A STUDY ON IMAGE QUALITY OF WELDING DEFECT USING MATLAB GUI

MOHD KHUZAIRI BIN MAHADI (2008406118)

BACHELOR ENGINEERING (HONS) MECHANICAL UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) MAY 2011
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I hereby, declared that this thesis is the result of my own work except ideas and summaries which I have clarified their sources. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidatures of any degree

Signed : .. Date :..

Mohd Khuzairi Bin Mahadi Uitm No : 2008406118

I hereby, declared that have I read this thesis and in my point of view this thesis is qualified in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding the Degree of Bachelor Engineering (Hons) (Mechanical)

Signed : Date : . Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr-Ing. Yupiter HP Manurong Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam Selangor

Signed : Date : . Co-Supervisor:

Puteri Zirwatul Nadila Binti Megat Zamanhuri

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam

Selangor

Accepted:

Signed : Date : . Course Tutor: Associate Professor Dr-Ing. Yupiter HP Manurong Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) 40450 Shah Alam Selangor

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my parents and siblings who have supported me all the way since the beginning of my studies. Also, this thesis is dedicated to all my friends who have been a great source of motivation and inspiration. Finally, this thesis is dedicated to all those who believe in the richness of learning.

A STUDY ON IMAGE QUALITY OF WELDING DEFECT USING MATLAB GUI

MOHD KHUZAIRI BIN MAHADI (2008406118)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of Bachelor Engineering (Hons) Mechanical

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

MAY 2011

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my gratitude to the following individuals for providing me with the inspiration to embark on my degree candidature. My deepest thanks go to the supervisor who shepherded me through the bulk of work, associate Prof. DrIng. Yupiter HP Manurong. His kindly but rigorous oversight of this thesis constantly gave me the motivation to perform to maximum ability. I was very fortunate to have been able to work with him since his the best in at this field in this institution. I must also give thousand thanks to my co-supervisor, Puteri Zirwatul Nadila Binti Megat Zamanhuri, for her greatest help and attention also her precious time and advice for this work. Her detailed and constructive comments were vital to the development of this thesis. I would like to extend my appreciation to Mara University of Technology (UITM) for its generosity of providing such a helpful facilities which means a lot in finishing the thesis. I express my thanks and appreciation to my family for their understanding, motivation and patience. Lastly, but in no sense the least, I am thankful to all colleagues and friends who made my stay at the university a memorable and valuable experience.

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ABSTRACT

Digital radiography has been replacing screen-film radiography in many industry fields. Today, manufacturers provide a variety of digital imaging solutions based on various detector and readout technologies. Digital detectors allow implementation of a fully digital picture archiving and communication system, in which images are stored digitally and are available anytime. All of these features make digital radiography becomes more important to every industry. However, the image obtained is packed with noise and distortion on the image. The basic concept of image processing is to enhance the image such as removing noise, adjustment on contrast and brightness in order to improve radiographic quality. The quality will be measured in terms of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) with spatial frequency response in lap/mm, noise measurement based on PSNR and MSE, image unsharpness and sensitivity by using Image Quality Indicator (IQI) and Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) based on step wedge method. From the graph will give the value of spatial frequency. Different cases for SNR where the value may be differ depending on the material thickness and exposure time during the experiment. Whereas for IQI, Duplex wire type is used for unsharpness and single wire for sensitivity and the basic function is to control image quality during experiment. As all of the parameter above, a set of image quality tool is developed using MATLAB-based GUI (R2008a) to let a user measuring the quality of the image to define the defects clearly. This tool is complete theoretical background of image quality, detail image analysis and user friendly interface. This tool also allows a user to install it at any target of computer because it is compiled using MATLAB compiler. This tool will run on web basis or hosted by a web browser as an alternative way for user to utilize the tool anywhere on with internet connection. Thus, it gives lots of advantages when user does not have to install totally the software to their computer, simply run through the internet.
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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT

