The Properties of Water The Properties of Water

Bv Clara Bar|h Bv Clara Bar|h

Water MoIecuIe Water MoIecuIe
WW a|cr is madc up ol |wo hvdrocn molcculcs and onc oxvcn molcculc (H a|cr is madc up ol |wo hvdrocn molcculcs and onc oxvcn molcculc (H
22
Oi. Oi.
WW Oxvcn is morc clcc|ronca|ivc |han hvdrocn which causcs clcc|rons |o spcnd Oxvcn is morc clcc|ronca|ivc |han hvdrocn which causcs clcc|rons |o spcnd
morc |imc ncar |hc oxvcn a|oms, so |hc bonds linkin |hc molcculcs arc sinlc morc |imc ncar |hc oxvcn a|oms, so |hc bonds linkin |hc molcculcs arc sinlc
and polar covalcn|. and polar covalcn|.
WW Oxvcn has a par|ial nca|ivc charc and hvdrocn has a par|ial posi|ivc charc. Oxvcn has a par|ial nca|ivc charc and hvdrocn has a par|ial posi|ivc charc.
WW Bccausc oxvcn and hvdrocn havc opposi|c charcs, wa|cr is polar. Bccausc oxvcn and hvdrocn havc opposi|c charcs, wa|cr is polar.
WW %hc par|ial posi|ivc charc ol a hvdrocn a|om ol onc wa|cr molcculc binds |o %hc par|ial posi|ivc charc ol a hvdrocn a|om ol onc wa|cr molcculc binds |o
|hc par|ial nca|ivc charc ol ano|hcr wa|cr molcculc`s oxvcn a|om and lorms a |hc par|ial nca|ivc charc ol ano|hcr wa|cr molcculc`s oxvcn a|om and lorms a
hvdrocn bond hvdrocn bond. .
ohesion and Adhesion ohesion and Adhesion
Hvdrocn bonds arc vcrv wcak Hvdrocn bonds arc vcrv wcak
whcn wa|cr is in i|s liquid lorm and whcn wa|cr is in i|s liquid lorm and
|hcv brcak and rclorm cons|an|lv. |hcv brcak and rclorm cons|an|lv.
Al|oc|hcr, howcvcr, |hc hvdrocn Al|oc|hcr, howcvcr, |hc hvdrocn
bonds holdin |hc wa|cr molcculcs bonds holdin |hc wa|cr molcculcs
|oc|hcr causc |hc molcculcs |o |oc|hcr causc |hc molcculcs |o
s|ick |o cach o|hcr in an cvcn| s|ick |o cach o|hcr in an cvcn|
known as cohcsion. known as cohcsion.
Adhcsion, which is also causcd bv Adhcsion, which is also causcd bv
hvdrocn bonds, is |hc abili|v ol wa|cr hvdrocn bonds, is |hc abili|v ol wa|cr
|o s|ick |o o|hcr subs|anccs or |o s|ick |o o|hcr subs|anccs or
surlaccs. surlaccs.
Adhesion ontinued Adhesion ontinued
a|cr molcculcs havc |hc abili|v |o adhcrc |o o|hcr subs|anccs and a|cr molcculcs havc |hc abili|v |o adhcrc |o o|hcr subs|anccs and
surlaccs. Bascd on |hc posi|ivc and nca|ivc charcs ol |hc wa|cr surlaccs. Bascd on |hc posi|ivc and nca|ivc charcs ol |hc wa|cr
molcculcs and ol |hc subs|ancc |ha| makcs up |hc radua|cd molcculcs and ol |hc subs|ancc |ha| makcs up |hc radua|cd
cvlindcr. %hc hihlv polar wa|cr molcculcs s|ick |o |hc surlacc ol cvlindcr. %hc hihlv polar wa|cr molcculcs s|ick |o |hc surlacc ol
|hc radua|cd cvlindcr and a concavc mcniscus lorms. |hc radua|cd cvlindcr and a concavc mcniscus lorms.
hcn vou pour wa|cr in|o a 25 mL radua|cd hcn vou pour wa|cr in|o a 25 mL radua|cd
cvlindcr, a mcniscus lorms a| |hc |op ol |hc wa|cr cvlindcr, a mcniscus lorms a| |hc |op ol |hc wa|cr
column. column.
ohesion ontinued ohesion ontinued
l vou |ouch |hc cdc ol a l vou |ouch |hc cdc ol a
papcr |owcl |o a drop ol papcr |owcl |o a drop ol
colorcd wa|cr, |hc wa|cr will colorcd wa|cr, |hc wa|cr will
movc up in|o |hc |owcl. movc up in|o |hc |owcl.
