Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

German theoretical physicist Drew conclusion from Rutherford, Bohr, and De Broglies models

Problem with finding the position of an electron

Helium balloon in a dark room How would you determine the location of this balloon? Is the balloon going to stay in the same position? Energy transfer What if I gave you a flashlight?
What happens when we shine a beam of light on the balloon?

 Photons from light that reflect off of the balloon reach our eyes and tell us where the balloon is Is there a transfer of energy?
How big is the balloon compared to the photons?

Can we do the same thing with finding the location of an electron in an atom? Heisenberg focused on the interactions between photons and electrons

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

It is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

Austrian physicist Furthered De Broglies wave-particle theory Derived equation that treated hydrogens electron as a wave Unlike Bohrs, his fit well with atoms of different elements

Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom

The Quantum Mechanical Model

Similar to Bohrs
Limits an electrons energy to certain values

Unlike Bohrs
What did Bohr say about the orbit of an electron around the nucleus? The Quantum Mechanic Model makes no attempt to describe the electrons path

 Schrodingers wave equation

Solutions to equation called wave function
Dont worry about the equation its selfjust know the basics.

Wave function probability of finding the electron within a particular volume of space around the nucleus High probability more likely to occur Low probability less likely to occur

1s =

( )
Z a0

3/2

What the wave function tells us

The atomic orbital of the electron Atomic orbital 3-D region around nucleus Fuzzy Cloud Density of the cloud at a given point is proportional to the probability of finding the electron at that point

New Word
Orbital region of space where there is a 90% probability of finding an electron of a given energy electron cloud

Orbital

What did Bohr assign to electron orbitals?

Quantum numbers Quantum Mechanical Model does the same