##Dirac-Like Quasi Particles in Graphene - Gusynin - Talk - Dubna 2009

Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene
V.P. Gusynin
Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine
July 9, 2009
V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev)
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Why graphene is so interesting?

Atomic structure. Graphene is an one-atom-thick layer of graphite packed in the honeycomb lattice a two dimensional crystal. Free suspended graphene shows rippling of the at sheet with amplitude of about one nanometer. The ability to sustain huge (> 108 A/cm2 ) electric currents make it a promising candidate for applications in devices such as nanoscale eld eect transistors. Graphene exhibits the highest electronic quality among all known materials. It has a high electron mobility at room temperature, 15000cm2 /V s. In free suspended graphene 150000cm2 /V s that implies that ballistic transport takes place even at room temperature: the quasiparticles in graphene take less than 0.1 ps to cover the typical distance between source and drain electrods in a transistor. The very high mobility of graphene makes it promising for applications in which transistors must switch extremely fast. Easy control of charged carriers. Anomalous quantum Hall eect: xy = 4(n + 1/2) e .
h 2
Thermal properties. The thermal conductivity 5 103 W /m K is larger that for carbon nanotubes or diamond. Optical properties. Graphene has high optical transparency: it absorbs only 2.3% of white light ( = 1/137 - ne structure constant). This can be important for making liquid crystal displays. Mechanical properties. Graphene is the strongest material ever tested, siness - 340N/m. Because of this graphene remains stable and conductive at extremely small scales of order several nanometers. Prototype devices have already been made from graphene. The rst graphene transistor was demonstrated by researchers from AAchen University in 2007. In 2009 the MIT researchers built an experimental graphene chip known as frequency multiplier. Graphene is today one of the materials being considered as a potential replacement of silicon for future computing. V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 2 / 61
Reviews
A.C. Neto, F. Guinea and N.M. Peres. Drawing conclusions from graphene. Physics World, 19, 33 (2006). M. Katsnelson, Graphene: carbon in two dimensions. Materials today, 10, 20 (2007). A.Geim and K. Novoselov. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials 6, 183 (2007). V.P. Gusynin, S.G. Sharapov, J.P. Carbotte. AC conductivity of graphene: from tight-binding model to 2+1-dimensional quantum electrodynamics. Int.J.Mod.Phys.B21, 4611-4658 (2007). A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109 (2009).
V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 3 / 61
Outline
1
Dirac theory of graphene Shubnikov de Haas eect Quantum Hall eect in graphene AC conductivity of graphene Quantum Hall eect at large B (latest developments) = 0 plateau and edge states Summary
One atomic layer of graphene

The structures were made by simply rubbing the freshly cleaved surface of a layered crystal onto another surface, like drawing chalk on a blackboard. This micromechanical "peeling" created akes, some of which were unexpectedly just one layer thick. The crystals are stable and could be used to make transistors and sensors. Photograph in normal white light of multilayer graphene ake
Novoselov et al.,Science 306, 666 (2004)
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Allotropes of carbon
Well-known forms of carbon all are derived from graphene.

Field Eect Experiment

Field eect transistor
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Field Eect Experiment

Field eect transistor Longitudinal conductivity as a function of gate voltage.
Vg > 0 means that we increase the number of electrons with increasing Vg , while we control holes for Vg < 0. Close to zero Vg , this lm is a compensated semimetal.
High mobility = /ne 15000cm2 V 1 s 1 . Novoselov et al., Nature 308, 197 (2005) and other groups.
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Orbitals of graphene
Carbon has 6 electrons 2 are core electrons 4 are valence electrons: one 2s and three 2p orbitals
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Carbon has 6 electrons 2 are core electrons 4 are valence electrons: one 2s and three 2p orbitals single 2s and two 2p orbitals hybridise forming three bonds in the x-y plane
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Carbon has 6 electrons 2 are core electrons 4 are valence electrons: one 2s and three 2p orbitals remaining 2pz orbital ( orbital) is perpendicular to the x y plane
only orbital relevant for energies of interest for transport measurements, so keep only this one orbital per site in the tight binding model
Lattice of graphene
H =t
n,, an, bn+, + h.c.,
t 3eV , a = 2.46 is the lattice A constant, = 1 is the spin. H =t

k, ak, bk,
0 i k e
e i k 0
ak, bk,
The bands structure of a single graphene sheet is 3kx a ky a ky a E (kx , ky ) = t 1 + 4 cos cos + 4 cos2 . 2 2 2
Band structure of graphene

b
2
a2
a1
1 2 3 A B
K
b1 K b2 K
t 0
aky
akx
Two bands touch each other and cross the Fermi level in six K points located at the corners of the hexagonal 2D Brillouin zone.
(a) Graphene hexagonal lattice can be described in terms of two triangular sublattices, A and B. (b) Hexagonal and rhombic extended Brillouin zone (BZ). Two non-equivalent K points in the extended BZ, K = K+ .
P.R. Wallace, PR 71, 622 (1947).
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Low-energy excitations in graphene