%hc wa|cr molcculcs arc pullcd %hc wa|cr molcculcs arc pullcd
up |hrouh |hc papcr |owcl up |hrouh |hc papcr |owcl
bv |hc lorccs ol cohcsion. bv |hc lorccs ol cohcsion.
a|cr molcculcs arc a|cr molcculcs arc
a||rac|cd |o onc ano|hcr so a||rac|cd |o onc ano|hcr so
whcn onc movcs, |hc o|hcrs whcn onc movcs, |hc o|hcrs
movc wi|h i|. movc wi|h i|.
igh eat of Vaporization igh eat of Vaporization
WW Hca| ol vaporiza|ion is |hc amoun| ol hca| a liquid mus| absorb Hca| ol vaporiza|ion is |hc amoun| ol hca| a liquid mus| absorb
lor 1 ol i| |o bc convcr|cd lrom |hc liquid |o |hc ascous s|a|c. lor 1 ol i| |o bc convcr|cd lrom |hc liquid |o |hc ascous s|a|c.
WW Causcd bv hvdrocn bonds which mus| bc brokcn bclorc |hc Causcd bv hvdrocn bonds which mus| bc brokcn bclorc |hc
molcculcs can chanc lrom liquid lorm. molcculcs can chanc lrom liquid lorm.
Hclps rcula|c Lar|h`s |cmpcra|urc whcn occan wa|cr absorbs larc Hclps rcula|c Lar|h`s |cmpcra|urc whcn occan wa|cr absorbs larc
amoun|s ol sunlih| and cvapora|cs and |hcn condcnscs aain as rain. amoun|s ol sunlih| and cvapora|cs and |hcn condcnscs aain as rain.
igh eat of Vaporization igh eat of Vaporization
ontinued ontinued
$wca|in and |hc cvaporiza|ion ol swca| lrom |hc bodv surlacc hclp rcducc $wca|in and |hc cvaporiza|ion ol swca| lrom |hc bodv surlacc hclp rcducc
a human`s bodv |cmpcra|urc. a human`s bodv |cmpcra|urc.
Molcculcs |ha| arc ho| arc mos| likclv |o lcavc a surlacc in |hc ascous s|a|c. Molcculcs |ha| arc ho| arc mos| likclv |o lcavc a surlacc in |hc ascous s|a|c.
hcn |hc swca| cvapora|cs lrom vour bodv in |hc hca|, i| lcavcs vour hcn |hc swca| cvapora|cs lrom vour bodv in |hc hca|, i| lcavcs vour
skin as a as and |akcs a skin as a as and |akcs a
small amoun| ol hca| small amoun| ol hca|
wi|h i|, as a rcsul| ol |hc wi|h i|, as a rcsul| ol |hc
brcakin and rclormin brcakin and rclormin
ol hvdrocn bonds. ol hvdrocn bonds.
$oIid More Dense $oIid More Dense
Than Liquid Than Liquid
As |hc |cmpcra|urc dccrcascs, wa|cr`s hvdrocn bonds As |hc |cmpcra|urc dccrcascs, wa|cr`s hvdrocn bonds
bccomc morc compac| and s|ruc|urcd. A| 4 bccomc morc compac| and s|ruc|urcd. A| 4C, |hc C, |hc
hvdrocn bonds arc a| |hcir mos| compac|cd, and |hcrclorc hvdrocn bonds arc a| |hcir mos| compac|cd, and |hcrclorc
mos| dcnsc, lorm. mos| dcnsc, lorm.
n i|s liquid s|a|c, wa|cr`s hvdrocn bonds arc much morc n i|s liquid s|a|c, wa|cr`s hvdrocn bonds arc much morc
loosc and |hc molcculcs arc arrancd in a much lcss loosc and |hc molcculcs arc arrancd in a much lcss
s|ruc|urcd wav. s|ruc|urcd wav.