PAGE

DEDICATION...i PAGE TITLEii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...iii ABSTRACT.iv TABLE OF CONTENTv LIST OF TABLE.vi LIST OF FIGURE..vii LIST OF ABBREVIATAION...viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction Background of Project Problem Statement Objective of Project Scope of Project Significant Of Project
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Introduction Digital Radiography Image Processing Method Image Quality

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction Methodology Chart Digital Radiography Experimental Model Development Process

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction Operation to Image Quality Measurement Tool Result Discussion and conclusion Recommendation

CHAPTER 5

REFERENCE

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Digital radiography has been replacing screen-film radiography in many industry fields. Today, manufacturers provide a variety of digital imaging solutions based on various detector and readout technologies. Digital detectors allow implementation of a fully digital picture archiving and communication system, in which images are stored digitally and are available anytime. All of these features make digital radiography becomes more important to every industry. This research will look into
the problems associated with digital radiography images. The quality for images gained from digital radiography will be formulated. 8

1.1

Problem Statement

Digital Radiography is designed to help engineers to have a better picture or a clear view of the test piece that had been test before (through any sort of welding practice). In a way that it shows a better picture of the defect occur. From time to time, this technology is improving toward new era of imaging device which have no end. As there are many newborn devices for imaging in radiography, so do there are many new methods in capturing and processing the picture or image. At the end of the day, all this capturing and processing method in these device have same and only aim which is to get a better image and to improve the recent image. Capturing the image is one thing and improving the picture through using the newborn device are mainly labelled as the hard way. This hard way method of improving images can be by-pass or replace with several independent software such as Matlab in order to get the same objective. As these hard way method over here proceeding to the next level, there are efforts to use the soft side of the technology to improve the image itself. It is just the same, but the implementation is different, one way is using the machine to improve image, another way is using software to improve the image and defining the quality. So this software can be called as a tool which improve and measure the quality of and image. Besides, it can mobile and use by anybody without a need of buying any license.

1.2

Objectives of Project

The main objective of the study conducted is to investigate the error occur during the welding and how to view the error clearly and effectively through a study of image quality. The objectives of the project are:

1. To improve original image using image processing method. 9

2. To minimize the use of machine by switching it to software or tool basis. 3. To analyze the image quality.

1.3

Scope Of Project

The scope of the project is to cover several aspects in the image processing method. Among them are:1. To design image quality tool using MATLAB GUI. 2. To use several method available in image processing tool such as noise removal, contrast enhancement and edge detection to improve the image quality
3. To measuring noise focussing on PSNR and MSE method, Signal Noise

Ratio Method (SNR), Image Unsharpness and Image Sensitivity.

4. To show the MTF results.

1.4

Significance of Project Since the quality of measurement tool one of an interesting subject to deal

off. Therefore, designing the tool to enhance the image so that the defect can be view clearer will help much to the industry. It will provide industries with a good input and a lot of benefit upon completing the project. We also can make the tool mobile and can be use anywhere by anyone.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.0 Introduction In this chapter, review is done on all aspect such as digital radiography, image processing method and image quality. All the important data extract out from previous journal. Literature review is very important because it is declared to be the references for all this study and research. 2.1 Digital Radiography As the project is about defining the image quality of an image from digital radiography machine, information of the technology background must be helpful for the study. The industrial radiography is a non-destructive method that uses the penetrating and ionizing inspection radiation to detect internal discontinuities, especially in welded joints (porosity, cracks, lack of penetration, etc.). Mainly used in the petroleum, petrochemical, nuclear and power generation industries especially, for the inspection of welds, the radiography has played an important role in the quality assurance of the piece or component, in conformity with the requirements of the standards, specifications and codes of manufacturing. The reliable detection of defects is one of the most important tasks in non-destructive testing, mainly in the radiographic testing, since the human factor still has a decisive influence on the evaluation of defects on the film [1].