The low-energy excitations at two inequivalent K , K = (0, 4/3a) points have a linear dispersion Ek = vF |k| with vF = ( 3/2 )ta 106 m/s. vF plays role of the velocity of light c vF = c/300. Each K point is described by its own spinor: KA K , = KB K , K points are also called Dirac points.
Pseudospin direction is linked to an axis determined by electronic momentum: for conduction and valence band electrons p = 1. |p|
Hamiltonian for K point

The Hamiltonian for K point d 2k HK = vF (2)2 K =1 0 kx iky kx + iky 0 K ,
where the momentum k = (kx , ky ) is already given in a local coordinate system associated with a chosen K point.
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Hamiltonian for K point

The Hamiltonian for K point d 2k HK = vF (2)2 K =1 0 kx iky kx + iky 0 K ,
where the momentum k = (kx , ky ) is already given in a local coordinate system associated with a chosen K point. Introduce K = K 0 and 2 2 matrices 0,1,2 = (3 , i 2 , i 1 ): H = vF
=1
d 2k K (t, k)( 1 kx + 2 ky )K (t, k). (2)2
Spinors can be also combined in one four-component Dirac spinor T = (KA , KB , K B , K A ). = 0 and 4 4 -matrices belonging to a reducible representation = 3 (3 , i 2 , i 1 ) Dirac algebra.
Semeno, PRL 53, 2449Kiev) V.P. Gusynin (BITP, (1984); DiVincenzo and quasiparticles in 1685 (1984). Dirac-like Mele, PRB 29, graphene Dubna 12 / 61
Chiral representation and chirality

I2 0 0 I2 commutes with the Hamiltonian, it introduces the conserving chirality quantum number which corresponds to the valley index. 0 K+ , K = that Indeed the spinors K+ = 0 K describe the quasiparticle excitations at K , are the eigenstates of 5 : 5 K+ = K+ , 5 K = K . In the massless Dirac theory 5 = i 0 1 2 3
chiral
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Chiral representation and chirality

I2 0 0 I2 commutes with the Hamiltonian, it introduces the conserving chirality quantum number which corresponds to the valley index. 0 K+ , K = that Indeed the spinors K+ = 0 K describe the quasiparticle excitations at K , are the eigenstates of 5 : 5 K+ = K+ , 5 K = K . For massless particle in 3D the helicity (characterizes the projection of its spin on the direction of momentum) corresponds to chirality: In 2D p is in 5 graphene plane, = p /|p|. The operator = (1 , 2 ) does not have the while the only physical meaning of the usual spin operator. Still real rotation may use pseudohelicity which is not related to the described by Lorentz group and the real space rotations. to plane In the massless Dirac theory 5 = i 0 1 2 3
chiral
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Other condensed matter systems (HTSC)

-3 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 kx -2 -1 ky 0 ky BZ kx ky RBZ kx 1 2 3 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
DSC
d 2k (k) [3((k) ) + 1(k)] (k), (2)2
where Pauli matrices act on the particle-hole indices of the Nambu-Gorkov spinor. (k)=2t (cos kx a + cos ky a) , E (k)=
V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene
(E 0 vF kx 1 v ky 2) = 0.
((k) )2 +2(
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Introducing a gap
HK+ =
=1
d 2k (2)2 K+
vF (kx + iky )
vF (kx iky )
K+ ,
where the momentum k = (kx , ky ) is already given in a local coordinate system associated with a chosen K+ point. The presence of = 0 makes the spectrum 2 v 2 k2 + 2 with the gap . E (k) = F
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Introducing a gap
HK+ =
=1
d 2k (2)2 K+
vF (kx + iky )
vF (kx iky )
K+ ,
where the momentum k = (kx , ky ) is already given in a local coordinate system associated with a chosen K+ point. The presence of = 0 makes the spectrum 2 v 2 k2 + 2 with the gap . E (k) = F For B = 0 mass can be induced by interaction with substrate. Observation of the gap opening in single-layer epitaxial graphene on a SiC substrate at the K point. (a) Structure of graphene in the real and momentum space. (b) ARPES intensity map taken along the black line in the inset of (a). S.Y. Zhou et al., Nature Mat. 6, 770 (07).
QED3 form of Lagrangian

An external eld B to the plane Aext = (By /2, Bx/2) L = d 2 r (t, r) 0 ( i t + gL /2B B) Zeeman term +vF 1 e i y Aext (t, r) c y e2 1 d 2 r d 2 r (t, r) 0 (t, r) (t, r ) 0 (t, r ). 2 |r r | e i x Aext + vF 2 c x
sgn(Vg ) |Vg | [3600K, 3600K] when Vg [100V, 100V]; > 0 electrons. gL 2 in graphene.
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QED3 form of Lagrangian

