( ) . ,
, .
t a s k l e t _ d i s a b l e _ n o s y n c ( ) , , , . , ,
. t a s k l e t _ e n a b l e ()
. , , DECLARE_TASKLET_DISABLED (),
.
tasklet_disable(&my_tasklet); /* */
/* , , , . */
tasklet_enable(&my_tasklet); /* */
, ,
t a s k l e t _ k i l l ( ) . -
145
,
, .
, , . , , ,
. , .
ksoftirqd
(softirq) , ,
(
).
, .
,
, .
(,
, ). , -
( ). , -
, ( ,
). ,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
.
.
,
,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
- .
,
, . ,
. ,
, .
-
.

.
146

. -
, , . , ,
, ,
, ( ) . , . , ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
- . , ,
.
, , (wake up) , .
( nice 19). ,
- . - . . , ,
. , ,

( ).
.
k s o f t i r q d / n , . k s o f t i q d / 0 k s o f t i r q d / 1 . To, , ,
, .
, , .
for (;;) {
set_task_state(current, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
add_wait_queue(&cwq->more_work, &wait);
if (list_empty(&cwq->worklist))
schedule () ;
else
set_task_state(current, TASK_RUNNING);
remove_wait_queue(&cwq->more_work, &wait);
if
(!list_empty(&cwq->worklist))
run workqueue(cwq);
147
, (
s o f t i r q _ p e n d i n g ( ) ) , k s o f t i r q d d o _ s o f t i r q () , . , , .
s c h e d u l e (), .
, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE
.
, d o _ s o f t i r q () ,
.

, , 2.6,
. ,
, , , , . 2.6,
.
, .
, 32.
,
. . , 32, .
, , .
, . ,
,
. , .
, ,
. , 2.4 . , 32, ,
< l i n u x / i n t e r r u p t . h > . , mark_bh ()
. 2.4 ,
b h _ a c t i o n ( ) . 2.4 , .
,
(task queue),
. ,
.
148
2.3 (softirq)
(lasklet), .
. ,

,
7.
2.5 , SCSI ( , ) - . , .
, !

(work queue)
, .
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, , (sleep).
, : /, .
,
.
, .
.
(
), . .
, ,
. , , , ,
,
. , , ,
-. , .
7
,
. , , ,
? , .
149

,
, - . (worker threads).
, . ,
,
.
, .
, , events/n,
. .
, events/0. events/1. ,
, , . , ,
,
. , ,
, .
.
, . ,
, . , ,
.

workqueue_
struct.
/*
*
:
*/
struct workqueue_struct {
struct cpu_workqueue_struct cpu_wq [NR_CPUS] ;
const char* name;
struct list_head list;
};
s t r u c t cpu_workqueue_struct, o
. , ,
, .
150
cpu_workqueue_struct kernel/workqueue.
. .
/*
* , :
*/
struct cpu_workqueue_struct {
spinlock_t lock; /* */
long rernove_sequence;
/*
( ) */
long insert sequence; /* */
struct list_head worklist;
/* */
wait_queue_head_t more_work;
wait_queue_head_t work_done;
struct workqueue_struct *wq;
/*
workqueue_struct */
task_t *thread; /* */
int run_depth;
/* run_workqueue() */
};
, ,
workqueue_struct.
c p u _ w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t , ,
,
.

, w o r k e r _ t h r e a d ().
. - , . , ,
.
w o r k _ s t r u c t , < l i n u x / w o r k q u e u e . h > .
.
struct work_struct {
unsigned long pending; /* ? */
struct list_head entry; /* */
void (*func)(void * ) ; /* - */
void *data;
/* - */
void *wq_data; /* */
struct timer_list timer; /* ,
*/
};
151
,
. , , ,
. , , .
w o r k _ s t r u c t .
, .
worker_thread () .
for (;;) {
set_task_state(current, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
add_wait_queue(&cwq->more_work, &wait);
if (list_empty(&cwq->worklist))
schedule();
else
set_task_state(current, TASK_RUNNING);
remove_wait_queue (&cwq->more_work, &wait);
if (! list_empty (&cwq->worklist))
run_workqueue(cwq);
}
.
( TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE),
.
, schedule ()
.
, . TASK_RUNNING
.
, run_workqueue () .
1
run_workqueue ()
run_workqueue () , .
while (!list_empty(&cwq->worklist)) {
struct work_struct *work;
void (*f) (void * ) ;
void *data;
work = list_entry(cwq->worklist.next, struct work_struct, entry);
f = work->func;
data = work->data;
list_del_init(cwq->worklist.next);
clear_bit(0, &work->pending);
f(data);
}
152

, func workqueue_struct. .
, .
( func), ,
( d a t a ) .

.
.
.
,
, . . 7.1 , .
. .
.
. events ().
c p u _ w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t . w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t
.
cpu_workqueue_struct
workqueue_struct
work_struct
. 7.1. , ,
153
, ,
events falcon.
. , events (,
c p u _ w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t ) falcon ( c p u _ w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t ) .
events w o r k q u e u e _ s t r u c t ,
falcon .
. , .
w o r k _ s t r u c t . ,
, .
. .
, events. .
,
. , XFS
.

. , , events, .

, .

.
DECLARE_WORK(name, void (*func) (void *), void *data);
w o r k s _ t r u c t name, func - d a t a .

, .
INIT_WORK(struct work_struct *work, void (*func)(void *),void *data);
,
work, - func d a t a .

.
void work_handler (void *data)
154
, , , .
. ,
. , ,
, , .
, , ,
, , , .
, ,
. . .

, , . events, ,
.
schedule_work(&work);
,
events, ,
.
, , .
. .
schedule_delayed_work (&work, delay);
, w o r k _ s t r u c t ,
&work, , delay
. , , 10, " ".

, , , . , ,
, .
, , , , . , , .
, , events .
void flush_scheduled_work(void);
155
, events
. ,
.
.
, . ,
schedule_delayed_work () ,
flush_scheduled_work ( ) .

int cancel_delayed_work(struct work_struct *work);
, w o r k _ s t r u c t , .

, , .
, ,
.

.
struct workqueue_struct *create_workqueue(const char *name);
name , .
, e v e n t s , , .
struct workqueue_struct *keventd_wq = create_workqueue("events");
( ),
.
,
. , , s c h e d u l e _ w o r k ( ) s c h e d u l e _ d e l a y e d _ w o r k ( ) , , , , .
int queue_work struct workqueue_struct *wq, struct work_struct *work);
int queue_delayed_work(struct workqueue_struct *wq,
struct wesrk_struct *work, unsigned long delay);
,
flush_workqueue(struct workqueue_struct *wq);
f l u s h _ s c h e d u l e d _ w o r k ( ) ,
, , ,
.
156

, (softirq) (tasklet),
(task queue). ( tq), ,
(task), 8. ,
, 2.5.
, . ,
, . ,
, .
.
, scheduler queue ( ), immediate queue
( ) timer queue ( ). . keventd
, .
. ,
, "" . . , .
, . , , . ,
,
.
. , , . , , .
; . ,
. , keventd
, , .

, , . 2.6 :
(softirq), (tasklet)
(work queue). ,
8
, ,
, .
157
. , .
,
. ,
, .
, , , , , ,
. , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , , , , , , (-CPU data), ,
.
,
.
, ,
(sleep), , , . ,
, , . , , , , .
.
. events, , . , .
, .
. 7.3 .
7.3.

(softirq)
(tasklet)

(work queue)
( )
158
,
. , , ..
- ? ,
. .
, .

, .
. , , . ,
. , , , .
, :
. , , .
( , ) .

( ), .
, , , ,
. , SMP , .
, ,
, .

SMP-.
, , .
, .
8 , . 9
, .
159
, , .

.
, , . , , 9.
.
( , , ),
local_bh_disable (). local_bh_enable (). , "" .
, . . 7.4
.
7.4.
v o i d local_bh_disable ()
v o i d local_bh_enable ()
(softirq)
(tasklet)
(softirq)
(tasklet)
local_bh_enable () . ,
local_bh_disable () . local_bh_disable ()
, .
, local_bh_enable ()
.
preerapt_count, (, )11.
, .
local_bh_enable () , .
11
,
. Linux . ,
, , , , (sleeping-while-atomic bug).
160
, ,
<asrn/softirq.h>.
.
/*
*
preempt_count
*/
void local_bh_disable(void)
{
struct thread_info *t = current_thread_info();
t->preempt_count += SOFTIRQ_OFFSET;
}
/*
* preempt_count ""
* ,
*
* ,

*/
void local_bh_enable(void)
{
struct thread_info *t = current_thread_info();
t->preempt_count -= SOFTIRQ_OFFSET;
/*
* preempt_count
- ?
* ,
/
if (unlikely(!t->preempt_count &&
softirq_pending (smp_processor_id())))
do_softirq();
}
. , .
"" (, ), .
, . 8 9.
161
, Linux, (softirq),
(tasklet) (work queue). ,
. ,
, , . , , Linux:
task queue.
, , . , ,
.
:
. ,
. , .
162
,
(shared memory), , . .
, 1
: ,
, , (, ) .

, , , . .
. , Linux , . ,
,
. , .
.
2.0, .
,
. , , ,
1
. , ,
, . . , .
. 2.6 Linux (). , (

) . , ,
.
, .
, Linux
(race condition, "").

, , (critical region).
.
, .. , , - ,
.
, .
, , (
"", race condition). ,
. ,
,
,
. , , ,
, .

, , .
;
( ATM, Automated Teller Machine, -).
,
. , , PIN, , ,
, ,
.
, , . , -
164
. , , .
int total = get_total_from_account(); / * */
int withdrawal = get_withdrawal_amount(); /* ,
*/
/* , */
if (total < withdrawal)
error(" !")
/* , :
*/
total -= withdrawal;
update_total_funds(total) ;
/* */
spit_out_money(withdrawal);
, . , . ,
, - ,
- (
), - .
, , ,
: , ,
, , .
. , $100, $10, , ,
( : ,
). , ,
$105. ,
.
, - : .
$105, , $105 $10, $95, $10 .
, , $95 $100.
, .
,
. , : $105
$100 $10.
$100 $105 $5.
$10 $105, $95. : $5. , $95.
!
165
, ,
. ,
. .

, .
:
:
i++
.
i .
, .
i .
, ,
, i 7.
( ).
1
i (7)
i 1 <7->8)
i (8)
i (8)
i 1 (8->9)
i (9)
, , 7,
9. .
1
i (7)
i 1 (7->8)
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i (8)

i , 1,
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8, 9.
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166
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168
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169
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170
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Linux ,
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171

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).
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172
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,
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*/
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.
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. .

173

" " (lock contention, contention)
,
. (highly contended) ,
. , ,
.
, . ,
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.
(scalability) , . , , , ,
.
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Linux , 2.0. ,
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.
2.2 , . 2.4 .
2.6 , .
(, granularity)
, ,
. , (fine grained), , . ,
, ,
.
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,
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(runqueue), 4, " ". 2.4
(,
174
). 2.6 (1)-,
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175

SMP- , . , , -
. , , , , .
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Linux,
.
176
,
. , Linux . ,
, . , .

(atomic operations) ,
, .. .
, .
, ,
. , , , , (,
i 7).
1
i (7->8)
2
i (8->9)
9 . . ,
.
: ,
. , Linux.
,
( , ). - , SPARC,
.

a t o m i c t . , ,
i n t , . -, , , a t o m i c t , ,
.
, , . ,
, , .
atomic_t ,
( , ) . ,
,
. , a t o m i c t .
, atomic_t 32- , Linux, ,
24 . SPARC,
: 8 32- i n t ,
. 9.1.
32- atomic_t
24-
() 31
. 9.1, 32- atomic_t SPARC
, SPARC . , SPARC 24 . ,
32- , ,
SPARC, . ,
SPARC atomic_t, 178
32- , . 24-
SPARC,
<asm/atomic.h> .
,
, <asm/atomic.h>. ,
,
, .
,
.
a t o m i c _ t .
.
. atomic_t u; /* */
atomic_t v = ATOMIC_INIT(0); /* v
*/
.
atomic_set(&v, 4 ) ; /* v = 4 () */
atomic_add(2, &v) ; / * v = v + 2 = 6 () */
atomic_inc(&v); / * v = v + l = 7 () */
a t o m i c _ t i n t , a t o m i c _ r e a d ( ) .
printk("%d\n", atomic_read(&v)); /* "7" */

. , a t o m i c _ i n t ()
a t o m i c _ d e c ( ) , .
. ,
int atomic_dec_and_test(atomic_t *v)

. ,
t r u e , f a l s e . (.. , )
. 9.1. , , <asm/atomic.h>.

(
i n l i n e ) . - , . ,
.
, ,
179
.. ,
atomic_read() , atomic_t.
9 . 1 .

ATOMIC_INIT(int i)
i
a t o m i c _ t
i n t atomic_ read(atomic_t *y)
void atomic_set (atomic_t *v, i n t i)
v i
void atomic_add (int i, atomic_t *v)
i v
void atomic_sub(int i, atomic_t *v)
1 v
void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v)
void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v)
int atomic_sub_and_test(int i, atomic_t *v)
i v
t r u e , ,
f a l s e
int atomic_add_negative(int i, atomic_t *v)
i
v t r u e ,
, f a l s e
i n t atomic_dec_and_test (atomic_t *v)
v
t r u e ,
, f a l s e
int atomic_inc_and_test(atomic_t *v)
v
t r u e ,
, f a l s e

. , .
. , : , , ,
, , . , 42, 365,
42 365, .
.
, ,
. ,
(ordering). ,
, . , ,
, .
, , .
(barrier),
.
180
, , .
,
. , ,
.

, , .
,
< a s m / b i t o p s . h > .
, , , . . 0 ,
. 32- 31
, 0 .
, , 0 31 ( 63
64- ).
,
a t o m i c _ t , .
. .
unsigned long word = 0;
set_bit(0,&word);
/* 0 */
set_bit(l, &word);
/* 1 */
printk("%ul\n", word); /* "" */
clear_bit(1, &word);
/* 1 */
change_bit(0, &word); /* 1,
*/
/*
() */
if (test_and_set_bit(0, &word)) {
/* ... */
}
. 9.2.

. , , ,
. , t e s t _ b i t ()
_ _ t e s t _ b i t ( ) . ,
, , ,
.
181
9.2.

void set_bit (int nr, void *addr)
n r - , addr
void clear_bit (int nr, void *addr)
n r - ,
a d d r
void change_bit ( i n t nr, void *addr)
n r - , addr,

i n t t e s t _ a n d _ s e t _ b i t ( i n t n r , v o i d *addr)
n r - , addr,

int test_and_clear_bit (int nr, void *addr)
nr - , addr,

int test_and_change_bit (int nr, void *addr) nr - , addr,

int test_bit (int nr, void *addr)
n r - , a d d r

, , , . , .
, ? ,
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, , ?
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, ( , , ).
, , ,
.
, : ,
. , .
. , , . , .
, , ,
.
, .
182
,
( ) , , addr:
int find_first_bit(unsigned long *addr, unsigned int size)
int find_first_zero_bit(unsigned long *addr, unsigned int size)
, .
.
, __f f s() _ffz(),
,
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
-
, ,
, . . , ,
,
. .
,
. , ,
(lock).
Linux - -
(spin lock). - ,
. , (contended), .. ,
(busy loop) ""
(spin), . ,
. , .
,
,
, , - .
183
, -, , , , (, , ), .
- .
- ,
. ,
, ,
, . .
,
. , . -,
.
, , 1. (semaphore)
, ,
, , ,
, .
- . <asm/spinlock.h>.
<linux/spinlock.h>. -.
spinlock_t mr_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
spin_lock (&mr_lock);
/* ... */
spin_unlock(&mr_lock);

. , .
. , , , , . ,
() . , .
, .
, , () .
184
: - !
, -
Linux . , ,
, , ,
. ,
, , (). !
- (
, ).
, , ( - ),
( ). , , ,
.
(spin), .
, , , ,
.
( ), . ,
.
( , ) ,
, , , .
,
. .
spin_lock_irqsave(&mr_lock,
flags);
/* ... */
spin_unlock_irqre_store(&rnr_lock,
flags);
s p i n _ l o c k _ i r q s a v e ()
, .
spin_unlock_irqrestore (), , . , , . ,
flags . , .
, , .
.
185

, , . , . , ,
, . ,
. . , s t r u c t f o o
f o o _ l o c k .
. , ,
. , ,
,
.
, , .
. spin_lock_irq() spin_unlock_irq().
spin_lock_irq(&mr_lock);
/* ... */
spin_unlock_irq(&mr_lock);
, . s p i n l o c k _ i r q ().
, , , , ,
, .
-
C O N F I G _ D E B U G _ S P I N L O C K -. , - - ,
.
-.
-
spin_lock_init () -,
( spinlock_t,
, ).
spin_try_lock () -. , ,
, . ,
. spin_is_locked () ,
186
. .
2
.
. 9.3 -.
9.3. -
spin_iock()
spin_lock_irq()
spin_lock_irqsave()
spin_unlock()
spin_unlock_irq()

spin_unlock_irqrestore()
spin_lock_init()
s p i n l o c k _ t
spin_trylock()

spin_is_locked()
,
,
-
7, " ",
. spin_lock_bh() . spin_unlock_bh() .
, , , , .
, , .
, (tasklet) . , .
2
, "". - - , , . , , .
187
, - , .
, , .
(softirq), ,
, , , .
, , , .
, , .
- -
(reader lock) (writer lock).
, . ( ), .
. , ( ), ,
. ( 3,
" ") . , - (reader-writer spin lock).
/, ,
. Linux - -. -
- .
, , . , ,
, ,
. -
shared/exclusive (/ ) concurrent/
exclusive (/).
-
.
rwlock_t mr_rwlock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
.
read_lock(&mr_rwlock);
/* ( ) ... */
read unlock(&mr_rwlock);
188
, .
write_lock(&mr_rwlock);
/* ( ) ... */
write_unlock{&mr_rwlock);

, .
, , , "" , .
read_lock(&mr_rwlock);
write_lock(&mr_rwlock);
, , ,
, ; . - , .
, , ,
, . -.

-. .
. , ""
.
r e a d _ l o c k () r e a d _ l o c k _ i r q s a v e ().
,
w r i t e _ l o c k _ i r q s a v e ( ) ,
. . 9.4 -.
, - Linux, ,
. , , ,
. , , , .
"" .
.
- .
,
(, ).
, .

189
9.4. - -
read_lock ()
read_lock_irq()
read_lock_irqsave()
read_unlock()
read_unlock_irq ()
, ,

read_unlock_irqrestore () , ,
write_lock()
write_lock_irq()
write_lock_irqsave ()
write_unlock ()
write_unlock_irq ()
, ,

write_unlock_irqrestore()
, ,
write_trylock()
rw_lock_init()
rwlock_t
rw is locked ()
, ,
Linux (semaphore) , .
, , (wait queue) (sleep). 3, , ,
.
. ,
, , . , , .
.
3
, .
190
, , , . - ,
, ,
. , (.. ) (..
) (.. ) .
, , , (.. ) (..
), . , -,
.
, -, .
,
, .
, ,
, , , .
, , , "" ,
.
, . .
( )
.
,
( , ).
-,
, ,
- .

-. ,
, . ,
, .
, , , .
-,
. , , , . , ,
191
. , ,
, , , , .
, ()
.
, , .
-
, ,
, . (usage count) (count).
, , , , -.
(binary semaphore) (
)
(mutex, ) ( mutual exclusion). , ,
. (counting
semaphore, -), , , .
- , .
. . ,
, , ( , ).
4 (Edsger Wybe
Dijkstra) 1968 .
() V ( ) ,
Proben () Verhogen ( ). down () up () .
Linux . down ()
,
. , . , - .
(down) ,
. up () , .
(upping) .
4
(1930-2002 .) (, ) .
,
. , ,
15 . ,
GOTO Linux.
i
192
.
, .

<asm/semaphore.h>. s t r u c t semaphore . .
static DECLARE_SEMAPHORE_GENERIC(name, count);
name , a c o u n t .
(mutex), , .
static DECLARE_MUTEX(name);
name . , . ,
,
sema_init(sem, count);
sem , a count .

init_MUTEX(sem);
, "mutex" init_MUTEX()
"init" , s e m a _ i n i t () . , , . ,
7 ,
.

d o w n _ i n t e r r u p t i b l e () .
,
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE. 3 ,
,
.
, , , d o w n _ i n t e r r u p t i b l e () -EINTR.
down ( ) , TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE. , ,
, . d o w n _ i n t e r r u p t i b l e ()
, down ( ) . , , , .

193
down_trylock ()
. , .
.
up ( ) .
.
/* mr_sem
, 1 */
static DECLARE_MUTEX(mr_sem);
if (down_interruptible(&mr_sem))
/* */
/* ... */
/* */
up(&mr_sem);
. 9.5.
9.5.
sema_init(struct
init_MUTEX(struct
semaphore *, int)
semaphore *)
init_MUTEX_LOCKED (struct semaphore *)
0 (.. )
down_interruptible(struct semaphore *)
,

(contended)
down(struct semaphore *)
,

(contended)
down_trylock(struct semaphore *)
,

(contended)
up(struct semaphore *)
194
-
, -, -.
, - - -.
- s t r u c t rw_
semaphore, <asm/rwsem.h>.
-
static DECLARE_RWSEM(name);
name .
-, , .
init_rwsem(struct rw_semaphore *sem)
- (mutex), ..
.
,
. , , , . -
,
down (). .
static DECLARE_RWSEM(mr_rwsem);
/* */
down_read(&mr_rwsem);
/* ( ) ..
*/
/* */
up_read(&rar_rwsem);
/* ... */
/* */
down_write(&mr_rwsem);
/* */
/* ( ) ... */
up write(&mr rwsem);
.
down_read_trylock () down_write_
t r y l o c k ( ) . -. , , , .
, !
- ,
- -. d o w n g r a d e w r i t e r (), -
195
, , , .
-, - ,
, ,
, , .
-
, ,
.
-
, -, .
. -, , . . 9.6 ,
.
9.6. : -
(low overhead)

(steep)

(conditional variable, completion variable) , , , ,
. ,
. , , .
, , . , ,
. , vfork()
.
struct completion,
<linux/completion.h>.
196

DECLARE_COMPLETI0N(mr_comp);

init_completion ().
, ,
wait_for_completion () . ,
complete () , , . . 9.7
.
. 9.7.
init_completion(struct completion *)
wait_for_completion(struct completion *)
complete(struct completion *)
k e r n e l /
sched. k e r n e l / f o r k . . ,
, . ,
, w a i t _ f o r _
completion(). ,
complete().
BLK:
" " . (Big
Kernel Lock, BKL) -, , SMP n Linux . BKL
.
BKL .
, ,
, . ,
, BKL, .
BKL .
, , -.
BKL .
BKL .
197
2.0
2.2. 2-0 SMP,
(, ). 2.2

. BKL ,
. , 5.
BKL . , BKL. . . BKL ,
-, , . lock_kernel () , unlock_kernel () .
,
unlock_kernel ().
. k e r n e l l o c k e d ()
, , . <linux/smp_lock.h>.
.
lock_kernel();
/*
* ,
* BKL...
* ,
* .
*
* .
* , ,
* - ,
* !
*/
unlock_kernel();
, .
, , BKL
. . 9.8 BKL.
, , , , " " .
198
9.8.
lock_kernel()
BKL
unlock_kernel()
BKL
kernel_locked()
, ,
-
, ,
, . BKL
(, " foo () "),
(" foo "). , BKL
- , ,
- . ,
,
, .

