AI SO TO HP

Chng V

NH THC NEWTON (phn 1)

Nh thc Newton co dang :
(a + b)n = C0n anb0 + C1n an-1b1 + + Cnn a0bn
n

= Cnk an k b k

(n = 0, 1, 2, )

k =0

Cac he so C nk cua cac luy tha (a + b)n vi n lan lt la 0, 1, 2, 3, c sap

thanh tng hang cua tam giac sau ay, goi la tam giac Pascal :

(a + b)0 = 1

(a + b)1 = a + b

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 +b3

(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4

(a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5

1
1

1
2

3
4 +

10

1
3

1
4

10

1
5

Cac tnh chat cua tam giac Pascal :

(i)

C0n = Cnn = 1 : cac so hang au va cuoi moi hang eu la 1.

(ii)

Cnk = Cnn k (0 k n) : cac so hang cach eu so hang au va cuoi bang nhau.

(iii) Cnk + Cnk +1 = Cnk ++11 (0 k n 1) : tong 2 so hang lien tiep hang tren bang
so hang gia 2 so hang o hang di.
(iv) C0n + C1n + + C nn = (1 + 1)n = 2n
Cac tnh chat cua nh thc Newton :

(i)

So cac so hang trong khai trien nh thc (a + b)n la n + 1.

(ii)

Tong so mu cua a va b trong tng so hang cua khai trien nh thc (a + b)n la n.

(iii) So hang th k + 1 la C nk an k bk.

Dang 1:
TRC TIEP KHAI TRIEN NH THC NEWTON
1.

Khai trien (ax + b)n vi a, b = 1, 2, 3

Cho x gia tr thch hp ta chng minh c ang thc ve C0n , C1n , , Cnn .
Hai ket qua thng dung
(1 + x)n = C0n + C1n x + C2n x2 + + Cnn xn =

C x
k =0

(1 x)n = C0n C1n x + C2n x2 + + (1)n Cnn xn =

k
n

(1)

(1)
k =0

Cnk x k

(2)

V du : Chng minh a) C 0n + C1n + + Cnn = 2n

b) C 0n C1n + C2n + + (1)n C nn = 0
Giai

a) Viet lai ang thc (1) chon x = 1 ta c ieu phai chng minh.
b) Viet lai ang thc (2) chon x = 1 ta c ieu phai chng minh .
2.

Tm so hang ng trc xi (i a cho) trong khai trien nh thc Newton cua

mot bieu thc cho san

V du : Gia s so hang th k + 1 cua (a + b)n la Cnk an k bk .Tnh so hang th 13

trong khai trien (3 x)15.
Giai

Ta co :
15
0
k
315 C115 314x + + C15
315 k .(x)k + + C15
(3 x)15 = C15
15 x

Do k = 0 ng vi so hang th nhat nen k = 12 ng vi so hang th 13

Vay so hang th 13 cua khai trien tren la :
3
12
C12
= 27x12.
15 3 (x)

3.

15!
= 12.285x12.
12!3!

oi vi bai toan tm so hang oc lap vi x trong khai trien nh thc (a + b)n

(a, b cha x), ta lam nh sau :
- So hang tong quat trong khai trien nh thc la :

Cnk an k bk =cm. xm.

- So hang oc lap vi x co tnh chat : m = 0 va 0 k n, k N. Giai phng

trnh nay ta c k = k0. Suy ra, so hang oc lap vi x la Cnk 0 an k 0 b k 0 .
18

x 4
V du : Tm so hang oc lap vi x trong khai trien nh thc +
2 x

Giai

So hang tong quat trong khai trien nh thc la :

18 k

x
C
2
k
18

4
k
k 3k 18 18 2k
. = C18
2k 18.22k.x18 k .x k = C18
2
.x
x

So hang oc lap vi x trong khai trien nh thc co tnh chat :

18 2k = 0

k=9

9
Vay, so hang can tm la : C18
.29.

oi vi bai toan tm so hang hu t trong khai trien nh thc (a + b)n vi a,

b cha can, ta lam nh sau :

4.

So hang tong quat trong khai trien nh thc la :

k
n

Ca

n k

m
p

n
q

b = K c .d vi c, d

So hang hu ty co tnh chat :

m
n
N va
N va 0 k n, k N.
p
q

Giai he tren, ta tm c k = k0. Suy ra so hang can tm la :

Ckn0 a n k0 b k0 .

V du : Tm so hang hu ty trong khai trien nh thc

Giai

So hang tong quat trong khai trien nh thc la :

13
C 16

k
7

7k

7k k
12
k
. 3 = C7 .16 3 .3 2 .