An external eld B to the plane Aext = (By /2, Bx/2) L = d 2 r (t, r) 0 ( i t + gL /2B B) Zeeman term +vF 1 e i y Aext (t, r) c y e2 1 d 2 r d 2 r (t, r) 0 (t, r) (t, r ) 0 (t, r ). 2 |r r | e i x Aext + vF 2 c x
sgn(Vg ) |Vg | [3600K, 3600K] when Vg [100V, 100V]; > 0 electrons. gL 2 in graphene. is a possible excitonic gap (Dirac mass) generated due to Coulomb interaction. Magnetic eld favors gap opening: Magnetic catalysis
phenomenon: V.P. G., V.A. Miransky, I.A. Shovkovy PRL 73, 3499 (1994).
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Landau levels
Free electrons in a magnetic eld: Landau levels (LL). L.D. Landau, Z.fur Physik, 64, 629 (1930); M.P. Bronstein, Ya.I. Frenkel, , 62, 485 (1930); I. Rabi, Z. fur Physik, 49, 507 (1928). In nonrelativistic case the distance between LL coincides with the e cyclotron energy, c [K] = meB 1.35B[T]. c For the relativistic-like system (graphene),
2 En = 2n vF |eB|/c, n = 0, 1, . . . .
the energy scale, characterizing the distance between Landau levels,

2eB is L [K] = vF 424K B[Tesla] for vF 106 m/s! c This is why QHE eect is observed at room temperature!
Dirac Landau levels

B = 0 and zero mass, = 0
a B 0 Ek K Ek vF k K'
(a) The low-energy linear-dispersion. = 0 as in compensated graphenes plane.
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Dirac Landau levels

K Ek
2 2
B = 0 and nite mass, = 0

b B 0
vF 2 k2
K'
Ek
(b) A possible modication of the spectrum by the nite gap . is shifted from zero by the gate voltage.
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Dirac Landau levels

K Ek
2 2

b B 0

c B 0 E0
vF 2 k2
K'
K E0
En
2 n eB vF 2 c
K'
Ek
En
(b) A possible modication of the spectrum by the nite gap . is shifted from zero by the gate voltage.
(c) Landau levels En . Notice that for K point E0 = and for K point E0 = . Then the degeneracy of n = 0 level is half of the degeneracy of LL with n = 0.
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de Haas van Alphen eect

Landaus (1930) paper on diamagnetism: a prediction that magnetization at low T should oscillate as the eld varies. Already in 1930 de Haas and van Alphen reported oscillatory magnetic behavior in Bi.
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de Haas van Alphen eect

Landaus (1930) paper on diamagnetism: a prediction that magnetization at low T should oscillate as the eld varies. Already in 1930 de Haas and van Alphen reported oscillatory magnetic behavior in Bi. The dHvA eect is essentially quantum-mechanical in nature, being due to Landau quantization of electron energy in an applied magnetic eld. The free energy of the system oscillates with magnetic eld and this is a direct DOS oscillations consequence of the existence of the Fermi energy. The magnetization and other thermodynamic quantities experience oscillations, too.
Oscillations of DOS for Dirac quasiparticles

DOS is the sum over LL (En =
2 2n|eB| vF /c)
1 1 2eB D0 () = Imtr = + i0 H c
() +
n=1
(( En ) + ( + En )) D0 () =
2|| , for B = 0. 2 2 vF
Using the Poisson summation formula and in presence of impurities the DOS is D () = 1 d sgn() 2 d 1 k2 2k|| sin exp + 2eB k eB eB
k=1
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Shubnikov de Haas eect in 2DEG

SdH transport: Lifshitz-Kosevich (LK) formula 0 1 1 + 2 xx = cos 2k + 2 1 + (c ) c 2
k=1
where c =
eB m c
cyclotron frequency (for (k) =
2 k2 2m
RT (k) RD (k) , ),
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k=1
where c = RT (k) =
eB cyclotron frequency m c 2 kT / 2 c is temperature sinh 2 2 kT / c
(for (k) =
2 k2 2m
RT (k) RD (k) , ),
amplitude factor,
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k=1
where c = RT (k) =
eB cyclotron frequency m c 2 kT / 2 c is temperature sinh 2 2 kT / c c
(for (k) =
2 k2 2m
RT (k) RD (k) , ),
amplitude factor,
amplitude reduction due to impurities, Dingle temperature TD = ; Impurity scattering rate, = 1/(2 ), being a mean free time of quasiparticles.
RD (k) = exp 2k
is Dingle factor
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k=1
where c = RT (k) =
eB cyclotron frequency m c 2 kT / 2 c is temperature sinh 2 2 kT / c c
(for (k) =
2 k2 2m
RT (k) RD (k) , ),
amplitude factor,
amplitude reduction due to impurities, Dingle temperature TD = ; Impurity scattering rate, = 1/(2 ), being a mean free time of quasiparticles. 1 PHASE FACTOR: cos 2k c + 2 with the phase
RD (k) = exp 2k
is Dingle factor
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Shubnikov de Haas eect: Dirac case