(seq lock) , 2.6. .
.
-, .
, , . .
, ,
,
( , , ).
.
seqlock_t mr_seq_lock = SEQLOCK_UNLOCKED;
, , .
write_seqlock(&mr_seq_lock);
/* ... */
write_sequnlock(&mr_seq_lock);
, -.
, .
unsigned long seq;
do {
seq = read_seqbegin(&mr_seq_lock);
/* ... */
} while (read_seqretry(&mr_seq_lock, seq));
199

, .
,
.
, . , ,
- -. , ,
, (
) , , .

, , , ,
. , , . , ,
, - , "". - , . , , SMP
, , SMP,
.
, .
, -,
.
- , (-processor data).
, , -, . - ,
,
.
foo

foo

foo
, . - (
).
, .
200
p r e e m p t _ d i s a b l e () . , ..
.
preerapt_enable ().
preemptenable() , .
preempt_disable();
/* ... */
preempt_enable();
,
preempt_disable(). ,
. ,
. . preempt_count ()
. . 9.9
.
9.9.
preempt_disable()
preempt_enable()
preempt_enable_no_resched()
preempt_count()
,
, (
, )
get_cpu (). ,
.
int cpu = get_cpu();
/* , ... */
/* , */
put_cpu();

, , ,
(load) (save) , .
,
. ,

201
,
,
( , ,
).
, ,
6 . , ,

, - . ,

. (barrier).
.
= 1;
= 2;
, b, ,
.
, b
a.
.
,
a b . - .
,
, , b .
= 1;
b = ;
,
a b. , , . ,
"" ,
.
,
.
rmb () (read memory barrier).
, ,
rmb (), , . , , , , ,
.
Intel 86 , .. . -,
202
wmb () (write barrier).

, rmb (), ,
, , , .
rnb () .
, rab {) , . , ( , rmb ()), .
rmb() - read_barrier_depends() -
, , ,
. , ,
, , . ?
, , rmb (),
, .
read_barrier_depends () , rmb (),
read_barrier_depends () n ( ).
mb () rmb (). 1, b 2 1
=3;
mb();
b=4;
2
c=b;
rmb();
d=a;
,
, b, d . , 4 ( ), d 1 ( ).
mb () , a b , rmb () , b
.
- ,

, .
, b
. rmb () wmb () ,
, .
, read_
barrier_depends () rmb(). 1, b - 2, p - &b.

203
1
=3;
mb();
p=&;
pp=;
read_barrier_depends();
b=*pp;
,
b * , . r e a d _ b a r r i e r _ d e p e n d s ()
, * . rmb (), ,
r e a d _ b a r r i e r _ d e p e n d s (). ,
mb () ,
- 1.
smp_rmb () , smp_wmb (), smp_mb() s m p r e a d _ b a r r i e r _ d e p e n d s ()
. SMP-
, , , . SMP- ,
SMP-.
b a r r i e r ()
,
(.. ).
,
, ,
. , . ,
,
, .
, , .
, , ( ).
,
, - .
. 9.10 , ,
Linux.
, . ,
( Intel x86), wmb ()
.
(.. ),
.
204
9.10.
rmb()
read_barrier_depends()
,
,
wtnb()
mb()
smp_rmb()
SMP- rmb() , , , b a r r i e r ( )
smp_read_barrier_depends()
SMP- read_barrier_depends().
, , b a r r i e r ( )
srap_wmb()
SMP- wmb(), , , b a r r i e r ( )
smp_mb()
SMP- mb(), , , b a r r i e r ( )
barrier()
205
10

. , , (time driven),
, 1 (event driven).
, , ,
. , 100 .
, -,
. ,
, 500 . ,
(uptime), .
. 5
, (,
).
, . .
, , , . ,
, 10 , , .
, . , (timer interrupt),
.
Linux, .
, , , . . , , , ,
.
, (dynamic timers)
, , , . ,
, , .
.
, ,
.

. , , . ,
. ,
. ( hitting, popping) . , (tick rate).
, , .
,
. (tick) , .
, (wall
time) (uptime).
, .
, .
,
. , . "" ""
.

. . .
(uptime).
(time of day).
SMP-
, , ( 4, " ").
208
10
, ,
, (
4).
,
.

.
, ..
. , . , , . " "
.
: HZ
( , tick rate)
Z,
. HZ . ,
HZ .
<asm/param.h>.
HZ, 1/HZ. ,
include/asm-i386/param.h i386
.
#define HZ 1000 /* internal kernel time frequency */
i368
1000 , .. 1000 (
).
100 . . 10.1 .
, HZ
. ,

. Alpha ,
100 ,
, 100 , HZ. HZ
.
. , . .
, .
209
10.1.

alpha
arm
cris
h8300
i386
ia64
m68k
m68knommu
mips
mips64
parisc
ppc
ppc64
s390
sti
spare
sparc64
um
v850
x86-64
( )
1024
100
100
100
1000
32 10242
100
50, 100 1000
100
100
100 1000
100
1000
100
100
100
100
100
24, 100 122
1000
HZ
i386,
Linux, 100 .
2.5 1000 ,
( ) .
,
. , , HZ
.
, . , ,
, . .
,
, , ,
.
.
2
IA-64 32 . IA-64 1024 .
210
10
, . , 100 10 . , ,
, 10 , 3 . , 1000 , 1 , .. 10
. ,
1 , 100
, 10 .
. ,
,
, ,
, . , 100
+/- 5 . 5 . 1000
0.5 .
.

( , ).
, p o l l () s e l e c t (), (timeout) , .
, , .
.
p o l l () s e l e c t (). .
, ,
, ,
. ,
(.. ) .
,
.
4, 3
, . ( ) . () , .
211
. ,
need_resched, . , , 2 . ,
2
. ,
, . 1/HZ
! , HZ=100, 10 . , ,
, . - ,
. , , - , , , , .
1000
1 , 0.5 .
, , , 1000 ( ).
.
, .
, . ,
, (trashing)
(.. , ).
, , . ,
HZ=100 HZ=1000 10 ,
. ? "" 10,
"". , , HZ=1000
. 2.6
HZ4.

, ? , ? , ,
.
, .
. , ,
, .
4
NTP, HZ
. 86 100, 500 1000 .
212
10
,
.
HZ.
.
, ,
.
. , , . .
, Linux . ,
. , -.
j i f f i e s
j i f f i e s
, .

. HZ , j i f f i e s
HZ. (uptime) j i f f i e s / H Z .
jiffy
jiffy (, ) . , "in a
jiffy" ( ) . jiffy [)
, .
jiffy ( 10 ms).
, , (, , , , ).
jiffy
, . jiffy
. jiffy 1/60 .
, Unix, jiffy .
100 ms. , jiffy Linux .
j i f f i e s < l i n u x / j i f f i e s . h > .
extern unsigned long volatile jiffies;
, .
. j i f f i e s .
( * HZ)
213
, j i f f i e s
, .
(jiffies / HZ)
. , .
unsigned long time_starnp = jiffies;
/* */
unsigned long next_tick = jiffies + 1; /*
*/
unsigned long later = jiffies + 5*HZ;
/*
*/

, .
, j i f f i e s unsigned long - .
j i f f i e s
j i f f i e s
unsigned long , , 32 32-
64 64-. 32-
j i f f i e s 100 ,
497 , . HZ 1000 47.9 ! 64- j i f f i e s ,
-
HZ .
, j i f f i e s unsigned long.
.
, jiffies
unsigned long.
extern unsigned long volatile jiffies;
< l i n u x / j i f f i e s . h >
.
extern u64 jiffies_64;
ld (1), ( 86 a r c h / i 3 8 6 / k e r n e l /
vmlinux.lds.S), , j i f f i e s
jiffies_64.
Jiffies = jiffies_64;
, j i f f i e s 32
64- jiffies_64.
214
10
j i f f i e s ,
32 .
64- , -.
, ( , ). , , 64
, 64- .
. 10.1 j i f f i e s j i f f i e s _ 6 4 .
j i f f i e s _ 6 4 ( j i f f i e s 64- )
j i f f i e s 32-
. 10.1. jiffies jiffies_64

, j i f f i e s , j i f f i e s _ 6 4 . g e t _ j i f f i e s _ 6 4 ()
64- 5 . ,
32 j i f f i e s .
64- j i f f i e s _ 6 4 j i f f i e s
. j i f f i e s , g e t _ j i f f i e s _ 6 4 ( ) , .
j i f f i e s
j i f f i e s ,
, . 32- 2 3 2 -1.
, 4294967295 .
1, .
.
unsigned long timeout = j i f f i e s + HZ/2; /*
0.5 */
5
, 32- 64- , ,
,
xtime_lock.
215
/* ,
. . . */
if (timeout < jiffies) {
/* ... */
} else {
/* ... */
}
, .
, . , , .
, . . , j i f f i e s ,
timeout?
, j i f f i e s ,
timeout, .
j i f f i e s , timeout. ,
, , ,
. - if !
,
, . <linux/jiffies.h> .
#define time_after(unknown, known) ((long)(known) - (long)(unknown) <
#define time_before(unknown, known) ((long) (unknown) - (long)(known) <
#define time_after_eq(unknown, known) ((long) (unknown) - (long)(known) >=
#define
time_before_eq(unknown, known) ((long) (known) - (long)(unknown) >=
0)
0)
0)
0)
unknown j i f f i e s ,
known , .
time_after (unknown, known) true,
unknown known,
false. time_before (unknown, known) t r u e , unknown ,
known, false.
, ,
"", .
, , , .
unsigned long timeout = jiffies + HZ/2; /*
0.5 */
216
10
/* ,
... */
if (time_after(jiffies, timeout}) {
/* ... */
} else {
/* ... */
}
, , , .
, , ,
.
HZ
Z . , , , ,
.
, , HZ . ,
HZ , ,
. , ,
!
20 ,
.
,
j i f f i e s , . USER_HZ, HZ,
.
86 HZ 100, USER_
HZ=100. j i f f i e s _ t o _ c l o c k _ t ( )
, HZ,
, USER_HZ. , HZ USER_HZ . , .
#define jiffies_to_clock_t(x) (() / (HZ / USER_HZ))
, .
j i f f i e s _ 6 4 _ t o _ c l o c k _ t () 64- j i f f i e s HZ USER_HZ.
, ,
, , .
unsigned long start = jiffies;
unsigned long total_time;
/* ... */
total_time = jiffies - start;
printk("TO %lu \n", jiffies_to_clock_t(total_time));

217
, , HZ=USER_HZ.
, .
, :
, .
printk(" %lu \n", t o t a l time / HZ);

,
, ,
, .
, .

(real-time clock, RTC) . RTC , , , . PC
RTC - BIOS.
RTC BIOS.
RTC
,
xtime. , , 8,
RTC. , ,
xtime.

. , ,
, , .
, . (decrementer), , , ,
, . , .
.
86 (programmable interval timer, PIT). PIT
218
10
PC. Co DOS . PIT ,

HZ. , ,
, .
86 APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller,
) (TSC, Time Stamp Counter).

, , j i f f i e s HZ, ,
. : ,
, .
, , , . , , , .
xtime_lock, jiffies_64 xtirne.
, .
.
- do_timer ().
- do_timer ()
.
jiffies_64 (
32- ,
xtime_lock ).
, , , .
,
( ).
scheduler_tick () , 4.
,
xtime.

(load average).
219
,
.
void do_timer(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
jiffies_64++;
update_process_times(user_mode(regs));
update_times();
}
user_mode () , r e g s ,
1, , 0 . u p d a t e _
p r o c e s s _ t i m e s ,
.
void update_process_times(int user_tick)
{
struct task_struct *p = current;
int cpu = smp_processor_id();
int system = user_tick ^ 1;
update_one_process (p, user_tick, system, cpu);
run_local_timers() ;
scheduler_tick(user_tick, system);
}
u p d a t e _ p r o c e s s () . .
, (XOR) , u s e r _ t i c k system , ,
. u p d a t e _ o n e _ p r o c e s s () .
/*
*
*/
p->utime += user;
p->stime += system;
1, .
, , ,
.
. ,
, . ,
, , . .
r u n _ l o c a l _ t i m e r s () , (. 7, " 220
10
"), ,
. , "".
, s c h e d u l e _ t i c k ()
need_resched . SMP-
. 4.
u p d a t e _ p r o c e s s _ t i m e s ()
update_times (), .
void update_times(void)
{
unsigned long ticks;
ticks = jiffies - wall_jiffies;
if (ticks) {
wall_jiffies += ticks;
update_wall_time(ticks);
}
last_time_offset = 0;
calc_load(ticks);
}
t i c k s
. , , 1.
, ,
. , .
. w a l l _ j i f f i e s t i c k s , j i f f i e s
. update_
wall_time () , xtime, . calc_load ()
, ,
update_times () .
do_timer () - , ,
xtirae_lock .
1/HZ , .. 1000
PC.

(time of day, wall time, ) kernel/timer. .
struct timespec xtime;
221
timespec <linux/time.h>
.
struct timespec {
time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_nsec; /* nanoseconds */
};
x t i m e . t v _ s e c , 1
1970 (UTC, Universal Coordinated Time, ).
epoch ( ). Unix- . xtime.tv_nsec , .
xtime xtime_lock.
-, ,
9, " ".
xtime
.
write_seqlock(&xtime_lock);
/* xtime ... */
write_sequnlock(&xtime_lock);
xtime read_
seqbegin() r e a d _ s e q r e t r y () .
do {
unsigned long lost;
seq = read_seqbegin(&xtime_lock);
usec = timer->get_offset();
lost = jiffies - wall_jiffies;
if (lost)
usec += lost * (1000000 / HZ);
sec = xtime.tv_sec;
usec += (xtime.tv_nsec / 1000);
} while (read_seqretry(&xtime_lock, seq));
, ,
.
xtime ,

.
g e t t i m e o f d a y () ,
sys_gettimeofday() .
asmlinkage long sys_gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz)
{
222
10
if (likely(tv !=NULL)) {
struct timeval_ktv;
do_gettimeofday(&ktv);
if (copy_to_userftv, &ktv, sizeof(ktv))
return -EFAULT;
}
if (unlikely(tz !=NULL)) {
if (copy_to_user(tz, &sys_tz, sizeof(sys_tz)))
return -EFAULT;
}
return 0;
}
tv,
- do_gettimeofday() .
xtime,
. , tz ,
(time zone), . sys_tz.

, -EFAULT. .
t i m e ( ) 6 ,
gettimeofday() .
, ,
ftime() ctirae().
settimeofday()
. , CAP_SYS_TIME.
xtime,
, .
, .
(timers), , , ,
, .
.
"".
, -
. , .
, , .
sys_time () ,
gettimeofday ().
223
. , , , , , . ,
. . , . ,
7. , . .

timer l i s t ,
<linux/timer.h> .
struct tirner_list {
struct list_head entry; /* */
unsigned long expires; /*
(jiffies) */
spinlock_t lock; /* */
void (*function) (unsigned long); /*- */
unsigned long data; /* */
struct tvec_t_base_s *base; /* , ! */
};
,
. ,
,
. , . < l i n u x / t i m e r . h > .
kernel/timer..
.
struct timer_list my_timer;
,
.
, .
init_timer(&my_timer);
, , .
my_timer.expires = j i f f i e s + delay; /*
delay */
, ( 2.3) . , .
- .
224
10
my_timer.data = 0; /* - ,
*/
my_timer.function = my_function; /* , ,
*/
m y _ t i m e r . e x p i r e s ( ).
j i f f i e s
my_timer . e x p i r e s , - m y _ t i m e r . f u n c t i o n
m y _ t i m e r . d a t a . t i m e r _ l i s t , - .
void my_timer_function(unsigned long data);
d a t a . , ( )
.
.
add_timer(&my_timer);
!
e x p i r e d . ,
, ,
. ,
, . , , . ,
.
,
. mod_timer (), .
i
mod_timer(&my_timer, jiffies + new_delay); /*

*/
mod_timer () , , . , m o d _ t i m e r ( )
. 0, , 1, .
mod_timer () ,
.
, d e l _ t i m e r () .
del_timer(&my_timer);
, . , 0, 1. ,
225
, , .
. del_timer () ,
, (.. ).

. , , , del_timer_sync () :
del_timer_sync (&my_timer);
del_timer(), del_timer_sync() .
,
,
. -, ,
inod_timer ().
del_timer (my_timer) ;
my_timer->expires = jiffies + new_delay;
add_timer(my_timer);
-,
del_timer _sync (), del_timer (). , .
, - , . .
, , - . .
, 8 9.

. update_process_times (), run_local_timers () , .
void run_local_timers(void)
{
raise_softirq(TIMER_SOFTIRQ);
}
TIMER_SOFTIRQ
run_tirner_softirq (). , ( ).
226
10
. , ,
.
. 5 . ,
.
, , ,
, .
, .

( )
. , . . ,
Ethernel-,
2 , ..
, .
, . .
, , . , ,
8 .

( )
(busy
loop, busy wailing). , .
,
, .
unsigned long delay = jiffies + 10; /* */
while (time_before (jiffies, delay));
, ,
. , ,
, , , ,
. .
227
, j i f f i e s ,
delay, ,
10 . 86 HZ, 1000, 10 .
.
unsigned long delay = jiffies + 2*HZ; /* */
while (time_before(jiffies, delay));
, 2*2 , 2 , .
. ,

! "" , ,
. - .
,
, :
unsigned long delay = jiffies + 5*HZ;
while (time_before(jiffies, delay))
cond_reschcd();
c o n d _ r e s c h e d ( ) ,
, n e e d _ r e s c h e d . , , , , . , .
,
, .
,
( !). , , , .
, , ? .
, j i f f i e s .
, j i f f i e s
, , . < l i n u x /
j i f f i e s . h > v o l a t i l e . v o l a t i l e , ,
, , . , , .
228
10

( ) (, ), .
,
,
.
j i f f i e s , .
, 100 , 10 !
1000 , . , , .
, < l i n u x / d e l a y . h >
j i f f i e s .
void udelay(unsigned long usecs);
void mdelay(unsigned long msecs);

.
. , 1000
, 1000000 .
.
udelay(150); /* 150 ms */
u d e l a y () , ,
. mdelay ()
u d e l a y ( ) . ,
(
BogoMlPS), u d e l a y ()
, .
BogoMIPS , !
BogoMlPS . BogoMlPS
u d e l a y ( ) m d e l a y ( ) .
bogus () MIPS (million of instructions per second,
). ,
( Pentium III 1 ).
Detected 1004.932 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop...
1990.65 BogoMlPS
BogoMIPS - ,
, ,
! l o o p s _ p e r _
j i f f y , / p r o c / c p u i n f o .
, , , (
), , .
1 o o p s _ p e r _ j i f f
c a l i b r a t e _ d e l a y ( ) , i n i t / m a i n . c .
u d e l a y ( ) , . :
u d e l a y ( ) , .
m d e l a y ( ) . , , ( m d e l a y ( ) ,
) ,
. , , ,
. , .

, .
schedule_timeout()

schedule_timeouit ( ) . (sleep) , .
, ,
, . , (wake up) .
.
/* */
set_current_state(TASK
INTERRUPTIBLE);
/* s */
schedule_timeout(s * HZ);
, .
, s .
TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, , .
, , TASK_
UNINTERRUPTIBLE. s c h e d u l e _ t i r n e o u t ( )
, .
, s c h e d u l e _ t i r a e o u t ( ) , , , . ,
230
10
, 8 9. , .
s c h e d u l e _ t i r a e o u t ( ) . . .
signed long schedule_timeout(signed long timeout)
{
timer_t timer;
unsigned long expire;
switch (timeout)
{
case MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT:
schedule () ;
goto out;
default:
if (timeout < 0)
{
printk(KERN_ERR "schedule_timeout: wrong timeout "
"value %lx from %p\n", timeout,
builtin_return_address(0));
current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
goto out;
}
}
expire = timeout + jiffies;
init timer(&timer);
timer.expires = expire;
timer.data = (unsigned long) current;
timer.function = process_timeout;
add_timer(&timer);
schedule() ;
del_timer_sync(&timer) ;
timeout = expire - jiffies;
out:
return timeout < 0 ? 0 : timeout;
}
timer timeout .
process timeout () , , . ,
schedule (). , TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, , .
, process_
timeout (), .

231
void process_timeout(unsigned long data)

{
wake_up_process((task t *) data);
}
TASK_RUNNING
.
,
s c h e d u l e _ t i r a e o u t () ( s c h e d u l e ()). , .
-.
s w i t c h () . MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT .
(
), . , ,
, !
wait queue
4 ,
, ,
, . -
, wake_up ()
, . .
, , ,
s c h e d u l e _ t i m e o u t ()
s c h e d u l e () , .
,
. , , , .

,
,
. ,
. , , HZ j i f f i e s .
, .
, .
, , ,
. , ,
. .
232
10
11
, . . , ,
, ,
, . ,
. , , . - - ,
,
, . , ,
,
-.
,
. , , , .

. ,
, , (MMU, Memory
Management Unit) ,
. MMU ( ). ,
.
19, "",
.
. 32- , 4 , 64- 8 . , , 4 , , 1 ,
262 144 .

struct page. <linux/mrn.h> .
struct page {
page_flags_t
atomic_t
atornic_t
unsigned long
struct address_space
pgoff_t
struct list_head
void
};
flags;
_count;
_mapcount;
private;
*mapping;
index;
lru;
*virtual;
. flags . : (dirty) (locked) .