So hang hu ty trong khai trien co tnh chat :

16 + 3

7 k
3 N

k
N
2
0 k 7, k N

7 k = 3m

k chan
0 k 7

k = 7 3m (m Z)

k chan
k=4
0 k 7

4
Vay, so hang can tm la : C17
.16.32 .

Bai 120. Khai trien (3x 1)16.

Suy ra

16
0
2
316 C16
315 C116 + 314 C16
+ C16
16 = 2 .

ai hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi 1998

Giai

Ta co :

(3x 1)16 =

16

(3x)
i =0

16 i

i
(1)i .C16

0
2
= C16
(3x)16 C116 (3x)15 + C16
(3x)14 + + C16
16 .

Chon x = 1 ta c :
0
2
316 C116 315 + C16
314 + C16
216 = C16
16 .

Bai 121. Chng minh :

a)

2n C0n + 2n 1 C1n + 2n 2 C n2 + ... + Cnn = 3n

b)

3n C0n 3n 1 C1n + 3n 2 C2n + ... + (1) n Cnn = 2n .

Giai

a)

Ta co : (x + 1)n = C0n x n + C1n x n 1 + ... + Cnn .

Chon x = 2 ta c :
3n = C0n 2n + C1n 2n 1 + ... + Cnn .

b)

Ta co : (x 1)n = C0n x n C1n x n 1 + ... + (1) n Cnn .

Chon x = 3 ta c :
2n = 3n C0n 3n 1 C1n + 3n 2 Cn2 + ... + (1) n Cnn .

Bai 122. Chng minh :

n 1

Ckn = 2(2n 1 1) ;
k =1

C
k =0

k
n

(1) k = 0 .

ai hoc Lam nghiep 2000

Giai
n

Ta co : (1 + x)n = C0n + C1n x + C2n x 2 + ... + Cnn x n = Cnk x k

(*)

k =0

Chon x = 1 ta c
2n =

C
k =0

k
n

=C0n + C1n + Cn2 + ... + Cnn 1 + Cnn

2n = 1 + C1n + Cn2 + ... + Cnn 1 + 1

2n 2 =

n 1

C
k =1

k
n

Trong bieu thc (*) chon x = 1 ta c 0 =

C
k =0

k
n

(1) k .

2n
Bai 123. Chng minh : C02n + C 22n 32 + C42n 34 + ... + C2n
= 22n 1 (22n + 1)
2n 3

ai hoc Hang hai 2000

Giai
1 2n 1
2n 2n
Ta co : (1 + x)2n = C02n + C12n x + C22n x 2 + ... + C 2n
+ C2n
x
2n x

1 2n 1
2n 2n
(1 x)2n = C02n C12n x + C22n x 2 + ... C2n
+ C2n
x
2n x

(1)
(2)

Lay (1) + (2) ta c :

2
2n

x 2 + ... + C2n
(1 + x)2n + (1 x)2n = 2 C02n + C2n
2n x

Chon x = 3 ta c :
2
2n

32 + ... + C2n
42n + (2)2n = 2 C02n + C2n
2n 3

24n + 22n
2n
= C02n + C22n 32 + ... + C2n
2n 3
2

22n (22n + 1)
2n
= C02n + C22n 32 + ... + C2n
2n 3
2

2n 2n
22n 1 (22n + 1) = C02n + C22n 32 + ... + C2n
3

Bai 124. Tm he so ng trc x5 trong khai trien bieu thc sau ay thanh a thc :

f(x) = (2x + 1)4 + (2x + 1)5 + (2x + 1)6 + (2x + 1)7.

ai hoc Kien truc Ha Noi 1998

Giai

Ta co : (2x + 1)4 =

Ci4 (2x)4i ;

(2x + 1)5 =

i =0

(2x + 1)6 =

C (2x)
i
5

i =0

Ci6 (2x)6i ;

(2x + 1)7 =

i =0

Vay

5i

C (2x)
i =0

i
7

7 i

so hang cha x5 cua (2x + 1)4 la 0.

so hang cha x5 cua (2x + 1)5 la C50 (2x)5 .
so hang cha x5 cua (2x + 1)6 la C16 (2x)5 .
so hang cha x5 cua (2x + 1)7 la C72 (2x)5 .

Do o he so can tm la

= 0 + C50 25 + C16 25 + C72 25

= (1 + C16 + C72 )25 = 28 32 = 896.
n

Bai 125. Tm so hang cha x trong khai trien 3 + x 5 biet rang

x

Cnn ++14 Cnn +3 = 7(n + 3).

Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi A 2003
Giai

Ta co :

Cnn ++14 Cnn +3 = 7(n + 3)

(n + 4)! (n + 3)!
= 7(n + 3)

3!( n + 1) ! 3!n!

(n + 4)(n + 3)(n + 2) (n + 3)(n + 2)(n + 1)

= 7(n + 3)

6
6

(n + 4)(n + 2) (n + 2)(n + 1) = 42

(n2 + 6n + 8) (n2 + 3n + 2) = 42

3n = 36

n = 12.
12

Ta co :

(vi n N)

5
11
12
12
36 + i
1
5
i
i
3 12 i
2 i
2
+
=
=
x
C
(x
)
.(x
)
C
x

12
12
3

i=0
i =0

Yeu cau bai toan

11
i =8
2

36 +

11i
= 44
2

(vi i N va 0 i 12)
i = 8 (thoa ieu kien).

Vay so hang cha x8 la

8 8
C12
x =

12!x 8
12 1110 9 8
x = 495x8.
=
8!4!
4 3 2

Bai 126. Biet rang tong cac he so cua khai trien (x2 + 1)n bang 1024. Hay tm he so a
cua so hang ax12 trong khai trien o.
ai hoc S pham Ha Noi 2000
Giai

Ta co : (x2 + 1)n = C0n (x 2 ) n + C1n (x 2 ) n 1 + ... + Cin (x 2 ) n i + ... + C nn

Theo gia thiet bai toan, ta c

C0n + C1n + ... + Cin + ... + Cnn = 1024

2n = 1024 = 210

n = 10

e tm he so a ng trc x12 ta phai co

2(n i) = 12
Vay

4
=
a = C10

10 i = 6

i=4

10! 10 9 8 7
=
= 210.
4!6!
4 3 2

Bai 127. Tm he so ng trc x4 trong khai trien (1 + x + 3x2)10.

Giai

Ta co :
(1 + x + 3x2)10 = [1 + x(1 + 3x)]10
0
1
2 2
3 3
= C10
+ C10
x(1 + 3x) + C10
x (1 + 3x)2 + C10
x (1 + 3x)3 +

4 4
10
C10
x (1 + 3x) 4 + ... + C10
10 (1 + 3x)
2 2
3 3
x (1 + 3x) 2 , C10
x (1 + 3x)3 ,
He so ng trc x4 trong khai trien ch co trong C10
4 4
C10
x (1 + 3x) 4 o la :
2
3
4
C10
9 + C10
9 + C10
= 9.

10!
10! 10!
+9
+
8!2!
3!7! 6!4!

= 405 + 1080 + 210 = 1695.

Bai 128. Tm he so cua x8 trong khai trien [1 + x2(1 x)]8.
Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi A 2004
Giai

Ta co :
[1 + x2(1 x)]8 = C80 + C18 x 2 (1 x) + C82 x 4 (1 x) 2 +

+ C83 x 6 (1 x)3 + C84 x 8 (1 x) 4 + C85 x10 (1 x)5 + C86 x12 (1 x)6 +

+ C87 x14 (1 x)7 + C88 x16 (1 x)8
So hang cha x8 trong khai trien tren ch co trong C83 x 6 (1 x)3 va C84 x 8 (1 x) 4
o la C83 x 6 .3x 2 va C84 x 8
Vay he so cua x8 la : 3C83 + C84 = 238.
x

x21
Bai 129. Cho 2 + 2 3

x 1
x21

1
= C 2 + Cn 2 2

n 1

0
n

++ C

n 1
n

x21 x3
2 2

x3
2 + ...

n 1

x
+C 2 3 .

n
n

Biet rang C3n = 5C1n va so hang th t bang 20n. Tm n va x.

Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi A 2002
Giai

Ta co :

(ieu kien n N va n 3)

C3n = 5C1n

n!
n!
=5
3!( n 3) !
( n 1)!

n(n 1)(n 2)
= 5n
6

(n 1)(n 2) = 30

n2 3n 28 = 0

n = 7 n = 4 (loai do n 3)

n=7

7! x 2
2 = 140
3!4!

x = 4.

a4 = 20n = 140

Ta co :

x 1
C 2 2

2x 2 = 22

3
7

x
. 2 3 = 140

x2=2

12

Bai 130. Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien x + .

x

ai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan 1997

Giai

Ta co :
12

0 12
1 11 1
i
12 i 1
12 1
x + = C12 x + C12 x + ... + C12 x + ... + C12 12
x
x

x
x
e so hang khong cha x ta phai co
i

12 i

1
0
=x
x

x12 2i = x0

6
=
Vay so hang can tm la : C12

12 2i = 0

i=6

12! 12 1110 9 8 7
=
= 924.
6!6!
6 5 4 3 2

Bai 131. Tm so hang khong cha x (vi x > 0) trong khai trien 3 x + 4
x

Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi D 2004

Giai
7

Ta co :