We use the Kubo formalism: ij = xx osc
0
lim ImR ( + i 0)/, ij
0 = 1 + (c )2
cos
k=1
k2 RT (k, )RD (k, ), 2 vF |eB|/c
where Dingle and temperature amplitude factors ( = 0): 2 2 2 kTc||/(vF e B) RD (k, ) = exp 2k vc|| , RT (k, ) = . 2e B 2 2 kTc||
F
sinh
RT , RD depend on ( = v 2 2 sgn)- there is a dependence on F carrier concentration . In nonrelativistic (NR) case it was: 2 2 kT / NR NR NR RD (k) exp 2k , RT (k) = sinh 22 kT / cNR , NR
c c
v 2 eB F
NR c =
c =
eB . me c 2 e BvF c||
For the relativistic system: =

e B , cmc
mc =
|| 2 vF
|Vg |!
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Manifestation of Berrys Phase

Oscillating conductivity
xx
k=1
cos 2k
Bf 1 + + B 2
RT (k)RD (k),
where is Berrys phase. If = 0 (1)k - nonrelativistic LK formula. En =

e B me c
n+ = 0.
1 2
2|n|eB ; En = vF c = 1/2 Dirac.
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Manifestation of Berrys Phase

Oscillating conductivity
xx
k=1
cos 2k
Bf 1 + + B 2
RT (k)RD (k),
where is Berrys phase. If = 0 (1)k - nonrelativistic LK formula. En =

e B me c
n+ = 0.
1 2
2|n|eB ; En = vF c = 1/2 Dirac.
Dirac quasiparticles are phase shifted by ! Cross-sectional area of the orbit in k-space: 2 nonrelativistic S() = 2m and relativistic S() = 2 /vF Semiclassical quantization condition: S() = 2 c eB (n + 1 + ) 2
G.P. Mikitik and Yu. V. Sharlai, PRL 82, 2147 (1999). V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 23 / 61
Oscillating conductivity - experiment

a) Dependence of BF on carrier concentration n
K.S. Novoselov, et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005)
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a) Dependence of BF on carrier concentration n b) Landau fan diagrams used to nd BF . N is the number associated with dierent minima of oscillations. The curves extrapolate to dierent origins: to N = 1/2 (in one layer) and 0 (two and more layers).
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a) Dependence of BF on carrier concentration n b) Landau fan diagrams used to nd BF . N is the number associated with dierent minima of oscillations. The curves extrapolate to dierent origins: to N = 1/2 (in one layer) and 0 (two and more layers). c) The behavior of SdHO amplitude as a function of T for two dierent carrier concentrations. d) Cyclotron mass mc (= Fermi energy || for Dirac quasiparticles! ) of electrons and holes as a function of their concentration. 2 2 mc = ||/vF = 2 |n|/vF The eective carrier mass = 0, because E (k) = vF |k|.
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Oscillating conductivity towards QHE

density of particles Landau level density 2 cos [kc2 / vF |eB|] cos (k/2). 2 || classic |eB|/hc , = 2 v 2 sgn Filling factor =
F
Vg is the carrier imbalance; n n0 = n+ n , where n+ and n are the densities of electrons and holes.
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Oscillating conductivity towards QHE

density of particles Landau level density 2 cos [kc2 / vF |eB|] cos (k/2). 2 || classic |eB|/hc , = 2 v 2 sgn Filling factor =
F
Vg is the carrier imbalance; n n0 = n+ n , where n+ and n are the densities of electrons and holes. Unusually the minima of osc at the double odd llings (k=1) = 2(2n + 1). This inspired experimentalists K.S. Novoselov, et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005); Y. Zhang, et al., Nature 438, 201 (2005) to look for an unconventional Quantum Hall Eect
predicted in: V.P. Gusynin, S.G.Sharapov, PRL 95, 146801 (2005); N.M.R. Peres, F. Guinea, A.H. Castro Neto, PRB 73, 125411 (2006). V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 25 / 61
Quantum Hall Eect in 2DEG
xx = 1.xx = 0, 2.xy =
xx xy , xy = 2 2 2 2 xx + xy xx + xy .
nec e2 nch = , = = 0, 1, . . . . B h eB
Quantum Hall eect in graphene