, 32 .
<linux/page-flags.h>.
_count ..
. , ,
, . ,
page_count () , page . _count (
), page_count ()
,
.
( mapping address_space,
), ( private) .
v i r t u a l .
. (
, high memory)
(.. ).
NULL .
.
, , ,
page , . ,
, , . , ,
, ,
, - (swapping) .
,
, .
234
11
, ,
.
, , (.. ). , ,
. : , ,
, (page cache) ..
,
. : " !" , ( ) . s t r u c t page 40 . ,
1 , 128 .
1 .
,
. ,
, .
- .
, . , Linux , .

(, DMA, Direct Memory Access) .

, . ,
.
, Linux
.
Z0NE_DMA. , DMA.
ZONE_NORMAL. ,
.
ZONE_HIGHMEM. " ", ,
.
<linux/mmzone.h>.
, , . , . ZONE_DMA
, ZONE_NORMAL.
235
86,
1
ISA DMA 32- , ISA 16
. , ZONE_DMA 8
0-16 .
ZONE_HIGHMEM. To,
,
. 86 ZONE_
HIGHMEM , 896 .
ZONE_HIGHMEM ,
. , ZONE_HIGHMEM,
2
(high memory). (low memory).
ZONE_NORMAL ,
. 86, , ZONE_NORMAL
16 896 . ,
, SONE_NORMAL . . 11.1
86.
11.1. 86
ZONE_DMA
< 16
ZONE_NORMAL
16 - 896
ZONE_HIGHMEM
> 896
,
. ,
ZONE_DMA , DMA. ,
ZONE_DMA. ,
, ; .

, . ,
ZONE DMA,
ZONE_NORMAL,
ZONE_DMA. ,
ZONE_NORMAL,
ZONE_DMA , ,
( ),
.
PCI 24- . .
2
DOS.
236
11
s t r u c t zone, <linux/mmzone.h> .
struct zone {
spinlock t
unsigned ]ong
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned long
spinlock_t
struct list_head
struct list_head
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned long
int
unsigned long
int
int
struct free_area
wait_queue_head_t
unsigned long
unsigned long
struct per_cpu_pageset
struct pglist_data
struct page
unsigned long
char
unsigned long
unsigned long
};
lock;
free_pages;
pages_min;
pages_low;
pages_high;
protection[MAX_NR_ZONES];
lru_lock;
active_list;
inactive_list;
nr_scan_active;
nr_scan_inactive;
nr_active;
nr_inactive;
all_unreclaimable;
pages_scanned;
temp_priority;
prev_priority;
free_area[MAX_ORDER];
*wait_table;
wait_table_size;
wait_table_bits;
pageset[NR_CPUS];
*zone_pgdat;
*zone_mem_map;
zone_start_pfn;
*name;
spanned_pages;
prcsent_pages;
,
. .
lock -, . , , ,
. ,
, .
free_pages .
pages_min ,
(, ).
name , , ( ). , mm/page_alloc..
"DMA", "Normal" "HighMem".
237

, ,
, , ,
, . . ,
, < l i n u x / g f p . h > . .
struct page * alloc_pages(unsigned int gfp_mask, unsigned int order)
2 o r d e r (.. 1 << o r d e r )
( ) page, . NULL. gfp_mask
.
.
void * page_address(struct page *page)
, . s t r u c t page, .
unsigned long __get_free_pages(unsigned int gfp_mask, unsigned int
order)
, a l l o c _ p a g e s ( ) ,
, . ,
.
, -,
.
struct page * alloc_page(unsigned int gfp_mask)
unsigned long __get_free_page(unsigned int gfp_mask)
, , 0
o r d e r (2 = ).

, .
unsigned long get_zeroed_page(unsigned int gfp_mask)
_ _ g e t _ f r e e _ p a g e () , ,
.
, , -
238
11
"", ,
(, ) .
-
, ,
. . 11.2 .
11.2.
a l l o c _ p a g e (gfp_mask)
page
2 o r d e r page

2 o r d e r
alloc_pages (gfp_mask, order)

_ _ g e t _ f r e e _ p a g e (gfp_mask)
__get_free_pages (gfp_mask, order)
g e t _ z e r o e d _ p a g e (gfp_mask)

, , .
void __free_pages(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
void free_pages(unsigned long addr, unsigned int order)
void free_page(unsigned long addr)
, . page, addr
o r d e r . , .
, , . . 8 .
page = __get_free_pages(GFP_KERNEL, 3 ) ;
if (!page) {
/* : ! */
return -ENOMEM;
}
/* 'page' */
free_pages(page, 3);
/*
*
* , 'page'
*/
239
GFP_KERNEL, ,
gfp_mask, .
__get_free_
pages () . ,
.
, , .
, ,
.
.
,
, , .
, , kmalloc().
kmalloc ()
kmalloc () mall () , , flags.
kmalloc () . , ,
. kmalloc () .
<linux/slab.h> .
void * kmalloc(size_t size, int flags)
,
size 3. . NULL.
, .
kmalloc () NULL .
. ,
, dog.
struct dog *ptr;
ptr = kmalloc (sizeof (struct dog), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!ptr)
/* ... */
3
, , ,
!
, , . , .
v, , NULL.
240
11
kmalloc () , p t r
, . GFP_KERNEL ,
kmalloc ().
gfp_mask
, , , , kmalloc {) .
.
: ,
. , .
. ,
, ( ),
, . , ,
. , .

, . , . GFP_KERNEL , , .
.

, ,
<linux/gfp.h>. <linux/slab.h> , .
, .
. . 11.3 .
,
.
ptr = kmalioc(size, __GFP_WAIT | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS);
( alloc_pages ()), , -
, . ,
, .
,
, . , , !
241
1 1 . 3 .
__GFP_WAIT
__GFP_HIGH
__GFP_IO
__GFP_FS
__GFP_COLD
,
(cache cold)
__GFP_NOWARN
__GFP_REPEAT
__GFP_NOFAIL
__GFP_NORETRY
__GFP_NO_GROW
__GFP_COMP
(compound) .
(hugetlb)
(slab layer)

, . .
ZONE_NORMAL, , , ,
.
, , ZONE_N0RMAL
( ), .
. 11.4 .
11.4.
__GFP_DMA
ZONE_ DMA
__GFP_HIGHMEM
ZONE_HIGHMEM ZONE_NORMAL
, . __GFP_DMA ,
ZONE_DMA.
: " ,
". __GFP_HIGHMEM, , , ZONE_NORMAL ZOHE_HIGHMEM ( ). : " ,
, , , , ".
242
11
,
ZONE_NORMAL ZONE_DMA, ZONE_NORMAL.
__GFP_HIGHMEM __get_free_pages ()
k m a l l o c (> . , ,
page, , ,
. a l l o c _ p a g e a () . , ,
ZONE_NORMAL.

,
. , . .
. 11.5 , . 11.6 ,
.
11.5.
GFP_ATOMIC

.
, ,

GFP_NOIO
,
-.
-,
-
GFP_NOFS
-, , .
,
GFP_KERNEL
, .
, ,
GFP_USER
, .

GFP_HIGHUSER ZONE_HIGHMEM, .
GFP_DMA
ZONE_DMA. , ,
243
11.6. ,
GFP_ATOMIC
__GFP_HIGH
GFP_NOIO
__GFP_WAIT
GFP_NOFS
(__GFP_WAIT | __GFP_IO)
GFP_KERNEL
(__GFP_WAIT | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)
GFP_USER
(__GFP_WAIT | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)
GFP_HIGHUSER
(__GFP_WAIT | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS | __GFP_HIGHMEM)
GFP_DMA
__GFP_DMA
.
GFP_KERNEL.
. , , (..
..). ,
,
.
, GFP_ATOMIC . ,
, , . , , , ,
. GFP_KERNEL, ,
, (swap
out), (flush
dirty pages) .. GFP_ATOMIC
,
( , ).
GFP_ATOMIC ,
, .
GFP_NOIC
GFP_NOFS. , ,
, .
GFP_NOIO -. , GFP_NOFS
-,
. ? -
. ,
GFP_NOFS.
, -
244
11
,

! , ,
,
, , .
,
.
GFP_DMA , ZONE_DMA. ,
.
CFP_ATOMIC GFP_KERNEL.

GFP_ATOMIC GFP_KERNEL. . 11.7
. , .
11.7.
,
,
GFP_KERNEL
G F P _ A T O M I C G F P _ K E R N E L
,

G F P _ A T O M I C
G F P _ A T O M I C

,
(GFP_DMA | G F P _ K E R N E L )

(GFP_DMA | GFP_ATOMIC)
,

kfree()
kmalloc () k f r e e (),
< l i n u x / s l a b . h > .
void kfree(const void *ptr)
k f r e e () ,
kmalloc ( ) . , kmalloc () ,
, ,
. , , . ,
k f r e e (NULL) .

245
.
. . BUF_SIZE,
, , , ,
.
char *buf;
buf = kmalloc(BUF_SIZE, GFP_ATOMIC);
if (!buf)
/* ! */
, ,
kfree(buf);
vmalloc ()
v m a l l o c () kmalloc ( ) ,
, ,
.
: , malloc ( ) , , , . k m a l l o c () , ,
( ) . vmalloc ()
, .

"" ,
.
, . "" .
, , ,
,
. , , , ,
, .
. ,
.

,
k m a l l o c () , v m a l l o c () . , ,
. , v m a l l o c ()
. , , v m a l l o c () , , (
246
11
). TLB4, ,
. vmalloc ()
, ,
. , , ,
vmalloc ().
v m a l l o c () < l i n u x / v m a l l o c . h >
mm/vmalloc.. malloc ()
.
void * vmalloc(unsigned long size)
s i z e . NULL. ,
.
, vmalloc () ,
void vfree(void *addr)
, a d d r
v m a l l o c ( ) .
. .
. , .
char *buf;
buf = vmalloc (16 * PAGE_SIZE); /* 16 */
if (!buf)
/* ! */
/*
* buf
* , , 16*PAGE_SIZE ,
*
*/
, , .
vfree ( b u f ) ;
TLB (translation lookside buffer ) ,

. , .
247

, .
,
(free list).
. , ,
. , ,
, .
, , .
, ,
, .
, , , .
.
(slab layer), (slab allocator). .
SunOS 5.4 Sun Microsystems'.
Linux
.
.
, ,
, .
( ). ,
.
, .

,
.
, ,
,
.
5
Bonwirk J."The Slab Allocator: An Object-Caching Kernel Memory

Allocator," USENIX, 1994.
248
11
, (..
),
SMP-.

(Non-Uniform Memory Access NUMA),
(node), .
"',
.
Linux
.

, (cache). . . ,
(
s t r u c t t a s k _ s t r u c t ) , ( s t r u c t inode).
, krnalloc () .
( slab , ).
. .
.
, . : (full), (partial) (empty).
( ).
. , , .
. ,
. , ,
.
.
inode, (. 12).
, . s t r u c t inode inode_
cachep ( ).
, , .
s t r u c t inode. s t r u c t inode, ,
, , . inode,

249
. . 11.1 ,
.
. 11.1. ,
kmem_cache_s.
s l a b _ f u l l , s l a b _ p a r t i a l slab_empty,
kmem_list3. , .
s t r u c t s l a b , .
struct slab {
struct list head list; /* ,
*/
unsigned long colouroff; /* */
void *s_mem;
/* */
unsigned int inuse;
/* */
kmem_bufctl_t free;
/* , */
};
, , . , , , .
, _ _ g e t _ f r e e _ p a g e s () .
static void *kmem getpagss(kmem cache_t *cachep, int flags, int nodeid)
{
struct page *page;
void *addr;
int i;
250
11
flags |= cachep->gfpflags;
if (likely(nodeid == -1)) {
addr = (void*)__get_free_pages(flags, cachep->gfporder);
if (!addr)
return NULL;
page = virt_to_page (addr) ;
} else {
page = alloc_pages_node(nodeid, flags, cachep->gfporder);
if (!page)
return NULL;
addr = page_address(page);
}
i = (1 << cachep->gfporder);
if (cachep->flags & SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT)
atomic_add(i, &slab_reclaim_pages);
add_page_state(nr_slab, i);
while (i--) {
SetPageSlab(page);
page++;
}
return addr;
}
,
. , _ _ g e t _ f r e e _ p a g e s ( ) . ,

. ,
f l a g s . cachep->gfporder. ,
, NUMA-
(Non-Uniform Memory Access, ). n o d e i d - 1 ,
, .
NUMA-.
.
, NUMA-,
kraem_getpages () .
static inline void * kmem_getpages(kmem_cache_t *cachep, unsigned long flags)
{
void *addr;
flags |= cachep->gfpflags;
addr = (void*) __get_free_pages(flags, cachep->gfporder);
return addr;
}
251
kmem_freepages (), f r e e _ p a g e s () . ,

.
,
.
, .
,
.
, . .
, ,
.

.
kmern_cache_t * kmem_cache_create (const char *name, size_t size,
size_t offset, unsigned long flags,
void (*ctor) (void*, kmem_cache_t *,unsigned long),
void (*dtor) (void*, kmem_cache_t *,unsigned long))
, .
. . , . , ,
. f l a g s , . ,
,
, .
SLAB_NO_REAP , " " (.. , ) . , ,
.
SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN
,
. "
",
, . ,
, , .
252
11
,
. , , , ,
, .
SLAB_MUST_HWCACHE_ALIGN. ,

. ,
. , . ( ) .
, ,
, .
SLABPOSON (5555). "" (poisoning)
.
SLAB_RED_ZONE " " (red zone)
.
SLAB_PANIC , . ,
, , ,
VMA ( , . 14, " ") .
SLAB_CACHE_DMA ,
, . , ZONE_DMA.
.
c t o r d t o r . ,
. , .
, .
Linux .
NULL.
kmem_cache_create () . NULL.
, .
.
int kmem_cache_destroy(kmem_cache_t *cachep)
253
.
, .
, .
,
.
. , - , ,
?

kmem_cache_destroy ().
.
, .
, .
void * kmem_cache_alloc(kmem_cache_t *cachep, int flags)
, cachep. ,
kmem_getpages (), f l a g s __get_free_
pages (). , . , GFP_KERNEL GFP_ATOMIC.
, , .
void kmem_cache_free(kmem_cache_t *cachep, void *objp)
, objp, .

, t a s k _ s t r u c t ( ).
kernel/fork..
,
t a s k _ s t r u c t :
kmem_cache_t *task_struct_cachep;
, f o r k i n i t (), .
task_struct_cachep = kmem_cache_create("task_struct",
sizeof(struct task_struct),
ARCH_M1N_TASKALIGN,
SLAB_PANIC,
NULL,
NULL);
254
11
" t a s k _ s t r u c t " ,
s t r u c t t a s k _ s t r u c t . , ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN , , .
LI_CACHE_BYTES,
.
. ,
NULL, SLAB_PANIC. ,
, p a n i c ( ) . ,
NULL, . SLAB_PANIC
, (
- ).
, f o r k ( ) , ( 3, " "). d u p _ t a s k _ s t r u c t () ,
do_fork () .
struct task_struct *tsk;
tsk = kmem_cache_alloc(task struct_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!tsk)
return NULL;
, ,
, t a s k _ s t r u c t _ c a c h e p .
f r e e _ t a s k _ s t r u c t (), ( t s k ).
kmem_cache_free(task_struct_cachep, tsk);

, t a s k _ s t r u c t _ c a c h e p .
, .
int err;
err = kmem_cache_destroy (task_struct_cachep);
if (err)
/* */
, ? , , "",
, " " .
,
.
!
255

,
, , . ,
,
. , .
,
, . .
8 32- 16 64- .
2.6 ,
. , , : 4 32- 8 64-. . -
. -, , (uptime) . ,
.
( ,
).
.
, . ,
8 . ,
.
, .
.
, .
, .
. .
. , , . ,
4 16 . .
. a l l o c a ( ) .
256
11

.
,
(
, ) . , .
, .
.
, , .
t h r e a d _ i n f o ,
( 3). . .
.
, ,
.

,
. ,
a l l o c _ p a g e s (), __GFP__HIGHMEM .
86 896 , , 86
4 ( 64 6).
. 86 - 3 4 .

page
, .
void *kmap(struct page *page)
, .
page , . ,
Physical Address Extension ( ).

86 36 (64 ) ,
32 .
257
. kmap () ,
.
(
, , ),
,
. .
void kunmap(struct page *page)
, page.

,
, ,
( ). , " ".
. , , , , , .
.
void *kmap_atomic(struct page *page, enum km_type type)
t y p e , < a s m / k m a p _ t y p e s . h > , .
enum km_type {
KM_BOUNCE_READ,
KM_SKB_SUNRPC_DATA,
KM_SKB_DATA_SOFTIRQ,
KM_USER0,
KM_USER1,
KM_BIO_SRC_IRQ,
KM_BIO_DST_IRQ,
KM_PTE0,
KM_PTE1,
KM_PTE2,
KM_IRQ0,
KM_IRQ1,
KM_SOFTIRQ0,
KM_SOFTIRQ1,
KM TYPE_NR
);

, .
258
11
, , (
).
.
void kunmap_atomic(void *kvaddr, enum km_type type)
.
, ,
,
. ""
kmap_atomic () , kunmap atomic () .
.
,

,
(per-CPU data). , . , ,
. .
. , , 2.4. , 2.6
. ,
unsigned long my_percpu[NR_CPUS];
, .
int cpu;
cpu = get_cpu();
/*
*/
my_percpu[cpu]++;
printk(" cpu=%d %ld\n",
cpu, my_percpu[cpu]);
put_cpu(); /* */
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
, -
.
.

, cpu , -
259
pa. ( , ,
.)
, my_percpu ,
.
, g e t c p u (),
,
. put_cpu () . , smp_processor_icl (),
,
,
.
percpu
2.6 , percpu, , . .
per-CPU- .
, , . ,
, .
< l i n u x / p e r c p u . h > . mm/slab. <asm/percpu.h>.
,
,
, ,
.
DEFINE_PER_CPU(type, name);
t y p e name, . , .
DECLARE_PER_CPU(type, name);
g e t _ c p u _ v a r ()
p u t _ c p u _ v a r () . g e t _ c p u _ v a r () 1- (
, 1-value) . ,
p u t _ c p u _ v a r () .
260
get_cpu_var(name)++;
put_cpu_var();
/*
name, */
/* */
, .
per_cpu(name, cpu)++;
/* name
*/
per_cpu () ,
.
, , , .
, . !
8, " ", 9, "
".
.
, . , , ( , . d a t a . p e r c p u ) .
, ,
, .

, , , , kmalloc () .
.
<linux/percpu.h> .
void *alloc percpu(type); /* */
void *__alloc_percpu(size_t size, size_t align);
void free_percpu(const void * ) ;
a l l o c percpu () (
) .
__alloc_percpu ().
, , ,
.
alloc_percpu () ,
. , .
struct rabid_cheetah = alloc_percpu(struct rabid_cheetah);,
.
struct rabid_cheetah = __alloc_percpu(sizeof (struct rabid_cheetah),
alignof (struct rabid_cheetah));
261
_ _ a l i g n o f _ _ , gcc,
, ( ,
).
s i z e o f (). , ,
86 4.
__alignof__ (unsigned long)
1- ( , lvalue)
, 1-.
, 1- , ,
.
19, "".
f r e e p e r c p u () ,
.
a l l o c _ p e r c p u () _ _ a l l o c _ p e r c p u () ,
,
.
.
get_cpu_ptr(ptr) ; /* void ,
ptr, */
put_cpu_ptr(ptr); /* ,
*/
g e t _ c p u _ p t r () ,
. ,
p u t _ c p u _ p t r ( ) .
. , , (, ),
, (, , ). .
void *percpu_ptr;
unsigned long *foo;
percpu_ptr = alloc_percpu(unsigned long);
if (!ptr)
/* .. */
foo = get_cpu_ptr(percpu_ptr);
/* foo .. */
put_cpu_ptr(percpu_ptr);
p e r _ c p u _ p t r ( ) ,
.
per_cpu_ptr(ptr, cpu);
262
11
. "" , , , , .
,

, , . -, .
, ,
, . ,
" " -
. , .
.
-, , , , . ,
.
, , .
, (cash
thrashing), . , ,
,
.
, , ,
( ,
). , , ,
. , . ,
, , . ,
, ,
{ ).
- , . ( , ),
.
, , . ,
, .
.
263

,
, kmalloc().
, , ,
. , , ,
GFP_ATOMIC GFP_KERNEL. ,
,
GFP_ATOMIC. ,
. , , , ,
-, GFP_KERNEL.
, ,

.
, a l l o c _ p a g e s ( ) . alloc_pages ()
s t r u c t page, .
,
s t r u c t page. ""
kmap(), .
,
,
vmalloc() (
vmalloc() kmalloc() )
vmalloc() ,
, . ,
.
,
.
(
), , .
, .
,
, .
264
11
12
(Virtual File System), (Virtual File Switch) VFS, ,

. VFS,
, .

,
, . 12.1,

ext3
VFS
CP(1)

ext2
. 12.1. VFS :
(1) e ,
, ext3, ,
ext2

VFS , , open (), read () write (),
. , . ,
, . ,

. (, DOS)
. "" . ,
, Linux, , . Linux
,
.

, , . Linux ,

. ,
VFS ,
. , Unix
( Unix, ). Linux
.
, .
VFS, "
" , " ". . VFS , ..
, , , .
, . ,
, .
266
12
, , , .