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2.1.1

History of Digital Radiography Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895, film has been the primary medium for

capturing, displaying, and storing radiographic images. Digital radiography is the latest advancement in radiography imaging and is slowly being adopted by the industry. Digital imaging incorporates computer technology in the capture, display, enhancement, and storage of direct radiographic images. Digital imaging offers some distinct advantages over film, but like any emerging technology, it presents new and different challenges for the practitioner to overcome. Digital or electronic imaging has been available for more than a decade. The first direct digital imaging system, RadioVisioGraphy (RVG), was invented by Dr. Frances Mouyens and manufactured by Trophy Radiology (Vincennes, France) in 1984 and described in the U. S. dental literature in 1989. Since then, the market has expanded and many digital imaging systems are available from a variety of dental X-ray machine manufacturers. It is estimated that 10-20% of dental practitioners use digital imaging technology in their dental practice. It is anticipated these numbers will steadily increase over the next five to ten years as dentistry continues to move from film based to digital imaging [2].

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2.1.2

Technology of Radiography Digital imaging is the result of X-ray interaction with electrons in electronic

sensor pixels (picture elements), conversion of analog data to digital data, computer processing, and display of the visible image on a computer screen. Data acquired by the sensor is communicated to the computer in analog form. Computers operate on the binary number system in which two digits (0 and 1) are used to represent data. These two characters are called bits (binary digit), and they form words eight or more bits in length called bytes. The total number of possible bytes for 8-bit language is 28 = 256. The analog-to-digital converter transforms analog data into numerical data based on the binary number system. The voltage of the output signal is measured and assigned a number from 0 (black) to 255 (white) according to the intensity of the voltage. These numerical assignments translate into 256 shades of gray. The human eye is able to detect.[2]The industrial radiography is a non-destructive method that uses the penetrating and ionizing inspection radiation to detect internal discontinuities, especially in welded joints (porosity, cracks, lack of penetration, etc.). Recently, it has become technically possible and economically feasible for digital imaging technologies to challenge film for projection radiography. This was made possible by certain prerequisite technological advances, such as high luminance and high resolution display monitors, combined with high performance computer
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/workstations, which, though still costly, are now readily available. Electronic image achieves that can efficiently store and retrieve the massive amounts of image data generated by projection radiography are becoming increasingly cost effective [10].

2.2 2.2.1

Image Processing Method Purpose of Using Image Processing Method The goal of using image processing method is to simplify and/or change the

representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze [3]. This means that, the image processing method will help to increase the quality of an image so that the image can be viewed at certain circumstances as the user desired. 2.2.2 Common Method use in Image Processing Method Basically, out of all method available, these are among the chosen one which can suit the tools purpose well. The selected image processing methods are as follows:

Noise Model Gaussian

-A noise model which follow standard normal distribution with average zero and standard deviation of 1 -The effect of this noise is the appearance of the colour dots at the same amount as percentage of noise.

Speckle

A noise model which gives black colour on point that exposed to noise
A noise model such as sprinkling salt, will give the white colour on affected noise points. In some image processing, sometimes to test an algorithm in order to reduce noise, the noise generated from noise generation process. To generate noise used a random number to replace noise produced.

Average/Median Median filtering is similar to using an averaging filter, in that each Filter output pixel is set to an average of the pixel values in the
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neighbourhood of the corresponding input pixel. However, with median filtering, the value of an output pixel is determined by the median of the neighbourhood pixels, rather than the mean.

Double Wire Images

Single Wire Images

Original Image (1.35Mb)

Original Image (1.54 Mb)

Image With Gaussian Effect (1.64 Mb)

Image With Gaussian Effect (1.03Mb)

Image With Average Effect (1.64 Mb)

Image With Average Effect (1.69 Mb)

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Image With Disk Effect (1.31 Mb)

Image With Disk Effect (1.39 Mb)

Image With Motion Effect (1.34 Mb)

Image With Motion Effect (1.47 Mb)

The different between original image and image improve using image processing tool can be seen in above figure. To see much clearer, the size of the image change after certain image processing method applied. This is the significant of the image structure change as a result of improving the image.