Clean limit 0: xy = e2 + sgn(eB) tanh + tanh h 2T 2T + 2 + 2eBn 2 + 2eBn +2 tanh + tanh 2T 2T n=1
When = 0 and T 0 we obtain

xy 2e 2 = sgn(eB)sgn 1 + 2 || 2eBn h n=1 = 2 c 2e 2 sgn(eB)sgn 1 + 2 2 h 2 |eB|vF
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Quantum Hall eect in graphene - theory

22 18 14 10 6 h e2 2 2 6 10 14 18 22 11 9 7 5 3 10 1 sgn 3 5 7 9 11 xy classic xy xx
The Hall conductivity xy and the diagonal conductivity xx measured in e 2 /h units as a function of the lling B = /2. The straight line classical dependence xy = ec||/B. 2 xy = eh , = 4(n + 1 ) = 2, 6, . . . , n = 0, 1, . . . 2 2 The n = 0 Landau level is special: En = 2vF |neB|/c E0 = 0 and its degeneracy is half of the degeneracy of LL with n = 0.
V.P. Gusynin, S.G. Sharapov, PRL 95, 146801 (2005). V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 28 / 61
Hall eect in graphene - experiment

a1 a2
s2 s3 s1
K.S. Novoselov, A. Geim et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005) Hall conductivity xy = (4e 2 /h) and longitudinal resistivity xx of graphene as a function of their concentration at B =14T. Inset: xy in two-layer graphene where the quantization sequence occurs at integer . The latter shows that the half-integer QHE is exclusive to ideal graphene. V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev)
Observation of IQHE is the ultimate proof of the existence of Dirac quasiparticles in graphene. It is a consequence of the honeycomb lattice
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Bilayer graphene
H= 1 2m 0 ( )2 2 0 n(n 1), , = kx + iky c = eB/mc.
Two states E0 , E1 lie exactly at zero energy. Charge carriers in bilayer graphene have a parabolic energy spectrum but the Landau quantization results in Hall conductivity where the last (zero-level) plateau is missing.Instead, the Hall conductivity undergoes a double-sized step (2 (4e 2/h)) across the region = 0. E. McCann, V.I. Falko, PRL 96, 086805 (2006).
En = c
Three types of integer QHE
Three types of the integer QHE: (a) conventional QHE in 2D semiconductors (b) QHE in 2L graphene (c) QHE for massless Dirac fermions in 1L graphene.
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AC conductivity of graphene:
zero magnetic eld case, B = 0
6 5 4 3 xx 2 1 0 0 100 0K 0.1 K T 5K T 1K 0K 5K T 1K 0K
h e2
In addition to intraband (Drude) transitions, there are interband transitions ( between positive and negative Dirac cones).
200 GHz
300
400
The microwave conductivity xx (, T ) in units e 2 /h vs frequency in GHz. In addition to Drude peak (intraband) there is a constant background (interband). Black curve is for = 0: Drude peak is suppressed and increase for = 2.
V.P. Gusynin, S.G. Sh., J.P. Carbotte, PRL 96, 256802 (2006). Dubna 32 / 61
Interband term
The strict = 0 limit and T = 0 xx () = 2e 2 e 2 ||() + h 2h
e 2 , 2h
|| || . 2 , T .
Universal AC conductivity: Rexx ()
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Interband term
The strict = 0 limit and T = 0 xx () = 2e 2 e 2 ||() + h 2h
2
|| || . 2
, T . Universal AC conductivity: Rexx () e , 2h (a) The real part of the 2D optical conductivity 1 () at VCN and 71 V. The solid red line shows the region where data support the universal result. (b) The Burstein-Moss shift (concentrational dependencies of the threshold) is used to determine Fermi energy using optical methods. Optical verication of the value of vF : Z.Q. Li et al. Nature Phys. 4, 532 (08). = sgn() vF || sgn(Vg ) |Vg |.
Fine-structure constant in graphene

A curious consequence is that the optical transmittance of a free standing monolayer graphene is also frequency independent and is expressed solely via the the ne structure constant, = e 2 / c: 2 2 Topt = 1 + 2 () . A. B. Kuzmenko et al. PRL 100, 117401 (08). = 1 + c 2
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R.R. Nair et al. Science 320, 1308 (08).
Transmittance spectrum of single-layer graphene (open circles). The red line is the transmittance Topt expected for two-dimensional Dirac fermions, whereas the green curve takes into account a nonlinearity and triangular warping of graphenes electronic spectrum.
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R.R. Nair et al. Science 320, 1308 (08).
Transmittance spectrum of single-layer graphene (open circles). The red line is the transmittance Topt expected for two-dimensional Dirac fermions, whereas the green curve takes into account a nonlinearity and triangular warping of graphenes electronic spectrum.
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Optical probe of the Dirac quasiparticles:

nite magnetic eld case, B = 0
4 3 2 1
b 0 K K'
1 2 3 4
The allowed transitions between LLs n = 0, . . . 4. The pair of cones at K and K are combined. Left E0 < < E1 ; middle E1 < < E2 ; right E2 < < E3 .
Optical probe of the Dirac quasiparticles:

nite magnetic eld case, B = 0
4 3 2 1
50K B 0.0001T 50K B 1T a T 10K

b
510K B 1T 660K B 1T
0 K K
'
6 h e2
15K 0K
1 2 3 4
4 Rexx 2 0 0 200 400 600 cm 800