, . ,
, .
write(f, &buf, len);
len &buf
, f, .
sys_write (),
,
, f.
, ( , ). . 12.2 ,
write () .
, VFS .
Unix
, Unix , : , (directory entry), (inode) (mount point).
. , . , , (create), (delete) (mount). Unix
1, (namespace). 2.
(file) . , - . , , .
(read), (write), (create)
(delete).
Linux , .. .
,. ,
.
2
, , :. , . ,
.
267
(directory). ,
. . (path).
(directory entry).
"/home/wolfman/foo". "/", home wolfman, a
f , dentry. Unix , .
, ,
.
Unix- ( , , , ..).
(file, metadata), .. , ,
(inode). index node (
), "inode" .
, (superblock). ,
. . .
Unix , .
, , ,
, .. VFS
Linux ,
. Unix- , FAT
NTFS, Linux,
. , ,
, , .
,
VFS .
Unix
Unix VFS. , .
268
12
write()
sys_write()
VFS
, 12.2. ,
wri te (), VFS, , ,
VFS
(VFS) - 3 . .
. , , , .
, ,
.
VFS.
(superblock), .
(inode), .
(denlry),
.
(file), , .
, VFS , .
, dentry ,
. , deniry , , , . ?
operations (). , .
, - . C++
- (),
. VFS , - , - .
269
, .
super_operations ( ) ,
, , , read_inode () sync_fs ().
i n o d e o p e r a t i o n s ( ) , , , ,
c r e a t e d l i n k ().
d e n t r y _ o p e r a t i o n s ( )
, ,
, , d_compare () d_delete ().
f ile_operations ( ) , , , read () wri te ().
, . , .
,
. .
, ,
( C++
Java). ,
, , . , .
VFS
VFS "" ,
, . file_system_type,
. , vfsmount. , , .
, ,
, . f i l e _ s t r u c t , f s _ s t r u c t
namespace.
VFS.
superblock
. ,
. (superblock)
(control block) , ( ). ,
270
12
(, , sysfs), " " .

s t r u c t super_block, <linux/fs.h>. ( ).
struct super_block {
struct list_head
s_list;
/* */
dev_t
s_dev;
/* */
unsigned long
s_blocksize;
/* */
unsigned long
s_old_blocksize; /* */
unsigned char
s_blocksize_bits; /* */
unsigned char
s_dirt;
/* , */
unsigned long long
s_maxbytes;
/* */
struct file_system_type *s_type;
/* */
struct super_operations *s_op;
/* */
struct dquot_operations
*dq_op;
/* */
struct quotactl_ops
*s_qcop;
/* */
struct export_operations *s_export_op; /* */
unsigned long
s_flags;
/* */
unsigned long
s_magic;
/*
*/
struct dentry
*s_root;
/* , */
struct rw_semaphore
s_umount;
/* */
struct semaphore
s_lock;
/* */
int
s_count;
/* */
int
s_syncing;
/* */
int
s_nesd_sync_fs; /* ,
*/
atomic_t
s_active;
/* */
void
*s_security; /* */
struct list_head
s_dirty;
/* */
struct list_head
s_io;
/* */
struct hlist_head
s_anon;
/*
*/
struct list_head
s_files;
/* */
struct block_device
*s_bdev; "
/*
*/
struct list_head
s_instances; /*
*/
struct quota_info
s_dquot;
/* */
char
s_id[32];
/* */
void
*s_fs_info;
/*
*/
struct semaphore
s_vfs_rename_sem; /* */
};
, f s / s u p e r . . a l l o c _
super (). ,
.
271

s_op, . s t r u c t super_operations,
<linux/fs.h>. .
struct super_operations {
struct inode *(*alloc_inode) (struct super_block *sb);
void (*destroy_inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*read_inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int);
void (*put inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *) ;
void (*delete_inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*put_super) (struct super_block * ) ;
void (*write_super) (struct super block * ) ;
int (*sync_fs) (struct super_block *, int};
void (*write_super_lockfs) (struct super_block * ) ;
void (*unlockfs) (struct super_block * ) ;
int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct statfs * } ;
int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char * ) ;
void (*clear_inode) (struct inode * ) ;
void (*umount_begin) (struct super block * ) ;
int (*show_options) (struct seq_file *, struct vfsmount * ) ;
};
,
.
.
,
,
. , , .
sb->s_op->write_super(sb);
sb . s_op, , ,
write_super (), .
, write_super () , . , -. C++
.
sb.write_super();
, , .
, super_operations.
272
12
s t r u c t inode * a l l o c _ i n o d e ( s t r u c t super_block *sb)

, .
void d e s t r o y _ i n o d e ( s t r u c t inode *inode) .
void read_inode ( s t r u c t inode *inode)
i n o d e - > i _ i n o
.
void d i r t y _ i n o d e ( s t r u c t inode *inode) VFS, (dirty). (, , ext3)
.
void w r i t e _ i n o d e ( s t r u c t inode inode*, i n t wait) . wait ,
.
void put_inode ( s t r u c t inode *inode) .
void drop_inode ( s t r u c t inode *inode) VFS, .
Unix ,
VFS .
inode_lock.
void d e l e t e _ i n o d e ( s t r u c t inode *inode)
.
void put_super ( s t r u c t super_block *sb) VFS , .
void write_super ( s t r u c t super_block *sb) . VFS .
i n t sync_fs ( s t r u c t super_block *sb, i n t wait) . wait

, .
void write_super_lockfs ( s t r u c t super_block *sb) . (LVM, Logical Volume Manager).

void unlockfs ( s t r u c t super_block *sb) write_super_lockf s ().
i n t s t a t f s ( s t r u c t super_block *sb, s t r u c t s t a t f s * s t a t f s ) VFS ,

s t a t f s .
273
i n t remount_fs (struct super_block *sb, i n t *flags, char *data)

VFS,
.
void clear_inode ( s t r u c t inode *)
VFS ,
.
void umount_begin ( s t r u c t super_block *sb)
VFS .
, NFS.
VFS .
.
. NULL.
NULL, VFS , , .
inode
inode , . Unix
inode VFS. , 4.
s t r u c t inode, <linux/f s.h>. , , .
struct inode {
struct hlist_node
struct list_head
struct list_head
unsigned long
atomic_t
umode_t
unsigned int
uid_t
gid_t
kdev_t
loff_t
struct timespec
struct timespec
struct timespec
unsigned int
i_hash;
i_list;
i_dentry;
i_ino;
i_count;
i_mode;
i_nlink;
i_uid;
i_gid;
i_rdev;
i_size;
i_atime;
i_mtime;
i_ctime;
i_blkbits;
/* */
/* */
/* dentry */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* - */
/* - */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* */
/* */
, ,
. . , .
274
12
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned long
unsigned short
spinlock_t
struct rw_semaphore
i_blksize;
i_version;
i_blocks;
i_bytes;
i_lock;
i_alloc_sem
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/

i_sem */
struct semaphore
i_sem;
/* */
struct inode_operations *i_op;
/* */
struct file_operations *i_fop;
/* */
struct super_block
*i_sb;
/* */
struct file_lock
*i_flock;
/* */
struct address_space *i_mapping;
/*
*/
struct address_space i_data;
/* */
struct dquot
*i_dquot[MAXQUOTAS]; /* */
struct list_head
i_devices;
/* */
struct pipe_inode_info *i_pipe;
/* */
struct block_device *i_bdev;
/* */
unsigned long
i_dnotify_mask; /* */
struct dnotify_struct *i_dnotify;
/* */
unsigned long
i_state;
/* */
unsigned long
dirtied_when /* */
unsigned int
i_flags;
/* */
unsigned char
i_sock;
/* ? */
atomic_t
i_writecount; /* */
void
*i_security; /* */
__u32
i_generation; /* */
union {
void
*generic_ip; /*
*/
} u;
};
( , ). ,
. , s t r u c t inode . , i_pipe
. , NULL. , , i_devices, i_bdev, i_cdev.
, ,
inode. ,
, . . , i_ctime
i_mtime.
275

, i n o d e _ o p e r a t i o n s , , VFS . , .
i->i_op->truncate(i)
i .
I t r a n c a t e ( ) , , i.
i n o d e _ o p e r a t i o n s < l i n u x / f s . h > ,
.
struct inode_operations {
int (*create) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,int);
struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *, struct dentry * ) ;
int (*link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *, struct dentry * ) ;
int (*unlink) (struct inode *, struct dentry * ) ;
int (*symlink) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, const char * ) ;
int (*mkdir) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, int);
int (*rmdir) (struct inode *, struct dentry *);
int (*mknod) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, int, dev_t);
int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
struct inode *, struct dentry * ) ;
int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char *, int);
int (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata * ) ;
int (*put_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata * ) ;
void (*truncate) (struct inode * ) ;
int (*permission) (struct inode *, int);
int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr * ) ;
int (*getattr) (struct vfsmount *, struct dentry *, struct kstat * ) ;
int (*setxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *,
const void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t (*getxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *, void *, size_t);
ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
int (*removexattr) (struct dentry *, const char * ) ;
};
.
i n t c r e a t e ( s t r u c t inode * d i r , s t r u c t dentry *dentry, i n t mode)
VFS c r e a t ()
open () , (mode) (dentry).
276
s t r u c t dentry * lookup(struct inode * d i r , s t r u c t dentry *dentry)

.
, .
12
i n t l i n k ( s t r u c t ctentry *old_dentry, s t r u c t inode * d i r ,

s t r u c t dentry *dentry)
l i n k ()
(hard link) , old_dentry
d i r . ,
dentry.
i n t u n l i n k ( s t r u c t inode * d i r , s t r u c t dentry *dentry)

unlink () , dentry d i r .
int symlink(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, const char *symname)
symlink() symnarne ,
dentry d i r .
i n t m k d i r ( s t r u c t inode * d i r , s t r u c t dentry *dentry, i n t mode)

mkdir ()
(mode).
i n t r m d i r ( s t r u c t inode * d i r ,
s t r u c t dentry *dentry)
rmdir ()
dentry d i r .
int mknod (struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, int mode, dev_t rdev)
mknod () ( , ), rdev.
d i r , dentry, mode.
i n t rename(struct inode *old_dir, s t r u c t dentry *old_dentry,

s t r u c t inode *new_dir, s t r u c t dentry *new_dentry)
VFS old_dentry o l d _ d i r new_dir
, new_dentry.
i n t r e a d l i n k ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
char *buffer,
i n t buflen)
r e a d l i n k ()
buflen , , , .
i n t f o l l o w _ l i n k ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, s t r u c t nameidata *nd)

VFS
, . dentry, nameidata, nd.
i n t p u t _ l i n k ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, s t r u c t nameidata* nd)
VFS followlink ().
void truncate ( s t r u c t inode *inode).

VFS . i _ s i z e .

277
i n t p e r m i s s i o n ( s t r u c t inode *inode,
i n t mask)
, ,
inode. , , .
NULL, VFS,
.
,
(ACL), permission ().
i n t s e t a t t r ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
struct i a t t r *attr)
notify_change () ,
" " ("change event") .
i n t g e t a t t r ( s t r u c t vfsmount *mnt,
struct kstat *stat)
s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
VFS , .
i n t s e t x a t t r ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, const char *name,

const void *value, s i z e _ t s i z e , i n t flags)
VFS (extended attributes)5 name value , dentry.
i n t g e t x a t t r ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, const char *name,

void *value, s i z e _ t size)
VFS
(extended attributes) name value.
ssize_t l i s t x a t t r ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, char * l i s t , size_t size)

, l i s t .
i n t r e m o v e x a t t r ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry, const char *name)
.
dentry
, VFS ,
. / b i n / v i , b i n , vi ,
b i n , , a vi
. . , VFS
5
, 2.6 ,
/ . ,
.
278
12
, ,
, , ,
.
VFS (directory entry dentry). dentry .
/, bin vi .
, . , dentry , .
.
/mnt/cdrom/foo, /, mnt, cdrom foo dentry.
VFS .
dentry s t r u c t d e n t r y
<linux/dcache.h>. ,
, .
struct dentry {
atomic_t
unsigned long
spinlock_t
struct inode
struct list_head
struct list_head
d_count;
/* */
d_vfs_flags; /* dentry */
d_lock;
/* dentry */
*d_inode; /* */
d_lru;
/* */
d_child;
/*
*/
struct list_head
d_subdirs; /* */
struct list_head
d_alias;
/* (alias)
*/
unsigned long
d_time;
/* */
struct dentry_operations *d_op;
/*
*/
struct super_block
*d_sb;
/* */
unsigned int
d_flags;
/* */
int
d_mounted;
/*
*/
void
*d_fsdata;
/* */
struct rcu_head
d_rcu;
/* RCU (read-copy update) */
struct dcookie_struct *d_cookie; /* cookie- */
struct dentry
*d_parent; /* dentry */
struct qstr
d_name;
/* dentry */
struct hlist_node
d_hash;
/* */
struct hlist_head
*d_bucket; /* - */
unsigned char
d_iname[DNAME_INLINE_LEN_MIN]; /* */
};
, dentry
. VSF .
, s t r u c t dentry
, , (..
).
279

, : fused), (unused) (negative).
(..
d_inode mode)
(.. d_count ). VFS, ,
.
dentry inode
( d_inode ), VFS ( d_count
). , , . , ,
, . , ,
.
dentry6 (
d_inode NULL), ,
.
, .
dentry , , .
dentry , ,
.
VFS, .
dentry
VFS ,
, ,
. , dcache.
dentry .
"" dentry,
( i _ d e n t r y inode).
,
dentry, .
dentry " " (last recently used, LRU).
, , , .
, .
6
. . , , invalid denlry
.
280
12
,
, .
- -, dentry.
- d e n t r y _ h a s h t a b l e .
dentry,
.
.
d_hash ( ) ,
-.
- d_lookup ().
dcache , .
NULL.

, / h o m e / d r a c u l a / s r c / f . . ,
(, , ,
), VFS
: /, home, d r a c u l a , s r e , , foo..
( ) ,
, VFS dentry. ,
.
dentry-, VFS . dentry dcache, .
dcache icache.
inode dentry, dentry
.
dentry mode . , , .
, ,
.

d e n t r y _ o p e r a t i o n s , VFS . <linux/dcache.h> .
struct dentry_operations {
int (*d_revalidate) (struct dentry *, int);
int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr * ) ;
int (*d_corapare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr * ) ;
int (*d_delete) (struct dentry * ) ;
void (*d_release) (struct dentry * ) ;
void (*d_iput) (struct dentry *, struct inode * ) ;
};
281
i n t d _ r e v a l i d a t e ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
i n t flags)
, . VFS , dentry dcache.

NULL, denry,
, .
i n t d _ h a s h ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
s t r u c t q s t r *name)
-
dentry. VFS , -.
i n t d_compare(struct dentry *dentry,

s t r u c t q s t r *narael,
s t r u c t q s t r *name2)
VFS
namel name2. VFS,
. , FAT, .
FAT ,
,
. dcache_lock 7 .
i n t d_delete ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry)

VFS, d_count
dentry .
dcache_lock.
void d _ r e l e a s e ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry)

VFS,
dentry. .
void d _ i p u t ( s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
s t r u c t inode *inode)
VFS,
(, ). VFS i p u t (),
inode. , i p u t ()
.
dentry->d_lock. . .
282
12
file
VFS .
File , .
VFS ,
, .
, , .
, , file, ( , ),
, read () w r i t e ().
, . ( )
open () c l o s e () . , , ,
. ,
file.
. (, , ),
. inode dentry, , .
s t r u c t f i l e ,
< l i n u x / f s . h > . , .
struct file {
struct list_head
struct dentry
struct vfsmount
f_list;
/* file*/
*f_dentry; /* dentry */
*f_vfsmnt; /*
*/
struct file_operations *f_op;
/* */
atomic_t
f_count;
/* */
unsigned int
f_flags;
/* , open */
mode_t
f_mode;
/* */
loff_t
f_pos;
/* (file pointer, offset) */
struct fown_struct
f_owner;
/*
*/
unsigned int
f_uid;
/* , UID */
unsigned int
f_gid; /* , GID */
int
f_error;
/* */
struct file_ra_state f_ra;
/* */
unsigned long
f_version; /* */
void
*f_security; /* */
void
*private_data; /* */
struct list_head
f_ep_links; /* eventpoll ( ) */
spinlock_t
f_ep_lock; /* eventpoll */
struct address_space *f_mapping; /* */
};
233
, .
, , (dirty)
. file
dentry f_dentry. dentry , ,
.

VFS, . , s t r u c t f i l e , , Unix.
file_operations
<linux/fs.h> .
struct file_operations {
struct module *owner;
loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, char *, size_t, loff_t);
ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t * ) ;
ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t);
unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct * ) ;
int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *,
unsigned int, unsigned long);
int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct * ) ;
int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file * ) ;
int (*flush) (struct file * ) ;
int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file * ) ;
int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int);
int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int);
int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock * ) ;
ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *,
unsigned long, loff_t * ) ;
ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *,
unsigned long, loff_t * ) ;
ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t,
read_actor_t, void * ) ;
ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int,
size_t, loff_t *, int);
unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area) (struct file *, unsigned long,
unsigned long, unsigned long,
unsigned long);
int (*check_flags) (int flags);
int (*dir_notify) (struct file *filp, unsigned long arg);
int (*flock) (struct file *filp, int cmd, struct file_lock *fl);
};
284
12

.
Unix- .
,
. - ,
NULL.
.
loff_t llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin)
(file
pointer) offset. lseek().
ssize_t r e a d ( s t r u c t f i l e * f i l e ,
char *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *offset)
count ,
, offset, , buf.
.
read().
ssize_t aio_read(struct kiocb *iocb,

char *buf, size_t count,
loff_t offset)
count
, iocb, ,
buf. aio_read ().
ssize_t w r i t e ( s t r u c t f i l e * f i l e ,
const char *buf, size_t count,
loff_t *offset)
count , offset. write ().
ssize_t aio_write(struct kiocb *iocb,

const char *buf,
size_t count, loff_t offset)
count
, iocb, ,
buf. aio_write.
i n t r e a d d i r ( s t r u c t f i l e * f i l e , void * d i r e n t , f i l l d i r _ t f i l l d i r )
.
readdir ().
unsigned i n t p o l l ( s t r u c t f i l e * f i l e ,
s t r u c t p o l l _ t a b l e _ s t r u c t *poll_table)
, .
p o l l ( ) .
285
int ioctl(struct inode *inode,

struct file *file,
unsigned int cmd,
signed long arg)
, /. ,
. i o c t l ( ) .
i n t mmap(struct f i l e * f i l e ,
s t r u c t vra_area_struct *vma)
mmap().
i n t o p e n ( s t r u c t inode *inode,
struct file *file)

. open ().
i n t f l u s h ( s t r u c t f i l e *file)
VFS,
. .
i n t r e l e a s e ( s t r u c t inode *inode, s t r u c t f i l e *file)

VFS,
, , , , c l o s e () .
.
int fsync(struct file *file,

s t r u c t dentry *dentry,
i n t datasync)
fsync()
.
i n t a i o _ f s y n c ( s t r u c t kiocb *iocb,
i n t datasync)
a i o f sync ()
, iocb.
i n t fasyn (fint fd, s t r u c t f i l e * f i l e , i n t on)

-.
int lock(struct file *file,
i n t cmd,
s t r u c t file_lock *lock)
286
ssize_t readv(struct file * f i l e ,

const s t r u c t iovec *vector,
unsigned long count,
loff_t *offset)
readv () count ,
vector. .
12
ssize_t writev(struct file *file,

const struct iovec *vector,
unsigned long count,
loff_t *offset)
writev () , vector;
count. .
ssize_t sendfile(struct file *file,

loff_t *offset,
size_t size,
read_actor_t actor,
void *target)
s e n d f i l e ()
. .
s s i z e _ t sendpage(struct f i l e * f i l e ,
s t r u c t page *page,
i n t offset, size_t size,
loff_t *pos, i n t more)
.
unsigned long get_unmapped_area(struct f i l e * f i l e ,

unsigned long addr,
unsigned long len,
unsigned long o f f s e t ,
unsigned long flags)

.
i n t check_flags(int flags)
, f c n t l (), SETFL.
VFS, check_flags ().
NFS.
SETFL f c n t l ( ) . NFS O_APPEND O_DIRECT.
i n t f l o c k ( s t r u c t f i l e * f i l p , i n t cmd, s t r u c t file_lock *fl)
flock(), .
287
,

VFS,
, .
, , , ext.3 XFS. .
Linux ,
.
struct file_system_type {
const char
*name;
struct subsystem
subsys;
int
fs_flags;
/* */
/* sysfs */
/* */
/* */
struct super_block * (*get_sb) (struct file_system_type *, int, char*, void * ) ;
/* */
void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block * ) ;
struct module
*owner;
/* ( ) */
struct file_system_type *next;
/* */
struct list_head
fs_supera; /* */
};
get_sb () .
.
f i l e _ s y s tem_type, ,
.
, ,
vfsmount.
, , , .
vfsmount <linux/mount.h> .
struct vfsmount {
struct list_head
struct vfsmount
struct dentry
struct dentry
struct super_block
struct list_head
struct list_head
288
mnt_hash;
/* - */
*mnt_parent; /* */
*mnt_mountpoint; /*
*/
*mnt_root; /*
*/
*mnt_sb;
/* */
mnt_mounts; /* ,
*/
mnt_child; /* , */
12
atornic_t
int
char
struct list_hcad
struct listhead
mnt count; /* */
mnt_flags; /* */
*mnt_devname; /* */
mnt_list; /* */
mnt_fslinkk; /* ,
*/
*mnt_namespace; /* */
struct namespace
};
.
vf smount.
vfsmount mnt_flags. . 12.1 .
1 2 . 1 .
MNT_NOSUID
setuid s e t g i d

MNT_NODEV
MNT_NOEXEC
, , , .
,
, ); , .. VFS ,
. f i l e s _ s t r u c t , fs_struct namespace.
f i l e s _ s t r u c t <linux/file.h>. f i l e s .
. , , .
struct files_struct {
atomic_t
count;
/* */
spinlock_t file_lock;
/* */
int
max_fds;
/* */
int
max_fdset;
/* */
int
next_fd;
/* */
struct file **fd;
/* */
fd_set
*close on exec;/* ,
() */
fd_set
*open_fds;
/* */
fd_set
close_on_exec
init; /*
exec () */
fd_set
open_fds_init; /* */
struct file *fd_array[NR_OPEN_DEFAULT]; /* */
};

289
fd .
fd_array. NR_OPEN_DEFAULT
32, 32 . 32 , fd
.
, .
, , . 32 ,
NR_OPEN_DE_FAULT
. , , f s _ s t r u c t , , , fs .
< l i n u x / f s _ s t r u c t . h > .
struct fs struct {
atomic_t
count;
rwlock_l
lock;
int
umask;
/* */
/* */
/* ,
*/
struct dentry
*root;
/* dentry */
struct dentry
*pwd;
/* dentry */
struct dentry
*allroot; /* dentry */
struct vfsmounL *rootmnt; /* */
struct vfsmount *pwdmnt; /* */
struct vfsmount *altrootrnnt; /* */
};

.
, , namespace,
<linux/namespace.h> namespace
. , ,
Linux 2.4. . , ,
, .
, .
struct namespace {
atomic_t
struct vfsmount
struct list_head
struct rw_semaphore
};
count;
*root;
list;
sem;
/*
/*
/*
/*
*/
*/
*/
*/
l i s t
, .
. f i l e s _ s t r u c t f s _ s t r u c t . ,
290
12
CLONE_FILES CLONE_FS, 8
. ,
f i l e s _ s t r u c t , f s _ s t r u c t .
count , , .
n a m e s p a c e -.
(
). c l o n e ()
CLONE_NEWNS, .
,
. , .