2.3

Image Quality The definition of image quality can be define through an approach consists of

determining if one image can be judged better than another and, if so, how much better. The formulation is in terms of decision theory and requires that classes of images of similar quality be considered. Satisfactory classification can be achieved between good and bad images, and then one may proceed to the question of, how good? A goodness function approach is suitable for this problem [14].
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The significance of the formulation is that it provides a reasonable approach to the image evaluation problem for many applications rather than encouraging the search for a single (possibly non-existent) measure of image quality. Among the approach used are noise measurement which are using Peak Signal Noise Ratio(PSNR) and Mean Square Error(MSE), Modulation Transfer Function(MTF), Signal Noise Ratio (SNR), Image Sensitivity and Image Unsharpness.
2.3.1 Noise measurement using Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean

Square Error (MSE) The PSNR block computes the peak signal-to-noise ratio, in decibels, between two images. This ratio is often used as a quality measurement between the original and a compressed image. The higher the PSNR, the better the quality of the compressed or reconstructed image [15]. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are the two error metrics used to compare image compression quality. The MSE represents the cumulative squared error between the compressed and the original image, whereas PSNR represents a measure of the peak error. The lower the value of MSE, the lower the error [13]. To compute the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), the block first calculates the Mean Square Error (MSE) using the following equation:

In the previous equation, M and N are the number of rows and columns in the input images, respectively. Then the block computes the PSNR using the following equation:

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In the previous equation, R is the maximum fluctuation in the input image data type. For example, if the input image has a double-precision floating-point data type, then R is 1. If it has an 8-bit unsigned integer data type, R is 255, etc [4].

2.3.2

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) has been used to characterize the

resolution properties of conventional analog X-ray imaging systems and their components, such as screen-film systems. However, the MTFs in digital radiographic (DR) imaging systems need to be interpreted carefully because of the aliasing effect, which is caused by discrete data sampling. A DR system generally consists of an x-ray source, a detector which records X-ray photons transmitted through the patient, a data acquisition system with analog-to-digital conversion with a log or linear amplifier, a computer system for data processing, and a display device [5]. The value of spatial resolution is the use to gives the quality value at desired percentage. Spatial Resolution of an imaging system is defines through various criteria, the geometric properties of the imaging system, the ability to distinguish between point targets, the ability to measure the periodicity of repetitive targets ability to measure the spectral properties of small targets.[6] But in order to extract out the value of MTF, Edge Spread Function (ESF) has first to be determined. ESF used to assess the spatial resolution of an imaging system. The ESF is closely related to the line spread function LSF. However, instead of considering the image of an ideal line, the ESF of a system is the image of an ideal step function.

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The LSF can be obtained as the first derivative of the ESF. LSF define as a function used to determine the spatial resolution of an imaging system. The LSF is closely related to the point spread function PSF. However, instead of considering the image of a point only, the LSF of a system is the image of an ideal line.

2.3.3

Signal Noise Ratio Contrast sensitivity (smallest detectable difference of material thickness)

which is the inverse CNR for linear indications. The specific CNR depends on the
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detector SNR and the effective material attenuation coefficient. The detector is characterized by the normalized Signal-To-Noise Ratio ,SNRNorm, as function of exposure conditions (exposed dosage and radiation quality).[7] The contrast-to-noise ratio CNR, which is the essential parameter for the perception of flaws and IQIs, can be calculated from the detector response (SNR) as a function of signal and dose as follows (small flaws) [8].

CNR/w = SNR eff [7]

SNR value is formulated by

I is the total value of the image N is the total value of noise (noise affected image in less the image of I) [9]

Normalized Signal-To-Noise Ratio, SNRnorm, is given by:-

SNRnorm =0.0886 x SNR /Srb

Srb = Basic Spatial Resolution (from duplex iqi visible lines)

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