1
The allowed transitions between LLs n = 0, . . . 4. The pair of cones at K and K are combined. Left E0 < < E1 ; middle E1 < < E2 ; right E2 < < E3 .
1000
1200
Re xx () in units of e 2 /h vs . red = 50K and B = 104 T, black = 50K, blue = 510K, green = 660K all three for B = 1T.
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Quantum Hall eect at large B

40
10
20
-20 -40
V
0
g
40
(V)
2
(e /h)
0
V
g
(V)
-2
-20
20 6
-4
4 2
xy
-6
0 -2 -4 -6
-8
-10 -80 -60 -40 -20

V
g
0
(V)
20
40
60
80
9 T, 11.5 T, 17.5 T, 25 T, 30 T, 37 T, 37 T, 42 T, 45 T. The observed lling factor sequence: = 0 for B > 11Tesla, = 1 for B > 17Tesla. Thus the four fold (sublattice-spin) degeneracy of n = 0 Landau level is totally resolved for B > 17Tesla. The four fold degeneracy of n = 1 level is partially resolved into = 4 which originates from spin splitting leaving two fold degeneracy.
R (k )
xy
Y. Zhang, H. Stormer et al., PRL 96, 136806 (2006). V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev)
(e /h)
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Landau levels splitting

E ( = 4) Btot - is in agreement with Zeeman splitting EZ = gL B B. Also, the gap E ( = 4) depends on total magnetic eld Btot . E ( = 1) B . The gap magnitude E ( = 1) >> EZ and depends on a perpendicular magnetic eld B only. B = 45 T: EZ 60K, E ( = 1) 4E ( = 4).
Activation gaps E ( = 4), E ( = 2), E ( = 1) are determined from the minimum of resistivity
min Rxx exp(/2kT ). No activation behavior has
been observed at = 0!
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Theoretical predictions
Illustration of the spectrum and the Hall conductivity in the n = 0 and n = 1 Landau levels: (a) = 0 and EZ = 0 (no Zeeman term), = 2, 6, 10, . . . . (b) = 0 and EZ = 0, = 0, 2, 6, 10, . . . . (c) = 0 and EZ = 0, = 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . . (d) = 0 and EZ = 0, = 0, 1, 2, 4, . . . . 2 L= vF |eB|/c. V.P.G., V.A.Miransky, V.G., S.G. Sharapov, I. Shovkovy, PRB 74, 195429 (2006). Both gap, = 0 and Zeeman term, EZ = 0 are necessary to explain plateaux 2 = 0, 1, xy = eh .
E a E b 2L 2 L2
2
2L
2 L2
6 4 2
6 4 2
2 4 6
2 4 6
2 L B B 2 L B B
2 L2 2 L2
2 2
B B B B
B B B B
B B B B B B B B 2 L2 2 L2
2 L B B 2 L B B
2 2
B B B B
6 4 2
6 4 2
2 4 6
2 4 6
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Symmetry
The Hamiltonian H = H0 + HC possesses avor U(4) symmetry 16 generators read (spin pseudospin)
3 5 I4 , , , and 3 5 2 2i 2 2
The Zeeman term breaks U(4) down to U(2)+ U(2) Dirac mass breaks U(2)s down to U(1)s
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Order parameters
Goal: searching for solutions of gap equation with spontaneously broken and unbroken SU(2)s U(2)s . Two scenarios for QH eect a) Quantum Hall Ferromagnetism (QHF):
Spin/valley degeneracy of the half-lled Landau level is lifted by the exchange (repulsive Coulomb) interaction This is similar to the Hunds Rule in atomic physics In the lowest energy state, the coordinate part of the wave function is antisymmetric(with the electrons being as far apart as possible) i.e., it is symmetric in the spin/valley indices This is nothing else but ferromagnetism
QHF in graphene
K.Nomura, A. MacDonald, PRL 96, 256602 (2006); J. Alicea, M. Fisher, PRB 74, 075422 (2006). Order parameters:pseudospin
densities 3 5Ps
= KAs KAs + KBs KBs K As K As K Bs K Bs
describes the charge-density imbalance between the two valley points in the Brillouin zone. This order parameter breaks SU(2)s down to U(1)s with the generator 3 5Ps (P = (1 3)/2).
Suspended clean graphene: gap equation

The gap equation in the random phase approximation has the form:
(p) =
0
dqq(q)K(p, q) g ,= , = t/vF , 1 + g /2 q 2 + ((q)/vF )2
where g = e 2 /(4 vF ) 2.19 is the ne structure constant for graphene. The kernel 2 pq 2 1 K(p, q) = K , p+q p+q and K(x) is full elliptic integral of rst kind. The nontrivial solution exists if the coupling > 1/4 (g > 1.62): (p = 0) vF exp
1/4
The strong-coupling limit of graphene is an insulator.