Linux
Linux ,
"" ext2 ext3 , NFS Coda.
Linux 50 .
VFS .
,
Linux, a
Unix.
VFS , , inode, dentry
superblock. 12, " ", ,
.
CLONE_FILES CLONB_FS, iles_struct fs_struct. ,

, .
291
13

-
- ( , - , block devices) ,
(.. )
, .
- , , ,
- (CD-ROM) -. , .
-.
- ( , character device, char device). ,
, , ..
. . (
), .
, ,
, ..
(seek) , . , . .
"fox", , .
- ,
, . -, , . "f", "" "".
, . - ,
,
. , , .
, , -.
, , . ,
, . - . ,
. , . , ,
. .
, - (block I/O layer). ,
- 2.5.
-, 2.6.

.
, , 512 . ,
. , , , .
, 512 ,
(, -
CD-ROM , 2 ).
,
, . , .. , .
, . -
,
. , (
) , . , , ,
(. 11, " " 12, " ") 1 .
.
, , .
294
13
, , .
512 , .
, . , ,
" " (hardware sector) " "
(device block). ,
, " " (filesyst.em block) " -" (I/O block). ""
(sector) "" (block), .
. 13.1 .
.
. , , (clusters),
(cylinder, ) (head).
, , ,
. ,
, , - . , ,
.

. 13.1.

(, ), , (buffer).
. ,
. , , .
.
, (,
),
. , (buffer
head) s t r u c t buffer_head.
-
295
b u f f e r _ h e a d ,
<linux/buffer_head.h>.
, .
. struct buffer_head {
unsigned long
b_state;
atomic_t
b_count;
struct buffer_head *b_this_page;
/* */
/* */
/*
*/
struct page
*b_page;
/* */
sector_t
b_blocknr;
/* */
u32
b_size;
/* ( ) */
char
*b_data;
/* */
struct block_device *b_bdev;
/* */
bh_end_io_t
*b_end_io;
/* - */
void
*b_private;
/* */
struct list_head
b_assoc_buffers; /* */
};
b _ s t a t e . , . 13.1.
b h _ s t a t e _ b i t s , <Linux/buffer_head.h>.
1 3 . 1 . b h _ s t a t e

BH_Uptodate
BH_Dirty
(
, )
BH_Lock
- ,
BH_Req
BH_Mapped
BH_NEW
BH_Async_ Read
_n W r i t e
_Dl
BH_Boundary
b h _ s t a t e _ b i t s
B H _ P r i v a t e S t a r t . , , . , B H _ P r i v a t e S t a r t ;
- , b _ s t a t e .
296
13
, ,
, , -.
b _ c o u n t . , < l i n u x /
b u f f e r _ h e a d . h > .
static inline void get_bh (struct buffer_head *bh)
{
atomic_inc{&bh->b_count);
}
static inline void put_bh (struct buffer_head *bh)
{
atomic_dec (&bh->b_count);
}
, g e t _ b h ( ) , ,
. , ,
put_bh ( ) .
, ,
b _ b l o c k n r ,
b_bdev.
, ,
b_page. b _ d a t a ( - b_page),
b _ s i z e . , , b _ d a t a (b_data + b _ s i z e ) .
(.. , ).
- .
2.6
. , - .
-- , -. . , (
), , -
. ,
,
. ,
( ), . 2.6 ,

, .
15, " ",
a d d r e s s _ s p a c e p d f l u s h .
297
, , ,
.
-, , - buffer_head,

. , 2.5
-. bio, .
b i o
-
bio, <linux/bio.h>. - (segment).
, , .. .
, , bio -,
.
bio , .
struct bio {
sector_t
bi_sector;
struct bio
*bi_next;
struct block_device *bi_bdev;
unsigned long
bi_flags;
unsigned long
bi_rw;
unsigned short bi_vcnt;
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
*/
*/
*/
*/
? */
bio vec
bi_io_vec */
unsigned short bi_idx;
/* bi_io_vec */
unsigned short bi_phys_segments; /* */
unsigned short bi_hw_segments; /*
*/
unsigned int
bi_size;
/* - */
unsigned int
bi_hw_front_size;/* */
unsigned int
bi_hw_front_size;/*
*/
unsigned int
bi_max_vecs;
/*
bio_vecs */
struct bio_vec *bi_io_vec;
/* bio_vec */
bio_end_io_t
*bi_end_io;
/* - */
atomic_t
bi_cnb;
/* */
void
*bi_private;
/* */
bio_destructor_t *bi_destructor; /* */
};
bio () -. . bi_io_vecs, bi_vcnt

bi_idx.
298
13
bio
bi idx
bi_io_vec
bio_vec bio vec
bio_vec bio_vec
page
page
page
biovec,
bio_vcnt
page,
page
-
. 13.2. struct bio, struct b,io_vec u struct page

bi_io_vecs bio_vec,

-. bio_vec
: < , , >, , ,
, .
. bio_vec <linux/bio.h> .
struct bio_vec {
/* , */
struct
page
*bv_page;
/* */
Unsigned int
bv_len;
/* , */
unsigned
int
bv_offset;
};
- bi_vcnt bio_vec, bi _io_vecs.

- bi_idx .
, -
bio. , bio_vec. , . -
bi_io_vec. .
-
299
b i _ v c n t . , -
, b i _ i d x , . . 13.2
b i o , bio_vec page.
b i _ i d x b i o _ v e c , -
-. ,
, RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independent
Disks, / ,
), b i o ,
, , RAID . , RAID,
b i o ,
, b i _ i d x ,
,
-.
b i o ,
b i _ c n t . , ,
. .
void bio_get(struct bio *bio)
void bio_put(struct bio *bio)
, ,
, b i o .
b i o , ,
, .
.
, b i o _ p r i v a t e () . , ,
b i o .

b i o . b i o -,
. ,
, .
- , , , . b i o ,
- .
s t r u c t b u f f e r _ h e a d s t r u c t b i o
.
300
13
bio (. 11),
s t r u c t bio ,
.
bio , (direct) - (.. , ; 15 ).
bio -
- (scatter-gather),
.
bio ,
, -, , .
, .
bio , , -, .
buffer_head .
.

(request queue),
-.
request_queue,
<linux/blkdev.h>.
. , .
, , ,
. ,
s t r u c t request.
s t r u c t request, <linux/blkdev.h>.
bio, . , ,
bio (, , ), bio.
301
-
- , , .
, ,
.
, .
.
- , , , . ,
(, merging) (sorting), -
2. ,
- (J/0 scheduler).
-
-.
-, . -
(. 4, "
"), . , .
, -
.
, .
, , ,
Unix. , -
-.

.
-
-
. , .

, . "" . - "" .
. ,
,
-.
302
13
- : . . , ,
(,
, ). (,
),
, , . - ,
, . , .
,
.
, ,
.
, . .
? -
. - ,
,
( ) . , ,
,
. , (elevator) .
.
, . -
- ( ) ( , elevator).

-,
. -, ,
Linus Elevator ( ). , ,
! - 2.4. 2.6
, .
, .
, . ,
,
. :
303
(front merging) (back merging). -
, .
, .
.
, , , -
, ,
, .
,
,
( , ).
, .
, . ,
, , . ,
. ,
" " . ,
- .
, - 2.4.
, .
.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, , .
-
- (Deadline I/O scheduler, deadline- -) , .
,
- , .
, ,
13
, ,
. .
,
(writes-starving-reads).
, ,
, . . ,
, , , ..
, .
, , ( , ),
(, )
. 3
, " " . ,
.
, .
, .
, . (
), . , , ,
. ,
(
), - ,
.
,
.
,
. ( ),
. ,
. deadline-
. .
. .
, , .
305
-, (expiration time).
500 5
. -
.
(sorted queue). , deadlme- - , 4.
, , . FIFO , FIFO
. ,
FIFO (first-in first-out , ) , . deadline- -
. .
.
, FIFO- FIFO , (.. , , ,
), deadline- FIFO.
, (. 13.3).
FIFO
FIFO

. 13.3.
, deadline- - . , ,
, .
.
, , ,

. .
4
deadline- .
,
, , .
306
13
-
drivers/block/deadline-iosched..
-
-
, . . , , .
, ,
, ,
. , ( )
. - (anticipatory I / O scheduler)
.
-
. . ( )
, deadline-. (anticipation heuristic).
- "
", . , .
, .
( , 6 ). ,
. .
. ,
.
, ,
(.. ,
), ,
. ,
.
, .
, , .
. .
-
.

,
.
,
.
d r i v e r s / b l o c k /
a s - i o s c h e d . .
Linux
. , ,
, , , , .
-

- (Complete
Fair Queuing, CFQ) ,
. -.
CFQ -
, .
, foo foo, bar
bar. . ,
-.
CFQ , ,
-.
CFQ , ( 4)
, .

.
, , , , .
CFQ .
308
13
CFQ d r i v e r s / b l o c k / c f q - i o s c h e d . .
,
, , , .
- n
, , -
noop (no operation, ). , .
.
, ,
.
- n , . ,
. , , FIFO.
n . ,
, . , , -.
, ,
, n .
n drivers/block/noop-iosched..
.
-
2.6 -. .
-. , elevator=<apo>
, <> , . 13.2.
13.2. e l e v a t o r
as
cfq
deadline
noop
(n)
, elevator=cfq , .
309

-,
, - :
bio, -; buffer_head, ;
r e q u e s t , -.
- ,
, -. , -, ,
Linux, 2.4
.
.
310
13
11, " ", ,

. ,
, , ,
. Linux
(virtual memory operating system),
.. .
,
. ,
. ,
.
, , , , ,
. ""
32- 64- . "" , (, 32-
0 429496729).
, ..
.
. . . .

. .

, , , 41021f000. 32- . , ,
, , 08048000-0804000. (memory area).
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
"Segmentation Fault" ( ).
.

, (text section).
, (data section).
, , ,
bss1 (bss section). (zero page, , ) ,
, ,
.
, , , (
, ).
, BSS
, libc ,
.
, .
.
, , ,
2
malloc() .
(
). , : , ,
, ..
"BSS" . block started

by symbol (,
). , . ,
( ).
( ) ,

.
2
giibc m a l l o c ( )
(), brk().
312
14

, . ,
. s t r u c t mm_struct,
<1inux/sched.h> 3 .
,
.
struct mm_struct {
struct vm_area_struct *mmap;
/* */
struct rb_root
mm_rb;
/* - */
struct vm_area_struct *mmap_cache; /* */
unsigned long
free_area_cache; /*
*/
pgd_t
*pgd;
/* */
atomic_t
mm_users;
/*
*/
atomic_t
mm_count; /* */
int
map_count; /* */
struct rw_semaphore mmap_sem; /* */
spinlock_t
page_table_lock; /* - */
struct list_head
mmlist;
/* mm_struct */
unsigned long
start_code; /* */
unsigned long
end code; /* */
unsigned long
start_data; /* */
unsigned long
end_data;
/* */
unsigned long
start_brk; /* "" */
unsigned long
brk;
/* "" */
unsigned long
start_stack; /* */
unsigned long
arg_start; /* */
unsigned long
arg_end;
/* */
unsigned long env_start; /* */
unsigned long
env_end;
/* */
unsigned long
rss;
/* */
unsigned long
total_vm;
/* */
unsigned long
locked_vm; /*
*/
unsigned long
def_flags; /* ,
*/
unsigned long
cpu_vm_mask; /*MacKa TLB */
unsigned long
swap_address; /* */
unsigned
dumpable:l;
/* core? */
int
used_hugetlb; /*
(hugetlb)? */
,
. s t r u c t mm_struct sched.h.
313
mm_context_t
context;
/* ,
*/
int
core_waiters; /* ,
core */
struct completion
*core_startup_donc; /*
core */
struct completion
core_done; /*
core */
rwlock_t
ioctx_l.ist_lock; /*
- (AIO) */
struct kioctx
*ioctx_list; /* - (AIO) V
struct kioctx
default kioctx; /* , */
};
mm_users , . , , mm_users .
ram_count mm_struct.
, mm_users, mm_count .
mm_count . mm_users
(.. ), mm_count . mm_count ,
m m _ s t r u c t , ,
(mm_count) ,
(mm_users).
mmap m m _ r b ,
: .
, - .
- , ,
,
(log (n) ). - " ".
,
,
. mmap , . ,
mm_rb - , . ,
mm_struct
mmlist. init_mm, ink. m m l i s t _ l o c k , k e r n e l / f o r k . .
mmlist_nr, .
314
14

, - ,
mm . , current->rnm
. copy_mm() frk ( ) . m m _ s t r u c t
mm_cachep allocate_mm ().
k e r n e l / f o r k . . m m _ s t r u c t .

, CLONE_VM c l o n e ( ) . . 3, " ", Linux
. Linux .
, .
, CLONE_VM, a l l o c a t e _ m m ( ) ,
mm
. . _mm ().
if (clone_flags & CLONE_VM) {
/*
* c u r r e n t
* t s k , fork()
*/
atomic_inc(&current->mm->mm_users);
tsk->mm = current->mm;
}

, , , exit_mm() . . input() ,
mm_users . , m m d r o p ( ) ,
mm_count.
,
free_mm(), mm_struct mm_cachep kmem_cache_f(), -.
.
315
mm_struct
,
, . mm
NULL. , .
,
(, ?). , ( ).
,
, , . ,
, , .
, , mm . a c t i v e _ m m
, . ,
mm NULL. , ,
, mm NULL,
. active_mm
,
.
.
,
, .

(memory areas)
, v m _ a r e a _ s t r u c t . <linux/mm.h>. (virtual memory area, VMA).
v m _ a r e a _ s t r u c t . , . , . ,
VMA , , , . - , VFS
( . 12, " ").
, .
316
14
struct vm_area_struct {
struct mm_struct
*vm_mm; /* mm_struct */
unsigned long
vm_start;
/* */
unsigned
long
vm_end;
/* */
struct vm_area_struct *vm_next;
/* VMA */
pgprot_t
vm_page_prot; /* */
unsigned long
vm_flags;
/* */
struct rb_node
vm_rb;
/* VMA */
union { /* address_space->i_mmap, i_mmap_nonlinear */
struct {
struct list_head
list;
void
*parent;
struct vm_area_struct *head;
} vm_set;
struct prio_tree_node prio_tree_node;
} shared;
struct list_head
anon_vma_node; /* */
struct anon_vma
*anon_vma;
/* VMA */
struct vm_operations_struct
*vm_ops; /* */
unsigned long
vm_pgoff;
/* */
struct file
*vm_file;
/* ( ) */
void
*vm_private_data; /* */
};
, () . vm_start
() , vm_end ()
. , (vm_end - vm_start)
() . .
vm_mm mm_struct,
VMA. , VMA mm_struct,
. , ,
vm_area_struct,
. , ,
,
vm_area_struct .
VMA
vm_flags ,
<linux/mm.h>.
, . , , VMA ,
, . , vm_flags , , . ,
. . 14.1
vm_flags.

317
1 4 . 1 . VMA
VM_READ
VM_WRITE
VM_EXEC
VM_SHARED
VM_MAYREAD
VM_READ
VM_MAYWRITE
V M _ W R I T E
VM_MAYEXEC
VM_EXEC
VM_MAYSHARE
VM_SHARED
VM_GROWSDOWN
""
VM_GROWSUP
""
VM_SHM
( )
VM_DENYWRITE
VM_EXECUTABLE
VM_LOCKED
VM_IQ
VM_SEQ_READ
, ,
VM_RAND_READ
, ,
VM_DONTCOPY
f o r k ()
VM_DONTEXPAND
remap ()
VM_RESERVED
VM_ACCOUNT
VM_HUGETLB
( h u g e t l b )
VM_NONLINEAR
.
VM_READ, VM_WRITE VM_EXEC - , . . ,
VM_READ VM_EXEC, VM_WRITE.
,
VM_READ VM_WRITE, VM_EXEC . , , VM_READ.
VM_SHARED , ,
.
, (shared
mapping), . , ,
(private mapping).
318
14
VM_IO , - .
mmap () - . , ,
core . VM_RESERVED , . - .
VM_SEQ_READ , (.. ) .
(read-ahead) . VM_RAND_READ
, .. (.. ).
. madvice ()
MADV_SEQUENTIAL MADV_RANDOM . , , ,
. ,
.
, .
VMA
vm_ops vm_area_struct ,
VMA. vm_area_struct , , .
vm_operations_struct,
<linux/mm.h> .
struct vm_operations_struct {
void (*open) (struct vm_area_struct *) ;
void (*close) (struct vm_area_struct * ) ;
struct page * (*nopage) (struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, int);
int (*populate) (struct vm_area struct *, unsigned long,
unsigned long, pgprot_t, unsigned long, int);
};
.
void open (struct vm_area_struct *area)
,
.
void close(struct vm_area_struct *area)
,
.
319
struct page * nopage(struct vm_area_sruct *area,

unsigned long address,
int unused)
-
(page fault), , .
int populate {struct vm_area_struct *area,
unsigned long address,
unsigned long len, pgprot_t prot,
unsigned long pgoff, int nonblock)
. remap_pages() (prefault)
.

,
: mmap mm_rb. ,
.
v m _ a r e a _ s t r u c t , -.
, mmap, . v m _ a r e a _ s t r u c t vm_next.
( ). vm a r e a _ s t r u c t , mmap.
NULL.
, m m _ r b , - (red-black) . m m _ r b ,
vm_area s t r u c t vm_rb.
- .
- . .
: . , , , , , . ,
, , , ,
, , . ,
( , ) :
. . ,
(log (n) ).
, . ,
. ,
, .
320
14

.
/ pm (1).
, .
, , .
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
return 0;
}
.
. , ,
bss. ,
,
l i b c . s o l d . s o . ,
.
/proc/<pid>/maps .
rml@phantasy:~$ cat /proc/1426/maps
00e80000-00faf000 r-xp 00000000 03:01
00faf000-00fb2000 rw-p 0012fOOO 03:01
00fb2000-00fb4000 rw-p 00000000 00:00
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:03
08049000-0804a000 rw-p 00000000 03:03
40000000-40015000 r-xp 00000000 03:01
40015000-40016000 rw-p 00015000 03:01
4001e000-4001f000 rw-p 00000000 00:00
bfffe000-c0000000 rwxp fffffOOO 00:00
208530
208530
0
439029
439029
80276
80276
0
0
/lib/tls/libc-2.3.2.so
/home/rml/src/example
/lib/ld-2.3.2.so
/lib/ld-2.3.2.so
.
-

m ( 1 ) , .
rml@phantasy:~$ pmap 1426
example[1426]
OOe8OOOO (1212 KB) r-xp (03:01
OOfafOOO (12 KB)
rw-p (03:01
00fb2000 (8 KB)
rw-p (00:00
08048000 (4 KB)
r-xp (03:03
08049000 (4 KB)
rw-p (03:03
40000000 (84 KB)
r-xp (03:01
208530)
208530)
0)
439029)
439029)
80276)
/lib/ld-2.3.2.so
pmap(l) . , , /,
. procps.
321
40015000 (4KB)
4001e000 (4 KB)
bfffeOOO (8 KB)
mapped: 1340 KB
rw-p (03:01 80276)

rw-p (00:00 0)
rwxp (00:00 0)
writable/private: 40 KB
/lib/ld-2.3.2.so
shared: 0 KB
,
bss l i b c . s o ( ). .
, bss ld. so (
). .
, , . ,
bss, ,
, .
1340 , 40
.
,
.
; , , , . ,
, ( ),
, . 1212 , 1212 , , . , ,
1340 , 40
. - .
, ,
00:00
. , (zero page,
). , , , ,
. ,
, , bss.
, , vm_
a r e a _ s t r u c t . (thread),
min_struct, t a s k _ s t r u c t .

, , , .
mmap () , ,
.
<linux/mm.h>.
322
14
find_vma()
f ind_vma () mm/mmap..
, vm_end addr.
, , addr , addr. , NULL.

vm_area_struct. , VMA , addr, , . find_vma ()
map_cache . ,
,
( 30-40%).
. ,
, .
- .
struct vm_area_struct * find_vma(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
{
struct vm_area_struct *vma = NULL;
if (mm) {
vma = mm->mmap_cache;
if (! (vma && vma->vm_end > addr && vma->vm start <= addr)) {
struct rb node * rb_node;
rb node = mm->mm_rb.rb_node;
vma = NULL;
while (rb_node) {
struct vm_area_struct * vma_tmp;
vma_tmp = rb_entry (rb_node,
struct vm_area_struct, vm_rb);
if (vma_tmp->vm_end > addr) {
vma = vma_tmp;
if (vma_tmp->vm_start <= addr)
break;
rb_node = rb_node->rb_left;
} else
rb_node = rb_node->rb_right;
}
if (vma)
mm->mmap_cache = vma;
}
}
return vma;
}
323
vma_cache ,
VMA . ,
, vm_end addr,
, ,
addr. , , . ,

VMA.
VMA, - .
vma_end addr,
, .
, , a d d r .
VMA , , addr.
, NULL.
find_vma_prev()
find_vma_prev () f i n d vma () , VMA,
addr. mma/mmap.c <linux/ram.h> .
struct vm_area_struct * find vma_prev (struct mm_struct *mm,
unsigned long addr, struct vm_area_struct **pprev)
pprev VMA.
find_VMA_intersection()
f ind_vma_intersection () , . <linux/mm.h> . .
static inline struct vm_area_struct * find_vma_intersection(
struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start_addr, unsigned long end addr)
{
struct vm_area_struct *vma;
vma = find_vma (mm, start_addr) ;
if (vma && end_addr <= vma->vm_start)
vma = NULL;
return vma;
}
, , s t a r t _ a d d r , end_addr .
, find_vma() NULL,
f i n d _ v m a _ i n t e r s e c t i o n ( ) .
324
14
find_vma () VMA, find_vma_inters e c t i o n () ,

. ,
find_vma (), , f ind_vma_intersection () NULL.
mmap() do_mmap():

do_mmap() . , VMA,
,
,
. , VMA. do_mmap() ,
, ,
VMA .
do_ramap() <linux/mm.h> .
unsigned long do_mmap(struct file *file, unsigned long addr,
unsigned long len, unsigned long prot,
unsigned long flag, unsigned long offset)
f i l e offset; len .
f i l e offset , () .
(anonymous mapping). , , (file-backed mapping).
addr (, ), .
p r o t .