$oIid more Dense than $oIid more Dense than
Liquid ontinued Liquid ontinued
urin win|cr, air |cmpcra|urcs in |hc nor|hcrn Ini|cd $|a|cs can rcmain urin win|cr, air |cmpcra|urcs in |hc nor|hcrn Ini|cd $|a|cs can rcmain
bclow 0 bclow 0SSC lor mon|hs; howcvcr, lish and o|hcr animals livin in |hc C lor mon|hs; howcvcr, lish and o|hcr animals livin in |hc
lakcs survivc. lakcs survivc.
Lakcs lrcczc lrom |op |o bo||om. $incc icc is lcss dcnsc |han liquid wa|cr, Lakcs lrcczc lrom |op |o bo||om. $incc icc is lcss dcnsc |han liquid wa|cr,
|hc lrozcn lakc wa|cr lloa|s on |op ol |hc wa|cr |ha| rcmains in liquid |hc lrozcn lakc wa|cr lloa|s on |op ol |hc wa|cr |ha| rcmains in liquid
lorm. %hc icc ac|uallv insula|cs |hc lakc wa|cr bclow bccausc i| docs no| lorm. %hc icc ac|uallv insula|cs |hc lakc wa|cr bclow bccausc i| docs no|
allow hca| |o movc |hrouh i| casilv. allow hca| |o movc |hrouh i| casilv.
&niversaI $oIvent &niversaI $oIvent
WW a|cr can dissolvc mos| subs|anccs. a|cr can dissolvc mos| subs|anccs.
WW ca|ivclv charcd oxvcn a|oms and |hc posi|ivclv ca|ivclv charcd oxvcn a|oms and |hc posi|ivclv
charcd hvdrocn a|oms in wa|cr arc a||rac|cd |o charcd hvdrocn a|oms in wa|cr arc a||rac|cd |o
|hc dillcrin charcs ol a|oms in mos| o|hcr |hc dillcrin charcs ol a|oms in mos| o|hcr
subs|anccs, allowin |hc wa|cr molcculcs |o scpara|c subs|anccs, allowin |hc wa|cr molcculcs |o scpara|c
|hc a|oms ol o|hcr subs|anccs; also known as |hc a|oms ol o|hcr subs|anccs; also known as
dissolvin. dissolvin.
&niversaI $oIvent &niversaI $oIvent
A bo||lc con|ains a liquid mix|urc ol A bo||lc con|ains a liquid mix|urc ol
cqual par|s wa|cr and mincral cqual par|s wa|cr and mincral
oil. You shakc |hc bo||lc oil. You shakc |hc bo||lc
viorouslv and |hc sc| i| on a viorouslv and |hc sc| i| on a
|ablc. %hc mix|urc scpara|cs |ablc. %hc mix|urc scpara|cs
in|o lavcrs ol oil ovcr wa|cr. in|o lavcrs ol oil ovcr wa|cr.
a|cr onlv dissolvcs aqucous a|cr onlv dissolvcs aqucous
solu|ions. Oil is madc up ol a solu|ions. Oil is madc up ol a
scrics ol hvdrophobic (wa|cr scrics ol hvdrophobic (wa|cr--
ha|in"i lipid molcculcs. %hc ha|in"i lipid molcculcs. %hc
oil molcculcs arc also nonpolar, oil molcculcs arc also nonpolar,
and wa|cr onlv dissolvcs o|hcr and wa|cr onlv dissolvcs o|hcr
polar molcculcs. a|cr docsn`| polar molcculcs. a|cr docsn`|
dissolvc oil bccausc |hc wa|cr dissolvc oil bccausc |hc wa|cr
molcculcs molcculcs
ibIiography ibIiography
W Campbcll, cil A., and Janc B. Rcccc. $cvcn|h cd.
$an Iransisco: Pcarson Lduca|ion, nc., 2005. 47-
5`. Prin|.
W Campbcll, cil A. 'a|cr Propcr|ics.' I$$. I$A
ovcrnmcn|, 8 Icb. 2011. cb. 18 Oc|. 2011.
h||p://a.wa|cr.uss.ov/cdu/wa|crpropcr|ics.h|ml>
W 'Phasc Chancs.' Hvpcr-phvsics. .p., n.d. cb.
18 Oc|. 2011. h||p://hvpcrphvsics.phv-
as|r.su.cdu/hbasc/|hcrmo/phasc.h|ml>.