Suspended clean graphene

crit = 1.62 is the quantum critical point of phase transition metal-insulator: E.Gorbar et al., Phys. Rev. B66, 045108 (2002). Monte-Carlo simulations give: crit = 1.11 - J. Drut and D. Son, Phys. Rev. B77, 075115 (2008); J. Drut and T. Lahde, arxiv:0901.0584. See, also S. Hands and C. Strouthos, Phys. Rev. B78, 165423 (2008).
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Magnetic catalysis (MC) scenario

Under an external magnetic eld the gap is generated at any coupling constant - magnetic catalysis:
I. Krive, S, Naftulin, PRD 46, 2737 (1992); V. Gusynin, V. Miransky, I. Shovkovy, PRL 73, 3499 (1994). In 4-dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model |eB| 1 |eB| exp , 0 = 20 G 4 2 density of states at the lowest Landau level (compare with a superconducting gap). First proposed for graphene in D.Khveshchenko, PRL 87, 206401 (2001); ibid 87, 246802 (2001) E. Gorbar, V. Gusynin, V. Miransky, I. Shovkovy, PRB 66, 045108 (2002)
|eB| :
En =
2n|eB| En =
2n|eB| + 2.
b) MC scenario
V.G., V. Miransky, S. Sharapov, I. Shovkovy, PRB 74, 195429 (2006); I. Herbut, PRL 97, 146401 (2006); J. Fuchs, P. Lederer, PRL 98, 016803 (2007).
Order parameters: Dirac mass terms Ps

= KAs KAs + K As K As KBs KBs K Bs K Bs
describes the charge-density imbalance between the two sublattices (charge density wave). This order parameter breaks SU(2)s down to U(1)s .
Latest developments
QHF and MC order parameters necessarily coexist, which implies that they have the same dynamical origin. E. Gorbar et al., PRB 78, 085437 (2008).
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Two types of order parameters

Singlets under SU(2)s : s and s . If + = and (or) + = , they break U(4) symmetry like the Zeeman term. These order parameters describe = 0 plateau on the lowest Landau level (LLL). Triplets under SU(2)s : s and s . Lead to spontaneous breakdown of SU(2)s down to U(1)s . They describe = 1 plateaus on LLL.
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Schwinger Dyson equation

SD eqs. lead to the system of 8 integral equations which were solved analytically in clean limit = 0 and T = 0 and numerically at T = 0. Energy scales in the problem: Landau energy scale: 2 B 2 |eB |vF /c 424 B [T ] K Zeeman energy: Z B B = 0.67B[T ]K Dynamical mass scales: (Z A M B ) 2 A Gint B A= ,M= , = 3/2 2 2 4 1 4 vF In our calculations, M = 4.84 102B and A = 3.90 102 B .
Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna
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Solutions of Gap Equation

Process of lling LLs is described by varying bare chemical potential 0 (or gate voltage). Results at T = 0 (0 0): Dispersion relation for LLL: Es = s + [s + s ] + s , = 1 - eigenvalues of pseudospin matrix 3 5 . i) Singlet (S1) solution is the ground state for 0 0 < 2A + Z : = = 0, = 0 (A + Z ), = M. From dispersion relation, E+ > 0 and E < 0, i.e., the LLL is half lled. The spin gap E0 = E+ E corresponds to = 0 plateau, it is E0 = 2(A + Z ) + 2M
B ,
because both A, M
B .
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ii) Hybrid (H, i.e., singlet + triplet) solution, with mass for spin up and mass for spin down, is the most favorable for 2A + Z < 0 < 6A + Z : + = M, + = A, + = 0 Z 4A, + = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0 + Z 3A, = M. From dispersion relation, E+
(+1) (1) (+1) (1)
> 0,
E+
< 0,
= E
< 0,
i.e., LLL is three-quarter lled and gap (+1) (1) E1 = E+ E1 = E+ = 2(M + A) B corresponds to = 1 plateau. While SU(2)+ is now spontaneously broken, SU(2) is exact.

iii)Singlet (S2) solution, with mass + = is the ground state for 0 > 6A + Z : = = 0, = 0 Z 7A, = M. From dispersion relation, E+ < 0, E < 0, i.e., LLL is completely lled. This solution corresponds to = 2 plateau with the energy gap E2 = 2B between LLL and n = 1 LL. Both SU(2)+ and SU(2) are now exact.
0.00 0.01 S1 l2 B l2 B 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 B
V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene
T 0 K analytical
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 S2 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.05
T 1 K numerical
H1
S1 S2 T H1 H2 S3
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.10
0.15 0 B
0.20
0.25
0.30
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Phase Diagraqm
1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0
Z 0, 0 0