<asm/mman.h>. ,
. 14.2.
flags VMA.
<asm/mman.h> . 14.3.
14.2.
PROT_READ

VM_READ
PROT_WRITE
VM_WRITE
PROT_EXEC
VM_EXEC
PROT_NONE
325
14.3.
MAP_SHARED
MAP_PRIVATE
MAP_FIXED

addr
MAP_ANONYMOUS
MAP_GROWSDOWN
VM_GROWSDOWN
MAP_DENYWRIIE
VM DENYWRITE
MAP_EXECUTABLE
VM_EXECUTABLE
MAP_LOCKED
VM_LOCKED
MAP_NORESERVE
MAP_POPULATE
(prefault)
MAP_NONBLOCK
- ,
do_mmap() . . ,
. ,
v m _ a r e a _ s t r u c t , vm_area_cachep.
-
vma_link() .
total_vm . , .
mmap()
do_mmap()
mmap() , .
void * mm2 (void *start,
size_t length,
int prot,
int flags,
int fd,
off_t pgoff)
mmap2() ,.. mmap().
mmap() , , mmap2(), . . mmap() ,
POSTX, , mmap() ,
.
mmap2() . mmap2 (),
mmap()
.
326
14
munmap() do_munmap():

do_manmap() . <asm/mman.h> .
int do_munmap(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start, size t_len)
, , s t a r t l e n .
, .
munmap()
munmap () , . mmap ()
.
int munmap(void *start, size_t length)
(wrapper) do_munmap ( ) .
asmlinkage long sys_munmap(unsigned long addr, size_t len)
{
int ret;
struct mm_struct *mm;
mm = current->mm;
down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
ret = do_munmap(mm, addr, len);
p_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
return ret;
}

,
, . ,
, ,
.
. . ()
. , .
327
Linux 3.
64- . , ,
32- , . Linux ,
(,
).
" ". .
(page global directory, PGD). PGD
pgd_t. pgd_t
unsigned long. PGD , PMD.
;
(page middle directory, PMD). PMD
prad_t. PMD (page table entry,
).
pte_t. .

( ).
. ,
. . 14.1
, .
PGD
PMD
mm_struct
page
. 14.1.
2.6.11 Linux 64-

4-, . 32- 3 , . . .
328
14
(,
). pgd .
p a g e _ t a b l e _ l o c k , .
, , <asm/page.h>.
,
.
. ,
(translation loo-
kaside buffer, TLB), , .

, TLB.
, .
.
,
. 2.6
. , , .
fork(). ,
, . , fork().
, . ,
( s t r u c t mm_struct) ( s t r uct vrn_area_struct). , (
mmap()) ( munmap()) . . Linux
,
.
- , -
. !
329
15
Linux ,
(page cache). -
, ,
.
. -,
, .
, . -,
,
. ,

, (temporal locality). ,
,
.
, .
. - (, , -, ,
), , . ,
.

-. 13,
" -",
. , .
- , -
- .
" ", ,
.
, .

-, read() w r i t e ( ) . - , , , .
. .
-
. -
. bread() , .

.
, , . .
, . .
,
,
.

, (page cache) ; .
, , . , , ,
. -, ,
, r e a d ( ) 1 , , , ,
. ,
.
address_space

2.
1
12 ," ", - read() write(),

file->f_op->read()
file~>f_op->wriie().
2
, 86 4 ,

512 . , 8 . , "" .
332
15
, .
,
, .
, Linux ,
.
System V (SVR 4) .
, SVR 4
, s t r u c t vnode.
Linux , ,
.
Linux address_space ( ),
, .
<linux/fs.h> .
struct address_space {
struct inode
/* ,
*/
/* */
struct radix_tree_root page_tree;
/*
spinlock_ t
tree_lock;
page_tree */
/*
unsigned int
i_mmap_wrltable;
VM_SHARED */
/* */
struct prio_tree_root i_mmap;
/*
VM_NONLINEAR */
struct list_head
i_mmap_nonlinear;
/* i_mmap */
spinlock_t
i_mmap_lock;
/* truncate */
atomic_t
truncate_counl;
/* */
unsigned long
nrpages;
pgoff_t
writeback_index; /* */
struct address_space_operations *a_ops; /* */
/* gfp_mask */
unsigned long
flags;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info; /* */
/* */
spinlock_t
private_lock;
/* */
struct list_head
private_list;
/* */
struct address_spacs
*assoc_mapping;
};
*host;
i_mmap .
3
.
nrpages .
,
Edward M. McCreight, SIAM Journal of Computing, May 1985, vol. 14.
2 , P. 257-276.
333
a d d r e s s s p a c e ,
. , host . host NULL,
; , address_space
(swapper).
a_ops ,
VFS. s t r u c t address_space_operations,
<linux/fs.h> .
struct address_space_operations {
int (*writepage) (struct page *, struct writeback_control * ) ;
int (*readpage) (struct file *, struct page * ) ;
int (*sync_page) (struct page * ) ;
int (*writepages) (struct address_space *,
struct writeback_control * ) ;
int (*set_page_dirty) (struct page * ) ;
int (*readpages) (struct file *, struct address_space *,
struct list_head *, unsigned);
int (*prepare_write) (struct file *, struct page *,
unsigned, unsigned);
int (*commit_write) (struct file *, struct page *,
unsigned, unsigned);
sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
int (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned long);
int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
int (*direct_IO) (int, struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *,
loff_t, unsigned long);
};
r e a d _ p a g e w r i t e _ p a g e .
, .
: a d d r e s s _
s p a c e . .
page = find_get_page(mapping, index);
mapping , a index - .
, .
struct page *cached_page;
int error;
cached_page = page_cache_alloc_cold (mapping);
if (!cached_page)
/* */
error = add_to_page_cache_lru (cached_page, mapping, index, GFP_KERNEL);
if (error)
/* */
334
15
, , . .
error = mapping->a_ops->readpage(file, page);
.

.
SetPageDirty(page);

w r i t e p a g e ( ) . , ( ), . , , m m / f i l e m a p . ,
.
page = __grab_cache_page(mapping, index, &cached_page, &lru_pvec);
status a_ops->prepare_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes};
.
, . p r e p a r e _ w r i t e (), . .
c o m n i t _ w r i t e ( ) .

-, - .
. ,
. " ". , .

,
-, .
( , ,
).
,
a d d r e s s _ s p a c e .
a d d r e s s _ s p a c e (radix tree), p a g e t r e e . - .
. , f i n d _ g e t _ p a g e () r a d i x _ t r e e _ l o o k u p (), .

335
l i b /
r a d i x - t r e e . . <linux/radix-tree.h>.
-
2.6 . -
. - , . ,
. , - NULL.
- .
- .
. .
- ,
, , .
(
) - , .
- , .
2.6 .

Linux .
2.2 : . , . . .
,
.
2.2 , Linux 2.4
. .
, . , , .
336
15
pdflush
(dirty, "") - . .
,
,
.
,
, , .
.
(. ).
2.6 (gang4) pdflush,
( pdflush). ,
pdflush "dirty page flush" (" "). ,
, .
-, pdflush , .
,
, . , , d i r ty_background_ratio s y s c t l .
, wakeup_bdf l u s h ()5
pdflush, background_writeout ().
, ,
.
, .
.

dirty_background_ratio.
, pdf l u s h . , , p d f l u s h
.
-, pdflush
( )
"gang" . ,
-, .
, . wakeup_pdflush ().
, .
337
. ,
. , ,
. , .
, pdflush, wb_kupdate ( ) .
, d i r t y _ e x p i r e _ c e n t i ses . ,
d i r t y _ e x p i r e _ c e n t i s e c s .
p d f l u s h , , .

/proc/sys/vrn s y s c t l . . 15.1 .
15.1. p d f l u s h
dirty_background_ratio
,
p d f l u s h
dirty_expire_centisecs
, , ,
p d f l u s h

dirty_ratio
,
,
dirty_writeback_centisecs
, , b d f l u s h

laptop_mode
,
(. )
p d f l u s h m m / p a g e - w r i t e b a c k . c f s /
fs-writeback..

.
, . /proc/sys/vm/laptop_mode.
0 . 1
.

. ; ,
, p d f l u s h
-,
338
15
. p d f l u s h ,
, ,
.
, d i r t y _ e x p i r e _ c e n t i s e c s
d i r t y _ w r i t e b a c k _ c e n t i s e c s , 10 .
, -
, , .
Linux , p b f l u s h ,
.
, .
bdflush kupdated
2.6 p d f l u s h b d f l u s h kupdated.
b d f l u s h , .
,
p d f l u s h . b d f l u s h wakeup_bdflush () ,
.
b d f l u s h p d f l u s h .
, b d f l u s h , p d f l u s h
. . , b d f l u s h ,
. p d f l u s h , . ,
, -
, . ,
, ,
.
b d f l u s h , , kupdated, . ,
wb_kupdate () p d f l u s h .
b d f l u s h kupdated
pdflush.
:

b d f l u s h ,
b d f l u s h . ,

339
b d f l u s h - ,
. , . ,
, , b d f l u s h
. ,
, , .
, ,
.
.
.
2.6
p d f l u s h . , p d f l u s h .

. p d f l u s h , p d f l u s h .
MAX_PDFLUSH_THREADS,
8. , p d f l u s h , .
, , MIN_PDFLUSH_THREADS, 2. , p d f l u s h ,
, . p d f l u s h
, . , ,
. , p d f l u s h , .
ce , p d f l u s h
?
p d f l u s h ,
. ,
p d f l u s h (congestion avoidance). , . p d f l u s h
.
p d f l u s h , ,
.
,
b d f l u s h , 2.6
,
. p d f l u s h
.
340
15

.
, -,
pdf lush.

, . , Linux

.
341
16
, , Linux
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
. , ,
.
,
, , .
"Hello,World!"
,
,
, , ,
.
, , "Hello World!", - . ,
, "Hello, World!".
/*
* hello. - Hello, World!
/*
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
/*
* hello_init - , ,
* ,
* .
*/
static int hello_init(void)

{
printk(KERN_ALERT "I bear a charmed life.\n");
return 0;
}
/*
* hello_exit - , .
*/
static void hello_exit (void)
{
printk(KERN_ALERT "Out, out, brief candle!\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE{"GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Shakespeare");
, . h e l l o _
i n i t () m o d u l e _ i n i t ()
. . m o d u l e _ i n i t ()
, , . .
int my_init(void);
, s t a t i c .
i n t .
( , ) ,
. .
. , ..
,
.
h e l l o _ e x i t ()
m o d u l e _ e x i t (). h e l l o _ e x i t (),
. , ,
, .. , .
.
void my_exit(void);
, s t a t i c .
344
16
, ( ,
).
MODULE_LICENSE ()
. , GPL, t a i n t e d (, ).
, , , . , ,
GPL, ,
" GPL" (. " " ).
, MODULE_AUTHOR () .
.

"kbuild", 2.6 , . ,
, , .
.
. ,
.

. , .
, .
d r i v e r s / , .
, .
d r i v e r s / c h a r / ,
d r i v e r s / b l o c k / , USB d r i v e r s / u s b / .
, USB . .
,
, Fish Master XL 2000 Titanium . ,
f i s h i n g d r i v e r s / c h a r / .
M a k e f i l e , d r i v e r s / c h a r / . d r i v e r s / c h a r /
Makefile .
obj-m += fishing/
345
,
f i s h i n g / . , , , CONFIG_FISHING_POLE
( ,
" "). .
obj-$(CONFIG_FISHING_POLE) += fishing/
, d r i v e r s / c h a r / f i s h i n g
Makefile, .
obj-m += fishing.
f i s h i n g / f i s h i n g . f i s h i n g . . , .,
..
, , , Makefile
.
obj-$(CONFIG_FISHING_POLE) += fishing.
. ,
.
! Makefile .
obj-$(CONFIG_FISHING_POLE) += fishing.
fishing-objs := fishing-main. fishing-line.
f i s h i n g - m a i n .
f i s h i n g - l i n e . f i s h i n g . .
, gcc . Makefile .
EXTRA_CFLAGS += -DTITANIUM_POLE
d r i v e r s / c h a r / ,
,
(, M a k e f i l e d r i v e r s /
c h a r / f i s h i n g / ) d r i v e r s / c h a r / M a k e f i l e .
, . ,
CONFIG_FISHING_POLE, .
346
16

,
Makefile , .
obj-m := fishing.
fishing. fishing. .
,
.
obj-m := fishing.
fishing-objs := fishing-main. fishing-line.
f i s h i n g - m a i n .
f i s h i n g - l i n e . f i s h i n g , .
, ,
.
, make
Makefile . .
make - /kerncl/source/location SUBDTRS=$PWD modules
/ k e r n e l / s o u r c e / l o c a t i o n . ,
, , / u s r / s r c / l i n u x ,
- , - .

/lib/modules/
version/kernel. , 2.6.10
/ l i b / m o d u l e s / 2 . 6 . 1 0 / k e r n e l / d r i v e r s / c h a r /
f i s h i n g . , d r i v e r s /
char/.
.
make modules_install
, root.

Linux . , chum b a i t ,
chum b a i t . .
Linux
347
. root .
depmod
, , root
.
depmod -A
/ l i b / m o d u l e s /
version/modules.dep.

insmod.
. ,
. insmod .
. root
insmod module
module , .
.
insmod fishing
rmmod. root .
rmmod module
, .
rmmod fishing
, . modprobe ,
, ,
. .
modprobe root
modprobe module [ module parameters ]
module , . ,
. .
modprobe , , . , .
348
16
modprobe .
root .
modprobe Pr modules
modules ,
. rmmod, modprobe , , .
Linux
, .

, CONFIG_FISHING_POLE.
,
.
"kbuild",
2.6,
. , , Kconf ig,
.
,
. d r i v e r s / c h a r / , drivers/char/Kconfig.
, ,
Kconf ig.
source Tdrivers/char/fishing/Kconfig
Kconfig, drivers/char/Kconfig.
Kconfig . .
config FISHING_POLE
tristate "Fish Master XL support"
default n
help
If you say Y here, support for the Fish Master XL 2000 Titanium with
computer interface will be compiled into the kernel
and accessible via
device node. You can also say M here and the driver will be
built as a
module named fishing.ko.
If unsure, say N.
349
, .
, CONFIG_ , .
, (tristate),
: (Y),
() (N).
,
, (, .
)
bool t r i s t a t e . , ,
.
, .
h e l p , .
.
, , . , , , , ,
.
. depends
,
, . , . ,
.
depends on FISH_TANK
, , CONFIG_FISH_TANK.
s e l e c t d e p e n d s , ,
, . ,
depends, .
.
select BAIT
CONF'IG_BAIT CONFIG_FISHING_POLE.
s e l e c t , d e p e n d s &&. depends ,
. ,
, ,
CONFIG_DUMB_DRIVERS CONFIG_NO_FISHING_ALLOWED.
depends on DUMB_DRIVERS && !NO_FISHING_ALLOWED
350
16
t r i s t a t e b o o l if,
. ,
, . , , "Deep Sea Mode" ,
CONFIG_OKEAN.
bool TDeep Sea ModeY if OCEAN
if d e f a u l t , ,
, ,
if.
, . CONFIG_EMBEDDED
, , , ( ). CONFIG_BROKEN_ON_SMP
, ,
. ,
, SMP. .
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
.
, .

Linux , . .
sysfs (. 17, "
kobject sysf ").
.
module_param ()
.
module_param(name, type, perm);
name , , , . t y p e . : b y t e , s h o r t , u s h o r t , i n t . u i n t ,
l o n g , u l o n g , c h a r p , b o o l i n v b o o l .
: ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ,
, . b y t e char, i n t . . , perm -
351
sysfs. , 0644 (
, ,
), , " | " , S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR (
, ).
, sysfs
.
. , . .
/* , bait */
static int allow live bait = 1;
/* */
module_param(allow_live_bait, bool, 0644); /* */
, ..
a l l o w _ l i v e _ b a i t .
, . module_param_named ().
module_param_named(name, variable, type, perm);
name , a v a r i a b l e , .
static unsigned int max_test = DEFAULT__LINE_TEST;
module_param_named (maximum_line_test, max_test, int, 0 ) ;
, , charp.
, .
static char *name;
module_param(name, charp, 0 ) ;

, .
module_param_string().
module_param_string(name, string, len, perm);
name , s t r i n g ,
, l e n string
( , , , ,
), perm sysfs (
sysfs). .
static char species[BUF_LEN];
module_param_string (specif ies, species, BUF_LEN, 0 ) ;
, . -
352
16
module_param_array() .
module_param array(name, type, nump, perm);
name , type , a perm
sysfs. nump
, , .
, , name,
. , . ,
.
static int fish[MAX_FISH];
static int nr_fish;
module_param_array(fish, int, &nr_fish, 0444);
, ,
module_param_array_named ().
module_param_array_named(name, array, type, nump, perm);
.
, , MODULE_
PARM_DESC() .
static unsigned short size = 1;
module_param(size, ushort, 0644);
MODULE_PARM__DESC(size, "The size in inches of the fishing pole " \
"connected to this computer.");

<linux/moduleparam.h>.

.
, ( ), .
EXPORT_SYMBOL () EXPORT_
SYMBOL_GPL().
, , .
, , .
,
. ( , s t a t i c ) , . , ,
s t a t i c .
, , ( ) API .
353
. , EXPORT_SYMBOL ().
/*
* get_pirate_beard_color
* pirate ,
* <linux/beard_colors.h>
*/
int get_pirate_beard_color(void)
{
return pirate->beard->color;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_pirate_beard_color);
, g e t _ p i r a t e _ b e a r d _ c o l o r ( )
.
,
GPL.
MODULE_LICENSE ( ) . ,
, GPL, .
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_pirate_beard_color);
,
, .
.

, , . , Linux, ,
. . ( )

, .
k o b j e c t sysf's,
, ,
.
354
16
17
kobject

sysfs
, 2.6. .

.
.
, , .
, ,
.
, .
.

, , .
.

.
, , . , , ,
() . , USB-
, USB,
USB PCI.
, .
k o b j e c t
kobject,
s t r u c t k o b j e c t ,
< l i n u x / k o b j e c t . h > . kobject Object - , # Java.
, , , , .
, kobject,
.
struct kobject {
char
*k_name;
char
name[KOBJ_NAME_LEN];
struct kref
kref;
struct list_head entry;
struct kobject
*parent;
struct kset
*kset;
struct kobj_type *ktype;
struct dentry
*dentry;
};
k_name .
KOBJ_NAME_LEN, 20 , name, a
kname .
KOBJ_NAME_LEN , , , ,
k_name .
p a r e n t kobject.
, k o b j e c t , . , sysfs

kobject, .
d e n t r y s t r u c t dentry, sysfs.
kref, ktype k s e t , kobject. e n t r y
kset. .
kobject
. , , s t r u c t cdev,
kobj.
356
17
/* cdev - */
struct cdev {
struct kobject
kobj;
struct module
*owner;
struct file_operations
*ops;
struct list_head
list;
dev_t
dev;
unsigned int
count;
};
kobject ,
, kobject. , ,
kobject, . , cdev
cdev->kobj->parent cdev->kobj->entry.
k t y p e
kobject , ktype. ktype s t r u c t kobj_type,
<linux/kobject.h> .
struct kobj_type {
void (*release)(struct kobject * ) ;
struct sysfs_ops
*sysfs_ops;
struct attribute
**default_attrs;
};
ktype kobject.
,
ktype, "" .
r e l e a s e , , . , , .
sysfs_ops sysfs_ops.
sysfs
. " sysfs".
, d e f a u l t _ a t t r s a t t r i b u t e .
, kobject . . kobject sysfs,
. NULL.
kobject sysfs
357
k s e t
k s e t kobject.
kset , , " ". kset ktype, :
" ?" k s e t
kobject, ktype ,
k o b j e c t .
ktype kset.
kset kobject k s e t . k s e t kset,
< l i n u x / k o j e c t . h > .
struct kset {
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
};
subsystem
kobj_type
list_head
kobject
kset_hotplug_ops
*subsys;
*ktype;
list;
kobj;
*hotplug_ops;
ktype ktype, , l i s t - kobject , kobj kobject,

, hotplug_ops ,
kobject , .
, sybsys s t r u c t subsystem, kset.

kset. k s e t kobject, kset, , k o b j e c t
. kset
.
, s t r u c t subsystem.
struct subsystem {
struct kset
struct rw_semaphore
};
ksot;
rwsem;
subsystem kset, kset subsystem
358
17
subsys. , , subsystem.
k s e t , subsystem, k s e t
, ,
.
rwsem s u b s y s t e m - (. 9,
" "),
k s e t . k s e t - ,
.

, , , ( ) (
), .
k o b j e c t ,
. ,
.
k o b j e c t ,
s t r u c t k o b j e c t . k o b j e c t
, , - .
k o b j e c t . k o b j e c t ,
.
k o b j e c t k t y p e ,
s t r u c t k o b j _ t y p e .
ktype k o b j e c t .
ktype :
, , sysfs, .
k o b j e c t , k s e t .
k s e t s t r u c t k s e t .
. -,
k o b j e c t
k o b j e c t . -, k o b j e c t . sysfs k o b j e c t
.
, ,
k s e t .
k s e t . s t r u c t subsystem.
, sysfs,
.
. 17.1 .
kobject sysfs
359
kset
kobj
kobj
kset
kobj
kobj
kobj
kobj
kobj
kobj
. 17.1. kobject,
kset

k o b j e c t
,
k o b j e c t , , kobject
. , kobject. kobject
( -) " "
. , kobject
, ,
, .
k o b j e c t - . kobject k o b j e c t _ i n i t () ,
< l i n u x / k o b j e c t . h > .
void kobject_init(struct kobject *kobj);
kobject, . , , .
,
kobject. memset ().
memset(kobj, 0, sizeof (*kobj));
p a r e n t
kset, .
360
17
kobj = kmalloc(sizeof (*kobj), GFP_KERNEL);

if (!kobj)
return -ENOMEM;
memset(kobj, 0, sizeof (*kobj));
kobj->ksct - kset;
kobj->parent = parent_kobj;
kobject_init (kobj);

k o b j e c t _ s e t _ n a m e ( ) , .
int kobject_set_name(struct kobject * kobj, const char * fmt, , . . . ) ;
, p r i n t f () p r i n t k (). ,
k_name k o b j e c t . ,
name,
.
,
k s e t , k t y p e .
, k s e t
ktype , ktype,
k s e t , . ,
k o b j e c t ktype, !

