The Rock Cycle

The Earth is active. As you are reading this:

• Volcanoes are erupting and earthquakes are shaking;

• Mountains are being pushed up and are being worn down;
• Rivers are carrying sand and mud to the sea;
• Huge slabs of the Earth's surface called tectonic plates are slowly moving - about as fast as your
fingernails grow.

Weathering and Erosion

Rocks of every sort and shape are worn away over time. Weathering is the process which breaks rocks
into smaller bits. There are three main types:

• Physical weathering is a physical action which breaks up rocks : An example of this is called
freeze-thaw weathering when water gets into tiny cracks in rocks. When the water freezes it
expands, if this is repeated the crack grows and bits eventually break off.
• Chemical weathering is when the rock is chemically attacked: An example of this is the
breakdown of limestone by acid rain.
• Biological weathering is when rocks are weakened and broken down by animals and plants. An
example would be a tree root system slowly splitting rocks.

Erosion is a type of physical weathering which involves wearing down rocks. Have you heard of coastal
erosion? Read about the disaster at Beachy Head.

There is an important point to remember. ROCKS ARE WEATHERED AT DIFFERENT

RATES. Dartmoor is an upland area of 241 square miles reaching up to 2,000 feet in
height making it the largest and highest area of moorland in the South of England. It
is also the largest granite surface in England. (see picture). Granite is made up of
large interlocking crystals (igneous rock) that give it a granular texture and make it
one of the toughest rocks on Earth. Sedimentary rocks such as sandstone tend to be
much weaker

Transportation
The rock cycle goes round and round, taking hundreds of millions of years. Once the rock has been
broken down into smaller bits it's got to somehow move. Streams and rivers carry the small bits towards
the sea (continually wearing down as the they progress). Big rivers such as the Humber and the Severn
carry millions of tonnes of sediments out to sea each year.

Deposition
Deposition simply means that the sand and sediments in the sea eventually settle to the bottom
LOOK AT THIS ANIMATION:-

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed in three steps:

• Layers of sediment are deposited at the bottom of seas and lakes.

• Over millions of years the layers get squashed by the layers above.
• The salts that are present in the layers of sediment start to crystallize out as the water is
squeezed out. These salts help to cement the particles together.

How can you spot a Sedimentary rock?

• Sedimentary rock will often have layers or bands across them.
• It will often contain fossils which are fragments of animals or plants preserved within the rock.
Only sedimentary rocks contain fossils....... click here to find out why.
• The rock will tend to scrape easily and often crumble easily.

SOME COMMON SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:

Sandstone
Sandstone is one of the most common
sedimentary rocks. It is made from sand grains
eroded from older rocks, cemented together
and then hardened into new rock. Here we see
a picture of a Jurassic sandstone from the USA,
notice the layers. Each layer is a record of an
event in the past.

Conglomerate
This is made from pebbles and smaller stones stuck together in a matrix.
Limestone

Limestones are made from fragments of sea

creatures that sank to the bottom of ancient
tropical seas. Many limestones from Southern
England are made from dissolved lime which
builds up around sand grains to form tiny
spheres called oolites. Limestones frequently
contain fossils. Here we see a stalactite from the
limestone cave system a few miles away in
Ingleton.

Mudstone or Shale

These are simply just mud hardened into rock. They consist of much finer particles than sand .They often
contain fossils.

Heat and pressure make Metamorphic Rocks

Earth movements can push all types of rock deeper into the Earth. These rocks are then subjected to
massive temperatures and pressures causing the crystalline structure and texture to change. THEY DO
NOT MELT. The high pressure involved are often associated with mountain building processes.

Slate

This is formed from mudstone or clay and is the most common kind of metamorphic rock in Britain.
Pressure causes new minerals to grow in parallel sheets - which makes slate split easily to make roofing
tiles.

Marble

Marble is limestone that has been squashed and heated .The shells of the limestone breakdown and
recrystallise into tiny crystals. Marble is chemically the same as limestone but it is much harder and far
more expensive. Some of the finest marble comes from Italy and it is used for sculptures and as a fine
building material.

Schist

Formed from mudstones subjected to great heat over long periods of time. It looks to have layers of
banded crystals (It cannot be igneous because igneous rocks don't have layers)

Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form when molten rock (Magma if it is below the surface or lava if it has erupted from a
volcano) solidifies. These rocks can be identified by the following tell-tale clues:

• Igneous rocks contain a minerals randomly arranged in crystals (Remember CRYSTALS !!!!!!)
• If the rock has small crystals this means that it had rapidly cooled, possibly because it was
erupted into the ocean. We call it an EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS rock. If the rock has large crystals it
means that it slowly cooled, the molten rock solidifies deep down within the crust without ever
reaching the surface via an eruption. We call it an INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS rock.
• The rock are usually tough and hard (With the most famous exception being pumice stone).
This bit is worth remembering:-

BIG CRYSTALS COOLED SLOWLY UNDERGROUND INTRUSIVE

COOLED QUICKLY AFTER AN
SMALL CRYSTALS EXTRUSIVE
ERUPTION

COMMON IGNEOUS ROCKS

Basalt

This is the most common form igneous rock which makes up most of the ocean floors. It is smooth and
velvety-black in appearance and very hard. Basalt is formed when magma is erupted onto the sea-bed, as
soon as it hits the cold sea water it cools quickly - it's got tiny crystals.

Pumice

This rock floats on water. Carbon dioxide and water dissolved in the molten rock is released with the
decrease in pressure as it reaches the surface. Lava cools quite quickly in the air so the bubbles of gas
get trapped.

Granite

If molten rock doesn't reach the surface via a volcano and cools underground
instead, it solidifies very slowly (WHAT WOULD THE CRYSTAL SIZE BE?). This is
because overlying layers of rock insulate the magma keeping it warm, this only
allows gradual cooling. Some crystals grow to a much bigger size giving granite a
speckled appearance. Granite is the most common form of igneous rock in the UK.

Earthquakes, Folding and Faulting

Sedimentary rock are often found tilted, folded, fractured and twisted. This indicates that the Earth has
moved with enormous force (obviously over huge timescales). Large scale movements of the Earth's crust
can push up whole mountain ranges. More information on the Himalayas can be found here. 'What goes
up must come down' as the old saying goes, weathering will ensure that the rock cycle starts all over
again.