M, M
Z Z Z Z
0 0 0 0
0.5
1.0
1.5 T M
2.0
2.5
3.0
Temperature dependence of the nontrivial order parameters in the = 0 QH state described by the S1 solution (the results with a vanishing Zeeman energy Z = 0). SU(4) symmetry is spontaneously broken to SU(2)+ SU(2) at T < Tc .
Schematic phase diagram of graphene in the plane of temperature and electron chemical potential.
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= 0 Plateau
6
a)
6
1m
xx (e /h)
2 0 -2 -6
0 30
b)
30 20 10
xx (k)
10
B, T 30
xx (k)
5 0 -5
Longitudinal and Hall conductivities xx and xy (a) calculated from xx and xy measured at 4 K and B = 30 T (b) Resistivities xx and xy . The lower insets show temperature and magnetic eld dependence of xx near = 0. Note the metallic temperature dependence of xx .
xy (e /h)
xy (k)
20
60 40 20 0 0
T, K 100 200
xx (k)
0 0
10
20
10
-10 0 Vg (V) 40 80
0 -80
-40
D. Abanin,K. Novoselov et. al. et al., PRL 98, 196806 (2007). V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 54 / 61
= 0 Plateau
1 2.0 T (K) 10 100
7
1.5
6 T
8 9
(e /h)
1.0
10 11
xx
0.5
12 13 14
K7
(a)
0.0
200
(c) T
= 0.3 K
0.2
0.3 K
160
K7
(M
K22
0.1
120
(k
K18
80
0.0 5 10
0
15
H (T)
40
20 40
K7
(b)
0 0 5
0
10
15
H (T)
J.Checkelsky, L.Li, N.Ong, PRL 100,206801 (2008) V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev) Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene Dubna 55 / 61
Theory vs Experiment
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= 0 Plateau and Edge States

Controversy in interpreting = 0 state at Dirac neutral point 0 = 0 as either QH metal or insulator. QH metal - gapless edge states [D. Abanin,K. Novoselov et. al. et al., PRL 98, 196806 (2007).]
y
y W
Missing atoms of type B A A B
y B A
B A B A A B
y 0
A B Missing atoms of type A B

x 0
B A x B A B A x
x W
The lattice structure of a nite width graphene ribbon with zigzag (left panel) and armchair (right panel) edges.
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Energy spectrum in graphene ribbon with zigzag edges:
1.5 1.0 0.5 E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 0 2 4 kl 6 8 10 12
W 10l
1.5 1.0 0.5 E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 0 2 4 kl 6 8 10 12

W 10l
The ferromagnetic gap (the full Zeeman splitting Z + A) dominates over the mass gap (), insuring the presence of gapless edge states (marked by dots).
The mass gap dominates over the ferromagnetic gap, insuring the absence of gapless edge states.
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Energy spectrum in graphene ribbon with armchair edges:
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 12 10 8 6 kl 4 2 0 2
W 10l
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 12 10 8 6 kl 4 2 0 2

W 10l
E 0
Numerical results for the low-energy spectra for a ribbon with armchair edges in the case of nonzero spin splitting and nonzero singlet masses . Gapless edge states (marked by dots) are present in both cases.
E 0

Energy spectrum in graphene ribbon with armchair edges:
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 12 10 8 6 kl 4 2 0 2
W 10l
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 12 10 8 6 kl 4 2 0 2

W 10l
E 0
Numerical results for the low-energy spectra for a ribbon with armchair edges in the case of nonzero spin splitting and nonzero triplet masses . The existence of gapless modes (marked by dots) depends on the relative magnitude of spin splitting and triplet masses.
E 0
Summary
Thermal and Dingle factors in MO of conductivity are dierent from those ones in 2DEG (density dependent cyclotron mass 2 mc = ||/vF ) Phase shift of of oscillations of xx (1/B) Uneven (or half-) Integer Quantum Hall eect: 2 xy = 4e (n + 1 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . . h 2 Universal high frequency ac conductivity xx () = e 2 /2h Both MC and QHF are responsible for dynamical symmetry breaking and lifting the degeneracy of Landau levels in graphene Qualitative agreement with experiment is evident, but details remain to be worked out

##Dirac-Like Quasi Particles in Graphene - Gusynin - Talk - Dubna 2009

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##Dirac-Like Quasi Particles in Graphene - Gusynin - Talk - Dubna 2009

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Dirac-like quasiparticles in graphene

V.P. Gusynin (BITP, Kiev)