, k o b j e c t ,
.
. , , ,
(pinned, , ). , ,
.
, .
(getting), (putting)
. ,
, .

kobject_get().
struct kobject * kobject_get(struct kobject *kobj);
kobject
NULL .

kobject_put().
void kobject put(struct kobject *kobj);
kobject sysfs
361
, , , , r e l e a s e ktype .
k r e f

kref, <linux/kref. h> .
struct kref{
atomic_t refcount;
};
,
. , . kref, k r e f _ i n i t () .
void kref_init(struct kref *krcf)
{
atomic_set(&kref->refcount, 1 ) ;
}
, a t o m i c _ t , .
, k r e f , kobject.
k r e f ,
k r e f _ g e t ( ) .
void kref_get(struct kref *kref)
{
WARN_ON(!atomic_read(&kref->refcount));
atomic_inc(&kref->refcount);
}
. . kref,
kref_put ().
void kref_put(struct kref *kref, void (*release) (struct kref *kref))
{
WARN_ON(release == NULL);
WARN_ON(release == (void (*)(struct kref *))kfree);
if (atomic dec_and_test (&kref->refcount))
release (kref);
}
r e l e a s e ( ) , , .
WARM_ON ( ) , r e l e a s e () k f r ( ) ,
362
17
,
s t r u c t kref
.

atomic_t,
kref , .
l i b / k r e f . c
<linux/kref.h>.
sysfs
sysfs ,
kobject. . k o b j e c t
, , .
, sysfs . ,
. , , /, . ,
k o b j e c t , sysfs driverfs.
, k o b j e c t . , 2.6,
sysfs, .
sysfs kobject
d e n t r y , k o b j e c t .
12, " ",
d e n t r y .
,
. k o b j e c t

. , kobject ! , ,
sysfs.
. 17.2 sysfs, /sys.
sysfs : block, bus,
c l a s s , devices, firmware, module power. b l o c k
-.
kobject sysfs
363
/sys
block/
fd0
hda
dev
device-> . ./. ./devices/psi0000:00/0000:00:1f.1/ide/0.0
hda1
dev
size
start
star
hda2
hda3
hda4
hda5
hda6
queue
lidc
hdd
loop0
loop1
Ioop2
Ioop3
Ioop4
Ioop5
Ioop6
Ioop7
md0
bus/
class/
devices/
firmware/
power
. 17.2. /sys
,
. bus . c l a s s
,
. devices
. .
firmware , ACPI, EDD, EFT .. power
.
d e v i c e s ,
.
. , , devices. ,
/ s y s / c l a s s / n e t / .
eth0, device
devices.
/sys Linux,
.
. c l a s s , devices
364
17
bus.
. , , ,
1.

sysfs
kobject
sysfs. sysfs, kobject_add().
int kobject_add(struct kobject *kobj);
sysfs . p a r e n t , , ,
p a r e n t . p a r e n t , ,
kset->kobj.
p a r e n t , kset, ,

sysfs. ,
. p a r e n t k s e t ( ) kobject_add () . ,
kobject sysfs,
kobj->name.
k o b j e c t _ i n i t ()
kobject_add(), k o b j e c t _ r e g i s t e r ().
int kobject_register(struct kobject *kobj);
sysfs
kobject_del().
void kobject_del(struct kobject *kobj);
kob j c t u n r e g i s t er ()
kobject_del() kobject_put().
void kobject_unregister(struct kobject * kobj);
l i b / k o b j e c t .
<linux/kobject.h>.
sysfs, , ,
HAL, hardware abstraction layer ( ), h t t p : / / h a l . f r e e d e s k t o p . o r g / .
HAL
sysfs, , . HAL API,
.
kobject sysfs
365
sysfs
kobject ,
. ? sysfs
, .
,
, , ktype kobject kset. ,
kobject ,
. kobject_type d e f a u l t _ a t t r s ,
a t t r i b u t e . sysfs.
a t t r i b u t e s <linux/sysfs.h>.
/* a t t r i b u t e -
sysfs */
struct attribute {
char
*name;
/* */
struct module
*owner;
/* , ,
*/
mode_t
mode;
/* */
};
name .
sysfs. owner module,
, .
, NULL. mode
mode_t sysfs. ,
S_IRUGO, ,
S_IRUSR. ,
, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR.
sysfs .
a t t r i b u t e ,
sysfs_ops , . sysfs_ops , < l i n u x / s y s f s . h >
.
struct sysfs_ops {
/* sysfs */
ssize_t (*show) (struct kobject *kobj,
struct attribute *attr,
char *buffer);
/* sysfs */
ssize_t (*store) (struct kobject *kobj,
struct attribute *attr,
const char *buffer,
size_t size);
};
366
17
show() . , a t t r , ,
buffer. PAGE_SIZE . PAGE_SIZE 4096 . ,
, , .
s t o r e ( ) . s i z e buffer a t t r . PAGE_SIZE
. , , .
-
, ,
, .

, ktype, kobject, . ,
k o b j e c t -
. ,
kobject.
, sysfs, .
, kobject
. ( ) ,
. sysf s _ c r e a t e _ f i l e ()
.
int sysfs_create_file(struct kobject *kobj, const struct attribute *attr);
a t t r i b u t e ,
a t t r , k o b j e c t , kobj.
, (
). .
, sysfs_ops, ktype . , show () s t o r e {), ,
.
, . sysfs
.
int sysfs_create_link(struct kobject *kobj,
struct kobject *target, char *name);
kobject sysfs
367
name , kobj, , t a r g e t .

.

sysfs_remove_f i l e ().
void sysfs_remove_file(struct kobject *kobj, const struct attribute *attr);

.
, sysfs_create_link (), sysfs_remove_link().
void sysfs_remove_link (struct kobject *kobj, char *name) ;
name , kobj.
< l i n u x / k o b j e c t . h > .
s y s f s _ c r e a t e _ f i l e ( ) sysfs_remove_file() fs/sysfs/
f i l e . , s y s f s _ c r e a t e _ l i n k ( ) sysfs_remove_link()
fs/sysfs/symlink.c.
sysfs
sysfs , , i o c t l ( ) , procfs.
sysfs .
, i o c t l ( ) , sysfs, .
, - ,
i o c t l (), / r .
sysfs , .
-, sysfs .
.
, /.

, sysfs
, . , ,
, .
. . ,
368
17
sysfs , , .
-, sysfs
. "" kobject. kobject
, , . sysfs !
, , sysfs
(Application
Binary Interface, ABT). , ,
sysfs.
, , , .
sysfs .
sysfs .

(kernel event layer) ,
, , , , kobject.
2.6.0 , ,
, , . ,
. , " !", " !", " !", " !" (, , ).
,
kobject sysfs. .
, , , kobject.
sysfs,
sysfs. , , /sys/block/hda. kobject.
, (verb) (action). , ,
(modified) (unmounted).
kobject sysfs
369

( , payload).
, , , sysfs.
n e t l i n k . n e t l i n k - (multicast),
, .
n e t l i n k .
-, , , . ,
, D-BUS2. .
, ,
.

k o b j e c t _ u e v e n t ( ) .
int kobject_uevent(struct kobject *kobj,
enurn kobject_action action,
struct attribute *attr);
kobject, . sysfs, , .
, . , , enurn k o b j e c t _ a c t i o n .
, ,
(enum). ,
, . <linux/kobject_uevent.h> KOBJ_foo.
: KOBJ_MOUNT,
KOBJ_UNMOUNT, KOBJ_ADD, KOBJ_REMOVE J_CHANGE. "mount" (), "unmount" (), "add" (), "remove" () "change" () .
, .
a t t r i b u t e .
(payload) .
, , sysfs .
2
D-BUS
http://dbus.freedesktop.org/.
370
17

. , , GFP_ATOMIC.
int kobject_uevent_atomic (struct kobject *kobj,
enum kobject_action action,
struct attribute *attr);
. .
kobject sysfs,
,
sysfs.
l i b / k o b j e c t _ u e v e n t .
<linux/kobject_uevent.h>.
k o b j e c t
sysfs
, sysfs, k o b j e c t .
:
kset, , , ktype kref.
.
. kobject , .
,
s y s f s _ c r e a t e _ f i l e ( ) , .
, ,

kobject. kobject ,
, !!!
, . , . , !
kobject sysfs
371
18
,
, .
,
. ,
.
, , , ,
. , ,
, , . - ,
.

, ? .
. ,
, . , , , .
, . .
. ,
. , -
. , ,
, , .
, ( ,
?). , , . , ,
.
, .
,
. , .
, , .
(, ), , , .
, , -
. ,
, foo core. -. , .

.
, , , - , ,
, . , .
, , ,
.

, .
.
(, ) (, ). ;
.
, , , . , ,
(race condition).
, ,
, , .
,

NULL, (""),
( ). NULL
"oops", , "" ( , "oops", ). "oops".
: , , ,
.
.
374
18
, , .
,
, (race)
.
, ,
( , ,
).
p r i n t k ( )
p r i n t k ( )
p r i n t f ( ) . . : p r i n t k ( ) , . ,
.
p r i n t k ( )
p r i n t k ( )
. p r i n t k ()
.
. .
- .
, , p r i n t k () , .
p r i n t k ( )
p r i n t k ( ) .
,
. , , ?
, ,
(,
s e t u p _ a r c h ( ) ,
). : - , .
, . , ,

, (, ). ,
.
, ( i386)
, .
375
p r i n t k ( ) ,
e a r l y _ p r i n t k ( ) . p r i n t k ( ) ,
.
, , . , .
,
, p r i n t k ( ) , .

p r i n t k ( ) p r i n t f ( )
(loglevel). ,
. , ,
(console logleyel). .
printk(KERN_WARNTNG " !\n");
printk(KERN_DEBUG " !\n");
p r i n t k ( " l o q l e v e l ! \ n " );
KERN_WARNING KERN_DEBUG < l i n u x / k e r n e l . h > . , "<4>" "<7>",
, p r i n t k ( ) . ( c o n s o l e _ l o g l e v e l )
. . 18.1
.
18.1. (loglevel)
loglevel
KERN_EMERG
KERN_ALERT
KERN_CRIT
KERN_ERR
KERN_WARNING
KERN_NOTICE
KERN_INFO
KERN_DEBUG
, DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL, KERN_
WARNING. , .
376
18
KERN_EMERG "<0>", KERN_DEBUG, "<7>". ,

.
printk("<4>o !\n");
printk("<7> !\n");
printk("<4> loglevel!\n");
p r i n t k ( ) . ,
, , . ,
" ", "", "" - .

, KERN_CRIT, - .
KERN_DEBUG
.
.
< l i n u x / k e r n e l . h > .

(log buffer) LOG_BUF_LEN.
CONFIG_
LOG_BUF_SHIFT.
16 . 16 . ,
. ,
.
.
, p r i n t k ( )
. , . ,
. , , , .
,
, .
syslogd klogd
Linux klogd,
. k l o g d / p r o c / k m s g ,
s y s l o g ( ) .
377
/rc. , klogd
, . , ,
. syslogd.
s y s l o g d ,
/ v a r / l o g / m e s s a g e s .
/ e t c / s y s l o g . c o n f .
(console loglevel)
klogd -.

p r i n t k ( )
,
p r i n t f ( ) p r i n t k ( ) . , p r i n t f ( ) . ,
,
.
, ,
p r i n t k ( ) p r i n t f ( ) .
, , .
Oops
oops , - . ,
, , , - . ,
oops. ,

(back trace). , "''
, oops . oops . , ,
oops,
. ,
. .
. , oops,
, . .
oops (idle task, p i d ),
i n i t ( p i d ),
,
378
18
. , oops
, .
oops ,
(memory access violation)
. , oops
, , .
oops , tulip.
Oops: Exception in kernel mode, sig: 4
Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000001
NIP: C013A7F0 LR: C013A7F0 SP: C0685E00 REGS: c0905dl0 TRAP: 0700
Not tainted
MSR: 00089037 : 1 PR: 0 FP: 0 ME: 1 IR/DR: 11
TASK = c0712530[0] swapper Last syscall: 120
GPROO: C013A7C0 C0295E00 C0231530 0000002F 00000001 C0380CB8 C0291B80 C02D0000
GPR08: 000012AO 00000000 00000000 C0292AA0 4020A088 00000000 00000000 00000000
GPR16: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
GPR24: 00000000 00000005 00000000 00001032 C3F7C000 00000032 FFFFFFFF C3F7C1C0
Call trace:
[c013ab30] tulip_timer+0xl28/0xlc4
[c0020744] run_timer_softirq+0xl0c/0xl64
[c001b864] do_softirq+0x88/0xl04
[c0007e80] timer_mterrupt+0x284/0x298
[c00033c4] ret_from_except+0x0/0x34
[c0007b84] default_idle+0x20/0x60
[c0007bf8] cpu_idle+0x34/0x38
[c0003ae8] rest_init+0x24/0x34

(32 - !). oops 86,
, . ,
: .
, . ,
: - : c p u _ i d l e ( ) , d e f a u l t _ i d l e ( ) .
, .
t u l i p _ t i m e r ( ) , NULL.
( 0128/014, ) , .
, .
, . ,
. ,
NULL ( ) ,
379
. , ,
(race) . .
ksymoops
oops
, , .
.
NIP: C013A7F0 LR: C013A7F0 SP: C0685E00 REGS: c0905dl0 TRAP: 0700
Not tainted
MSR: 00089037 : 1 PR: 0 FP: 0 ME 1 IR/DR: 11
TASK = c0712530[0] 'swapper' Last syscall: 120
GPROO: C013A7CO C0295E00 C0231530 0000002F 00000001 C0380CB8 C0291B80 C02D0000
GPR08: 000012AO 00000000 00000000 C0292AA0 4020A088 00000000 00000000 00000000
GPR16: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
GPR24: 00000000 00000005 00000000 00001032 C3F7C000 00000032 FFFFFFFF C3F7C1C0
Call trace: [c013ab30] [c0020744] [c001b864] [c0007e80] [c00061c4]
[c0007b84] [c0007bf8] [c0003ae8]
. ksymoops
System.map, . , .
ksymoops , .
ksymoops saved_oops.txt
oops. , , ,
,
. , ,
.
ksymoops
Linux.
k a l l s y m s
, ksymoops.
, , , , System.map, oops.
2.5 k a l l s y m s ,
CONFIG_KALLSYMS.

,
380
18
. ,
oops System.map,
kallsyms.
, ,
. , , .

, .
Kernel hacking .
CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL.
, .
,
(slab layer debugging),
(high memory debugging), - (I/O mapping debugging), - (spinlock debugging) (stack overflow checking). ,

- (sleep-inside-spinlock checking), -

2.5 . 8, " ", ,
, .
, -, , .
. -
.
, . , , , , ,
. ,
, schedule ()
, ,
, . .

.
381
CONFIG_PREEMPT=y
CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL=y
CONFIG_KALLSYMS=y
CONFIG_SPINLOCK_SLEEP=y

, , . BUG()
BUG_ON(). oops,
. oops .
BUG() BUG_ON()
,
oops.

(assertion), , .
if (bad_thing)
BUG();
.
BUG_ON(bad_thing);
panic ().
p a n i c () . ,
.
if (terrible_thing)
panic("foo is %ld!\n", foo);
, . dump_stack(). .
if (!debug_check) {
printk(KERN_DEBUG " . . . \ n " ) ;
dump_stack();
}
SysRq
SysRq, CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ ,
. SysRq . i386
A L T - P r i n t S c r e e n . , 382
18
, .
.
s y s c t l
.
echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
SysRq-h. SysRq-s
,
SysRq-u , a SysRq-b .
, , r e s e t .
, SysRq, . , ,
. . 18.2 SysRq.
18.2. SysRq
SysRq-b
(reboot)
SysRq-e
S I G T E R M , i n i t
SysRq-h
SysRq
SysRq-i
SIGKILL , i n i t
SysRq-k
: ,
SysRq-l
S I G K I L L , i n i t
SysRq-m
SysRq-o
(shutdown)
SysRq-p
SysRq-r
(raw mode)
SysRq-s
SysRq-t
SysRq-u
D o c u m e n t a t i o n / s y s r q . t x t ,
, .
d r i v e r s / c h a r / s y s r q . . SysRq ,
"" , .
.
, .
383

. , , , -
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
, , , Linux - gdb.
gdb
, GNU.
.
gdb vmlinux /proc/kcore
vmlinux ,
, . zlmage, bzlmage .
/proc/kcore core, .
, root.
gdb
. , .
global_variable
,
.
disassemble function
-g ( -g
CFLAGS Makefile ), gdb
. ,
. , .
, gdb.
. , (breakpoint).
.
384
18
,
.
kgdb
kgdb , gdb
. . kgdb. (- ,
) gdb. kgdb
gdb: ,
, (watch points),
.. kgdb .
kgdb , , .
Documentation/,
.
kgdb . .
kdb
kgdb kdb. kgdb kdb
. kdb , ,
. ,
.
b r e a k . oops . Documentation/kdb . kdb
h t t p : / / o s s . s g i . c o m / .

, , , .
, , . .
UID
,
"" .
, , . , , -
385
f o r k ( ) , ,
. ,
, f o r k ()
. , .
, .
(UID) , .
if (current->uid != 7777) {
/* .. */
} else {
/* .. */
}
lice , , UID 7777
.
7777. , .

, ,
, ,
. ,
. , . ,
. , .
, .

,
. .
.
, , foo bar. , ,
, .
unsigned long foo_stat = 0;
unsigned long bar_stat = 0;
, .
. , /,
. .
,
SMP . . ,
386
18
, , .

(
), . , .
p r i n t k (),
.
. , , ,
. , , .
static unsigned long prev_jiffy = jiffies; /* */
if (time_after (jiffies, prev_jiffy + 2*HZ)) {
prev_jiffy = jiffies;
printk (KERN_ERR "blah blah blah\n");
}
,
.
. , , .
, . . , - . , .
, , , ,
.
, .
static unsigned long limit = 0;
if (limit < 5) {
limit++;
printk(KERN_ERR "blah blah blah\n");
}
.
,
.
.
( s t a t i c ) , .
.
SMP, ,
. , , , ?
387

, .
, 2.4.18, 2.4.17,
, . , .
, .
, , , . ,
, . , .
, , . ,
.
. , . ,
, ,
. , . , ,
, .
, , . ,
. ,
. . , ,
2.4.11, 2.4.20. ,
2.4.15. 2.4.15 .
2.4.15 , .
2.4.15 2.4.20, 2.4.17. ,
2.4.15 , ,
, , 2-4.13. .
,
. , .
!

, , . , , . Linux,
.
, , , . , .
20, ", "

Linux (Linux Kernel Mail List, LKML).
388
18
19
inux , .
, , , ,
( ). , Linux , ()
. ,
. Linux
( , ).
, , ,
.
. .
, ,
. .
.
,

. . Minix, OpenBSD
.
, . , ,
- . .
.
. DOS
Windows 9x.
, , .
Linux
. , . , ,
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. Linux .
, , . .
.
( ), , , .
, .
. - . k e r n e l / s c h e d . . , ,
. , c o n t e x t _ s w i t c h (),
, s w i t c h _ t o () Kwitch_ram ()
.
s w i t c h _ t o () s w i t c h _ m m () , Linux.
Linux ,
.
, ,
arch/< >/ include/asm-<aapaa >/,
< > , , Linux. ,
Intel 8 i386.
a r c h / i 3 8 6 i n c l u d e / a s m - i 3 8 6 . 2.6 : a l p h a , arm, c r i s , h8300, i38, i a 6 4 , m68k, m68knommu, mips,
mips64, p a r i s c , ppc, ppc64, s390, sh, s p a r e , s p a r c 6 4 , um, v850 8-4.
. 19.1.
Linux
Linux
, Intel i386.

, .
, Linux , i386! 1993 -
390
19
Linux Digital Alpha. Digital Alpha

RISC- 64-
. i386,
. , Alpha , Alpha 8. ,
, , .
,
1
. , ,
.
Linux i386,
1.2 Digital Alpha, Intel x86, MIPS SPARC,
.
2.0
Motorola 68k PowerPC. , 1.2, .
2.2
: ARM, IBM S/390 UltraSPARC.
2.4 ,
15. CRIS, IA-64,
64- MIPS, HP PA-RISC, 64- IBM S/390 Hitachi SH.
2.6
20 Motorola 68k MMU, 8/300, IBM
POWER, v850, x86-64 ,
Linux - Usermode Linux. 64- s390 32 s390, .
,
.
, ARM PowerPC, . , Linux 20 , !

(word) ,
. , (character, 8 ) ( ).
, 16, 32 64. "n-" ,
. , ,
Intel Pentium 32- , , 32 , 4 .
1
. - , !
.
391

. . , , Linux,
2. ,
. ,
long . , Alpha 64 . , , long 64 . i n t 32 . Alpha 64
.
,

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Deitel H., Deitel P. and Choffnes D. Operating Systems. Prentice Hall, 2003.

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Tanenbaum Andrew. Operating Systems: Design and Implementation. Prentice Hall, 1997.
, Unix- Minix.
Tanenbaum Andrew. Modern Operating Systems. Prentice Hall, 2001. , ,

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Silberschatz A., Galvin P. and Gagne G. Operating System Concepts. John Wiley and
Sons, 2001. , " ",
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Unix. Unix,
Unix.
Bach Maurice. The Design of the Unix Operating System. Prentice Hall, 1986.
Unix System V,
Release 2.
McKusick M., Bostic K., Karcls M. and Quarterman J. The Design and Implementation
of the 4.4BSD Operating System. Addison-Wesley, 1996. 4.4BSD
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McKusick M. and Neville-Neil G. The Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD
Operating System. Addison-Wesley, 2004. FreeBSD 5.
Mauro J. and McDougall R. Solaris Internals: Core Kernel Architecture. Prentice Hall,
2000.
Solaris.
Cooper . and Moore . HP-UX Lli Internals. Prentice Hall, 2004. HP-UX PA-RISC.
Vahalia, Uresh. Unix Internals:The New Frontiers. Prentice Hall, 1995. Unix- , .
Schimmel Curt. UNIX Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and
Caching for Kernel Programmers. Addison-Wesley, 1994. Unix- .
Linux
, , Linux.
Rubini A. and Corbet J. Linux Device Drivers. O'Reilly and Associates, 2001.
, Linux 2.4.
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Bovet D. and Cesati M. Understanding the. Linux Kemel O'Reilly and Associates, 2002.
Linux 2.4. .
Mosberger D. and Eranian S. IA-64 Linux Kernel: Design and Implementation. Prentice
Hall, 2002. , Intel Itanium
Linux 2.4 .