1 7
1
3

13
x
+

= x + x 4
4
x

1
3 7

1
3 6

1
4

1
3 7 i

1
4 i

1
4 7

= C (x ) + C (x ) (x ) + ... + C (x ) (x ) + ... + C (x )
0
7

1
7

i
7

7
7

e tm so hang khong cha x ta phai co

1
1
(7 i) i = 0
3
4

4(7 i ) 3i = 0

i=4

Vay so hang khong cha x la C 74 =

28

Bai 132. Trong khai trien x 3 x + x 15

rang

C nn + C nn 1 + C nn 2 = 79 .

28 7i = 0

7! 7 6 5
=
= 35.
4!3!
3 2

hay tm so hang khong phu thuoc x biet

ai hoc s pham Ha Noi 2 nam 2000

Giai

Ta co :

C nn + C nn 1 + C nn 2 = 79

1 +

n 2 + n 156 = 0

n!
n!
+
= 79
( n 1)! 2!( n 2 )!

n ( n 1)
= 78
2

n +

n = 13 n = 12

Do n N nen n = 12.
12

12

28
28

43

15
15
Ta co : x x + x
= x + x

12 i

43
= C x
i =0

12

i
12

Yeu cau bai toan

16

5
Vay so hang can tm C12 =

.x

28
i
15

12

= C x
i
12

i =0

16
i=0
5

16

16
i
5

i=5

12!
= 792.
5!7!

Bai 133. Trong khai trien sau ay co bao nhieu so hang hu t:

34 5

124

Giai

Ta co :

3 5
4

124

124

1
12

= 3 54

=
So hang th k la hu t

(1)
k =0

k
124

k =0

124

124

k
124

62

C 3

k
2

.5

k
4

124 k

12
3

1
4 k

.(5 )

62 2 N

k N

4
k N
0 k 124

i N

0 k 124
k = 4i

0 k 124

k
4 N

i N

0 i 31
k = 4i

i {0,1,...,31}

Do o trong khai trien tren co 32 so hang hu t.

Bai 134 . Goi a
la he so cua x3n-3 trong khai trien thanh a thc cua
3n -3

(x2 + 1) n . (x + 2)n.
Tm n e a3n-3 = 26n.
Tuyen sinh ai hoc khoi D 2003
Giai
n

Ta co : ( x + 1 ) . (x + 2)

C
i =0
n

=
Do yeu cau bai toan nen

i
n

2 n i

(x )
n

C C
i =0

k =0

i
n

k
n

C x
k =0

k
n

n k

.2 k

2k.x 3n 2i k

3n 3 = 3n (2i + k)
2i + k = 3

Do i, k N va i, k [0, n] nen

i = 0

k = 3

Vay

a3n 3 = C0n C3n 23 + C1n C1n 21 = 26n

8.

4
n(n 1)(n 2) + 2n2 = 26n
3

2(n 1)(n 2) + 3n = 39

n=5 n=

hay

i = 1

k = 1

n!
+ 2n2 = 26n
3! ( n 3 )!

7
(loai do n N)
2

2n2 3n 35 = 0

n = 5.

10

1 2
Bai 135*. Trong khai trien + x
3 3

a0 + a1x + + a9x9 + a10x10 (ak R)

Hay tm so hang ak ln nhat.
ai hoc S pham Ha Noi 2001
Giai
10

1
1
1 2
Ta co : + x = 10 (1 + 2x)10 = 10
3
3
3 3
Do o : ak =

10

C
k =0

k
10

(2x)k

1 k k
C10 2
310

Ta co : ak at max

ak ak 1

ak ak +1

k
k 1 k 1
C10
2 k C10
2
k k
k +1 k +1
C10 2 C10 2

2 k10!
2 k 1.10!

k! 10 k ! (k 1)! 11 k !
)
(
)
(

k
k +1
2 .10!
2 10!
k! (10 k )! (k + 1)! ( 9 k )!

1
2
k 11 k

1 2
10 k k + 1

19
22
k
3
3

Do k N va k [0, 10] nen k = 7.Hien nhien ak tang khi k [0, 7], va ak giam
khi k [7, 10].
27 7
Vay max ak = a7 = 10 C10 .
3
(con tiep)

PHAM HONG DANH - NGUYEN VAN NHAN - TRAN MINH QUANG

(Trung tam Boi dng van hoa va luyen thi ai hoc Vnh Vien)