, , , .
, Linux. , ,
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Kogan M. and Deitel H. The Design of OS/2. Addison-Wesley, 1996. OS/2 2.0.
Solomon D. and Russinovich M. Inside Windows 2000. Microsoft Press, 2000.
, Unix.
Richter Jeff. Advanced Windows. Microsoft Press, 1997.
Windows.
API Unix
Unix API
, ,
, .
Stevens W. Richard. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Addison-Wesley,
1992. , , Unix.
Stevens W. Richard. UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1. Prentice Hall, 1998.
API Unix.
Johnson M. and Troan E. Linux Application Development. Addison-Wesley, 1998.
Linux , .

, ,
.
Knuth Donald. The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1. Addison-Wesley, 1997.

,
. ( : . . 1. , 3- . - : "", 2000.)

435
Kernighan . and Ritchie D. The Programming Language. Prentice Hall, 1988.

. ( :
, . : "",
2005 .)
Hofstadter Douglas. Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. Basic Books, 1999.
,
.
Web-
WWW- , Linux .
Kernel Traffic. Linux (lkml) ( ), h t t p : / /
www.kerneltraffic.org/
Linux Weekly News. ,
Linux , ( ), http://www.lwn.net/
Kernel Newbies. "Kernel Newbies"
,
. http://www. kernelnewbies -org/
Kernel.org. . http://www.kernel.org/
KernelTrap. , , , Linux.
Linux.
. h t t p : / /
www.kerneltrap.org
OS News. , , . http://www.osnews.com/
, . , , . h t t p : / / t e c h 9 . n e t / r r a l /
kernel_book/
436
Application Programing Interface, API, 96
E
Exception, 99; 110
G
gec, 40
, 41
, 41
, 40
Granularity, 174
Linux Kernel Mail List, 405

lkml, 405
P
POSIX, 96
SHA, 425
SMP-, 71
T
Task, 46
Translation lookaside buffer, TLB, 329
V
Virtual memory area, 316
VMA, 316
A

, 311
, SI 1; 313
, 311
address_space, 297; 333

address_space_operations, 334
, 429
, 391
, 177
, 181
change_bit(), 182
clear_bit(), 182
set_bit(), 182
test_and_change_bit(), 182
test_and_clear_bit(), 182
test_and_set_bit(), 182
test_bit(), 182
, 381
atomic_t, 178
, 178
atomic_add(), 180
atomic_add_negative(), 180
atomic_dec_and_test(), 180
atomic_inc(), 180
atomic_inc_and_test(), 180
atomic_read(), 180
atomic_set(), 180
atomic_sub(), 180
atomic_sub_and_test(), 180
, 314
, 335
-, 320
, 294
advisory, IBS
dcache_lock, 282
deadlock, 172
deadly embrace, 172
dentry->d_lock, 282
inode_lock, 273
lock contention, 174
mmlist_lock, 314
page_table_lock, 329
sell-deadlock, 172
voluntary, 168
xtime_lock, 219
(BKL), 197
lock_kernel(), 198
unlock_kernel(), 198
, 198
, 198
, 172
A, 172
, 159
, 186
, 168; 174
, 168
, 168
, 168
, 173
, 184
, 167
, 168
, 185
, 172; 189
, 199; 222
read_seqbegin(), 199
read_seqretry(), 199
write_seqlock(), 199
write_sequnlock(), 199
, 200
, 200
, 184; 190
DECLARE_MUTEX(), 193
DECLARE_RWSEM(), 195
down(), 192; 193
down_interruptible(), 193
down_read(), 195
down_write(), 195
init_MUTEX(), 193
init_rwsem(), 195
sema_init(), 193
up(), 192
up_read{), 195
up_write(), 195
, 192
, 194
, 195
, 195
, 193; 194
, 192
, 196
, 192
, 194
, 191
, 195
, 192
, 190
, 192
-, 195
, 183
-, 183
read_lock(), 188
read_unlock(), 188
spin_is_locked(), 186
spin_lock(), 184
spm_lockbh(), 187
spin_lock_init(), 186
spin_lock_irq{), 186
spin_lock_irqsave(), 185
spin_try_lock(), 186
spin_unlock(), 184
spin_unlock_bh(), 187
spin_unlock_irq{), 186
spin_unlock_irqrestore(), 185
write_lock(), 189
write_unlock(), 189
438
, 187
, 188
, 187
, 190
, 190
, 187; 190
,189; 196
, 187
, 186; 381
, 200
, 190
, 187
,188
completion, 196
rw_semaphore, 195
semaphore, 193
, 172
, 196
complete(), 197
wait_for_completion(), 197

RAID, 300
, 301
, 298
bio, 298
bio_vec, 298
buffer_head, 296; 300
request, 301
request_queue, 301
, 295
(TLB), 329
, 295
,377
, 377
, 296
-
, 331

, 45; 311
, 45
, 103
CAP_SYS_TIME, 223
(wall time), 207; 208; 221

(epoch), 222
gettimeofday(),223
settimeofday(), 223
, 207
time_after(), 216
time_after_eq(), 216
time_before(), 216
time_before_eq(), 216
(uptime), 208
(time zone), 223
, 396
, 396
, 397
, 397
, 397
, 396
, 398
, 397
, 397
, 66; 164
, 423
, 295
, 174
cource, 174
fine, 174
, 174
, 174
, 425
klogd, 377
kupdated, 339
pdflush, 297; 337; 339
diity_background_ratio, 338
dirty_expire_centisecs, 338
dirty_rado, 338
dirty_writeback_centisecs, 338
laptop_mode, 338
, 340
syslogd, 377
, 23
, 424
, 430
3
, 46
, 46
, 412
, 413
, 413
diff, 412
diffstat, 413
patch, 412
, 398
, 38; 347
, 38
, 99; 110
, 423
, 23
, 295
, 423

, 34
, 34
, 33
, 35
make config, 36
make defconfig, 36
make gconfig, 36
make menuconfig, 36
make oldconfig, 37
make xconfig, 36
, 35
.config, 36
, 33
, 34
, 37
__BIG_ENDIAN,401
__LITTLE_ENDIAN, 401
BITTS_PER_LONG, 392
HZ, 401
PAGE_SHIFT, 403
PAGE_SIZE, 403
CONFIG_PREEMPT, 171
CONFIG_SMP, 171
, 336
, 331
, 331
, 25
, 71; 174
(1),419;431
(n),421;431
, 429
, 391
preemptive, 66
, 66
439
, 66
, 66
-, 430
-, 430
, 343
depmod, 348
EXPORT_SYMROL(), 353
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(), 353
insmod, 348
Makefile, 346
make modules_install, 347
modprobe, 348
MODULE_AUTHOR(), 345
module_exit(), 344
module_init(), 344
MODULE_LICENSE(), 345; 354
module_param(), 351
module_param_array(), 353
module_param_array_named(), 353
module_param_named(), 352
module_param_string, 352
MODULE_PARM_DESC(), 353
rmmod, 348
, 347
, 348
, 347
, 349
, 351
, 343
, 345
, 353
, 430

, 182
find_first_bit(), 183
find_first_zero_bit(), 183
sched_find_first_bit(), 75
, 132; 187
bottom half, 134
]ocal_bh_disable(), 160
local_bh_enable(), 160
softirq, 135; 136
, 160
, 134; 148 :
, 134; 169; 188
open_softirq(), 140
raise_softirq(), 140
, 137
, 137
,137
ksoftirqd, 138; 147
440
, 139
, 139
, 137
, 140
, 141
softirq_action, 136
tasklet_struct, 141; 144
, 134; 139; 169; 187
DECLARE _TASKLET(), 144
DECLARE_TASKLET_DISABLED(), 144
tasklet_disable(), 145
tasklet_disable_nosync(), 145
tasklet_enable(), 145
tasklet_hi_scbedule(), 142
tasklet_init(), 144
tasklet_kill(), 145
tasklet_schedule(), 142; 145
, 142
, 142; 145
, 141
,144
, 311; 316
, 320
, 317
, 319
close(),319
nopage(), 320
open(), 319
populate{),320
, 317
, 320
vm_area_struct, 319
vm_operations_struct, 319
, 317
, 325
kobject, 356
kobject_get(), 361
kobject_init(), 360
kobject_put(), 361
kobject_set_name(}, 361
, 360
, 361
, 360
, 361
, 361
, 361

Linux, 25
Multics, 23
Unix, 23

AT&T, 23
BSD, 24
, 24
,65
, 26
, 311
BUG(), 382
BUG_ON(),382
dump_stack(),382
, 381
, 382
, 385
, 381
SysRq, 382
, 387
ksymoops, 380
kallsyms, 380
gdb,384
kdb,385
kgdb,385
, 136
cancel_delayed_work(), 156
create_workqueue(), 156
DECLARE_WORK(), 154
flush_scheduled_work{), 155
flush_workqueue(), 156
INIT_WORK{), 154
queue_work{), 156
run_workqueue(), 152
schedule_delayed_work(), 155
schedule_work{), 155
work_handler(), 154
work queue, 149
keventd, 157
, 154
, 155
, 134; 157
, 155
, 150
, 150
, 156
cpu_workqueue_struct, 150
work_struct, 151
workqueue_struct, 150
, 312; 325
, 312
, 312
-, 319
, 381
, 318; 322
, , 312

, 322; 325
, 318

add_wait_queue(), 82
DECLARE_WAIT_O_UEUE_HEAD(), 82
remove_wait_queue(), 83
MMU, Memory Management Unit, 233

, 311
, 381
, 403
, 234; 311
__alloc_percpu(), 261
__get_free_pages(), 238
alloc_page(),238
alloc_pages, 238
alloc_percpu(), 261
DEFINE_PER_CPU(), 260
get_zeroed_page(), 238
gfp_mask, 238; 241
kmalloc(), 240
kmap(), 257
kmap_atomic(), 258
page_address(), 238
vmalloc(),246
, 247
, 258
, 240
, 245
, 242
, 241
, 245
, 238
, 245
, 257
, 257
(per-CPU), 259
(slab layer, slab
allocator), 248
, 248
, 257
, 238;
240; 246
, 243
, 313
, 315
, 314
, 315
, 41
, 235
441
ZONE_DMA, 235
ZONE_HIGHMEM, 235
ZONE_NORMAL, 235
(high memory), 234; 236
(low memory), 236
, 263
, 311
_free_pages(),239
free_page(),239
free_pages(), 239
free_percpu(), 261
kfree(), 245
kunmap(), 258
kunmap_atomic(), 259
vftee(), 247
(, DMA), 235

get_cpu_ptr(), 262
get_cpu_var(), 260
put_cpu_ptr(), 262
put_cpu_var(), 260
, 47
kmem_cache_alloc(), 254
kmem_cache_create(), 252
kmem_cache_destroy{), 253
NUMA, 249
, 250
, 249
, 381
(slab), 249
, 381
, 312
, 42; 256
, 233
page_count(), 234
, 234
, 234
, 318
, 297
, 337
, 54
, 312
, 402
, 234
, 235
kmem_cache_s, 250
mm_struct, 313
page, 234;299
slab, 250
vm_area_struct, 316; 319
zone, 237
, 234
442
pseudo-concurrency, 169
race condition, 164
SMP-, 170
, 170
, 170
, 169
, 163
, 164
, 57
, 403
,169
, 163;
170
, 164
"", 164
, 42; 164
, 87
, 43; 389
, 66

, 68
, 68
, 65
0(1), 66; 71; 175

, 83
, 74
-, 302
CFQ, 308
deadline, 304
noop, 309
, 305
, 303
, 302
, 307
, 302
, 302
, 304
, 309

, 308
, 74
, 76
, 76
, 72; 174
, 89
, 67
SCHED_FIFO, 89
SCHED_RR, 90
prio_array, 74
runqueue, 72
, 358

, 180
, 403
, 180; 202
barrier(), 204
mb(), 203
read_barrier_depends(), 203
rmb(), 202
smp_mb()(204
smp_rmb(), 204
smp_wmb(), 204
wmb(), 203
, 203
, 204
, 202
, 403

__be32_to_cpu(),401
__cpu_to_be32(),401
__cpu_to_le32(),401
__le32_to_cpus(),401
big-endian, 399
little-endian, 399
,399
,400
, 399
,399
, 45; 57; 315
, 59; 316
kernel_thread(), 59
, 164; 169
, 201
, 200
preempt_disable(), 201
preerapt_enable{), 201
, 403
preempt._count, 89; 160
, 27; 109; 169; 427
/proc/interrupts, 123
do_IRQ(), 122
handler, 111
interrupt request line, 110
interrupt service routine, 111
IRQ, 110
ret_from_intr(), 123
, 111; 131
, 111; 119
, 110
, 111; 132
, 111
add_interrupt_randomness(), 122
free_irq(), 114
request_irq(), 112
RTC, 117
shared, 116
, 113

, 115
, 114
, 112
, 116
, 113; 116
, 121
, 124
cli(), 126
disable_irq(), 126
disable_irq_nosync(), 126
enable_irq(), 126
in_interrupt(), 127
in_irq(), 127
irq_disabled(), 127
local_irq_disable(), 125
local_irq_enable(), 125
local_irq_restore(), 125
local_irq_save(), 125
sti(), 126
synchronize_irq(), 126
, 125
, 125
SA_INTERRUPT, 113; 117

SA_SAMPLE_RANDOM, 113; 427
SA_SHIRQ, 113; 116
,27
,51
, 27; 51
I/O-bound, 67
ink, 52
parent, 52
processor-bound, 67
runnable, 65
timeslice, 66
wake_up(),83
, 51; 311
, 70
, 88
, 88
, 65
, 46; 289
, 47
, 61
, 59
, 48
, 52
, 66; 69; 209
, 52; 104
, 290
current, 49
, 65
-, 67
443
, 67
wakc_up(), 232
, 45
nice, 68
, 61
, 46
, 68; 78
(namespace), 291 .
, 46
, 53
, 5()
sel_current_stale(), 51
set_task_state(), 51
sleep, 81
TASK_UNTERRUFTIBLE, 50; 81; 230
TASK_RUNNING, 50; 70
TASK_STOPPED, 51
TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, 51; 81; 230
TASK_ZOMBIE, 51
, 81
, 81
, 170
task_struct, 46
thread_info, 47
. 290
, 61
need_resched, 83; 212

, 423
, 423
add_inlerrupl_randomness(), 426
add_keyboard_randomness(), 426
add_mouse_randomness(), 426
get_random_bytes{), 427
, 338
, 345
, 320; 415
, 417
, 415
, 418
, 416
, 415
__list_for_each(), 422
list_add(), 419
list_add_tail(),419
444
list_del(),419
list_del_init(),419
list_cmpty(), 420
list_cntry(), 421
list_for_each(),421
fist_for_each_prev(), 422
list_for_each_safe(), 422
list_move(), 420
list_move_tail(),420
iist_splice(),420
list_splice_init(), 420
, 416; 421
, 417
.
bss, 312
, 312
, 312
, 294
, 294
, 26
, 27
errno, 97
errnosys_call_table, 98
getpid(), 97
int $0x80, 99
ioctl(), 101; 368
mmap(), 326
mmap2(),, 326
munmapO, 327
sys_ni_syscall(), 98
syscall, 97
syscall(), 106
..
, 106
asmlinkage, 98
, 98
, 101
, 100
, 91
nice(),91
sched_get_priority_max{), 91
sched_get_priority_min(), 91; 92
sched_getaffinity(), 91
sched_getcheduler(), 91
sched_getparam(), 91
schcd_getscheduler(), 91 .
sched_rr_get_interval(), 91
sched_setaffinity(), 91
sched_setparam(), 91
sched_setscheduler(), 91
sched_yield(),91;92
, 99

schcd_getaffinity(), 92
schcd_sctaffinity(), 92
, 101
,104
entry.S, 98; 105
Oops, 378
, 376
, 32; 405
maintainers, 412
, 412
, 412
, 32; 405
, 331
, 378
, 219
, 406
ifdef, 410
indent, 411
typedef, 410
, 407
, 408
, 411
, 408
, 406
, 406
,408
, 331
address_space, 332
address_space_operations, 334
attribute, 357; 366

cdev, 356
kobj_type, 357
kobject, 356
kref, 362
kref_get(), 362
kref_init(), 362
kref_put(), 362
kset, 358
list_head, 417
subsystem, 358
, 174
, 327
PGD, 328
PMD, 328
, 328
, 328
, 328
, 329
,328
, 139
APIC, 219
(tick), 208
, 211
, 218
, 208; 223
, 226
, 223
BogoMIPS, 229
mdelay(), 229
udelay(),229
, 229
, 232
, 227
(tick), 208
HZ, 209
USER_HZ, 217
add_timer(),225
del_timer(), 225
del_timer_sync(), 226
init_timer(),224
mod_timer(),225
schedule_timeout(), 230
jiffies, 225
jiffies_64, 214
xtime, 219; 221
jiffies, 213
, 401
, 215
, 207; 208; 219
(PIT), 218
, 207; 218
, 219
, 208
timer_list, 224
timespec, 222
(TSC), 219
(tick rate), 208; 209
, 117; 218
, 135; 223

char, 396
sl6, 395
s32, 395
s64, 395
s8, 395
ul6, 395
u32, 395
u64, 395
u8,395
, 378
445

, 319
-, 294

kobject_uevent(), 370
kobjcct_uevcnt_atomic{), 371
, 293
, 293
, 355
System.map, 380

/, 363
sysfs, 352; 363
HAL, 365
kobject_add(), 365
kobject_del(),365
kobject_init(), 365
kobject_register(), 365
kobject_unregister(), 365
sysfs_create_file(), 367
sysfs_crcate_link(), 367
sysfs_remove_file(), 368
sysfs_remove_link(), 368
, 366
, 357; 366
, 363
show(), 367
store(), 367
, 368
sysfs_ops, 366
, 366
, 294
(VFS), 265
(LVM), 273
, 365
(directory), 268
(metadata), 268
(mount), 288
mnt_flags, 289
, 266
, 269
alloc_inode, 273
clear_inode, 274
delete_inode, 273
destray_inode, 273
dirty_inode, 273
drop_inode, 273
put_inode, 273
446
put_super, 273
read_inode, 273
remount_fs, 274
statfs, 273
sync_fs, 273
umount_begin, 274
unlockfs, 273
write_inode, 273
write_super, 273
write_super_lockfs, 273
alo_fsync, 286
aio_read, 285
aio_write, 285
check_flags, 287
fasync, 286
flush, 286
fsync, 286
get_unmapped_area, 287
ioctl, 286
llseek, 285
lock, 286; 287
mmap, 286
open,286
poll, 285
read, 285
readdir, 285
readv, 286
release, 286
sendfile, 287
sendpage, 287
write, 285
writev, 287

create, 276
follow_link, 277
getattr, 278
link, 277
listxattr, 278
lookup, 276; 278
mkdir, 277
mknod, 277
permission, 278
put_link, 277
readlink, 277
femovexattr, 278
rename, 277
rmdir, 277
setattr, 278
setxattr, 278
symlink, 277
truncate, 277
unlink, 277

d_compare, 282

d_delete, 282
d_hash, 282
d_iput, 282
d_release, 282
d_revalidate, 282
Unix, 267
, 55
(namespace), 267; 291
(path), 268
, 266
dentry, 279; 356

dentry_operations, 270; 281
file, 283
file_operations, 270; 284
file_struct, 270
file_system_type, 270; 288
files_struct, 289
fs_struct, 270; 289
inode, 274
inode_operations, 270; 276
namespace, 270; 289
super_block, 271
super_operations, 270; 272
vfsmount, 270; 288
(superblock), 268; 269; 270
(control block), 270
(inode), 268; 269; 274
(icache), 281
(file), 267; 269; 283
(dentry), 268; 269; 279
LRU, 280
(dcache),280
, 280
-, 281
bread(), 332
clone(),54;57
commit_writc(), 335
context_switch(), 390
copy_from_user(), 102
copy_mm(), 315
copy_process(), 55
copy_to_user(), 102
dup_task_struct(), 55
early_printk(),376
exec(), 54
exit(),46;59
exit_mm(), 315
flnd_vma(), 323
find_VMA_intersection(),
find_vma_prev(), 324
fork(),46;54;315
madvice(), 319
mmap(),319;325
munmap(), 327
panic(), 382
prepare_wrife(), 335
printk(), 39; 375
readpage(), 335
release_task(), 61
schedule(),76;87;104
SetPageDirty(),335
switch_mm(), 390
switch_to(),390
unhash_process(), 61
vfork(),54;56
vma_link(), 326
wakeup_bdflush(), 337
wb_kupdate(), 338
324
X
- , 336
, 295
, 423
, 424
, 424
Linux, 30
, 31
, 31
, 31
, 31
tainted, 345
Unix, 29
, 374
, 29
, 343
, 29; 343
,38
, 373
, 369
,29
447
Linux
2-
..
..
.
JI.A. , .. ,
.. , ..
""
101509, . , . , . 43, . 1
27.07.2006. 70x100/16.
Times. .
. . . 36,12. .-. . 28,86.
3000 . 2169.
CtP
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197110, -, ., 15.
Linux

Linux. ,
, ,

, ,
.
Linux,
,
.
,
.
Linux.
Linux
2.6. ,
,
, ,
, , VFS, ,
.
, 2.6,
O(1), , -
-.

Linux
.

Linux,

GNOME

Ximian Desktop
Novell.
,
,

,
,
,
,

.
schedutils
GNOME.

.
...
Linux
2.6

(Andrew Morton),

Linux 2.6.

Novell, Inc.
:

Linux
:

www.novellpress.com
ISBN 5-8459-1085-4
06171
www.williamspublishing.com
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Novell, Inc., . Linux .

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17. kobject sysfs

17. kobject sysfs

Unix Berkeley Software

, Linux GNU General Public License

, GNU GPL, . COPYING,

ISO C99 ISO . 99 .

unsigned long policy;

struct thread_info 86 <asm/

, Unix Linux 32768

struct task_struct *task

do_f ork (),

vfork () clone (), .

do_fvork (), , vfork_done ( ).

(multitasking) : (cooperative) (preemptive,

(1) " ". , ,

this_rq_lock (), , rq__unlock (struct

MAX_PRIO . 140. , s t r u c t l i s t _ h e a d . BITMAP_SIZE

. 4.2. (1)- Linux

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void atomic_sub(int i, atomic_t *v)

void atomic_inc(atomic_t *v)

void atomic_dec(atomic_t *v)

int atomic_sub_and_test(int i, atomic_t *v)

int atomic_add_negative(int i, atomic_t *v)

i n t atomic_dec_and_test (atomic_t *v)

int atomic_inc_and_test(atomic_t *v)

void clear_bit (int nr, void *addr)

void change_bit ( i n t nr, void *addr)

int test_and_clear_bit (int nr, void *addr)

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